<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.</p>



<p>NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



<p>The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.</p>



<p>“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



<p>A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.</p>



<p>“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.</p>



<p>Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.</p>



<p>The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;</p>



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.</p>



<p>The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. </p>



<p>The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.</p>



<p>According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. </p>



<p>“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



<p>Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.</p>



<p>One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.</p>



<p>These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.</p>



<p>Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



<p>The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



<p>The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.</p>



<p>Image Credit<strong>: </strong>NASA, ESA, and STScI</p>



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a satellite view of the fires burning in Southern California.</p>



<p>“Five wildfires - the biggest of which are the Palisades and the Eaton fires - are still currently burning (as of January 10, 2025) in areas of north Los Angeles. At least 10 people are known to have lost their lives and many more properties have been burnt to the ground,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_struggles_to_contain_wildfires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>“This image, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission on January 9, 2025, shows the Palisades fire at lower left and the Eaton fire at upper right, with smoke seen reaching Catalina Island and the Santa Barbara reserve to the south of the fire.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires have now burned more than 37,000 acres - an area bigger than San Francisco - according to Cal Fire. More than 12,000 structures have been destroyed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tens-of-thousands-of-residents-displaced-by-fires">Tens of thousands of residents displaced by fires</h2>



<p>The Palisades Fire is the largest at more than 21,000 acres, while the Eaton Fire has burned more than 14,000 acres. Those blazes are 11 percent and 15 percent contained, respectively.</p>



<p>Evacuation orders have displaced over 150,000 residents, with an additional 166,000 on alert. Temporary shelters are operating at full capacity, and widespread power outages have affected nearly 1.6 million homes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-winds-and-a-lack-of-resources-nbsp">Strong winds and a lack of resources&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Firefighting efforts are being hampered by strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-more-toxic-than-other-sources-of-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winds</a>, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour, and a lack of resources. Some fire hydrants have run dry, complicating containment efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, President Biden has approved federal disaster assistance, and additional firefighters from neighboring states are joining the efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The California National Guard has been deployed, and the Department of Defense is providing personnel and equipment. Despite these measures, the fires continue to pose a significant threat to the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-threats-from-the-palisades-fire-nbsp">New threats from the Palisades Fire&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Palisades Fire, which began near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles, has rapidly expanded, prompting new evacuation orders for areas including Tarzana and Encino in the San Fernando Valley.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fire's swift progression has been exacerbated by strong winds, causing it to grow by "three football fields of land per minute." This rapid expansion has led to mandatory evacuations along sections of the Pacific Coast Highway and surrounding areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Los Angeles Fire Department reported that more than 10,000 houses and 13,000 buildings are under threat.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-fires">Unpredictable behavior of the fires</h2>



<p>In response to the advancing flames, evacuation orders were extended into Tarzana and Encino on January 10. Residents in these areas have been advised to evacuate promptly due to the fire's unpredictable behavior and the potential for further spread.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The situation remains critical, with firefighting efforts ongoing to contain the blaze and protect threatened communities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Authorities continue to monitor the fire's progression and are urging residents to stay informed and adhere to evacuation orders for their safety.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dry-lightning-sparks-the-most-destructive-california-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flames</a> rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area’s diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-forests-are-losing-their-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destructive</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-california-fires">Impacts of the California fires</h2>



<p>The Palisades and Eaton Fires are among the most destructive wildfires in California's history, both in terms of structures destroyed and economic impact. Fortunately, however, they have not surpassed the Camp Fire in terms of human fatalities.</p>



<p>The Camp Fire of 2018 remains the deadliest wildfire in the state of California, with 85 fatalities. </p>



<p>The financial impact of the current fires is unprecedented. Estimates suggest that the damages could reach between $135 billion and $150 billion, potentially making these wildfires the costliest in U.S. history.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Satellite captures devastating fires in Southern California

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.</p>



<p>Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



<p>"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.</p>



<p>"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."</p>



<p>The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



<p>Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.</p>



<p>The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.</p>



<p>Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.</p>



<p>Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



<p>Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. </p>



<p>Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.</p>



<p>The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.</p>



<p>Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



<p>The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. </p>



<p>The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.</p>



<p>The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.</p>



<p>Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. </p>



<p>The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



<p>In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.</p>



<p>The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.</p>



<p>In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Life on the Great Barrier Reef is experiencing significant shifts caused by climate change and various human-generated factors, according to a recent study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Researchers warn that reef fish, which are crucial to marine ecosystems through their roles in food provision, seaweed control, and sand production, are undergoing notable changes. </p>



<p>These developments could have broad consequences for both people and coral reef habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformations-in-fish-communities">Transformations in fish communities</h2>



<p>The research was led by an international team of marine scientists from the UK and Australia, led by <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a> and working with the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS).</p>



<p>The team found that the diversity and makeup of fish communities across the Great Barrier Reef (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GBR</a>) have changed dramatically since the 1990s. The findings indicate that the pace of change has accelerated in recent years, raising questions about evolving geographic patterns of biodiversity.</p>



<p>The researchers examined three decades of data from 1995 to 2022, spanning an extensive stretch of more than 1,200 kilometers between 14°S and 24°S on the GBR. </p>



<p>Historically, one of the best-documented global biodiversity patterns is the "latitudinal diversity gradient," where species richness increases closer to the Equator. This pattern, previously thought to be stable over long timescales, now appears to be shifting as multiple pressures intensify.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressures-on-the-reef">Pressures on the reef</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-coral-bleaching-event-prompts-emergency-un-session/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral bleaching</a> events, occurring six times between 1998 and 2022 - and again in 2024, after the study concluded - are among the most severe disturbances affecting the GBR.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other stressors, such as cyclones, water pollution, and outbreaks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crown-of-thorns-starfish-thrive-in-degraded-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crown-of-thorns starfish</a>, have also altered the reef by reducing coral abundance, changing coral assemblages, and ultimately affecting fish diversity.</p>



<p>In the northernmost GBR, closer to the equator, certain groups of fish (including omnivores, plankton feeders, and herbivores) have decreased. In contrast, these groups have increased in the southern sectors, raising important questions about what these trends mean for ecosystem functioning.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers noted that fish species richness in the southern reef has fluctuated dramatically - shifting between high diversity and very low diversity over different periods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-changes-in-reef-fish-diversity">Long-term changes in reef fish diversity</h2>



<p>The study also highlights how fish communities themselves are undergoing continuous turnover, with some species replacing others more frequently as disturbances become more common. </p>



<p>This ongoing turnover shows no sign of stabilizing, indicating that fish diversity patterns in the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem could continue to transform.</p>



<p>Javier González-Barrios is the study's lead author and a PhD researcher at Lancaster University. He noted that the findings show how long-term and persistent changes are occurring in the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef, with increasing disturbance from factors such as climate change. </p>



<p>“We reveal that the fish communities that make their home on the Great Barrier Reef have changed substantially from the beginning of monitoring in the 1990s, both in the number of species and their composition, and continue to change as pressures on the reef system increase,” said González-Barrios.</p>



<p>“We have seen changes in the number and composition of fish species throughout the reef system as well as species turnover - when one species replaces another - are accelerating in recent years, without any sign of stabilization.”</p>



<p>“These changes provide valuable insights into classic geographic patterns, such as the latitudinal diversity gradient, and open questions as to whether these patterns are decoupling from their original underlying drivers.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-composition-and-reef-fish-diversity">Coral composition and reef fish diversity </h2>



<p>A key insight from the research is that shifts in the types of coral species on a reef are more influential in driving fish diversity than the overall percentage of hard coral cover.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While reefs can recover coral cover after disturbances, the specific mix of coral species can change drastically - and that variation in coral composition can alter the three-dimensional structures that fish rely on for shelter and food.</p>



<p>“The Great Barrier Reef has undergone major fluctuations, with hard coral cover on many reefs declining and then recovering in response to large disturbances,” said Mike Emslie, a scientist at AIMS.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, just looking at coral cover can mask the underlying changes in the composition of coral species. Corals build the three-dimensional habitat structure that supports other organisms such as fish, and the diversity of corals present can greatly influence the extent of that 3-D structure." </p>



<p>"The recovery of some corals might not provide the same level of habitat complexity resulting in changes to the fish communities that rely on that complexity.”</p>



<p>According to Emslie, the study shows that changes in fish diversity on the Great Barrier Reef were strongly correlated with shifts in coral composition, and to a lesser extent with fluctuations in coral cover - highlighting the vital importance of a diverse coral assemblage for reef fish communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-for-coral-reef-ecosystems">Future implications for coral reef ecosystems</h2>



<p>The study highlights the importance of reef fish in maintaining essential ecosystem processes. These fish not only keep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoration-of-underwater-seaweed-forests-offers-hope-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seaweed</a> in check, preventing it from overtaking seabeds, but also generate sand for beaches - assets integral to tourism and local livelihoods. </p>



<p>Understanding how and why fish communities are changing is critical for predicting the future benefits that reefs can provide to people.</p>



<p>Nick Graham, a professor of marine ecology at Lancaster University, noted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-fish-populations-are-boosted-by-ocean-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef fish</a> are important to a range of ecosystem processes, such as controlling seaweed so it doesn’t overgrow and take over areas of the seabed, to producing the sand we sunbathe on in tropical locations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Reef fish are also important to fisheries and are a vital source of food for millions of people,” said Professor Graham. “With disturbances becoming more frequent and severe, the patterns in fish diversity and abundance we have come to expect are changing, and this will alter the benefits the fish provide for the ecosystem and for people.”</p>



<p>“It’s important that we improve our understanding of how patterns of biodiversity are changing on coral reefs, and the ecological and social implications of this change.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55128-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Fish diversity has changed dramatically on the Great Barrier Reef

Life on the Great Barrier Reef is experiencing significant shifts...

<p>New research indicates that federal reservoirs across the United States have the potential to significantly contribute to the country’s solar energy demands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Experts from the <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (NREL) have conducted an in-depth evaluation of how much energy floating solar panels could generate when installed on these reservoirs, presenting a promising frontier for renewable energy development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-energy-potential">Surprising energy potential</h2>



<p>The study, led by geospatial scientists Evan Rosenlieb and Marie Rivers along with legal and regulatory analyst Aaron Levine, is the first to quantify precisely how much energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/floating-solar-panels-could-power-entire-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">could be harvested </a>by deploying floating photovoltaic (PV) systems on federally owned or regulated reservoirs. </p>



<p>The findings reveal a surprisingly large technical potential: reservoirs could host enough floating solar panels to produce up to 1,476 terawatt hours of electricity annually. To put this into perspective, that amount of energy is enough to power approximately 100 million homes each year.</p>



<p>“That’s a technical potential,” noted Rosenlieb. “We know we’re not going to be able to develop all of this. But even if you could develop 10% of what we identified, that would go a long way.”</p>



<p>This “technical potential” refers to the maximum energy output achievable if reservoirs were fully covered with floating solar arrays.</p>



<p>While it is acknowledged that full-scale development across all reservoirs is unlikely due to practical and environmental constraints, even a 10% development scenario would mark a significant leap forward in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tapping-into-the-natural-power-of-plants-for-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> capacity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study serves as a foundational resource by providing reservoir-specific details accessible through the AquaPV website, where developers can examine data relevant to individual sites and make informed decisions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-floating-solar-power">Advantages of floating solar power</h2>



<p>Floating solar arrays, or floating PV systems, offer several distinct advantages over land-based solar installations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Firstly, they generate electricity without using valuable land resources, a crucial benefit in regions where land is scarce or expensive. By situating solar panels on water surfaces, developers can avoid conflicts over land use and preserve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/silent-invasion-how-microplastics-are-disrupting-land-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">terrestrial ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p>Additionally, the panels provide environmental benefits beyond electricity generation. When floating on reservoirs, the solar arrays shade the water, reducing evaporation rates - a critical factor in water conservation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This effect can be particularly beneficial in arid regions or during drought conditions, where every drop of water saved is valuable. The cooling effect of the panels can also improve the efficiency of the PV cells, potentially increasing electricity production.</p>



<p>Despite these advantages, large-scale floating solar projects remain rare in the United States. “But we haven’t seen any large-scale installations, like at a large reservoir,” Levine said. “In the United States, we don't have a single project over 10 megawatts.”</p>



<p>The absence of large projects underscores the nascent stage of this technology in the country, highlighting both the opportunity for growth and the challenges that must be overcome to scale up installations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-suitable-reservoirs">Identifying suitable reservoirs</h2>



<p>A key contribution of this research is not just the estimation of energy potential but also the detailed analysis of which reservoirs are most suitable for floating solar installations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Prior studies often speculated on potential energy gains without considering specific site conditions. Levine and Rosenlieb's work breaks new ground by examining a variety of factors that affect the feasibility of floating solar projects.</p>



<p>Factors such as water depth, temperature, and shoreline slope are critical because they influence the installation and maintenance of floating solar systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Shipping traffic is another consideration; frequent boat movement can create waves that may damage mooring lines and destabilize the floating infrastructure. Some reservoirs may experience issues with extreme cold or unsuitable bottom conditions that make it difficult to anchor the panels.</p>



<p>However, many hydropower reservoirs could serve as ideal sites for floating solar due to their controlled water levels and existing infrastructure. Hybrid energy systems combining solar and hydropower can offer enhanced reliability and resilience.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, during periods of drought when hydropower output falls, floating solar panels can provide an alternative energy source.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, if a drought depletes a hydropower facility’s reservoir, solar panels would be capable of&nbsp; generating energy while the facility pauses to allow the water to replenish.</p>



<p>This integrated approach not only maximizes energy generation but also optimizes the use of existing resources, making the overall energy system more robust against disruptions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-regulatory-considerations">Environmental and regulatory considerations</h2>



<p>Floating solar projects must also contend with environmental and regulatory considerations. While the study primarily quantifies energy potential, the team recognizes that human activities and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> interactions could influence project viability at specific locations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, protecting fish habitats and preserving recreational uses of reservoirs are important factors in planning.</p>



<p>The researchers plan to address these considerations in future work, which will involve assessing environmental impacts, regulatory requirements, and community responses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Factors such as proximity to transmission lines, cost of development, and regulatory hurdles will be examined to provide a clearer roadmap for potential projects.</p>



<p>The researchers emphasized that this study offers significantly more precise data on the potential of floating solar power in the United States.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This improved accuracy can aid developers in planning projects on U.S. reservoirs more effectively and enable researchers to better evaluate how these technologies align with the nation’s overarching energy objectives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward-further-research-and-development">The path forward: Further research and development</h2>



<p>The study marks a significant step forward, but it also opens up many avenues for further research. Future investigations by the team will delve into more detailed site-specific analyses, including:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Evaluating proximity to grid infrastructure and electricity demand centers.</li>



<li>Determining development costs and economic feasibility at specific reservoirs.</li>



<li>Assessing environmental impacts and identifying sites to avoid to protect local ecosystems.</li>



<li>Understanding regulatory challenges at both state and federal levels.</li>
</ul>



<p>Additionally, the researchers are interested in expanding their analysis beyond large reservoirs. They plan to assess smaller reservoirs, estuaries, and even offshore ocean sites to identify additional opportunities for floating solar installations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-renewable-energy-revolution">A renewable energy revolution?</h2>



<p>As floating solar technology continues to mature, its potential to transform the energy landscape becomes increasingly clear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By leveraging federal reservoirs for large-scale energy production, the United States could make significant strides toward its renewable energy goals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Floating solar panels not only provide sustainable electricity but also contribute to water conservation and efficient land use.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With continued research, development, and investment, floating solar could emerge as a cornerstone of America’s renewable energy future, powering millions of homes and supporting a cleaner, more resilient grid.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.113177" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Solar Energy</em></a>.</p>



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Floating solar panels could power every home in the U.S.

New research indicates that federal reservoirs across the United States...

<p>The dusty crayfish, a popular pet that adorns aquaria worldwide, has now captured the attention of researchers for an entirely different reason.</p>



<p>This vibrantly-colored creature, humble in nature yet striking in appearance, has been traded across the globe but has never been officially identified. </p>



<p>Recent research, however, has shown that the dusty crayfish is not just a beloved aquarium resident but also an entirely new species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-popular-pet-to-new-specimen">From popular pet to new specimen</h2>



<p>In early 2023, a team of scientists purchased a shipment of Indonesian crayfish from a renowned pet wholesaler.</p>



<p>Among the various crayfish that arrived in the shipment, several displayed vivid colors that stirred feelings of familiarity among the researchers.</p>



<p>This was not surprising, considering that these species had been some of the earliest freshwater crayfish to be exported from New Guinea as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-environmental-impacts-of-tropical-fish-aquariums/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquarium</a> pets.</p>



<p>From then on, these blue and purple crayfish managed to capture the hearts of pet enthusiasts in Europe, the United States, Japan, and even in their native land, Indonesia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-dusty-crayfish">Unveiling the dusty crayfish</h2>



<p>Upon close inspection of these colorful creatures, the scientists were in for a discovery that was as unexpected as it was exciting. </p>



<p>After examining six of these crayfish and conducting DNA analysis, they realized they had stumbled upon an entirely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-assemblages-cause-local-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a> - now officially named <em>Cherax pulverulentus</em>, the dusty crayfish.  </p>



<p>The moderately-sized freshwater crayfish grows to over 2 inches (5 centimeters), and sports a smooth body, sharp claws, and large, expressive eyes. Intriguingly, this new species comes in two color variants.</p>



<p>The purple form has captivating turquoise bodies that are adorned with purple spots, with their joints and tails taking on a paler, whiter hue.</p>



<p>In contrast, the blue form flaunts a darker tone, ranging from deep blue to almost black, which is complemented by vibrant orange joints and tails.</p>



<p>The new species was aptly named using the Latin term "pulverulentus," which translates to "covered with dust," and which refers to the many miniscule, dot-like spots that embellish its body.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-of-the-dusty-crayfish">Habitat of the dusty crayfish</h2>



<p>Despite being a common sight in aquaria worldwide, the dusty crayfish is a creature of the wild at heart. Its native habitat is the freshwater streams of the Indonesian part of New Guinea. </p>



<p>However, not much else is known about how this species thrives in its native environment.</p>



<p>During their studies, the researchers found one adventurous dusty crayfish in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-are-1-5-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal spring</a> in Hungary. This unusual discovery was deemed a likely result of irresponsible aquarium dumping.</p>



<p>To gain a better understanding of the species, the researchers recommend detailed studies of these crayfish in their native habitats in Indonesian New Guinea.</p>



<p>They emphasized that formal scientific descriptions of new species are vital for appropriately managing pet-traded crayfish in their natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beautiful-new-crayfish-species">Beautiful new crayfish species</h2>



<p>The discovery of the dusty crayfish serves as a reminder that there's always more to learn about the natural world, even within the confines of our aquaria.</p>



<p>This beautiful new species was identified by its unique coloring, body proportions, legs, and other subtle physical attributes. </p>



<p>DNA analysis confirmed that the dusty crayfish boasted a genetic divergence of at least 2% from its closest relatives.</p>



<p>This discovery owes its credit to the diligent efforts of the research team in the Czech Republic, which included Jiří Patoka, Surya Gentha Akmal, Martin Bláha, and Antonín Kouba.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wild-populations-of-dusty-crayfish">Wild populations of dusty crayfish</h2>



<p>The discovery of the dusty crayfish emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in the aquarium trade.</p>



<p>As these vibrant creatures have become widespread among pet enthusiasts, their popularity raises concerns about overharvesting in their native habitats. </p>



<p>The researchers emphasize the need for careful monitoring to prevent ecological disruptions and to ensure that wild populations of dusty crayfish remain stable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-native-species-and-ecological-balance">Non-native species and ecological balance</h2>



<p>Moreover, the study highlights the risk of introducing non-native species into foreign ecosystems. </p>



<p>The accidental presence of a dusty crayfish in a Hungarian thermal spring indicates the potential consequences of aquarium dumping, which could threaten local biodiversity and disrupt delicate ecological balances.</p>



<p>This finding further underlines the importance of responsible pet ownership and strict regulatory measures in the pet trade industry.</p>



<p>Beyond conservation, the identification of new species like the dusty crayfish provides opportunities for scientific exploration.</p>



<p>By understanding the genetic, behavioral, and ecological traits of this species, researchers can contribute valuable insights into the evolutionary diversity of crayfish and their role in freshwater ecosystems.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5566.3.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zootaxa</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit:&nbsp;<em>Zootaxa</em>&nbsp;(2025)</p>



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Dusty crayfish: A new  species that's been hiding in plain sight

The dusty crayfish, a popular pet that adorns aquaria worldwide,...

<div class="vdb_player vdb_591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49"><script type="text/javascript" src="//delivery.vidible.tv/jsonp/pid=591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b/vid=592d9a168d4c36762573f806/58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49.js"></script></div>
<p>The oceans are covered with a patina of organic matter and bacteria, many of which leave the water and become airborne.</p>
<p>These little particles do more than just take flight — these microbes can actually make it rain.</p>
<p>&#8212;</p>
<p>Credit: <a href="http://www.acs.org" target="_blank">American Chemical Society</a></p>


Bacteria can make it rain