<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



<p>Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.</p>



<p>With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



<p>NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



<p>Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. </p>



<p>Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. </p>



<p>The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.</p>



<p>The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.</p>



<p>Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;</p>



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features South Korea, where a November storm set a new record for daily snowfall in Seoul.</p>



<p>“Wintry weather arrived in full force in South Korea. In the last week of November 2024, a storm brought record-breaking accumulations of snow to Seoul. The heavy snow disrupted travel and damaged structures in the nation’s capital and surrounding areas,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153649/heavy-snows-in-korea" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>“On the morning of November 27, residents of Seoul awoke to 16.5 centimeters (6.5 inches) of new snow. That amount already surpassed the previous daily snowfall record for Seoul in November since records began in 1907, according to news reports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-across-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Snowfall across the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Yet, as NASA noted, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-snow-complexity-can-improve-winter-safety/">snow</a> kept flying. By the morning of November 28, Seoul had accumulated a total of 11.3 inches. About 22 miles to the south, the city of Suwon received 17 inches of snow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When clouds cleared the following day, the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image, revealing a broad coating of white across the Korean Peninsula,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-snowfall-event-in-south-korea-nbsp">Rare snowfall event in South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Meteorologists attributed this rare event to a sharp contrast between cold northern air and the warmer surface of the Yellow Sea.</p>



<p>Officials said that the temperature difference between the air and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface</a> was more profound than normal due to unusual warmth in recent weeks, which likely contributed to the storm’s intensity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-snowfall">Impacts of the snowfall</h2>



<p>“Those who braved the weather around Seoul witnessed landmarks transformed into a winter wonderland. However, the storm grounded hundreds of flights across the country, kept dozens of ferries in port, and snarled traffic,” said NASA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The weight of the snow also toppled trees and damaged greenhouses and other agricultural facilities in areas surrounding Seoul, according to reports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-in-seoul-south-korea-nbsp">Snowfall in Seoul, South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Snowfall is not unusual in Seoul, but its frequency and accumulation levels are typically moderate. </p>



<p>Seoul has a temperate climate with cold, dry winters, and snow is a normal part of the season from December to February. However, heavy snowfall is rare, with most snowfalls being light to moderate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The city averages about 25-30 days of snow per year, with a total accumulation that is far less than what is seen in colder regions of the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-snowfall-patterns-nbsp">Climate change and snowfall patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is altering snowfall patterns globally, with variations in both frequency and intensity - depending on the region. </p>



<p>Warmer average temperatures are shifting precipitation from snow to rain in many areas, particularly in low-lying regions and mid-latitudes. This trend reduces the duration and extent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow cover</a>, especially at lower elevations. </p>



<p>However, paradoxically, some regions experience heavier snowstorms due to increased atmospheric moisture. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, leading to intense snowfall under the right conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-climate-impacts">Complex climate impacts</h3>



<p>In high-altitude and polar regions, the impact is more complex. Some areas, like the Himalayas and the Arctic, see diminished snowfall because of warmer conditions and melting ice.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, parts of the Arctic and Antarctica may experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased snowfall</a> due to changes in wind patterns and enhanced evaporation over open waters caused by sea ice loss. </p>



<p>For example, in recent years, storms fueled by unusual temperature differentials have resulted in historic snowfalls in some areas, like the U.S. Northeast and parts of East Asia, as warmer oceans supply more moisture to cold air masses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifts-in-the-seasons">Shifts in the seasons</h3>



<p>Seasonal timing is also shifting, with snowfalls occurring later in fall and ending earlier in spring. </p>



<p>These changes disrupt ecosystems that rely on consistent snowpacks, affect water resources dependent on snowmelt, and complicate winter activities such as agriculture and tourism.</p>



<p>Overall, the effects of climate change on snowfall are not uniform but are instead influenced by local geography, altitude, and changing weather systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As global temperatures continue to rise, these shifts are expected to intensify, requiring adaptation in water management, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Winter storm set a new snowfall record in Seoul, South Korea

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. </p>



<p>"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



<p>ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."</p>



<p>The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



<p>“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.</p>



<p>Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.</p>



<p>Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.</p>



<p>Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. </p>



<p>These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.</p>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit<strong>: </strong>ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.</p>



<p>NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



<p>The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.</p>



<p>“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



<p>A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.</p>



<p>“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.</p>



<p>Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.</p>



<p>The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;</p>



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



<p>The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.</p>



<p>“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



<p>“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



<p>As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



<p>Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.</p>



<p>Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



<p>The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



<p>Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. </p>



<p>Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. </p>



<p>One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.</p>



<p>Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

<p>New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection between Mars's gravitational field and Earth's climate.</p>



<p>Geological evidence spanning over 65 million years suggests that deep-sea currents on Earth undergo recurring cycles of strength every 2.4 million years.</p>



<p>These cycles, referred to as "astronomical grand cycles," appear linked to gravitational interactions between Earth and Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-earth-s-ocean-currents">Climate and Earth's ocean currents</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep-sea currents</a>, which alternate between stronger and weaker phases, significantly impact sediment accumulation on the ocean floor.</p>



<p>During periods of stronger currents, often called "giant whirlpools" or eddies, these powerful movements reach the abyssal depths and erode accumulated sediment there. </p>



<p>The findings of a new study now shed light on how these cycles align with Earth-Mars <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-map-exposes-ancient-structures-and-volcanic-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational interactions</a>.</p>



<p>"The gravity fields of the planets in the solar system interfere with each other, and this interaction, called a resonance, changes planetary eccentricity, a measure of how close to circular their orbits are," explained study co-author Dietmar Müller, a geophysics professor at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-gravitational-pull-on-earth">Mars' gravitational pull on Earth</h2>



<p>Due to this resonance, Mars's gravitational pull draws Earth slightly closer to the Sun, which leads to increased solar radiation and a warmer climate.</p>



<p>Over time, Earth drifts back again, completing this cycle roughly every 2.4 million years. This subtle gravitational influence might play a role in shaping Earth’s long-term climatic patterns.</p>



<p>The researchers used satellite data to map sediment accumulation on the ocean floor across millions of years. </p>



<p>The team discovered gaps in the geological record, suggesting that stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interactions-with-mars-influence-deep-ocean-circulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> during warmer periods, caused by Mars's influence, might have disrupted sediment deposition.</p>



<p>These findings add to the growing evidence that celestial mechanics, including Mars’s gravitational pull, impact Earth’s climate.</p>



<p>However, the researchers clarified that this warming effect is unrelated to the current global warming driven by human greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>"Our deep-sea data spanning 65 million years suggests that warmer oceans have more vigorous deep circulation," explained Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author and a sedimentologist at the University of Sydney.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



<p>The study’s findings suggest that these cycles could help sustain ocean currents even in scenarios where global warming might weaken them. </p>



<p>One such crucial current is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a>), often referred to as an ocean "conveyor belt." </p>



<p>This system transports warm water from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere and facilitates deep-ocean heat distribution.</p>



<p>"We know there are at least two separate mechanisms that contribute to the vigor of deep-water mixing in the oceans," Müller noted. </p>



<p>While some scientists predict a possible collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenlands-melting-icebergs-may-not-be-threat-to-ocean-currents-amoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a> in the coming decades, the ventilation caused by deep-ocean eddies might help prevent the ocean from becoming stagnant.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-the-basics">Orbital mechanics -- the basics</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-elusive-three-body-problem-now-has-12000-new-solutions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> in our solar system is like a cosmic dance choreographed by gravity. Every planet, moon, asteroid, and even tiny dust particle follows a specific path, or orbit, around a larger body because of gravitational forces.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-our-trip-to-jupiter-taking-so-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> between Mars and Earth is all about their positions, speeds, and distances in the solar system, creating a fascinating relationship.</p>



<p>Both planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, but Earth is closer to the Sun and moves faster along its orbit. Earth takes about 365 days to complete one orbit, while Mars, farther out, takes roughly 687 days.</p>



<p>This difference means that Earth "laps" Mars in their orbits every 26 months, creating opportunities for close approaches called oppositions -- when Mars is directly opposite the Sun in the sky as seen from Earth.</p>



<p>These close approaches are a big deal for space exploration. When planning missions to Mars, scientists take advantage of efficient paths that align with the relative positions of Earth and Mars.</p>



<p>Orbital mechanics governs not just the journey itself but also the timing, ensuring we can send rovers, landers, and eventually humans to Mars with precision and efficiency.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-and-earth-s-climate">Orbital mechanics and Earth's climate</h2>



<p>Although still speculative, this research on Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-mars-clouds-catalogued-in-stunning-new-online-photo-atlas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a> highlights the potential of astronomical cycles to influence Earth's climate and affect oceanic circulation. </p>



<p>This, on top of the aforementioned alignment of space mission launch pathways for previous and future Earth missions to Mars.</p>



<p>These findings emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary orbital mechanics and Earth’s natural systems, and offer a new perspective on how the cosmos might shape our planet's climate over millions of years.</p>



<p>Understanding these interactions not only deepens our knowledge of Earth's history but also provides insights into the resilience of oceanic systems in the face of ongoing climate change. </p>



<p>"This will potentially keep the ocean from becoming stagnant even if Atlantic meridional overturning circulation slows or stops altogether," Adriana Dutkiewicz concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-can-t-escape-impact-of-mars-gravity">Earth can't escape impact of Mars' gravity</h2>



<p>Mars is smaller in size and mass than Earth, and thus has a weaker gravitational pull. However, Martian gravity still has notable effects beyond influencing Earth’s orbit.</p>



<p>The gravity on Mars is approximately 38% of Earth's, meaning that an object or person would weigh significantly less if standing on the surface of Mars. </p>



<p>The decreased force of gravity affects the planet's ability to retain a thick atmosphere, which results in a dry and barren Martian environment.</p>



<p>Mars’s moons, Phobos and Deimos, also experience the planet's gravitational pull, which leads to tidal stresses that gradually alter their orbits.</p>



<p>Over millions of years, Phobos is expected to spiral closer to Mars and eventually break apart, forming a ring around the planet. </p>



<p>Additionally, Mars's gravity has influenced the trajectories of spacecrafts during missions that make use of a technique called gravity assist to propel probes towards distant targets.</p>



<p>The interplay between the gravity of Mars and the dynamics of the solar system showcases the subtle yet profound impact of this planet on neighboring celestial bodies. </p>



<p>Researchers continue to explore how such forces might have shaped Mars's history, including its ancient magnetic field and potential for past water systems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46171-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Mars' gravity pulls Earth closer to the Sun, warming our climate, scientists say

New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection...

<p>In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast of British Columbia had quite the thrill ride when it was lifted sky-high by a gigantic wave known as the Ucluelet wave.</p>



<p>This monstrous wall of water, spanning the height of a four-story building, holds the record for the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded.</p>



<p>Intriguingly, this is an event that statisticians would tell you only happens once every 1,300 years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-rogue-waves-the-basics">Understanding rogue waves -- the basics</h2>



<p>Rogue waves are those massive, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-waves-can-get-much-bigger-taller-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unexpected waves</a> that seem to come out of nowhere and can be incredibly powerful. </p>



<p>Imagine you're cruising on a regular ocean day, and suddenly a wave taller than a skyscraper barrels toward your ship -- that's a rogue wave. </p>



<p>These waves are much bigger than the surrounding waves and can appear without warning, making them especially dangerous for sailors and offshore structures. </p>



<p>Unlike typical waves that follow predictable patterns, rogue waves are rare and often surprising, which is why they’ve been the stuff of legends and maritime lore for so long.</p>



<p>That was until 1995, when a freak wave with a height of 85 feet -- now known as the Draupner wave -- crashed into an oil-drilling platform off the coast of Norway.</p>



<p>This monstrous wave became the first scientific evidence that rogue waves were more than just fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-ucluelet-wave">Understanding the Ucluelet wave</h2>



<p>The Draupner wave towered over its neighbors at a staggering 85 feet, as the surrounding waves were 39 feet tall. </p>



<p>In contrast, the Ucluelet wave off Vancouver Island, while only 58 feet tall in comparison, was almost three times the height of its surrounding waves.</p>



<p>"Proportionally, the Ucluelet wave is likely the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded," noted physicist Johannes Gemmrich from the <a href="https://www.uvic.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria</a>. </p>



<p>Such a remarkable size difference has researchers scratching their heads about how these rogue waves form.</p>



<p>The buoy that captured data from the Ucluelet wave was one of many deployed by <a href="https://marinelabs.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MarineLabs</a>. </p>



<p>Their mission is to gather more information about the deep-sea hazards that can wreak havoc on marine operations, wind farms, oil rigs, and potentially even beachgoers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perils-of-rogue-waves">Perils of rogue waves</h2>



<p>While neither the Ucluelet nor Draupner waves caused any significant damage, the history books are full of tales of rogue waves causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destruction</a>. </p>



<p>It has even been speculated that several ships which vanished in the 1970s could have been taken down by rogue waves.</p>



<p>With a predicted increase in wave heights in the North Pacific due to climate change, the Ucluelet wave's record might not stand for long.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-safety-a-constant-endeavor">Marine safety: A constant endeavor</h2>



<p>Rogue waves can cause serious damage, sinking ships and disrupting marine activities, which is why understanding and predicting them is a big focus in oceanography.</p>



<p>"Capturing this once-in-a-millennium wave, right in our backyard, is a thrilling indicator of the power of coastal intelligence to transform marine safety," stated MarineLabs CEO Scott Beatty.</p>



<p>The push for improved safety and decision-making in marine operations and coastal communities is an ongoing one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rogue-waves-vs-shore-waves">Rogue waves vs. shore waves</h2>



<p>Normal shore waves and rogue waves are like night and day when it comes to their behavior. Shore waves are those predictable, rolling waves you see at the beach. </p>



<p>They’re usually generated by winds blowing over the ocean’s surface and are shaped by the depth and contour of the seabed as they approach land. </p>



<p>These waves arrive in regular intervals, and you can usually see them coming from a distance -- great for surfers and beachgoers who like to play it safe.</p>



<p>Rogue waves, on the other hand, are the wildcards of the ocean. As mentioned previously, they don’t follow the usual patterns and can appear suddenly, even in relatively calm seas. </p>



<p>These giants aren’t tied to the shoreline -- they can pop up in the open ocean, towering over everything around them. </p>



<p>While shore waves are influenced by steady, consistent factors like wind and tides, rogue waves are the result of chaotic conditions, like multiple waves combining their energy in just the right (or wrong) way.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-and-rogue-waves-mystery">Antarctica and rogue waves mystery</h2>



<p>An expedition by scientists from the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a> to the waters around Antarctica has uncovered more about the formation of rogue waves. </p>



<p>Their research has found that wind plays a significant role in the formation of these oceanic giants.</p>



<p>The team, led by Professor Alessandro Toffoli, took to the Antarctic waters in 2017, armed with state-of-the-art technology. </p>



<p>With stereo cameras mounted on the South African icebreaker SA Agulhas II, they captured unprecedented insights into rogue waves. </p>



<p>Their three-dimensional imaging of the ocean's surface provided unique insights into the dynamics of rogue waves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-wind">Critical role of wind</h2>



<p>The observations revealed that rogue waves arise during the "young" stage of waves when they are most receptive to the wind.</p>



<p>"The wind creates a chaotic situation where waves of different dimensions and directions coexist," explained Professor Toffoli.</p>



<p>Wind causes young waves to grow higher, longer and faster. During this self-amplification, a wave grows disproportionately at the expense of its neighbors." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-better-predictive-tools">Call for better predictive tools</h2>



<p>The research in the choppy seas of Antarctica has emphasized the need to integrate wind dynamics into predictive models for rogue wave forecasting.</p>



<p>Advancing our knowledge of rogue waves and their connection to wind dynamics opens up a world of possibilities for improving predictive tools in ocean safety. </p>



<p>By incorporating wind data into forecasting models, we can enhance our ability to anticipate and prepare for these formidable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-heat-is-popping-up-in-hotspots-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural phenomena</a>. </p>



<p>This integration will not only benefit sailors and maritime industries but also enable early warnings for coastal communities, enhancing overall safety and resilience in the face of unpredictable ocean conditions. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05671-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Scientific Reports</em></a>.</p>



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Most extreme "rogue wave" ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean detailed in new study

In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast...

<p>When thinking about the causes behind species extinctions, invasive species such as rats or snakes and the looming threat of climate change often come to mind. However, an unexpected contender tops the list of culprits: domestic cats.</p>



<p>Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-ranging-cats-are-one-of-the-most-problematic-invasive-species/">cats</a> may appear as gentle and lovable companions, their impact on ecosystems worldwide reveals a far more destructive side. Beneath their charming exterior lies one of nature’s most efficient predators - stealthy, adaptable, and relentless.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-predators-without-boundaries">Cats: Predators without boundaries</h2>



<p>Whenever a cat moves with silent determination, it’s likely closing in on its next prey. With no specific preferences and an insatiable hunting instinct, both domestic and feral cats have driven the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-species-extinctions-are-often-underestimated/">extinction</a> of numerous species, earning the title of one of the most invasive predators on Earth.</p>



<p>According to a study published in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1602480113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a> in July 2016, cats have contributed to the extinction of 63 species in modern times. Recent research has further illuminated the staggering breadth of their ecological impact.</p>



<p>A December 2023 study in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42766-6#citeas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a> documented over 2,000 species hunted by cats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among these, 347 species are classified as threatened, near-threatened, or extinct by the <a href="https://iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN). Cats show no favoritism when it comes to prey, but birds appear to be their preferred target.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feral-cats-are-invasive-predators">Feral cats are invasive predators </h2>



<p>In the United States alone, cats - both domestic and feral - are responsible for the deaths of approximately 2.4 billion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and 12.3 billion small mammals annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In Australia, feral cats kill over two billion native animals every year, including marsupials, reptiles, and ground-nesting birds.</p>



<p>Of the 2,084 species preyed upon by cats, birds top the list at 981, followed by 463 reptile species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Iconic examples of their destructive influence include the Stephens Island wren, driven to extinction by a single housecat named Tibbles, and the now-extinct Hawaiian crow and New Zealand quail. Even today, feral cats remain a top threat to endangered species like the Galápagos petrel.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-vulnerability-of-island-ecosystems">Unique vulnerability of island ecosystems</h2>



<p>Cats wreak havoc in both mainland and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">island ecosystems</a>, but the damage they cause varies significantly. Islands are especially vulnerable due to the lack of natural predators and the evolution of native species without defenses against invasive hunters.</p>



<p>Ground-nesting birds, slow-moving reptiles, and small mammals are particularly at risk on islands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The introduction of cats, apex predators in such environments, has led to dramatic population declines and outright extinctions. Islands house three times more species of conservation concern linked to cats compared to mainland habitats.</p>



<p>On the mainland, the impact of cats is more nuanced. While larger landmasses often support native predators and competitors, cats still exploit fragmented habitats in urban and suburban areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They prey on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-mammals-play-a-vital-role-in-maintaining-forest-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small mammals</a> and birds in already stressed ecosystems, disrupting food chains and sometimes outcompeting native predators. However, the diversity of competitors and predators on the mainland somewhat mitigates their impact compared to the devastation seen on islands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cats-are-such-effective-predators">Why cats are such effective predators</h2>



<p>Cats' ability to spread and thrive as invasive predators stems from a combination of biological traits and human support:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-reproduction-nbsp"><strong>Rapid reproduction</strong>&nbsp;</h3>



<p>A single female cat can produce up to 180 kittens in her lifetime under ideal conditions, allowing feral populations to grow quickly in areas with sufficient food and few predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-versatile-hunting-skills-nbsp"><strong>Versatile hunting skills</strong>&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Equipped with sharp claws, keen night vision, acute hearing, and razor-sharp teeth, cats are adept at hunting a wide range of prey, including birds, rodents, reptiles, and insects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-flexibility-nbsp"><strong>Dietary flexibility</strong>&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cats rely solely on animal protein, enabling them to survive on prey alone. Their evolutionary ability to extract water from their meat-based diet allows them to thrive in diverse environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-adaptability-nbsp"><strong>Behavioral adaptability</strong>&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cats employ stealth and ambush tactics to outwit prey, showing remarkable patience and persistence in hunting even elusive or cautious species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-support-nbsp"><strong>Human support</strong>&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Unlike other invasive predators, cats benefit directly from humans. Feral cats often rely on food scraps, garbage, or intentional feeding, which shields them from natural selection pressures like starvation. Meanwhile, even well-fed domestic cats hunt for sport, exacerbating their ecological impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-the-invasive-cat-issue">Managing the invasive cat issue</h2>



<p>Efforts to control cat populations, such as trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, aim to reduce feral cat numbers without removing them entirely. However, cats’ adaptability and widespread presence across all continents except Antarctica mean their ecological impact persists.</p>



<p>Balancing the affection many people feel for cats with the urgent need to protect vulnerable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> is an ongoing challenge.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While cats remain beloved companions to millions, their role as one of the most destructive invasive species highlights the necessity for responsible management. Protecting ecosystems from their predation is not merely a choice - it’s an ecological imperative.</p>



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Cats have become one of the world’s most invasive predators

When thinking about the causes behind species extinctions, invasive species...

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<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today&#8217;s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the </span><a href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">American Chemical Society</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> series </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Reactions </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">discusses prescription drugs and whether they are safe to take after the expiration date.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The researchers found no evidence to suggest that expired drugs become toxic, but there is a good chance that they lose their potency. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Prescription drugs contain many different chemical bonds that change when they react with certain elements of the environment such as heat, moisture, and light.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The experts conclude that many drugs are still safe beyond their expiration dates, with the exception of aspirin, which is known to go bad.</span></p>
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<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: American Chemical Society</span></i></p>

Expiration dates on prescription drugs