Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” said ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features ice on Lake Michigan in late January 2025, when extreme cold settled into the Chicago area.



“Between January 19 and 24, 2025, a brutal cold snap hit Chicago. This satellite image captured a glimpse of the wintry aftermath,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153885/a-chill-over-chicagoland" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



According to the National Weather Service (NWS), the first half of the cold spell was the most intense.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-spells-and-snowfall">Cold spells and snowfall</h2>



Cold spells in the Chicago area are often accompanied by strong winds and significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a>.



“On January 21, the air temperature in Chicago reached as low as minus 15 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 26 degrees Celsius). At the time, little to no snow covered the ground in Chicago, which NWS noted is uncommon amid sub-zero temperatures,” said NASA.



“Snowflakes returned toward the end of the cold spell. Between the mornings of January 22 and 23, several waves of snowfall produced the blanket of white across the Chicago area visible in this image.”



“Another expanse of white is visible atop Lake Michigan. This is lake ice, which grows on the Great Lakes each winter, though its extent and timing can be highly variable. Ice coverage on the Great Lakes typically reaches its annual peak in late February or early March.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visible-ice-patterns">Visible ice patterns</h2>



Jia Wang, an ice climatologist at NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), noted that on January 24, winds were blowing offshore and pushing ice away from the coastline.



In the photo, areas of dark, thin ice can be seen close to the shore, while patchy areas of bright white ice are visible away from shore. According to Wang, the whiter areas might be due to ice that has piled up and formed a very rough surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cover-on-lake-michigan-nbsp">Ice cover on Lake Michigan&nbsp;</h2>



“The area of Lake Michigan covered with ice in late January 2025 hovered around the historical average (1973-2024) for the time of year, according to data from GLERL. When the image was acquired, ice covered about 20 percent of the lake,” noted NASA.



“Meanwhile, several hundred miles to the east, ice on Lake Erie spiked well above average in late January, according to GLERL, with ice spanning around 80 percent of the lake. The ice was thick enough to temporarily immobilize a Canadian cargo freighter, according to news reports.”



To calculate the thickness of ice on the Great Lakes, experts are investigating ways to use altimetry data from NASA’s ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2).



Eric Anderson, a researcher at the Colorado School of Mines, noted that such measurements could improve ice and weather <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-era-in-forecasting-ai-will-improve-extreme-weather-warnings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting</a> as well as help us understand changes in Earth’s surface freshwater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-on-the-great-lakes">Ice on the Great Lakes</h2>



Ice formation on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-craters-found-in-the-bottom-of-lake-michigan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Lakes</a> is a dynamic process influenced by seasonal temperatures, wind patterns, and climate variability.&nbsp;



Each year, ice begins to develop in late fall and early winter, typically forming first in sheltered bays and shallow areas before extending over deeper waters.&nbsp;



The extent and duration of ice cover vary significantly, with some years experiencing widespread freezing while others see only partial coverage due to warmer conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuations-in-ice-coverage">Fluctuations in ice coverage</h2>



Historically, ice coverage on the Great Lakes has fluctuated, with long-term records showing a decline in ice extent due to rising global temperatures.&nbsp;



The lakes act as vast heat reservoirs, meaning their large thermal mass can delay freezing, especially in milder winters.&nbsp;



When ice does form, it affects local weather patterns, contributing to lake-effect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow</a> in surrounding regions. It also impacts ecosystems, as ice cover influences fish spawning, winter survival of aquatic organisms, and shoreline <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">erosion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-variability-in-ice-cover-nbsp">Increasing variability in ice cover&nbsp;</h2>



In recent decades, scientists have observed increasing variability in ice cover, with some years experiencing near-record lows. 



This trend impacts commercial shipping in two key ways: reduced ice cover can extend the navigational season, but unpredictable freeze-thaw cycles make ice-breaking operations more challenging.



Additionally, ice conditions influence recreational activities such as ice fishing, skating, and snowmobiling - all of which depend on stable and thick ice.



Overall, ice on the Great Lakes is a key indicator of changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate patterns</a>, with its variability providing insights into broader environmental shifts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on January 24, 2025 with the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Chicago cold spell brings ice to Lake Michigan 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods.&nbsp;



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features dust streaming off the coast of Iran in January 2025.



“Some of the desert dust was carried across the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Peninsula, degrading air quality for those in its path,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153859/desert-dust-streams-from-iran" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The airborne material appears to primarily originate in the dried bed of the intermittent lake known as Hamun-e Jazmurian (Hamun-e Jaz Murian), while some may be blown from coastal areas. Along with arid regions such as the Garagum and Lut deserts and the Sistan Basin, the lakebed is a major source of dust in southwest Asia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precipitation-in-the-jazmurian-basin">Precipitation in the Jazmurian Basin</h2>



According to NASA, some parts of the Jazmurian Basin receive less than four inches of rain annually, on average, and evaporation rates are high. During wet times, however, an intermittent lake, marshlands, and other vegetation can cover parts of the basin. 



“Terra’s MODIS sensor has previously captured images of the area when water is present in Hamun-e Jazmurian and when green vegetation fringes the lakebed,” said NASA.



“In early 2025, the land was dry enough for winds to blow dust plumes south-southwest over the Gulf of Oman. Dust traveled across the water to the coast of the United Arab Emirates, where the haze reduced visibility in places, according to news reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-particles-in-dust-storms">Particles in dust storms</h2>



In addition to disrupting transportation and other daily activities, the suspended particles in dust storms can pose significant health risks. Recent research has revealed that dust from the Jazmurian Basin often contains heavy metals and other potentially harmful substances, such as silica and organic pollutants, which can negatively impact both human and ecosystem health.&nbsp;



Prolonged exposure to these particles has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular issues, as well as the exacerbation of pre-existing health conditions like asthma and bronchitis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-dust-storms">Environmental impact of dust storms</h2>



Moreover, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-is-an-understudied-contributor-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a> of dust storms extends beyond human health. The fine particles can settle on vegetation, reducing photosynthesis and agricultural productivity.&nbsp;



Dust deposition can also alter soil composition by introducing heavy metals and changing nutrient balances, which may affect crop growth and soil microbial communities. Such changes can lead to long-term degradation of arable land and disrupt local food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-in-the-jazmurian-basin">Dust in the Jazmurian Basin </h2>



Communities near the Jazmurian Basin are particularly vulnerable to the effects of these dust storms due to limited access to healthcare and mitigation resources. 



Seasonal changes and climatic conditions, including prolonged droughts and desertification, further intensify the frequency and severity of dust storms in the region.&nbsp;



This creates a cycle of environmental and health challenges, making it imperative to develop strategies for prevention and adaptation.



Addressing these issues requires coordinated efforts at the local, national, and international levels. Potential measures include reforestation and soil stabilization projects to reduce dust emissions, stricter regulations to limit activities that contribute to desertification, and public health initiatives to educate communities on protective measures during dust events.&nbsp;



Investing in early warning systems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-driven-wildfires-worsen-u-s-air-quality-and-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> monitoring can also help minimize exposure and protect both human populations and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-jazmurian-basin">Significance of the Jazmurian Basin</h2>



The Jazmurian Basin is a prominent endorheic basin located in southeastern Iran, spanning parts of the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan as well as Kerman. It lies at the heart of an arid region characterized by sparse vegetation, high temperatures, and limited rainfall.&nbsp;



The basin is primarily fed by the Halil and Bampur rivers, which provide seasonal water flow to the basin's low-lying areas. At its center lies the Jazmurian Depression, which forms a seasonal playa or shallow lake, though it often dries up during extended dry periods.&nbsp;



The area holds geological and archaeological significance, offering insights into ancient human settlements and environmental changes over time.&nbsp;



Despite its harsh climate, the basin supports small-scale agriculture in its peripheries and serves as a critical habitat for certain desert-adapted flora and fauna. Climate change and water management challenges have intensified the environmental pressures faced by this fragile ecosystem.



The image was captured on January 22 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite.&nbsp;



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Dust rises from the Jazmurian Basin in Iran

Sharks and rays have inhabited Earth’s oceans for about 450 million years. These cartilaginous fish have survived five mass extinctions, adapting to environmental changes that wiped out countless other species.



Despite their resilience, modern threats endanger their survival like never before. Overfishing and habitat destruction have placed more than a third of all species at serious risk. Now, climate change introduces another challenge to sharks and rays.



A team of international researchers led by palaeobiologist Manuel A. Staggl from the University of Vienna sought to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-constantly-reshuffling-earths-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past climate fluctuations</a> affected the biodiversity of sharks and rays. 



They focused on the Jurassic (200-143 million years ago) and Cretaceous (143-66 million years ago) periods, a time when these species thrived in diverse environments. 



By analyzing fossilized teeth and comparing them to climate records, they identified key environmental factors that influenced shark populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-climate-change-shaped-shark-evolution">How climate change shaped shark evolution</h2>



The evolution of sharks and rays has always been closely linked to environmental conditions. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the oceans underwent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant changes</a>. 



The expansion of shallow coastal waters created new habitats, while rising global temperatures affected marine ecosystems. These periods saw an explosion in shark and ray diversity, demonstrating their ability to adapt to shifting conditions.



Fossil evidence suggests that the diversity of these species fluctuated with environmental changes. The researchers found that three main factors influenced their survival.



Higher global temperatures and an increase in shallow water areas had a positive effect, allowing sharks and rays to expand into new regions. 



However, a third factor - rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels - had a clearly negative impact. This discovery sheds new light on how future climate change might affect these species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-co2-and-shark-diversity">Rising CO2 and shark diversity </h2>



One of the most significant findings of the study was the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">negative effect of CO2 concentrations</a> on shark and ray biodiversity. Higher CO2 levels in the ocean have long been suspected to harm marine life, but this study provides clear evidence of its impact.



This is the first time that the negative impact of CO2 in the ocean has been so clearly described. While the exact mechanisms remain unclear, laboratory studies on modern sharks and rays suggest direct physiological consequences.



Increased CO2 can alter their sensory abilities, affecting their ability to navigate and hunt. It can also influence skeletal development during embryonic stages, potentially leading to deformities.



The fossil record confirms that past increases in CO2 levels contributed to the extinction of certain shark and ray species. This suggests that current climate change, driven by human activity, could have similar long-term consequences. If CO2 levels continue to rise, the survival of many species may be at risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-opportunities-for-sharks">Climate opportunities for sharks</h2>



Despite the dangers, climate change may not be entirely detrimental to sharks and rays. In previous geological periods, rising sea levels and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing temperatures</a> actually benefited their populations. 



Expanding warm-water regions and the creation of new shallow coastal environments provided ideal conditions for these predators.



"The resulting habitats in shallow seas that cover large continental areas are real biodiversity hotspots; sharks and rays were able to colonize them very quickly and efficiently thanks to their adaptability," explained Staggl.



During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, temperatures were significantly higher than today, leading to the expansion of the tropics and subtropics. With fewer seasonal changes, marine ecosystems became more stable, supporting a wider range of species.



If similar conditions emerge in the future, some sharks and rays might find new habitats to thrive in. However, the speed of modern climate change presents a unique challenge. 



Unlike past warming events that occurred over millions of years, today’s changes are happening in just decades. This rapid shift could make adaptation difficult, even for a group of species that has survived multiple extinctions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-changing-world">A rapidly changing world</h2>



Assuming that sharks and rays will simply adapt to climate change would be overly optimistic. 



"The environment is currently changing particularly quickly - unfortunately probably too quickly for the animals and their ecosystems," said Staggl. 



The current rate of warming and ocean acidification may surpass their ability to adjust. Overfishing and habitat destruction further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-the-world-is-on-track-for-a-catastrophic-level-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complicate the situation</a>. 



Many shark species are already struggling due to declining populations, and climate change may add additional stress. Warmer oceans can disrupt food chains, forcing sharks to migrate in search of prey.



Changes in ocean currents and rising acidity levels may also alter their breeding patterns. If these species cannot adapt quickly enough, many could face extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-sharks-from-climate-change">Protecting sharks from climate change</h2>



Urgent action is needed to protect sharks and rays from multiple environmental threats. Conservation efforts must address overfishing, habitat loss, and the growing effects of climate change. 



These predators play a crucial role in maintaining marine ecosystems, and their decline could have widespread consequences.



"Because without the top predators, the ecosystems would collapse," warned Jürgen Kriwet, professor of palaeobiology at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>.



Sharks and rays regulate the balance of ocean life, keeping populations of other marine species in check. Without them, ecosystems could become unstable, affecting biodiversity and fisheries that millions of people depend on.



"By protecting sharks and rays, we are investing directly in the health of our oceans and therefore also in the people and industries that benefit from these ecosystems," said Kriwet.



Preserving these species is not just about maintaining biodiversity - it is about ensuring the stability of marine environments. 



The future of sharks and rays depends on immediate and sustained conservation efforts. Their survival will determine the health of the oceans for generations to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/2/142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology</a>.



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Sharks may benefit from rising temperatures - but not from rising CO2

Sharks and rays have inhabited Earth’s oceans for about 450...

Research has consistently demonstrated the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. A new study suggests that these benefits may be even more pronounced in children with autism. 



A team of psychologists and researchers set out to investigate the role of bilingualism in children, with a particular focus on kids with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autism-diagnoses-have-almost-tripled-in-the-us-over-the-past-ten-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">autism</a>.



Based on a sample of 112 children between the ages of 7 and 12, the team scrutinized the cognitive impacts of speaking two or more languages.



The experts found promising connections between multilingualism and improved executive function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bilingualism-and-executive-function">Bilingualism and executive function</h2>



"We discovered that multilingualism is associated with improvements in executive function, which in turn is associated with improvements in autism symptoms," said Lynn Perry, one of the lead researchers.



Executive function refers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-key-mental-abilities-that-actually-improve-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental skills</a> essential for focus, planning, remembering instructions, and multitasking. 



While these skills develop over time, children with autism often face challenges with executive functioning, which can impact their ability to handle daily tasks and adjust to new situations. Bilingualism seems to have a positive effect in this area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-benefits-of-bilingualism">Universal benefits of bilingualism </h2>



The benefits of bilingualism are not exclusive to children with autism. Speaking more than one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-language-is-specially-stored-in-the-brain-for-easy-access/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> seems to give a cognitive boost to all kids, enhancing skills that are indispensable for thriving in school and future workplaces.



The ability to perceive and respond to the world from another's viewpoint, known as perspective-taking, is another area that bilingualism appears to significantly impact. 



"We also found that multilingual children have enhanced perspective taking skills, or the ability to understand someone else’s thoughts or point of view," noted Celia Romero, another researcher on the team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bilingual-advantage">The bilingual advantage </h2>



A theory called joint activation, born from neuroscience, suggests an interesting pattern in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-brain-maintains-youthfulness-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bilingual brain</a>. 



With two languages constantly active and battling for usage, the brain continuously shifts between the languages, enhancing executive control. This phenomenon is touted as the "bilingual advantage."



Lucina Uddin is a former professor at the <a href="https://www.as.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences</a> and the current director of the Brain Connectivity and Cognition Laboratory at the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.



"If you have to juggle two languages, you have to suppress one in order to use the other. That's the idea, that inhibition - or the ability to stop yourself from doing something - might be bolstered by knowing two languages," explained Uddin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-exposed-to-multiple-languages">Children exposed to multiple languages </h2>



The research challenges previous concerns that learning multiple languages might overwhelm autistic children.



"I started investigating this to let families know there’s no detriment for their child to learn another language, whether or not they have a neurodevelopmental disorder," said Romero. "We know this through research, but often it takes time to translate that to families, so I hope this study helps address that."



This perspective is shared by Michael Alessandri, the executive director of the Center for Autism and Related Disabilities.



"It is wonderful to have sound research supporting our general recommendation to not restrict language exposures to children in multilingual homes,” said Alessandri. "This will surely bring a sense of relief to many of our families living with loved ones with autism.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The researchers will continue their work by focusing on preschool children and the effect of bilingualism on peer interactions, which are critical for children's social and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-children-have-lasting-cognitive-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> development.



At UCLA, Uddin is conducting an extensive follow-up study to further examine the impact of multilingualism on brain and cognitive development in autistic children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impact-of-bilingualism">Long-term impact of bilingualism</h2>



The benefits of bilingualism extend beyond childhood, influencing cognitive resilience and adaptability into adulthood. 



Studies suggest that multilingual individuals develop stronger problem-solving skills and improved memory retention over time. 



For autistic individuals, these advantages may translate into better academic performance, enhanced workplace adaptability, and improved social interactions.



Researchers believe that the continuous cognitive exercise of managing two languages strengthens neural pathways associated with flexibility and decision-making. 



As more studies emerge, experts hope that multilingual education will be increasingly encouraged in neurodivergent communities, ensuring long-term cognitive and social benefits.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.3260" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Autism Research</a>.



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Children with autism benefit from learning multiple languages

Research has consistently demonstrated the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. A...

Recent evidence indicates that even modest exposure to traffic-related air pollution could harm the liver and potentially increase the likelihood of developing metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).&nbsp;



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.uts.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Technology Sydney</a> (UTS) set out to investigate how fine particulate matter - collected from urban roadways - can undermine liver health over time.&nbsp;



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-air-pollution-forms-may-help-us-prevent-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> is typically associated with respiratory risks, this research suggests its effects may extend far beyond the lungs.



“We think of air pollution as being harmful to people’s lungs, but it has a broader impact on health including on the liver,” said lead author Hui Chen, a professor at UTS.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-fatty-liver-disease">What is fatty liver disease?</h2>



Fatty liver disease, also known as hepatic steatosis, is the world’s most prevalent liver disorder, characterized by an overaccumulation of fat in liver cells.&nbsp;



In its advanced stages, fatty liver can lead to inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer, or even organ failure. A key reason the liver is so vulnerable is because it plays central roles in detoxifying the blood, regulating glucose, and producing essential molecules the body needs to function.



“The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-say-this-is-the-best-fruit-to-eat-for-a-healthier-liver/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liver</a> is critical for metabolism. It clears toxins, regulates blood sugar, and produces essential vitamins and proteins, among many other functions. If the liver isn't functioning properly, it can leave people feeling tired and unwell due to disrupted metabolism,” Chen explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-pollution-particles-infiltrate-the-liver">How pollution particles infiltrate the liver</h2>



The study examined the effects of tiny particulate matter, specifically PM2.5, which is smaller than 2.5 microns - about 3% the diameter of a human hair. Because of its minuscule size, PM2.5 bypasses many of the body’s natural filters when inhaled.&nbsp;



“When we inhale air pollution, the very tiny particles known as PM2.5 enter the bloodstream through the lungs. The liver, which filters toxins from the blood, then accumulates these substances, which can include heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, nickel and zinc,” said Chen.&nbsp;



Over time, this accumulation may strain the organ and jeopardize overall metabolic health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollution-exposure-and-fatty-liver">Pollution exposure and fatty liver </h2>



World-renowned liver specialist Professor Jacob George, director of the <a href="https://wimr.org.au/research-centres/the-storr-liver-centre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Storr Liver Center</a> and a co-author of the study, researches the causes of liver diseases and cancer.&nbsp;



Professor George pointed out that “around one in three Australian adults has fatty liver disease, and it is more common in those who are overweight or have diabetes.”&nbsp;



Although unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, and excess alcohol consumption are well-established contributors, these latest findings highlight the added role that chronic exposure to traffic pollution may play.&nbsp;



This insight emphasizes the complexity of fatty liver disease, which likely results from a combination of lifestyle, genetic, and environmental elements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-effects-on-the-liver">Cumulative effects on the liver</h2>



The researchers exposed mice to 10 micrograms of traffic-related PM2.5 each day - a dose they say reflects typical human exposure levels in busy urban areas, such as major roads in Sydney.&nbsp;



Key markers of liver health, including inflammation and fibrosis (scar tissue formation), plus changes in liver sugars and fats, were tracked at intervals of four, eight, and twelve weeks.



After four weeks, the liver showed few notable changes. After eight weeks, however, clear disruption in normal metabolic function was observed.



By twelve weeks, significant changes emerged, including higher levels of inflammation and scarring, altered sugar storage, and increased harmful fats.



“The effect was cumulative. At four weeks we didn’t see much change, but by eight weeks there was disruption to the normal metabolic function of the liver and by 12 weeks we could see significant changes,” explained first author Dr. Min Feng, a medical doctor and PhD candidate in the UTS Faculty of Science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-air-pollution-alters-liver-chemistry">How air pollution alters liver chemistry</h2>



The presence of PM2.5 appeared to spur immune cells to cluster in the liver, leading to inflammation and scar tissue formation.&nbsp;



In addition, the liver’s processing of fats ramped up, leading to more potent forms of lipids - like triglycerides, diacylglycerols, and ceramides - while simultaneously storing less sugar for energy.&nbsp;



On a molecular level, researchers discovered changes in 64 liver proteins, many of which correlate with fatty liver, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-weakens-astronauts-immune-system-similar-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune dysfunction</a>, or cancer-related processes.



“Previous research has shown that exposure to heavily polluted air is associated with liver disorders, however this study reveals even low levels can cause harm. It suggests there is no safe level of exposure to traffic-derived air pollution,” said Chen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-health-risks-of-traffic-pollution">Mitigating health risks of traffic pollution</h2>



The researchers recommend that people limit their exposure to traffic-related air pollution by avoiding peak-hour commutes, taking less congested routes when possible, and closing car windows with air recirculation mode in dense traffic. They also suggest considering masks if traveling through highly polluted areas.&nbsp;



Such steps may help reduce the accumulation of PM2.5 in the bloodstream and minimize any subsequent stress on the liver.



While further research is needed to explore how medication or therapeutic interventions might mitigate this pollution-driven liver damage, these findings add a new dimension to how air pollution can impact health.&nbsp;



By demonstrating that even small doses of PM2.5 can compromise liver function over time, the study broadens the discussion of environmental hazards. Fatty liver disease and other related conditions may be more intricately tied to daily life in polluted urban settings than previously recognized.



As a next step, the researchers plan to investigate potential treatments, such as targeted pharmaceuticals or lifestyle modifications, that could bolster the liver’s resilience against pollution.&nbsp;



While lifestyle factors - such as a healthy diet, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, and reduced alcohol intake - remain central to preventing fatty liver, evidence now points to tackling environmental exposures as well.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2025.01.025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Environmental Sciences</a>.



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Traffic-related air pollution causes liver damage

Recent evidence indicates that even modest exposure to traffic-related air...

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Today’s Video of the Day comes from the <a href="https://sites.agu.org/">American Geophysical Union</a> and features a look at how the cyclical strengthening and weakening of ocean tides likely forms <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australia-north-america-supercontinent/">supercontinents</a> on Earth every 400 to 600 million years.
According to new research published in Geophysical Research Letters, tectonic movement determines both the placement of continents and the size and shape of oceans. As tectonic plates push land masses to form supercontinents, ocean basins will close in synch. 
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Video Credit: <a href="https://sites.agu.org/">American Geophysical Union</a>, Hannah Davies

What Earth’s supercontinents might look like in the future