<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. </p>



<p>NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The star is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. </p>



<p>Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-blue-giants">Significance of blue giants</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. </p>



<p>The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>The galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a&nbsp;Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. </p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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Luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Cyclone Chido, an intense tropical cyclone that caused unprecedented devastation across Southeast Africa in December 2024.</p>



<p>On December 14, Chido struck the islands of Mayotte with wind speeds exceeding 200 km/h (124 mph) and gusts over 225 km/h (140 mph), marking it as the most powerful storm to hit the French territory in at least 90 years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-moving-tropical-cyclones-are-becoming-more-powerful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyclone</a> ultimately made three landfalls - all with winds equivalent to those of a Category 4 tropical cyclone. According to media reports, authorities in Mayotte fear that hundreds and possibly thousands of people have died.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-intensification-of-chido">Rapid intensification of Chido</h2>



<p>“Chido formed in the southeastern Indian Ocean on December 5, 2024. The disturbance rapidly intensified before hitting the Mauritian islands of Agaléga on December 11. The next day, the cyclone peaked in intensity, with sustained winds of about 250 kilometers (155 miles) per hour - equivalent to a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson wind scale,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153708/cyclone-chido-pummels-mayotte" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Cyclone Chido continued to move west in an environment favorable for sustaining storms. That included warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> of up to 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees Fahrenheit) and low vertical wind shear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastation-of-cyclone-chido-nbsp">Devastation of Cyclone Chido&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The cyclone obliterated entire neighborhoods, particularly in hillside shantytowns inhabited by undocumented migrants. Official reports confirm at least 31 fatalities and thousands of injuries - though the actual death toll may be significantly higher.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The destruction in Mayotte's capital, Mamoudzou, has left approximately 100,000 people homeless. The aftermath has been characterized by a lack of visible assistance from authorities, with residents relying on community support amid concerns over hunger, disease outbreaks, and lawlessness.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landfall-in-mozambique-nbsp">Landfall in Mozambique&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Following its impact on Mayotte, Chido continued westward, making landfall in Mozambique on December 15 near the city of Pemba as a strong Category 4-equivalent intense tropical cyclone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The storm resulted in at least 34 deaths and 43 injuries across three northern provinces. In neighboring Malawi, Chido claimed two lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cyclone's ferocity, fueled by warmer ocean temperatures attributed to climate change, has raised concerns about the increasing frequency and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensity</a> of such storms in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-efforts-and-vulnerable-communities-nbsp">Recovery efforts and vulnerable communities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The crisis has highlighted the vulnerabilities of affected regions, particularly Mayotte, which faces challenges of poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lack of preparedness and insufficient emergency response have drawn criticism, highlighting the need for improved disaster management and investment in resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of future climate-induced disasters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the disaster, French President Emmanuel Macron is scheduled to visit Mayotte, and relief efforts are underway, including the arrival of a ship carrying 180 tons of aid.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the scale of destruction and ongoing challenges in delivering assistance to remote and inaccessible areas continue to impede recovery efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-fueled-intensification-of-cyclones-nbsp">Climate-fueled intensification of cyclones&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rising-impact-of-tropical-cyclones-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensification of cyclones</a> due to climate change is a significant and concerning phenomenon. As global temperatures rise, warmer ocean waters provide the energy that fuels tropical cyclones, making them stronger and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> lead to increased evaporation, which adds more moisture to the atmosphere. This moisture can enhance the rainfall associated with cyclones, increasing the risk of flooding.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, rising sea levels, driven by the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater, exacerbate storm surge impacts, causing more extensive and severe coastal flooding during cyclonic events.</p>



<p>Changes in atmospheric conditions also play a role. While climate change may not increase the overall frequency of cyclones, it is likely to shift the distribution and intensity of these storms. For instance, studies suggest that a larger proportion of cyclones are reaching the most intense categories.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, slower-moving cyclones, a trend linked to weakened steering currents, can linger longer over vulnerable areas, compounding the damage with prolonged heavy rainfall and strong winds.</p>



<p>These changes in cyclone behavior present challenges for disaster preparedness and response. Coastal communities, particularly in low-lying regions, are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the compounded impacts of more powerful storms, highlighting the urgent need for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite, about three hours after the storm made landfall.</p>



<p>Image Credit<strong>: </strong>NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Cyclone Chido’s path of destruction: A climate wake-up call

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. </p>



<p>Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.</p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.</p>



<p>Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. </p>



<p>These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. </p>



<p>This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. </p>



<p>Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. </p>



<p>However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.</p>



<p>The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. </p>



<p>The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the world's longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photo of glaciers in the high-elevation valleys of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia. The upper portion of Fedchenko Glacier crosses the center of the scene.”</p>



<p>NASA noted that most of the larger glaciers in the image show a prominent pattern of light- and dark-brown parallel lines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The darker ‘streamlines,’ known as medial moraines, give a sense of the direction of flow of the ice down the valleys. These are concentrations of debris that has been eroded by the glacier from the adjacent mountainsides or a rocky outcrop,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fedchenko-a-high-altitude-glacier">Fedchenko: A high-altitude glacier</h2>



<p>Fedchenko Glacier stretches for approximately 48 miles and covers an area of around 270 square miles. This massive glacier is a critical source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a>, feeding several rivers and influencing the region's hydrology.</p>



<p>Fedchenko Glacier lies at high altitudes, with its origins in the high peaks of the Pamirs, where snow accumulates heavily. Despite being situated in a relatively arid region, the glacier's significant size and volume are maintained by substantial snowfall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Named after Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, a Russian explorer and naturalist, the glacier was first surveyed in 1928 during Soviet-era expeditions. It plays a crucial role in climate studies, as changes in its length and mass provide insights into the effects of global warming in Central Asia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The glacier is also part of a spectacular and remote landscape, surrounded by towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-preferred-the-mountains-and-it-changed-our-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and rugged terrain, making it a key feature of the Pamirs' natural beauty.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-glaciers-worldwide">Threats to glaciers worldwide</h2>



<p>Like many glaciers worldwide, Fedchenko faces the threat of retreat due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, raising concerns about water availability and ecosystem changes in the region.</p>



<p>Rising global temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissions are the primary driver of glacier melting. Warmer temperatures not only melt glacier surfaces but also increase the flow of meltwater beneath them, accelerating their disintegration.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-pollution-nbsp">Human activities and pollution&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Deforestation and urbanization exacerbate these effects by reducing reflective snow cover and increasing heat absorption in nearby areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Airborne pollutants like soot and black carbon darken glacier surfaces, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight and speeding up the rate of melting. </p>



<p>Industrial activities and tourism in glacier regions add physical stress and pollution, further degrading these fragile ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-supplies">Water supplies</h3>



<p>The loss of glaciers has far-reaching consequences. It disrupts freshwater supplies for millions of people who depend on glacial runoff for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-levels">Rising sea levels</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melting glaciers</a> contribute to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, the loss of glaciers impacts biodiversity, as many species rely on cold, glacial habitats for survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-glaciers">Protecting glaciers</h3>



<p>Efforts to mitigate these threats focus on reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-hidden-sources-of-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, protecting glacier regions from industrial exploitation, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, without urgent action, the continued decline of glaciers will have profound implications for the planet's climate, water systems, and ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pamir-mountains-nbsp">The Pamir Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Pamir Mountains, often called the "Roof of the World," are a vast and rugged mountain range located in Central Asia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They span across Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan, forming a vital part of the junction where the Himalayas, the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, and the Hindu Kush converge.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With peaks soaring over 7,000 meters, including Ismoil Somoni Peak, the range is home to some of the highest altitudes on Earth.</p>



<p>The Pamir Mountains have been central to trade and cultural exchange for centuries, serving as a critical segment of the ancient Silk Road.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Today, the mountains are a popular destination for trekkers and explorers drawn by their breathtaking beauty and challenging terrain.</p>



<p>The Pamirs are not only a natural wonder but also a biological treasure trove, supporting unique wildlife that is adapted to extreme altitudes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Culturally, the mountains are home to diverse communities, each with its unique traditions and ways of life, shaped by the harsh but majestic environment.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains

<p>Sleep schedules are often disrupted when people rush to complete their end-of-year tasks. But those looking forward to a cheerful holiday season might want to reconsider.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study from the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> (U-M) suggests that when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sleep-patterns-affect-your-health-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep patterns</a> fall out of sync with the body’s internal clock, it can have dramatic effects on mood.</p>



<p>Conversely, getting rest aligned with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colors-of-sunset-and-sunrise-reset-our-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circadian rhythms</a> can deliver a powerful emotional boost and potentially lessen the burden of mood disorder symptoms, said senior author Daniel Forger.</p>



<p>“This is not going to solve depression. We need to be very, very clear about that,” said Forger, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and director of the Michigan Center for Applied and Interdisciplinary Mathematics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But this is a key factor that we can actually control. We can’t control someone’s life events. We can’t control their relationships or their genetics. But what we can do is very carefully look at their individual sleep patterns and circadian rhythms to really see how that’s affecting their mood.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-link-between-sleep-and-mood">Strong link between sleep and mood</h2>



<p>While the link between sleep and mood is well-known in a casual sense - people might say someone is “cranky” or “fussy” after poor rest - previous studies have linked sleep issues to serious mental health concerns, including elevated suicide risk.</p>



<p>“Sleep is important to us, but maybe not in the same way we care about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>,” Forger said. “But there’s been a tremendous amount of research coming out showing that mood affects circadian rhythms and sleep, and that circadian rhythms and sleep affect mood.”</p>



<p>However, these findings often stem from controlled laboratory settings. Forger and his team aimed to observe how these interactions play out in everyday life.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-circadian-rhythms-and-mood-nbsp">Sleep, circadian rhythms, and mood&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team leveraged data from the <a href="https://www.internhealthstudy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intern Health Study</a>, funded by the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institutes of Health</a>, which monitors first-year medical interns. P</p>



<p>The participants regularly completed mood surveys while wearing fitness trackers - Fitbits - to measure heart rate, activity, and sleep patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By applying specialized algorithms to the Fitbit data, the researchers extracted insights into each individual’s circadian rhythms, sleep cycles, and how well these were aligned.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When combined with daily mood assessments and quarterly depression screening questionnaires (such as the widely used PHQ-9), the team could correlate patterns of sleep alignment with tangible measures of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>.</p>



<p>They found that when sleep and internal rhythms drifted apart, PHQ-9 scores often rose by an average of 2.5 points - a clinically meaningful change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aligning-sleep-and-internal-clocks">Aligning sleep and internal clocks</h2>



<p>One of the study’s lead authors, undergraduate researcher Minki Lee, emphasized the importance of timing rather than just sleep duration or start time.</p>



<p>“It’s not just, ‘If you go to bed earlier, you will be happier,’” Lee said. “To some degree, that will be true, but it will be because your sleep schedule is aligning with your internal rhythms.”</p>



<p>The team examined three key patterns: the body’s central circadian clock in the brain, the peripheral circadian clock (such as that in the heart), and the interns’ sleep cycles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Typically, the heart’s peripheral clock anticipates more daytime activity than nighttime activity. The researchers discovered that having sleep schedules out of sync with this peripheral clock tended to negatively affect mood.</p>



<p>Interestingly, a misalignment between the central circadian rhythm and sleep was especially problematic for those engaged in shift work. When work demands led to a significant disconnect between sleep timing and the central internal clock, mood issues intensified.</p>



<p>Co-lead author Dae Wook Kim conducted the study as a postdoctoral fellow at U-M and is now an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.kaist.ac.kr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology</a>.</p>



<p>“Specifically, the misalignment between the central circadian clock and sleep exhibited the strongest negative association with mood and depressive symptoms, including poor sleep, appetite issues and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suicide-rate-increases-during-the-week-of-a-full-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suicidal thoughts</a>,” said Professor Kim.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-context-matters-for-circadian-disruptions">Context matters for circadian disruptions</h2>



<p>These findings challenge earlier assumptions that all circadian disruptions affect mood similarly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding how misalignment operates in real-world conditions - like the demands of working interns - could explain why some people cope better with “all-nighters” or jet lag without long-lasting emotional fallout.</p>



<p>The team plans to apply their research methods to other groups, such as students, older adults, and individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, to better understand when and why these disruptions matter.</p>



<p>“This shows us we have to look at different rhythms representing different parts of your body and consider them in light of your working conditions and your lifestyle in general,” Lee said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-how-sleep-disruptions-impact-mood">Understanding how sleep disruptions impact mood</h2>



<p>The good news is that everyday technology - like wearable fitness trackers - can reveal these hidden patterns of circadian misalignment and guide interventions that restore better sync between sleep and internal clocks.</p>



<p>“That’s why this is scalable,” Forger said. “That’s why I think this could help tons of people.”</p>



<p>By understanding when and how sleep disruptions truly impact mood, individuals and clinicians can take steps to preserve emotional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a> - even during the busiest times of the year.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01348-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>npj Digital Medicine</em></a>.</p>



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Sleep timing has a powerful effect on our mood

Sleep schedules are often disrupted when people rush to complete...

Close-up,Of,A,Dermatologist's,Hand,Checking,Patient's,Hair

<p>Intermittent fasting has drawn serious attention in recent years. Some find it handy for shedding weight, others see it as a strategy to support overall well-being. Its idea rests on dividing the day into strict periods of eating and fasting.</p>



<p>Many have embraced it as a path to possible health benefits. Now, a fresh perspective suggests that while the approach might help with certain metabolic improvements, there is a twist that nobody saw coming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-talked-about-side-effect">Less-talked-about side effect</h2>



<p>Hidden beneath the headlines celebrating intermittent fasting’s impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evening-workouts-are-best-for-blood-sugar-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood sugar levels</a> or inflammation lies a less obvious piece of news. </p>



<p>This new research introduces a startling observation: intermittent fasting patterns appear to reduce how fast hair grows in both mice and people.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-fasting-on-hair-growth">Impact of fasting on hair growth</h2>



<p>Hair growth does not happen in one straight shot. </p>



<p>It runs through phases, shifting between times when hair follicles remain quiet and times when they switch on and get active. The researchers behind the study wanted to examine what these eating habits do to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-natural-cure-male-baldness-highly-effective-sugar-2-deoxy-d-ribose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hair regeneration</a>.</p>



<p>The team tested common intermittent fasting routines in mice, including schedules with 16 hours of fasting and 8 hours of eating, as well as an <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10098946/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">every-other-day eating pattern</a>. </p>



<p>The animals that stuck to these fasting timetables showed only partial hair regrowth after more than three months, whereas mice that ate whenever they pleased had regrown most of their hair much faster.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-the-slowdown">What drives the slowdown</h2>



<p>The study, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(24)01311-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell</a></em>, identifies a process related to oxidative stress. </p>



<p>The body normally burns glucose as fuel, but when fasting, it leans more on fat. Free fatty acids start moving through different tissues when this switch happens.</p>



<p>In the case of hair follicles, that shift is not always smooth. The <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10915958/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hair follicle stem cells</a> involved in producing new hair face a harsh environment rich in reactive oxygen species.</p>



<p>The result is less-than-ideal conditions for these cells that need to stay robust if they are to kickstart new growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflections-in-the-human-world">Reflections in the human world</h2>



<p>The authors also explored these effects in people. Their small clinical trial focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meditation-app-boosts-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy young adults</a>. </p>



<p>Participants who followed a daily schedule that included 18 hours of fasting showed a drop in the speed at which their hair grew when compared to those following a normal eating schedule.</p>



<p>The difference was subtle, not as dramatic as in mice. This may be linked to the way human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-dose-finasteride-magic-pill-regrows-hair-heals-prostate-boosts-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hair cycles</a> differ. </p>



<p>Human cells take longer to turn over, and hair growth itself moves at a slower pace. Still, there was an 18% reduction in growth speed, raising a curious eyebrow at the practice.</p>



<p>“We don’t want to scare people away from practicing intermittent fasting because it is associated with a lot of beneficial effects -- it’s just important to be aware that it might have some unintended effects,” says <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-8849" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bing Zhang</a>, assistant professor and principal investigator at <a href="https://en.westlake.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Westlake University</a>, in China.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-views-from-health-professionals">Views from health professionals</h2>



<p>Health experts who were not involved in the study have pointed out that when people lose weight quickly -- regardless of the approach -- some experience shifts in hair quality or thickness.</p>



<p>There is still a lot to learn here. Doctors have seen that even those who reduce their calorie intake by standard dieting techniques face <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5315033/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes in their hair.</a></p>



<p>Yet, intermittent fasting could add another layer to this dynamic since it involves a cycle of metabolic changes each day or every other day. The precise biological reasons remain under investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-beyond-hair-growth">Fasting beyond hair growth</h2>



<p>Although this new study stands out for examining hair growth, other work has shown that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-could-be-the-key-to-better-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fasting</a> may impact other body systems in unexpected ways.</p>



<p>Intermittent fasting has been linked to possible benefits like improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation. </p>



<p><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/108/6/1415/6888005?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> have reported that it could offer an avenue for type 2 diabetes remission under certain controlled conditions.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10413426/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigations</a> have examined how time-restricted eating might have long-term influences on the brain.</p>



<p>On the flip side, studies have also raised concerns about <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1405175/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gallstones</a>, <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2817556#:~:text=Limiting%20time%20spent%20eating,and%20their%20cause%20of%20death." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular death rates</a>, and even <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07840-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colon cancer risk</a> in certain contexts. </p>



<p>Adding hair growth changes to the list of possible effects underlines how little is fully understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-hair-health-during-fasting">Supporting hair health during fasting</h2>



<p>A balanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet full of nutrient-dense</a> foods and essential vitamins and minerals is generally encouraged. Foods rich in protein, iron, zinc, and healthy fats can help keep skin, hair, and nails in shape.</p>



<p>Some experts suggest that meeting regularly with a registered dietitian may be wise, especially for anyone experimenting with different eating schedules. </p>



<p>Such guidance can significantly increase the likelihood that essential nutrients and energy levels remain adequate.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-room-for-more-research">Room for more research</h2>



<p>The findings have opened the door to further studies that may explore how different body tissues respond. </p>



<p>Future work might tackle wound healing or uncover whether certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-aging-related-fat-buildup-in-tissues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic adjustments</a> can protect these sensitive hair follicle stem cells.</p>



<p>Larger human trials would help clarify whether only certain groups are affected. For now, these results raise new questions about how fasting shapes the intricate dance of cells and tissues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-future-holds">What the future holds</h2>



<p>To sum it all up, despite the hair growth issue, intermittent fasting still holds great appeal for many people.</p>



<p>This study does not insist people toss out their time-restricted diets, but it does suggest that such eating habits should be approached with awareness.</p>



<p>The human body can be complicated, and no single approach will work for everyone. For now, individuals practicing fasting may want to monitor changes in their hair or consult healthcare professionals if something seems off.</p>



<p>All foods and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet strategies</a> come with their own trade-offs. As more evidence comes to light, people can make better-informed decisions that fit their personal health goals.</p>



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Intermittent fasting can slow hair growth, but it also has many positive health benefits

Intermittent fasting has drawn serious attention in recent years. Some...

<p>For decades, experts have wondered if electrons could form strange patterns when squeezed into tight corners. The idea that hidden routes might appear within cramped quantum territories has teased researchers since the early 1980s.<br><br>Many scientists doubted anyone would ever see these routes with their own eyes, but recent progress in imaging technology has finally allowed scientists to spot these unusual paths and confirm a theory first proposed around 40 years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-chaos-of-electrons">Quantum chaos of electrons</h2>



<p>In November 2024, a team of researchers captured a direct view of electron patterns inside a material just one atom thick. </p>



<p>Although these electrons behave in a famously puzzling way, the team spotted precise paths that ran through a carefully arranged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> device.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to physicist <a href="https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=YySNkzIAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jairo Velasco Jr </a>at the University of California, Santa Cruz (<a href="https://www.ucsc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSC</a>), these stable electron routes suggest that what some called <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/quantum-chaos/129F113966F35AECCE0C6951870D6FF3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum chaos</a> is actually well-organized motion hiding beneath a messy surface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-name-and-face-for-chaos">A name and face for chaos</h2>



<p>After so many years of theory, it is now certain that electrons can move in ways that appear chaotic yet follow lasting patterns, commonly called quantum scars. </p>



<p>This concept first emerged in the <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1515" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> of <a href="https://www.physics.harvard.edu/people/facpages/heller" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric J. Heller</a> at <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a> in 1984.<br><br>The team behind the new <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08190-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> used scanning tunneling microscopy to confirm that the paths do not scatter randomly. Instead, the electrons stay on certain lines that loop back onto themselves.</p>



<p>“Scarring is a localization around orbits that come back on themselves,” said Heller, who also contributed to the new work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-electron-behavior-with-graphene">Quantum electron behavior with graphene</h2>



<p>The study involved <a href="https://www.repsol.com/en/energy-and-the-future/technology-and-innovation/graphene/index.cshtml#:~:text=Graphene%20is%20a%20material%20that,and%20with%20a%20high%20resistance." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a flat, hexagonal grid. Graphene’s smooth, two-dimensional structure makes it easier to watch how electrons move.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers confined electrons inside a carefully shaped “stadium,” a region about 0.000016 inches long. This tiny field acted like a specialized arena, allowing the team to see whether the electrons spread out randomly or settled into specific pathways.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To accomplish this, they hovered a scanning tunneling microscope above the graphene, mapping out electron locations step by step without nudging them off their routes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-chaos-of-electrons-can-look-organized">Quantum chaos of electrons can look organized</h2>



<p>The confirmed patterns show that, in certain conditions, electrons form orderly paths that stand out against the usual randomness.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The finding matters because electrons carry information, and their behavior forms the backbone of the devices we use every day. </p>



<p>The study’s authors found that since electrons tend to keep their special patterns, it might be possible to move and guide them through future electronic systems more efficiently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fresh-angles-for-next-generation-devices">Fresh angles for next-generation devices</h2>



<p>When electrons follow stable routes, engineers can potentially build tiny devices that waste less energy. <a href="https://builtin.com/hardware/transistor#:~:text=Is%20a%20Transistor?-,A%20transistor%20is%20a%20device%20that%20controls%20an%20electrical%20current,from%20computers%20to%20space%20satellites." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Transistors</a>, the small switches inside electronics, rely on controlling electron flow.</p>



<p>If electrons move along predictable lines, next-generation transistors could send information through smaller and smaller spaces without losing too much energy as heat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“By slightly disturbing, or ‘nudging’ these orbits, electrons could travel predictably across a device,” said Velasco. </p>



<p>This hint that electrons may cruise along known paths rather than scatter into confusion could make today’s power-hungry gadgets more energy-friendly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-two-separate-worlds">Bridging two separate worlds</h2>



<p>Classical physics describes the behavior of large, everyday objects, where anything rolling or bouncing around tends to scatter and spread out. In <a href="https://quantumatlas.umd.edu/entry/quantum-classical/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contrast</a>, quantum physics deals with incredibly small scales, where particles behave like waves.<br><br>When electrons swim through tight spaces, one might expect chaos to run wild, with no pattern at all. Instead, the electron patterns highlight a <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.114101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surprising link</a> between the classical world of random bounces and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum world</a> of orderly waves.</p>



<p>This connection helps researchers understand where the rules of large-scale chaos end and where the strange order of quantum effects picks up.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-quantum-scars-evidence-of-electron-patterns">Confirming quantum scars: Evidence of electron patterns</h2>



<p>Before this study, quantum scars were mostly considered exotic quirks backed by computer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">simulations</a> and high-level math.</p>



<p>Now, scientists can say with confidence that these <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.114101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns truly exist</a> in real materials. This evidence encourages others to think about how to control and use these previously hidden features.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endless-possibilities-for-refinement">Endless possibilities for refinement</h2>



<p>With the knowledge that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> scars show up in actual systems, the researchers plan to test different shapes, sizes, and conditions to see what else might appear.</p>



<p>They might tweak the shape of their graphene arenas or play with different materials, always searching for new ways to influence the electrons’ organized paths.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Any steps forward might reveal more secrets about the relationship between seemingly wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> behavior and the subtle patterns lurking behind it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-future-controls">A glimpse into future controls</h2>



<p>A co-author of the paper, <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=emSppUsAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zhehao Ge</a>, who was a graduate student at UC Santa Cruz at the time of the study, expressed excitement over the direct imaging of quantum scars. </p>



<p>“I am very excited we successfully imaged quantum scars in a real <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-instead-of-oil-or-coal-powers-a-new-kind-of-engine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum system</a>,” said Ge. </p>



<p>This move from quantum theory to sight offers a rare opportunity to steer the bizarre movements of electrons rather than just watch them from afar.</p>



<p>Such control could encourage researchers to imagine entirely new categories of smaller, smarter devices that rely on subtle nudges instead of brute force to direct electrons, altering how we think about tomorrow’s electronics.</p>



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Electrons can follow neat paths, even in chaotic quantum systems

For decades, experts have wondered if electrons could form strange...


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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes &#8220;millirobots,&#8221; tiny robots that are inspired by the walking and grabbing capabilities of insects.</p>



<p>Reporting in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/journal/aapmcd"><em>ACS Applied Polymer Materials</em></a>, a team of experts has developed a soft, biodegradable, magnetic millirobot.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The new robot, which is about as wide as a finger, may ultimately be used to deliver drugs or perform minimally invasive surgery.</p>



<p>&#8220;Some soft millirobots are already being developed for a variety of biomedical applications, thanks to their small size and ability to be powered externally, often by a magnetic field,&#8221; says ACS. &#8220;Their unique structures allow them to inch or roll themselves through the bumpy tissues of our gastrointestinal tract, for example.&#8221;&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: America Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>&#8211;</em><em>&#8212;</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>


"Millirobots" are inspired by the capabilities of insects