Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a pair of interacting spiral galaxies known as the Antennae Galaxies. They are located approximately 45 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antennae-galaxies-in-a-deadly-embrace">Antennae Galaxies in a deadly embrace </h2>



“The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has snapped the best ever image of the Antennae Galaxies. Hubble has released images of these stunning galaxies twice before, once using observations from its Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in 1997, and again in 2006 from the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS),” noted <a href="https://esahubble.org/images/potw1345a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The galaxies - also known as NGC 4038 and NGC 4039 - are locked in a deadly embrace. Once normal, sedate spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, the pair have spent the past few hundred million years sparring with one another.”



According to ESA, the clash of the Antennae Galaxies is so violent that stars have been ripped from their host <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collision-2-million-mph-stephans-quintet-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> to form a streaming arc between the two.&nbsp;



The name "Antennae" comes from this long stream of stars and gas, which resembles insect antennae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-bursts-of-star-formation-nbsp">Intense bursts of star formation&nbsp;</h2>



The collision has triggered intense bursts of star formation, making the Antennae Galaxies one of the nearest and most dramatic examples of a starburst galaxy.&nbsp;



Many of the newly formed stars are concentrated in massive star clusters, some of which are expected to evolve into globular clusters over millions of years.



“This new image of the Antennae Galaxies shows obvious signs of chaos. Clouds of gas are seen in bright pink and red, surrounding the bright flashes of blue star-forming regions - some of which are partially obscured by dark patches of dust,” explained ESA.



“The rate of star formation is so high that the Antennae Galaxies are said to be in a state of starburst, a period in which all of the gas within the galaxies is being used to form stars.”&nbsp;



“This cannot last forever and neither can the separate galaxies; eventually the nuclei will coalesce, and the galaxies will begin their retirement together as one large elliptical galaxy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-antennae-galaxies">Significance of the Antennae Galaxies</h2>



The Antennae Galaxies are one of the most well-studied examples of galaxy collisions, offering insight into the processes that shape galaxies over time.



Astronomers study the Antennae Galaxies using a range of telescopes across different wavelengths, including visible light, infrared, and X-rays.&nbsp;



Observations in X-rays have revealed evidence of supernovae and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-may-talk-to-galaxies-through-energetic-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a>, while infrared studies highlight regions of dust and star formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-milky-way-s-collision-course-nbsp">The Milky Way's collision course&nbsp;</h2>



The Antennae Galaxies provide a glimpse into the future of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is expected to eventually merge with the Andromeda Galaxy - our closest spiral galaxy neighbor.



The cosmic collision course of the Milky Way and Andromeda will reshape both galaxies over billions of years.&nbsp;



This event is expected to occur in about 4.5 billion years. Both galaxies are part of the Local Group, a cluster of galaxies bound together by gravity. Their mutual gravitational pull is drawing them closer at a speed of approximately 110 kilometers per second.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-birth-of-an-elliptical-galaxy-nbsp">The birth of an elliptical galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



When the two galaxies collide, their individual stars will largely avoid direct collisions due to the vast distances between them. However, the gravitational forces involved will create dramatic effects.&nbsp;



These forces will distort the galaxies' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>, triggering intense bursts of star formation as gas clouds collide and compress. Over time, the galaxies will settle into a new, larger elliptical galaxy often referred to as "Milkomeda" or "Milkdromeda" by astronomers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-merger-and-the-solar-system">Galaxy merger and the solar system</h2>



Despite the seemingly destructive nature of the collision, the solar system is unlikely to face direct harm. Our Sun may find itself flung into a new orbit within the merged galaxy or even cast into intergalactic space.&nbsp;



The merger will also significantly alter the night sky, with the Andromeda Galaxy becoming increasingly prominent before blending into the unified structure.



This event is part of the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-are-much-bigger-than-we-originally-believed-gas-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of galaxies</a> and serves as a fascinating reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the universe. 



While the collision is still billions of years away, studying it helps astronomers understand galactic interactions and the long-term future of our cosmic neighborhood.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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The violent clash of the Antennae Galaxies  

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a compilation of European cities that resemble stars. 



“Star-shaped cities are scattered across Europe, their geometric designs most appreciated when viewed from above,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/12/Earth_from_Space_Star_cities" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development-of-star-shaped-cities">Development of star-shaped cities</h2>



The development of star-shaped fortresses, also known as bastion forts, emerged during the Renaissance in Italy as a response to the rapidly evolving art of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migrating-eagles-have-been-rerouted-by-the-war-in-ukraine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warfare</a>.&nbsp;



Traditional medieval fortifications, characterized by high, straight walls and square towers, became vulnerable with the advent of gunpowder weaponry. Cannons could easily reduce these structures to rubble, rendering them obsolete.



The star-shaped design addressed these vulnerabilities by incorporating wide moats and projecting bastions - angled structures that jutted outward from the main walls.&nbsp;



These bastions provided overlapping fields of fire, allowing defenders to cover blind spots and effectively repel attackers attempting to approach or scale the walls.&nbsp;



Additionally, the sloped walls of these fortresses, known as glacis, were designed to deflect cannonballs rather than absorb their impact, further enhancing their resilience.



This innovative design not only improved defensive capabilities but also transformed the battlefield, forcing attackers to develop new siege techniques. It marked a pivotal moment in military engineering, influencing fortress construction across Europe and beyond for centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examples-of-star-shaped-cities">Examples of star-shaped cities</h2>



“Four examples of such cities can be seen here, arranged clockwise from the top left: Bourtange in the Netherlands, Palmanova in Italy, Almeida in Portugal, and Neuf-Brisach in France,” said ESA.



“The green and red hues evoke a Christmas vibe, achieved through different band combinations during image processing to generate true-color (green) and false-color (red) visuals.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bourtange-netherlands">Bourtange, Netherlands </h3>



Fort Bourtange, nestled in the picturesque countryside of northeast Netherlands near the German border, is a remarkable example of Renaissance military architecture and urban planning.&nbsp;



Constructed in 1593 during the Eighty Years' War, it was strategically positioned to control the only road linking Germany to the Dutch city of Groningen - a vital route for military and trade purposes.&nbsp;



Its unique pentagonal, star-shaped design featured angled bastions, wide moats, and interconnected defensive structures, making it nearly impenetrable to enemy forces equipped with the era's artillery.



In 1851, after centuries of military service, Fort Bourtange was decommissioned and transformed into a peaceful village.&nbsp;



Despite the change in purpose, its original geometric layout, defined by precise angles and symmetrical patterns, remained intact. The pentagonal walls, surrounding waterways, and radial street design continue to showcase the ingenuity of its designers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-palmanova-italy">Palmanova, Italy </h3>



Palmanova, located in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeast Italy, is a masterpiece of Renaissance urban and military planning.&nbsp;



Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it exemplifies the idealized city envisioned during the late Renaissance, combining beauty, functionality, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-u-s-military-bases-for-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">military</a> innovation.&nbsp;



Constructed in 1593 by the Republic of Venice, Palmanova was strategically designed to protect the Republic’s northeastern borders from external threats - particularly the Ottoman Empire.



The city’s layout embodies the principles of symmetry and order characteristic of the Renaissance. Its unique radial design spreads out from the central hexagonal square, known as Piazza Grande or Piazza del Duomo, which serves as the civic and social heart of the city.&nbsp;



From this central hub, six straight avenues fan outward, connecting the square to the surrounding neighborhoods and gates. This design was not only aesthetically pleasing but also practical, allowing for efficient movement and communication within the city.



Today, Palmanova is celebrated not only for its historical and architectural significance but also as a rare example of a perfectly preserved star fortress.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-almeida-portugal-nbsp">Almeida, Portugal&nbsp;</h3>



Perched on a high plain in northeast Portugal near the Spanish border, the fortress of Almeida is a striking example of military engineering and a symbol of Portugal’s resilience.&nbsp;



Built to secure the nation’s eastern frontier, Almeida has played a significant role in Portuguese history, particularly during its early years of independence and throughout various military conflicts, including the Peninsular War.



The fortress's defining star-shaped ramparts consist of twelve points, each projecting outward to eliminate blind spots and provide overlapping fields of fire against advancing enemies.&nbsp;



The thick walls, surrounding moats, and angular bastions made Almeida a formidable stronghold capable of withstanding prolonged sieges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuf-brisach-france">Neuf-Brisach, France</h3>



Neuf-Brisach, located in the Alsace region of northeastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">France</a> near the German border, is another fascinating example of military and urban design.&nbsp;



The town was constructed in 1697 after the loss of Breisach, which stood on the opposite bank of the Rhine River in Germany.&nbsp;



The name "Neuf" (meaning "new" in French) reflects its creation as a strategic replacement and fortification to strengthen France's defense along its eastern border.



Designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, the renowned military engineer under King Louis XIV, Neuf-Brisach is part of the extensive network of fortifications that Vauban designed to protect France from external threats.&nbsp;



Vauban's expertise in defensive architecture is evident in the town's star-shaped layout, which was intended to optimize defense while accommodating civilian life within the fortifications.&nbsp;



The fortifications were built to withstand sieges and were strategically positioned to control movement across the Rhine River and defend against potential invasions. The outer star-shaped ramparts extend in a way that creates a nearly impenetrable defensive perimeter.



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Star-shaped cities scattered across Europe

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of Lake Maracaibo, located in the northwestern part of Venezuela. The lake is a significant geographical and ecological feature of South America. 



Lake Maracaibo is often considered more of a tidal bay due to its direct connection to the Caribbean Sea through the Tablazo Strait. It is one of the oldest lakes on Earth, formed approximately 36 million years ago.



"With an area of over 13,000 sq km, Lake Maracaibo is generally considered the largest lake in South America, although by some estimates it should be considered an inlet of the Caribbean Sea since much of its water is brought in by its direct connection to the ocean," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"As a result, the water in the northern part of the lake is rather brackish, while the southern waters are fresh, owing to the many rivers that flow into the lake. The biggest, the Catatumbo River, can be seen entering the lake from southwest, where a large amount of sediment carried by the river appears as a yellowish plume."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-catatumbo-lightning">The Catatumbo lightning</h2>



The lake is renowned for a unique weather phenomenon - the Catatumbo lightning. This natural spectacle occurs primarily where the Catatumbo River meets the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-has-affected-almost-every-lake-in-north-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



Known as the most persistent lightning storm in the world, it produces frequent and dramatic flashes of lightning, illuminating the night sky for an average of 260 nights per year.



These storms generate thousands of lightning strikes in a single night, making the region one of the most electrified places on the planet. 



The phenomenon is so intense that it has been recognized by the Guinness World Records as the place with the highest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-on-earth-can-influence-the-weather-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning</a> activity.



Scientists believe the lightning is influenced by the area's geography and climate, including the warm air rising from the lake and its surrounding mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economical-significance-of-lake-maracaibo">Economical significance of Lake Maracaibo </h2>



Lake Maracaibo plays an important role in Venezuela’s economy, as it lies atop vast reserves of crude oil.



The discovery of petroleum in the early 20th century transformed the region into a major oil-producing area, leading to the establishment of numerous oil rigs and platforms. 



However, this economic activity has come at a cost. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-losing-their-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pollution</a> from oil spills, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff has significantly degraded the lake's ecosystem.



The appearance of a green, slimy algae known as Lemna has further exacerbated environmental concerns, threatening marine life and the livelihoods of local communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-ties-to-lake-maracaibo">Cultural ties to Lake Maracaibo </h2>



The cultural significance of Lake Maracaibo is deeply rooted in the traditions and lifestyle of the Indigenous Añu people, who have inhabited its shores for centuries. The Añu, also known as Paraujano, are known for their distinctive stilt houses, called palafitos.



These wooden structures are built directly over the water, connected by walkways or small boats, allowing the Añu to live harmoniously with their aquatic environment. The architectural style of these stilt houses inspired the early Spanish explorers to nickname the region "The Venice of the Americas."



The Añu's way of life is closely tied to the lake. They rely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-must-be-redefined-to-halt-ocean-destruction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> as a primary source of food and income, using traditional methods passed down through generations.



For the Añu, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-significantly-impacts-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> is more than a resource; it is a spiritual and cultural cornerstone, shaping their identity and daily practices.



However, modernization and environmental challenges have disrupted their traditional lifestyle. The oil industry’s expansion around Lake Maracaibo has led to significant environmental degradation, which threaten the lake's biodiversity and the Añu’s primary sources of sustenance. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-maracaibo-and-venezuelan-history">Lake Maracaibo and Venezuelan history</h2>



Lake Maracaibo also played a pivotal role in Venezuelan history, particularly during the Battle of Lake Maracaibo in 1823. 



This naval battle was a decisive conflict in Venezuela’s war for independence from Spain and marked one of the final military engagements of the South American liberation movements led by figures like Simón Bolívar.



Today, the lake represents a remarkable blend of natural beauty, industrial significance, and cultural heritage. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-conservation-efforts">Ongoing conservation efforts </h2>



Ongoing efforts aim to harmonize ecological conservation with economic development, as both local and global stakeholders acknowledge the need to protect this extraordinary environment for generations to come.



Efforts to preserve the Añu culture and the lake's ecosystem have been initiated by local and international organizations. These initiatives focus on promoting sustainable development, preserving Indigenous languages and traditions, and mitigating the environmental damage caused by industrial activities. 



Despite these challenges, the Añu have shown remarkable resilience, maintaining their cultural identity and advocating for their rights and the health of their ancestral lands.



Image Credit: ESA



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Lake Maracaibo: One of the most electrified places on the planet

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of retreating glaciers in Alaska, where meltwater is rapidly expanding glacial lakes. The image was captured on August 4, 2024 by the Landsat 8 satellite.



“In parts of Alaska, water is replacing ice. As glaciers thin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreat</a>, meltwater collects at their fronts, forming proglacial lakes. According to an analysis by Mauri Pelto, a glaciologist at Nichols College, three such lakes in the southeastern part of the state have grown rapidly in recent decades,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-glaciers-in-alaska">Retreating glaciers in Alaska</h2>



“A trio of glaciers - Yakutat, Alsek, and Grand Plateau - descend from inland mountains and flow onto the coastal plain southeast of Yakutat borough, ending at Harlequin Lake, Alsek Lake, and Grand Plateau Lake,” noted NASA.&nbsp;



The retreat of the glaciers, as well as the growth of the lakes, are visible in the image. When compared to an <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/153000/153638/fastestlake_tm5_19840705_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> captured by Landsat 5 in the summer of 1984, the changes are even more evident.



NASA elaborated on the extent of the glacier retreat from 1984 to 2024. “During this period, Yakutat Glacier’s main arm retreated 4.3 miles, while Alsek Glacier’s northern and southern arms retreated 3.3 miles and 3.4 miles, respectively. Grand Plateau Glacier’s northern arm lost the most, retreating 4.8 miles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes-doubled-in-size-nbsp">Glacial lakes doubled in size&nbsp;</h2>



“Collectively, the three lakes more than doubled in size over 40 years. In 1984, they covered about 50 square miles. By 2024, they spanned 90 square miles. That’s an area larger than Seneca Lake (67 square miles) - one of the Finger Lakes in New York, which also have a glacial origin,” said NASA.



Pelto noted that the lakes forming in this region are immense - starting at the mountains and spreading toward the coast - making this a new lake district that is unique in our nation.



“Millions of other lakes, named and unnamed, dot the state. But this system has grown fast, so much so that Pelto thinks it might represent the fastest lake growth in the United States this century,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacier-retreat-nbsp">Understanding glacier retreat&nbsp;</h2>



Glacier retreat is a significant phenomenon driven primarily by global warming the results from rising greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>.&nbsp;



As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice during the summer melt than they can regain in winter snowfall, causing them to shrink over time. This process has profound implications for ecosystems, water resources, and global sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



When glaciers retreat, they often leave behind depressions in the landscape that can fill with meltwater, forming glacial lakes. These lakes are typically bounded by natural dams made of rock, ice, or moraine - accumulations of debris left behind by the glacier's movement.&nbsp;



Over the past century, the number and size of glacial lakes worldwide have increased significantly due to the accelerating pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-glaciers-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-harsh-climate-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat. This trend is especially evident in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, as well as in polar areas such as Alaska and Greenland.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-and-negative-impacts-nbsp">Positive and negative impacts&nbsp;</h3>



Glacial lakes can have both positive and negative impacts. They provide critical water sources for downstream communities, support biodiversity, and sometimes offer opportunities for hydropower development or tourism.&nbsp;



However, they also pose serious risks. The dams holding back these lakes can fail suddenly, causing glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These catastrophic events can devastate downstream areas, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and habitats while endangering human lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes">Monitoring changes</h3>



Understanding glacier retreat and glacial lake formation requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining climate science, hydrology, and geology.&nbsp;



Monitoring these changes is essential to mitigate associated risks and adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-retreat-worldwide">Glacier retreat worldwide</h2>



Studies and satellite observations show that most glaciers in almost all regions of the world are shrinking.&nbsp;



Melting glaciers contribute significantly to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.



The retreat of glaciers is considered one of the clearest indicators of climate change.&nbsp;Some glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates, indicating accelerating climate impacts.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Retreating glaciers and expanding meltwater lakes in Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. 



The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters, annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters.”&nbsp;



According to NASA, the climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. "Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food.&nbsp;



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community.&nbsp;



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders.&nbsp;



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, which has mastered the art of navigating rocky terrains. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter.&nbsp;



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations.&nbsp;



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Marmosets are small tree-dwelling primates from South America, often weighing less than eight ounces. They appear quite unassuming at first glance, yet research published in the journal Science suggests that marmosets may be masters of communication. The experts report that these little monkeys can call each other by specific “names” using their distinct vocalizations, shedding new light on how social communication might have evolved in primates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-marmoset-communication">Insights Into marmoset communication</h2>



Marmoset communication has long fascinated scientists for its complexity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visually-striking-primate-features-ease-tension-and-reduce-conflict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-like qualities</a>. Recent studies reveal that baby marmosets <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/baby-marmosets-learn-talk-just-we-do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learn</a> to "talk" by mimicking their parents, much like human infants acquire language through imitation. Scientists have observed that they also demonstrate conversational etiquette, <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/scienceshot-marmosets-chat-we-do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">taking turns</a> during vocal exchanges in a way that mirrors human dialogue. 



Furthermore, the researchers found that marmosets <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/marmosets-eavesdrop-their-neighbors-and-judge-them-accordingly" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eavesdrop</a> on their neighbors' conversations and even make judgments based on what they overhear. These behaviors highlight a level of social sophistication that may offer deeper insights into the evolution of communication in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/primate-bonds-are-not-just-about-love-theyre-strategic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primates</a>, including humans. 



The discovery of their use of "names" to address individuals further cements the marmosets' reputation as some of the most intriguing communicators in the animal kingdom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marmosets-recognize-their-names">Marmosets recognize their names</h2>



The study, conducted at <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University</a>, included observations of marmosets housed in a specially designed facility. The researchers noticed that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-disrupts-communication-among-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> exchanged a series of chirps, sometimes described as “<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Brain-maps-of-phee-call-perception-In-the-two-top-rows-depicting-brain-slices_fig2_323427950" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phee-calls</a>,” which showed consistent patterns when directed toward certain individuals. According to the experts, marmosets seemed able to recognize when a call was directed at them and respond accordingly, indicating that these calls function as personalized labels. This behavior was <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065345408602860?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previously</a> considered a hallmark of humans, <a href="https://sarasotadolphin.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>, and elephants.



The team found that marmosets consistently used the same phee-calls to address specific partners. This aligns with the idea that the animals are capable of flexible vocal production, rather than relying solely on reflexive calls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advanced-communication-skills-of-marmosets">Advanced communication skills of marmosets </h2>



A key step in the study involved placing pairs of marmosets in the same room, with a barrier that restricted their view of one another. They noted that the monkeys began to engage in regular back-and-forth calls, directing certain phee-calls to particular individuals. When a computerized playback system <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3757" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproduced</a> these calls, the monkeys responded more accurately when they heard the calls they associated with themselves. “This is the first time that we have seen this in non-human primates,” explained study lead author David Omer from the Hebrew University’s Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC). Although other social mammals also demonstrate sophisticated vocal learning, the marmoset’s ability to apply these calls in such an individual-specific manner expands our view of their communication methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shared-traits-with-other-animals">Shared traits with other animals</h2>



Previous work has shown that African elephants may use name-like calls for each other. Marmosets now join this short list of species that single out peers with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-slower-helps-dogs-understand-what-humans-are-saying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinct sounds</a>. While they rely heavily on sight to navigate their environment, these monkeys also need to coordinate in dense forests where vision can fail. Their range of social calls helps them stay connected as they move through the canopy.



Scientists say the phee-call’s meaning was originally thought to be a way for marmosets to broadcast their location. Now, evidence suggests the animals are actually calling each other by “name.” 



This skill even extends to members that are not blood relatives, who often learn the group’s vocal patterns and adapt them to fit their social network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-precursors-of-language">Early precursors of language</h2>



According to the experts, these findings hint at how early precursors of language might have begun in primate lineages. Instead of emerging out of nowhere, human language might have deeper biological roots that began with animals forming signals to name group members.



The researchers noted that talkative marmosets could reshape the way we study animal language potential. Certain features of primate communication - like turn-taking in conversations - seem especially pronounced in these marmosets. Investigations into their learning processes continue to reveal how marmosets adapt sounds and create specific calls that resemble personal labels or “names.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-beyond-primates">Implications beyond primates</h2>



Many scientists are intrigued by the idea that naming could exist in other species but remain overlooked or misunderstood. The potential for flexible vocalization depends on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-communicate-with-animals-using-artificial-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social structures</a>, longevity, and the need to track individuals within a group. A close-knit system, such as that of marmosets, might create the perfect setting for these signals to evolve. Once recognized, such signals suggest that some rudimentary form of naming might not be exclusive to humans - though it is far less common among non-human primates.



Ultimately, the research may prompt new discussions about the early evolution of speech and the social pressures that may have driven it. By teasing out the rules guiding marmoset calls, researchers hope to find parallels to ancient hominids who may have used specific sounds to keep track of each other in complex environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-depths-of-marmoset-communication">Social depths of marmoset communication</h2>



Although questions remain about how widespread this behavior is in marmoset populations, it opens the door for deeper exploration of primate cognition.



Some investigators wonder if these miniature monkeys would continue developing new call variations if given larger living spaces or different social arrangements. Others are curious about whether their communicative skills change over time or if new adult arrivals learn established name patterns as swiftly as younger monkeys.



Studies of marmosets and other animals with potential name-like systems may offer vital clues to understanding how people formed the early building blocks of language. 



By examining these vocal labels in greater detail, scientists might gain insight into how primates engage in flexible social learning - an ability once believed to be mostly limited to humans.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3757" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Marmosets call each other by 'names' with distinct vocalizations

Marmosets are small tree-dwelling primates from South America, often weighing...

Did you ever realize that food waste could be significantly reduced by using the freezer more effectively? It turns out that your freezer serves a greater purpose than just storing the overflow of holiday leftovers.



According to a recent study, your freezer may have a larger environmental impact than you ever imagined by reducing food waste.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freezing-food-to-reduce-household-waste">Freezing food to reduce household waste</h2>



The study, led by a team of researchers at The Ohio State University, reveals that discarded frozen items constitute a mere six percent of the food wasted in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/family-wastes-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American households</a>.



This makes a compelling case to stock up freezers as a preventive measure against hasty food discards.



Despite the vexing prevalence of high food waste, the researchers identified a glimmer of hope. They observed a direct, positive correlation between freezing food and a decrease in discarded edibles.



"We found that households with home freezing behaviors are more likely to have less food waste than other households,” said Dr. Lei Xu, the lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



For the investigation, the experts added questions to the summer 2022 wave of the US Household Food Waste Tracking Survey. 



"The novel survey data provide important baseline information and household behaviors, such as food waste, home freezing of fresh food and the purchase of frozen foods," noted the researchers.



The team analyzed the association among these behaviors from more than 1,000&nbsp;US households.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environmental-impact-of-wasted-food">The environmental impact of wasted food</h2>



Dr. Xu noted that food waste is not just an economic loss – it also causes environmental damage because more than 90% of wasted food goes to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-waste-bans-are-ineffective-in-reducing-landfill-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landfill</a>, and this can produce greenhouse gas emissions. 



"The findings suggest that in the future, if we can encourage households to have home freezing behaviors, this small change in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/better-refrigeration-could-significantly-reduce-global-food-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food storage habits</a> can have a large environmental impact."



Professor Brian Roe, another integral part of the research team, has been studying household food waste for years. 



This study is the first to identify the role of frozen food in reducing unnecessary food disposal.



While worrying estimates suggest that about 30% of food in the U.S. is wasted, Professor Roe's research indicates a rising trend in consumer food waste.



This calls for effective campaigns to educate households about mindful purchasing and maximizing the utility of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrition-labels-help-people-buy-healthier-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food they buy</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-home-freezers-and-food-waste">Home freezers and food waste</h2>



Data compiled from the survey revealed some interesting facts. A staggering 85% of American households buy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-foods-have-the-second-highest-salt-content-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frozen foods</a>, and 55% do so to reduce waste.



The researchers also identified a link between frequent home freezing and significantly less total food waste.



Households that reported frequent freezing habits most likely comprised adults aged 45 years and above and consisted of at least three or more individuals.



A surprising revelation from the study was that around 30% more discarded frozen food came from the refrigerator than from the freezer. This highlights the importance of proper freezing practices and ensuring that food is rotated and consumed before it expires.



The research points to a lack of understanding of proper food storage techniques, which in turn, suggests a need for clearer food storage instructions on packaging to support waste reduction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freezing-food-for-a-sustainable-future">Freezing food for a sustainable future</h2>



Beyond the economic and environmental benefits, the study also brought to light a potential solution to the societal problem of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-help-reduce-food-insecurity-in-rural-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food insecurity</a> faced by 10% of U.S. households. 



“Half of consumers buy frozen food to reduce waste. What about the other half?” said Dr. Xu.



"We want to increase social awareness of how to save food, and explain how people use frozen food and home freezing techniques to save food. And freezing is one of the most accessible techniques because essentially all households have a refrigerator and freezer."



Adopting mindful freezing practices not only minimizes food waste but also preserves surplus food for future use, offering a safeguard against unexpected shortages. Before tossing out that half-eaten dish or leftover meal, consider your freezer. 



By using the freezer instead of discarding, you’re not just reducing food waste - you’re making a positive impact on the environment. The solution, it seems, is as close as your kitchen.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/bfj-02-2024-0147/full/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Food Journal</a>.



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Your freezer can play a key role in reducing food waste

Did you ever realize that food waste could be significantly...

Leopards are known for their elusive nature, but now their roars are revealing secrets that could transform wildlife conservation. 



Every voice in nature is distinctive, and this individuality extends beyond humans to one of Earth’s most majestic predators. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leopard-vocal-signatures">Leopard vocal signatures </h2>



Deep in the heart of Nyerere National Park in Tanzania, a breakthrough study has uncovered the unique vocal signatures of leopards, offering new possibilities for understanding and protecting these enigmatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-leopard-day-2024-honoring-the-elusive-mountain-ghost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big cats</a>.



Over an expansive 450 square kilometers, a collaborative team of scientists combined their expertise to decode the signatures hidden within a leopard’s roar.



The team included researchers from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, the Wildlife Conservation Unit at the University of Oxford, Lion Landscapes, the Frankfurt Zoological Society, and key Tanzanian organizations.



Supported by computer scientists, the study reveals an innovative approach to studying leopards, which could have profound implications for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-calls-for-global-change-to-stop-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leopards-have-distinct-roars">Leopards have distinct roars</h2>



By combining large-scale camera trapping with autonomous audio recording, the researchers made a remarkable discovery: each leopard has a distinct roar. 



This unique vocal signature allowed the experts to identify individual leopards with an impressive 93% accuracy. This innovative approach addresses the significant challenges that scientists face in monitoring these elusive predators in the wild.



Leopards are solitary, nocturnal beings that cover vast terrains, leaving behind little reliable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/assessments-of-large-african-carnivores-urgently-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> for researchers. There is a desperate need for such information to help prevent their alarming decline, which is mainly due to habitat loss and human-wildlife conflicts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-that-could-save-leopards">Science that could save leopards</h2>



There is also a lack of scientific research on the distinct "sawing roar" of a leopard. This roar, a repeated pattern of low-frequency strokes audible even from a kilometer away, is primarily used for attracting mates and territorial defense.



The research team discovered that these unique roars could be the focus of more extensive studies such as population estimates.



Such data can greatly aid policymakers and conservationists in managing landscapes and reducing human-wildlife conflicts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-ecosystems-in-a-new-way">Understanding ecosystems in a new way</h2>



According to study lead author Jonathan Growcott, a PhD student at the University of Exeter, the discovery of unique vocal signatures demonstrates our limited knowledge about leopards and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-carnivores-need-protection-to-avoid-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large carnivores</a>.



"We hope it will allow leopards to become the focus of more acoustically complex science such as population density studies and open the door to more work on how large carnivores use vocalizations as a tool," said Growcott.



The research also demonstrates how the integration of different technologies can enrich data collection and scientific understanding of ecosystems.



"Importantly, our success in using a combination of different types of technology could hopefully lead others to think about how to integrate different types of technology into their research, as the rich data this provides could really push science ahead and help us understand ecosystems and landscapes in a much more holistic way.” noted Growcott.



The research was praised by Hazel Norman, CEO of the British Ecological Society. She described it as a brilliant demonstration of how ecologists apply novel ideas and technologies to gain new insights into our natural world.



Our journey of understanding leopards through their roars begins now, and it will open new doors to the conservation of these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leveraging-technology-for-conservation">Leveraging technology for conservation</h2>



The success of this study highlights the transformative power of integrating advanced technology into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-conservation-day-2024-saving-species-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> research. 



By combining large-scale camera trapping with autonomous acoustic recording, the researchers overcame the challenges posed by leopards' solitary and nocturnal habits.



This innovative approach not only identified individual leopards but also opened doors for future applications, such as tracking population changes and monitoring habitat use over time.



As human-wildlife conflicts and habitat loss threaten leopard populations, such tools can serve as critical resources for policymakers and conservationists. 



These technologies enable data collection in previously inaccessible areas, ensuring that elusive species like leopards can be studied and protected effectively.



The potential to scale this methodology across other regions and species further highlights its significance in global wildlife conservation efforts.



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Leopards reveal their identity through a distinct roar

Leopards are known for their elusive nature, but now their...

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Today’s Video of the Day comes from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> and features a look at scientists who have traveled to the South Pole to measure ice sheet elevation along a previously undocumented route.
Researchers will explore along 300 kilometers of the remote and uncharted icescape to gather the measurements.
The data will help chart the upcoming global ICESat-2 mission, which is set to measure the height of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trace-earths-crust-found/">Earth</a> from orbit.
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Video Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a>

Measuring ice sheet elevation in uncharted territory