<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



<p>Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.</p>



<p>With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



<p>NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



<p>Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. </p>



<p>Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. </p>



<p>The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.</p>



<p>The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.</p>



<p>Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;</p>



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features South Korea, where a November storm set a new record for daily snowfall in Seoul.</p>



<p>“Wintry weather arrived in full force in South Korea. In the last week of November 2024, a storm brought record-breaking accumulations of snow to Seoul. The heavy snow disrupted travel and damaged structures in the nation’s capital and surrounding areas,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153649/heavy-snows-in-korea" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>“On the morning of November 27, residents of Seoul awoke to 16.5 centimeters (6.5 inches) of new snow. That amount already surpassed the previous daily snowfall record for Seoul in November since records began in 1907, according to news reports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-across-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Snowfall across the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Yet, as NASA noted, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-snow-complexity-can-improve-winter-safety/">snow</a> kept flying. By the morning of November 28, Seoul had accumulated a total of 11.3 inches. About 22 miles to the south, the city of Suwon received 17 inches of snow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When clouds cleared the following day, the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image, revealing a broad coating of white across the Korean Peninsula,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-snowfall-event-in-south-korea-nbsp">Rare snowfall event in South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Meteorologists attributed this rare event to a sharp contrast between cold northern air and the warmer surface of the Yellow Sea.</p>



<p>Officials said that the temperature difference between the air and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface</a> was more profound than normal due to unusual warmth in recent weeks, which likely contributed to the storm’s intensity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-snowfall">Impacts of the snowfall</h2>



<p>“Those who braved the weather around Seoul witnessed landmarks transformed into a winter wonderland. However, the storm grounded hundreds of flights across the country, kept dozens of ferries in port, and snarled traffic,” said NASA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The weight of the snow also toppled trees and damaged greenhouses and other agricultural facilities in areas surrounding Seoul, according to reports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-in-seoul-south-korea-nbsp">Snowfall in Seoul, South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Snowfall is not unusual in Seoul, but its frequency and accumulation levels are typically moderate. </p>



<p>Seoul has a temperate climate with cold, dry winters, and snow is a normal part of the season from December to February. However, heavy snowfall is rare, with most snowfalls being light to moderate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The city averages about 25-30 days of snow per year, with a total accumulation that is far less than what is seen in colder regions of the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-snowfall-patterns-nbsp">Climate change and snowfall patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is altering snowfall patterns globally, with variations in both frequency and intensity - depending on the region. </p>



<p>Warmer average temperatures are shifting precipitation from snow to rain in many areas, particularly in low-lying regions and mid-latitudes. This trend reduces the duration and extent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow cover</a>, especially at lower elevations. </p>



<p>However, paradoxically, some regions experience heavier snowstorms due to increased atmospheric moisture. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, leading to intense snowfall under the right conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-climate-impacts">Complex climate impacts</h3>



<p>In high-altitude and polar regions, the impact is more complex. Some areas, like the Himalayas and the Arctic, see diminished snowfall because of warmer conditions and melting ice.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, parts of the Arctic and Antarctica may experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased snowfall</a> due to changes in wind patterns and enhanced evaporation over open waters caused by sea ice loss. </p>



<p>For example, in recent years, storms fueled by unusual temperature differentials have resulted in historic snowfalls in some areas, like the U.S. Northeast and parts of East Asia, as warmer oceans supply more moisture to cold air masses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifts-in-the-seasons">Shifts in the seasons</h3>



<p>Seasonal timing is also shifting, with snowfalls occurring later in fall and ending earlier in spring. </p>



<p>These changes disrupt ecosystems that rely on consistent snowpacks, affect water resources dependent on snowmelt, and complicate winter activities such as agriculture and tourism.</p>



<p>Overall, the effects of climate change on snowfall are not uniform but are instead influenced by local geography, altitude, and changing weather systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As global temperatures continue to rise, these shifts are expected to intensify, requiring adaptation in water management, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Winter storm set a new snowfall record in Seoul, South Korea

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. </p>



<p>"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



<p>ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."</p>



<p>The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



<p>“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.</p>



<p>Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.</p>



<p>Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.</p>



<p>Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. </p>



<p>These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.</p>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit<strong>: </strong>ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.</p>



<p>NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



<p>The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.</p>



<p>“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



<p>A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.</p>



<p>“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.</p>



<p>Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.</p>



<p>The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;</p>



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



<p>The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.</p>



<p>“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



<p>“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



<p>As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



<p>Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.</p>



<p>Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



<p>The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



<p>Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. </p>



<p>Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. </p>



<p>One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.</p>



<p>Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

<p>Scientists have discovered a potential new member of the human family tree. This mysterious species, named <em>Homo juluensis</em>, includes the enigmatic Denisovans -- our ancient human relatives whose stories are still being unraveled.</p>



<p>The study was led by Professor Christopher J. Bae from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's Department of Anthropology in the College of Social Sciences. </p>



<p>Professor Bae has dedicated over three decades to studying our ancestors across Asia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-diversity-of-hominin-fossils">Unexpected diversity of hominin fossils </h2>



<p>The research ties up some loose ends about different types of human-like species that shared the Earth with us in the late Middle and early Late Pleistocene, roughly from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago.</p>



<p>"When compared to other paleontological disciplines, the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-were-likely-the-leading-cause-of-megafauna-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Late Quaternary</a> (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) paleoanthropology has lagged far behind in synthesizing the degree of morphological variability in the hominin fossil record," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"It is now evident that morphological diversity among Late Quaternary hominin fossils from eastern Asia (East and Southeast Asia all-inclusive) is greater than we (and most researchers) expected."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-of-homo-juluensis">Life of <em>Homo juluensis</em></h2>



<p><em>Homo juluensis</em> thrived about 300,000 years ago in eastern Asia, then quickly disappeared about 50,000 years ago. </p>



<p>These early humans hunted wild horses in small groups, crafted stone tools, and likely processed animal hides for survival.</p>



<p>The proposal suggests that the new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-hotspots-may-skew-our-view-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> encompasses the elusive Denisovans. </p>



<p>This population is known primarily through DNA evidence from scarce physical remains discovered in Siberia, with a few fossils found in Tibet and Laos.</p>



<p>The connection is largely based on similarities between jaw and teeth fossils from various sites. Though the link requires more thorough research, the possibility itself is an exciting discovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-denisovans">What are Denisovans?</h2>



<p>Denisovans are one of humanity's ancient cousins, and they’re as mysterious as they are fascinating. </p>



<p>Scientists discovered their existence in 2010 when a finger bone and some teeth were found in Denisova Cave, Siberia. These remains didn’t look like anything we’d seen before, so researchers turned to DNA analysis. </p>



<p>The results showed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/denisovans-drawing-symbolic-imagery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovans</a> were a distinct group of hominins, closely related to both Neanderthals and modern humans. </p>



<p>Unlike Neanderthals, though, we don’t have a clear picture of what they looked like since we’ve only found a few fossils.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



<p>Despite the limited evidence, Denisovans left a big mark on modern humans. </p>



<p>Genetic studies reveal that people in Asia, Oceania, and Indigenous populations in the Americas carry small percentages of Denisovan DNA. </p>



<p>This genetic legacy includes some handy adaptations, like a gene that helps people living at high altitudes -- such as Tibetans -- cope with low oxygen levels. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/homo-juluensis_human-ancestor_timeline_Primary-Late-Quaternary_credit-Nature_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/homo-juluensis_human-ancestor_timeline_Primary-Late-Quaternary_credit-Nature_1s.webp" alt="Homo juluensis and the Primary Late Quaternary (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) hominin taxa from eastern Asia. Credit: Nature Communications" class="wp-image-1952411"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Homo juluensis and the Primary Late Quaternary (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) hominin taxa from eastern Asia. Credit: Nature Communications</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>This suggests <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-denisovan-species-humans-lived-undisturbed-tibetan-plateau-160000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovans</a> lived in diverse environments and possibly thrived in mountainous regions like the Himalayas.</p>



<p>Advanced technologies like DNA analysis have even helped uncover their interactions with Neanderthals and early modern humans. Evidence suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-neanderthal-dna-got-diluted-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these groups interbred</a>, sharing not just DNA but also survival skills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-they-found-homo-juluensis">How they found <em>Homo juluensis</em></h2>



<p>This significant breakthrough from <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiʻi</a> can be largely attributed to a new method of organizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-humans-get-big-brains-fossil-teeth-reveal-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil evidence</a>. </p>



<p>Professor Bae compares this method to arranging an old family photo album where some pictures are unclear or challenging to identify.</p>



<p>The researchers established a clearer system for sorting and understanding these ancient human fossils from China, Korea, Japan, and southeast Asia.</p>



<p>"This study clarifies a hominin fossil record that has tended to include anything that cannot easily be assigned to <em>Homo erectus</em>, <em>Homo neanderthalensis</em> or <em>Homo sapiens</em>," Bae said.</p>



<p>"Although we started this project several years ago, we did not expect to be able to propose a new hominin (human ancestor) species and then to be able to organize the hominin fossils from Asia into different groups. Ultimately, this should help with science communication."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-our-view-of-human-evolution">Changes in our view of human evolution </h2>



<p>The work conducted by Professor Bae and his team helps to unravel the intricate story of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tam-pa-ling-cave-reveals-early-human-presence-in-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution in Asia</a>.</p>



<p>By meticulously analyzing and organizing the hominin fossils from this region, they have contributed to a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of our evolutionary history. </p>



<p>"Thanks largely to a growing hominin fossil record, the field of Late Quaternary eastern Asian paleoanthropology is in the midst of significant and important change that is contributing tremendously to how we view and are refining these evolutionary models," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>The study not only benefits scientists but also engages and informs the broader public, promoting better science communication and enabling a deeper appreciation for our shared human heritage.</p>



<p>The research makes the picture of our ancient ancestors a bit clearer by filling some of the gaps in our knowledge. The findings are published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53918-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-homo-juluensis-discovery">Implications of <em>Homo juluensis</em> discovery</h2>



<p>The recent discovery of <em>Homo juluensis</em> and the taxonomic assignment of this potential new human species have opened up promising avenues for future research.</p>



<p>The classification of <em>Homo juluensis </em>offers a new lens through which scientists can investigate the origins, migrations, and interconnections of ancient human populations in Asia.</p>



<p>This finding paves the way for further exploration and encourages researchers to examine the rich tapestry of human evolution, uncovering more clues about our complex ancestry and the fascinating dynamics that shaped us as a species.</p>



<p>Image Credit: <em>Nature Communications</em> </p>



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New human species discovered that seems to have vanished just 50,000 years ago

Scientists have discovered a potential new member of the human...

<p>Addiction to drugs often begins with an unpleasant experience. Consuming addictive substances, whether by injection, inhalation, or ingestion, frequently involves aversive cues like a bitter taste, pain, or discomfort.</p>



<p>Understanding these initial reactions can shed light on who might develop an addiction. This is the focus of a recent study led by Dr. Travis Moschak, a biologist at the University of Texas at El Pas<em>o.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aversive-cues-matter-in-drug-addiction">Aversive cues matter in drug addiction</h2>



<p>"Aversive cues matter from the very first exposure," said Dr. Moschak. Until now, researchers lacked an effective animal model to study the role of aversive cues in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>. </p>



<p>To fill this gap, Moschak’s team developed a novel method for rats to self-administer cocaine while experiencing aversive stimuli from the start.</p>



<p>The study on drugs revealed that initial reactions to these aversive cues can significantly influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-discovery-offers-hope-for-tackling-opioid-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">susceptibility to addiction</a>, offering critical insights into why some individuals develop substance use disorders while others do not.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-on-cocaine">Rats on cocaine</h2>



<p>The researchers worked with nearly 30 rats that had the opportunity to self-administer small doses of cocaine.</p>



<p>Each dose was preceded by a small, bitter-tasting dose of quinine, a substance that is both safe for rats and commonly found in tonic water. </p>



<p>This pairing mimicked the mixed positive-negative experience of drug consumption and addiction. The goal was to observe whether the bitter taste deterred the rats from seeking cocaine.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-distinct-patterns-of-behavior">Three distinct patterns of behavior</h2>



<p>After exposure to this paired experience, the rats’ responses fell into three distinct patterns:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-negative-reaction">Strong negative reaction</h3>



<p>These rats reacted strongly to the quinine and stopped self-administering cocaine entirely. This behavior mirrors individuals who try a drug, have a negative experience, and avoid it thereafter.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slowly-increasing-cocaine-use">Slowly increasing cocaine use</h3>



<p>This group began with low cocaine consumption but gradually increased their intake. The aversive cue wasn’t strong enough to deter them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-over-consumed-cocaine-at-first">Over-consumed cocaine at first</h3>



<p>Surprisingly, this third group started with heavy cocaine consumption but later leveled off. </p>



<p>"The third group surprised us," noted Dr. Moschak. "They seemed to have over-indulged and the combination of too much cocaine and too much aversive stimulus took over."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-drug-addiction-research">Implications for drug addiction research</h2>



<p>Previous studies have examined the role of aversive cues in drug use, but this current research is unique in pairing these cues with drug use from the very first instance.</p>



<p>"These findings could help explain why some individuals develop substance use disorders while others do not, and future studies may uncover genetic or neural differences that could guide targeted treatments," said Dr. Moschak.</p>



<p>This study highlights the complexity of addiction and the interplay between positive and negative experiences during drug use. By identifying patterns of behavior, researchers can better understand the factors that contribute to addiction vulnerability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-better-ways-to-treat-addiction">Finding better ways to treat addiction </h2>



<p>Moving forward, Dr. Moschak’s team plans to examine the brain regions active during drug use with an aversive cue.</p>



<p>The researchers aim to uncover genetic or biological differences that may explain the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">varying responses</a> among the rats.</p>



<p>"This is a fascinating study with great potential to help us better understand and address drug abuse in people," said Dr. Robert Kirken, dean of the College of Science. "With further study, this research could lead to better ways to prevent and treat addiction."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-considerations-and-research-support">Ethical considerations and research support</h2>



<p>At the conclusion of the study, the rats were safely taken off cocaine and were unharmed.</p>



<p>The cocaine used in the study was obtained through the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Drug Supply Program, which provides restricted substances for research purposes. </p>



<p>The team ensured the rats’ well-being throughout the experiment, demonstrating a commitment to ethical research practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-drug-addiction">Understanding drug addiction</h2>



<p>This study from the <a href="https://www.utep.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at El Paso</a> opens new avenues for understanding addiction by focusing on the role of aversive cues from the very first exposure to drugs. </p>



<p>By investigating the behavioral, genetic, and neural factors underlying addiction, researchers hope to pave the way for more effective prevention and treatment strategies. </p>



<p>Future research will also explore deeper connections between aversive stimuli, drug-seeking behavior, and long-term addiction risks. </p>



<p>As Dr. Moschak’s findings show, even the smallest details - like a bitter taste - can significantly influence the path to addiction.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871624014005?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drug and Alcohol Dependence</a>.</em></p>



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<p>-----</p>

Rats on cocaine: Investigating the cues that lead to drug addiction

Addiction to drugs often begins with an unpleasant experience. Consuming...

<p>Lions are synonymous with the majestic landscapes of Africa. Yet, worryingly, their numbers in Uganda are critically low. Meanwhile, hyenas appear to be holding their ground.</p>



<p>This data emerges from a comprehensive survey conducted across four major protected areas in Uganda, a first in nearly two decades. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lions-and-hyenas-in-uganda">Lions and hyenas in Uganda</h2>



<p>Researchers conducted this survey across six major protected areas, including Murchison Falls (4,000 km² or 1,544 mi²) and the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area (2,400 km² or 926 mi²).</p>



<p>Over 100 conservation stakeholders collaborated on this effort, using advanced spatial capture-recapture methods to establish a new benchmark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honoring-the-king-of-the-jungle-on-world-lion-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife monitoring</a> in Africa.</p>



<p>These findings are already shaping Uganda’s conservation policies, forming the backbone of the nation’s Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation (2023–2033). </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sign-of-ecological-shifts">A sign of ecological shifts</h2>



<p>The data highlights urgent challenges for certain species. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-and-female-lions-have-different-social-strategies-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lion populations</a> in Queen Elizabeth and Kidepo Valley National Parks have decreased to critically low levels, with fewer than 40 and 20 individuals recorded, respectively.</p>



<p>In contrast, spotted hyenas are thriving. Murchison Falls boasts Africa’s highest recorded density of hyenas, with 45 individuals per 100 km². This imbalance may signal ecological shifts.</p>



<p>"We could be seeing a release in hyena numbers as populations of lions decline," noted  Dr. Alexander Braczkowski, lead researcher from <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Griffith University</a>.</p>



<p>Yet, the park’s ability to sustain high densities of all three species in the past - lions, hyenas, and leopards - shows its unique conservation value.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uganda-s-final-refuge-for-lions">Uganda’s final refuge for lions</h2>



<p>The survey highlights Murchison Falls National Park as Uganda’s last critical lion stronghold. </p>



<p>The park supports a lion density of seven per 100 km² (18.2 per 100 mi²), with an estimated 240 individuals in a 3,233 km² (1,249 mi²) sampling area. This contrasts sharply with the dire conditions in Queen Elizabeth and Kidepo Valley National Parks.</p>



<p>However, even Murchison Falls faces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant threats</a>. Wire snare poaching and oil exploration put immense pressure on its ecosystems. Despite these challenges, targeted conservation efforts have preserved the park’s biodiversity thus far.</p>



<p>Anti-poaching measures by the Uganda Conservation Foundation, Snares to Wares, and ICON play a vital role in safeguarding these iconic carnivores.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leopard-numbers-in-uganda">Leopard numbers in Uganda </h2>



<p>Leopards show varied densities across Uganda, with Murchison Falls again standing out. </p>



<p>The park records some of Africa’s highest leopard densities, at 14 individuals per 100 km² (36.26 per 100 mi²). This resilience underscores the importance of anti-poaching efforts and collaborative conservation strategies.</p>



<p>Many areas still have few leopards. Habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with people put them at risk. However, targeted actions can help. Working together, governments and organizations have been key to protecting leopards and their homes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-needed-for-uganda-s-carnivores">Action needed for Uganda’s carnivores</h2>



<p>This survey highlights the threats to Uganda’s lions and other carnivores, including poaching, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict. Lions are especially at risk, with declining numbers in protected areas. Even the presence of the resilient hyenas may indicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-tracking-is-crucial-for-preserving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological problems</a>.</p>



<p>"This survey highlights both the challenges and successes of Uganda’s carnivore conservation," Dr. Braczkowski noted. </p>



<p>The collaborative nature of this effort shows what’s possible when governments, NGOs, and local communities work together.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-forward-for-conservation">Path forward for conservation</h2>



<p>The study shows the importance of using new methods to monitor wildlife. Involving locals can help conservationists protect Uganda’s carnivores more effectively.</p>



<p>The Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation (2023–2033) provides a roadmap for addressing these challenges. </p>



<p>However, its success will depend on sustained efforts and resources. Protecting Uganda’s iconic species requires not just policy but action at every level - from local communities to international organizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lions-in-uganda">More about lions in Uganda</h2>



<p>Lions in Uganda are strong animals that keep nature balanced. Sadly, there are fewer lions now because of habitat loss, poaching, and human activity. </p>



<p>Most lions live in protected areas such as Murchison Falls and Queen Elizabeth National Parks. They hunt animals like buffalo and antelope and are important for the ecosystem.</p>



<p>Conflict with people is a big challenge for lions. When lions attack livestock near park borders, local communities often retaliate by killing them. To help, conservation groups are creating buffer zones and supporting programs that compensate farmers for livestock losses, thus promoting peaceful coexistence.</p>



<p>Community education also plays a vital role. Teaching locals about the ecological importance of lions helps reduce hostilities. Despite the challenges, ongoing efforts give hope for their survival. </p>



<p>By combining scientific research, community involvement, and strong policy action, Uganda can secure a future for its lion populations.</p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=Southern+University+of+Science+and+Technology&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern University of Science and Technology</a> (China) and <a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> also contributed to the research.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198942400516X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a>.</em></p>



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Lion numbers have reached a critical low in Uganda

Lions are synonymous with the majestic landscapes of Africa. Yet,...

<p></p>
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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Cape Canaveral on the Space Coast Today&#8217;s </span><b>Video of the Day </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> features Cape Canaveral, which is both a cape and city in Brevard County, Florida. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cape Canaveral is home to the Kennedy Space Center, and the region is known as the Space Coast. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The cape is separated from the mainland by the Banana River, Merritt Island, and the Indian River.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Next week on Earth Day, French ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet will return to the International Space Station for his second mission, Alpha. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thomas will be the first <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">ESA</a> astronaut to fly on a SpaceX Crew Dragon launching on a Falcon 9 rocket. His crew will include NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, Other features of the cape include Port Canaveral, one of the busiest cruise ports in the world, and the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse. The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District. Also The hurricane of August 1885, rushed in this huge amount of water causing the barrier island (elevation, 3.1 m (10 ft)) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas. The ocean waves flooded the homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area. The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation 1.6 km (0.99 mi) west inland<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"></sup></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">V</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">ideo Credit: ESA  </span></i></p>
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<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>