Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the world's longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.&nbsp;



“An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photo of glaciers in the high-elevation valleys of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia. The upper portion of Fedchenko Glacier crosses the center of the scene.”



NASA noted that most of the larger glaciers in the image show a prominent pattern of light- and dark-brown parallel lines.&nbsp;



“The darker ‘streamlines,’ known as medial moraines, give a sense of the direction of flow of the ice down the valleys. These are concentrations of debris that has been eroded by the glacier from the adjacent mountainsides or a rocky outcrop,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fedchenko-a-high-altitude-glacier">Fedchenko: A high-altitude glacier</h2>



Fedchenko Glacier stretches for approximately 48 miles and covers an area of around 270 square miles. This massive glacier is a critical source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a>, feeding several rivers and influencing the region's hydrology.



Fedchenko Glacier lies at high altitudes, with its origins in the high peaks of the Pamirs, where snow accumulates heavily. Despite being situated in a relatively arid region, the glacier's significant size and volume are maintained by substantial snowfall.&nbsp;



Named after Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, a Russian explorer and naturalist, the glacier was first surveyed in 1928 during Soviet-era expeditions. It plays a crucial role in climate studies, as changes in its length and mass provide insights into the effects of global warming in Central Asia.&nbsp;



The glacier is also part of a spectacular and remote landscape, surrounded by towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-preferred-the-mountains-and-it-changed-our-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and rugged terrain, making it a key feature of the Pamirs' natural beauty.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-glaciers-worldwide">Threats to glaciers worldwide</h2>



Like many glaciers worldwide, Fedchenko faces the threat of retreat due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, raising concerns about water availability and ecosystem changes in the region.



Rising global temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissions are the primary driver of glacier melting. Warmer temperatures not only melt glacier surfaces but also increase the flow of meltwater beneath them, accelerating their disintegration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-pollution-nbsp">Human activities and pollution&nbsp;</h3>



Deforestation and urbanization exacerbate these effects by reducing reflective snow cover and increasing heat absorption in nearby areas.&nbsp;



Airborne pollutants like soot and black carbon darken glacier surfaces, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight and speeding up the rate of melting. 



Industrial activities and tourism in glacier regions add physical stress and pollution, further degrading these fragile ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-supplies">Water supplies</h3>



The loss of glaciers has far-reaching consequences. It disrupts freshwater supplies for millions of people who depend on glacial runoff for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-levels">Rising sea levels</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melting glaciers</a> contribute to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, the loss of glaciers impacts biodiversity, as many species rely on cold, glacial habitats for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-glaciers">Protecting glaciers</h3>



Efforts to mitigate these threats focus on reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-hidden-sources-of-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, protecting glacier regions from industrial exploitation, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.&nbsp;



However, without urgent action, the continued decline of glaciers will have profound implications for the planet's climate, water systems, and ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pamir-mountains-nbsp">The Pamir Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The Pamir Mountains, often called the "Roof of the World," are a vast and rugged mountain range located in Central Asia.&nbsp;



They span across Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan, forming a vital part of the junction where the Himalayas, the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, and the Hindu Kush converge.&nbsp;



With peaks soaring over 7,000 meters, including Ismoil Somoni Peak, the range is home to some of the highest altitudes on Earth.



The Pamir Mountains have been central to trade and cultural exchange for centuries, serving as a critical segment of the ancient Silk Road.&nbsp;



Today, the mountains are a popular destination for trekkers and explorers drawn by their breathtaking beauty and challenging terrain.



The Pamirs are not only a natural wonder but also a biological treasure trove, supporting unique wildlife that is adapted to extreme altitudes.&nbsp;



Culturally, the mountains are home to diverse communities, each with its unique traditions and ways of life, shaped by the harsh but majestic environment.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is located roughly 40 million light-years away in the constellation Lupus.&nbsp;



NGC 5643 belongs to the Hubble classification SBc, indicating that it is a barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms.&nbsp;



Its orientation, nearly face-on to Earth, provides astronomers with an exceptional view of its detailed spiral structure and central bar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-5643-a-grand-design-spiral-nbsp">NGC 5643: A grand design spiral&nbsp;</h2>



“NGC 5643 is what’s known as a grand design spiral, referring to how the galaxy’s two large, winding spiral arms are clear to see,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images">ESA</a>. “The spiral arms are defined by bright blue stars, lacy reddish-brown dust clouds and pink star-forming regions.”



“As fascinating as the galaxy appears at visible wavelengths, some of NGC 5643’s most interesting features are invisible to the human eye.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-activity-in-ngc-5643">Intense activity in NGC 5643</h2>



This galaxy is notable for its Seyfert 2 nucleus, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). The intense activity in its core is powered by a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/">black hole</a> that accretes surrounding material, emitting energy across a wide range of wavelengths.&nbsp;



“When a supermassive black hole ensnares gas from its surroundings, the gas collects in a disc that heats up to hundreds of thousands of degrees. The superheated gas shines brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, but especially at X-ray wavelengths,” said ESA.



Observations have revealed jets and outflows of material emanating from the nucleus, likely driven by the black hole’s activity.&nbsp;



NGC 5643’s AGN has been studied extensively for its role in galactic evolution, particularly in how its energetic processes interact with the galaxy’s interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-ngc-5643-x-1">The mystery of NGC 5643 X-1</h2>



However, ESA pointed out that NGC 5643’s active galactic nucleus isn’t the brightest source of X-rays in the galaxy.&nbsp;



“Researchers using ESA’s XMM-Newton discovered an even brighter X-ray-emitting object, called NGC 5643 X-1, on the galaxy’s outskirts. What could be a more powerful source of X-rays than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/">supermassive black hole</a>?”&nbsp;



“Surprisingly, the answer appears to be a much smaller black hole! While the exact identity of NGC 5643 X-1 is not yet known, evidence points to a black hole that is about 30 times more massive than the Sun.”&nbsp;



“Locked in an orbital dance with a companion star, the black hole ensnares gas from its stellar companion, creating a superheated disc that outshines the galactic center,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-5643">Star formation in NGC 5643</h2>



NGC 5643 also exhibits prominent regions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/">star formation</a> within its spiral arms. These areas are rich in gas and dust - the raw materials for birthing new stars - and glow brightly in ultraviolet and infrared light.&nbsp;



Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) have helped uncover the complex interplay between star formation and the galaxy's central activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-ionized-gas-regions-nbsp">Extended ionized gas regions&nbsp;</h2>



A defining feature of NGC 5643 is the presence of its extended ionized gas regions, which are shaped by the galaxy's AGN activity and star-forming regions.&nbsp;



These structures have been mapped through optical spectroscopy, revealing intricate patterns that help astronomers understand the physical conditions of the gas, such as density, temperature, and composition.



The galaxy also has a dust lane that crosses its nucleus, partially obscuring direct observations of the central region in visible light.&nbsp;



Overall, NGC 5643 offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of barred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/">spiral galaxies</a> with active nuclei, serving as a valuable resource for studying the interactions between supermassive black holes, star formation, and galactic evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-lupus">The constellation Lupus</h2>



Lupus is a constellation located in the southern sky, its name meaning "wolf" in Latin. It has been known since antiquity and was cataloged by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy.&nbsp;



Once part of the larger constellation Centaurus, Lupus was later recognized as a distinct constellation. It is relatively faint but holds historical significance in mythology, often associated with a sacrificial wolf in ancient stories.



Lupus is bordered by other constellations like Scorpius, Centaurus, and Libra. Its stars do not form a particularly striking pattern, but it contains a variety of interesting astronomical features. Among them are numerous double stars, globular clusters, and other deep-sky objects, visible through telescopes.&nbsp;



For observers in the Southern Hemisphere, Lupus is best seen in the winter and spring months, while it appears closer to the horizon for those in northern latitudes.



This constellation also lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/">Milky Way</a>, offering a rich field of stars and nebulae for stargazers. Despite its modest brightness, Lupus holds a special place in the science of astronomy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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NGC 5643: Secrets of a spiraling galactic powerhouse

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) features the Dark Wolf Nebula, located around 5,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius.



According to ESO, this image of the dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-ring-nebula-as-it-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> creates the illusion of a wolf-like silhouette against a colorful cosmic backdrop.&nbsp;



“This image takes up an area in the sky equivalent to four full Moons, but is actually part of an even larger nebula called Gum 55. If you look closely, the wolf could even be a werewolf, its hands ready to grab unsuspecting bystanders,” noted <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-dark-nebulae">Observing dark nebulae </h2>



Dark nebulae are dense regions in space filled with gas and dust that absorb visible light, making them appear as dark patches against brighter backgrounds.&nbsp;



Unlike emission or reflection nebulae, dark nebulae do not glow on their own. Instead, they obstruct and obscure the light from stars and other objects lying behind them.&nbsp;



This characteristic makes them challenging to observe using visible-light telescopes, as they absorb and scatter light rather than reflecting or emitting it.&nbsp;



However, when viewed in infrared, where their obscuring effect is reduced, dark nebulae reveal intricate details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-the-perseus-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular clouds</a> they contain.



According to ESO, astronomers study these clouds of frozen dust because they often contain new stars in the making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-wolf-nebula-nbsp">Dark Wolf Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Dark Wolf Nebula is part of a larger complex known as the Lupus Molecular Cloud, one of several significant star-forming regions close to Earth.&nbsp;



Inside of dark nebulae, the conditions are prime for star formation. The dense gas and dust clump together under gravitational forces. As these clouds contract, they heat up, eventually igniting nuclear fusion and forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new stars</a>.



The Dark Wolf Nebula is known for revealing young, low-mass stars - or T Tauri stars - which are in the early stages of their evolution. These stars are still surrounded by disks of material that may eventually form new planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-scorpius-nbsp">The constellation Scorpius&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpius is one of the most recognizable constellations in the sky. It resembles a scorpion with a long, curved tail and stinger.&nbsp;



Located in the southern sky, Scorpius is especially visible during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere and during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. 



The constellation is often associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. According to legend, the scorpion was sent by the goddess Artemis to kill Orion, the great hunter, either as punishment for his arrogance or to protect her animals, depending on the version of the tale.&nbsp;



The gods later placed both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a> and Scorpius in the sky, but in opposite parts of the heavens so they would never be seen together - as Scorpius rises in the east and Orion sets in the west.



Scorpius contains several notable stars and deep-sky objects. Its brightest star, Antares, is a red supergiant often referred to as the "heart of the scorpion" due to its reddish hue and central position. 



Antares is one of the largest visible stars in the sky and has a luminosity that is tens of thousands of times greater than that of our Sun. 



Scorpius is located close to the core of the Milky Way, making it a rich region for star clusters and nebulae. Among these are the Butterfly Cluster and the Ptolemy Cluster - both of which are visible to the naked eye under dark skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-dark-wolf-nebula">Image of the Dark Wolf Nebula </h2>



“This image shows in spectacular detail how the dark wolf stands out against the glowing star-forming clouds behind it,” noted ESO.



“The colorful clouds are built up mostly of hydrogen gas and glow in reddish tones excited by the intense UV radiation from the newborn stars within them.”



The picture was created from images taken at different times. Each of the images has a filter that makes a different color of light visible.&nbsp;



Observations of the Dark Wolf Nebula provide astronomers with valuable information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of stars</a> and the environments in which they form.



The image was captured by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile.



Image Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team



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Dark Wolf Nebula in the constellation Scorpius

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

The idea of removing old, inflammatory cells to extend life has fascinated scientists for years. These cells, called senescent cells, accumulate as we age. 



Senescent cells stop dividing, have damaged DNA, and cause inflammation, which is linked to the presence of diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and heart conditions. 



While getting rid of aging cells in animals has been shown to extend lifespan, new research shows it’s not always that simple.



Researchers at the University of Connecticut (UConn) recently published a study in&nbsp;Nature Aging&nbsp;that takes a closer look at the role of senescent cells.



They found that not all of these cells are bad - some play helpful roles, like aiding wound healing. This discovery challenges the idea that all senescent cells are harmful and should be eliminated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-senescent-cells">What are senescent cells?</h2>



These are cells that have stopped dividing and are no longer functioning like normal, healthy cells. They accumulate in the body as we age and are often linked to various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-related diseases</a>.



While they cause inflammation and can contribute to disease, some senescent cells actually have useful roles. For instance, they can help with tissue repair and regeneration in some cases.



“Senescent cells are not homogenous. They have different characteristics and functions, and might be very different in many ways," explained Ming Xu, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://uconn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UConn</a> Center on Aging and the Department of Genetics &amp; Genome Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-senescent-cells">Two types of senescent cells</h2>



Ming Xu and his team - including Ph.D. student Nathan Gasek, graduate student Junyu Zhu, and postdoctoral researcher Pengyi Yan - focused on two types of senescent cells.



These groups are identified based on the presence of two genes: p16 and p21. Earlier studies have shown that removing either type can make mice <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">live longer</a>. But their roles in the body vary a lot.



The team wanted to learn more about p21 cells, especially their role in wound healing. By removing p21 cells from young mice with skin wounds, they found something surprising. 



The wounds healed about 25% faster in female mice, but the effect wasn’t seen in males. This finding is the opposite of what happens with p16 cells, which earlier research showed also help with wound healing.



Interestingly, p21 cells are often found in connective tissue, skin, and immune cells. They have a unique pro-inflammatory profile that sets them apart from p16 cells. This highlights the complexity of senescent cells and why a one-size-fits-all approach to dealing with them represents an oversimplification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-research">Significance of the research </h2>



This research has big implications for anti-aging therapies. Instead of simply trying to eliminate all senescent cells, scientists can now focus on targeting the harmful ones while keeping the helpful ones. 



This could lead to better treatments for aging-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">issues</a> and faster wound healing.



“The investigators hope their study can bring attention to others in the field about the diversity of cellular senescence and the importance of thoroughly evaluating the roles of various senescent cell populations across a broad spectrum of conditions,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-drugs-to-target-aging-cells">Developing drugs to target aging cells</h2>



The UConn team plans to dig deeper into how p21 cells affect wound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-help-the-body-kill-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healing</a> in conditions like diabetes and advanced aging. 



They also want to develop drugs that can specifically target different types of senescent cells. This could revolutionize how we treat aging and related diseases.



This study reminds us that senescent cells aren’t all bad. They’re more like a mixed bag - some harm us, while others help us heal.



By understanding their diversity, scientists can create smarter, more precise treatments that improve health and extend life without unwanted side effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-roles-of-senescent-cells">Additional roles of senescent cells</h2>



While the study focused on the role of senescent cells in aging and wound healing, these cells have other crucial functions that are important for the body.



Beyond just causing inflammation, senescent cells can play key roles in maintaining tissue integrity and regulating certain processes in the body.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tissue-regeneration">Tissue regeneration</h3>



Senescent cells contribute to the regeneration of tissues after injury. They help by secreting factors that promote the healing of damaged areas, which is crucial for proper tissue repair. In some cases, these cells can help prevent further tissue degeneration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-modulation">Immune system modulation</h3>



Some types of senescent cells can influence the immune system by producing signals that either activate or suppress immune responses. 



This can be important for controlling infections or regulating chronic inflammation in the body, especially as we age.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-suppression">Cancer suppression</h3>



In certain situations, senescent cells may help suppress the growth of cancer cells by preventing damaged cells from dividing. 



This process, known as "cellular senescence," can act as a protective mechanism against the development of tumors, although its role is complex and context-dependent.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stem-cell-regulation">Stem cell regulation</h3>



Senescent cells can also interact with stem cells, which are responsible for generating new cells in the body. 



They can help maintain the balance between the activation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drugs-targeting-gut-cells-not-brain-cells-are-better-at-treating-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stem cells</a> and their dormancy, ensuring proper regeneration and preventing overgrowth, which can lead to cancer.



Understanding these additional functions of senescent cells highlights the importance of maintaining a balance in how we approach treatments aimed at targeting these cells. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00755-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Not all aging cells are bad - some help to heal the body

The idea of removing old, inflammatory cells to extend life...

Premature birth, though a medical marvel in survival, brings unique challenges. Premature babies, often the tiniest among us, face an elevated risk of health and life challenges. Not only do they have a slightly higher risk of illness-related mortality, but they also face a higher likelihood of death from road traffic accidents, substance abuse, and suicide.



These insights come from a major Nordic study led by Professor Kari Risnes at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).



The study analyzed the birth data and causes of death for nearly 37,000 individuals aged 15 to 50, who were born prematurely across Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. 



One particular finding surprised researchers: prematurely born women have a significantly higher risk of dying from suicide than those born at full term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suicide-risk-in-women-born-prematurely">Suicide risk in women born prematurely</h2>



The study revealed that women born 7 to 17 weeks prematurely have an 80% higher risk of dying by suicide when compared to individuals born at full term.



Interestingly, this heightened risk was not observed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-increased-premature-birth-risk-by-60/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prematurely born</a> men. This finding challenges conventional statistics where men dominate suicide rates globally, including in Norway and Europe.



“We don’t know why premature[ly born] women now turn out to be at almost the same level [as men],” said Professor Risnes, an expert in paediatric epidemiology at <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>.



Prematurely born individuals, regardless of gender, often carry what Risnes refers to as "extra baggage." These challenges can include mental health issues, social difficulties, and vulnerability to certain diseases. 



While many prematurely born individuals thrive, these underlying risks persist throughout their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-premature-babies-lifetime-of-vulnerability">Premature babies: Lifetime of vulnerability</h2>



Premature birth, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, affects about 6% of the population. Advances in neonatal care have significantly increased survival rates for these infants.



Today, more than 80% of babies born from 28 weeks survive. However, survival often comes with long-term health and social challenges.



“Survival rates have really increased, but some people born <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-takes-a-major-toll-on-childrens-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prematurely</a> require more follow-up, and they need everyone around them to understand that they might experience challenges,” said Risnes.



Previous studies have shown that prematurely born individuals are more susceptible to heart disease, chronic pulmonary conditions, diabetes, and mental disorders. 



These vulnerabilities may stem partly from lower cognitive functions, which encompass decision-making, memory, and behavioral regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unnatural-deaths-and-gender-differences">Unnatural deaths and gender differences</h2>



For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-chemicals-from-food-production-pass-into-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young people</a>, external causes such as road traffic accidents, suicide, and substance abuse are the leading causes of death. 



Men generally have a threefold higher risk of these sudden, violent deaths than women. However, the Nordic study uncovered a startling exception: women born prematurely exhibit suicide rates that are comparable to those of men in the general population.



“The day we saw these girls right up here at the top of the graphs together with the boys, I must say, we were very surprised,” said Risnes. “We checked and double-checked to make sure, so we are confident the findings are reliable.”



While the reasons remain unclear, this revelation highlights the need for further investigation into the specific vulnerabilities of prematurely born girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-premature-birth-and-suicide-rates">Premature birth and suicide rates</h2>



Interestingly, the study highlighted differences among the Nordic countries. For example, young Swedish women born prematurely have suicide rates similar to men. 



In Denmark, however, suicide rates among prematurely born individuals are lower, with Danish men’s rates aligning with those of Swedish, Finnish, and Norwegian women. 



Prematurely born Finnish men showed higher vulnerability to fatal road traffic accidents and substance abuse deaths.



These disparities suggest that cultural, healthcare, or societal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/late-fatherhood-becoming-more-popular-potential-health-risks-for-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factors</a> may also influence outcomes for prematurely born individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-early-detection-and-support">Need for early detection and support</h2>



Despite their unique challenges, many prematurely born children and young adults go unnoticed by healthcare systems and schools.



“We feel compelled to delve deeper,” said Risnes. The researchers emphasize the need to identify these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-near-oil-and-gas-sites-linked-to-hidden-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerabilities</a> early and ensure adequate follow-up and support.



The current Norwegian guidelines for premature infant follow-up, last updated in 2007, only cover children up to the age of five. 



However, challenges often emerge later in life, particularly when children start school. "That is when parents feel they need support the most,” said Risnes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accepting-premature-birth-and-suicide-risks">Accepting premature birth and suicide risks</h2>



Risnes acknowledges that this research could stigmatize prematurely born individuals, which is a concern. However, she emphasizes the importance of understanding these findings to promote greater acceptance of individual differences.



“Perhaps we, as researchers, can also help highlight that we all have strengths and vulnerabilities. In this way, we can contribute to society better understanding and accepting that people are different,” she said.



The findings from this study mark an essential step in understanding the long-term vulnerabilities associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/odors-influence-newborn-brain-growth-in-the-first-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">premature birth</a>. 



The researchers aim to update guidelines and provide more tailored support to individuals who were born prematurely. Further studies are necessary to uncover why prematurely born women are at such a high risk of suicide and to explore interventions that can mitigate this risk.



As medical advances continue to improve survival rates for premature babies, society must ensure that these individuals receive the support they need in order to thrive throughout their lives.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03731-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Medicine</a>.



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Women who were born prematurely are more prone to suicide

Premature birth, though a medical marvel in survival, brings unique...

Raw milk, often valued for being natural and nutritious, is gaining popularity among health-conscious individuals. But a recent study from Stanford University brings up serious concerns about the safety of this product.



The research reveals that the flu virus can survive in refrigerated raw milk for up to five days. This discovery comes as outbreaks of bird flu in dairy cattle spark fears about a potential pandemic.



"This work highlights the potential risk of avian influenza transmission through consumption of raw milk and the importance of milk pasteurization," said Professor Alexandria Boehm, the study's senior author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raw-milk-a-risky-trend">Raw milk: A risky trend</h2>



More than 14 million Americans consume raw milk each year. Unlike pasteurized milk, raw milk isn’t heated to kill <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-outbreak-in-domestic-cats-raises-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmful pathogens</a>. 



Advocates believe raw milk retains more nutrients, enzymes, and probiotics, which may boost immune and gut health. However, health agencies strongly warn against drinking raw milk. 



The FDA has linked raw milk to over 200 outbreaks of illnesses. Along with the CDC, the agency emphasizes that raw milk can harbor dangerous pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella.



Such pathogens pose severe risks to children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flu-virus-in-cow-s-milk">Flu virus in cow's milk</h2>



The <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford</a> researchers studied how long the H1N1 PR8 flu virus can stay infectious in raw cow’s milk at typical refrigeration temperatures. They discovered that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-infection-equips-the-body-to-fight-off-the-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> remained infectious for up to five days.



“The persistence of infectious influenza virus in raw milk for days raises concerns about potential transmission pathways,” said Mengyang Zhang, co-lead author of the study.



“The virus could contaminate surfaces and other materials in dairy facilities, posing risks to both animals and humans.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prolonged-persistence-of-viral-rna">Prolonged persistence of viral RNA </h2>



Additionally, viral RNA - the virus’s genetic material - stayed detectable in raw milk for at least 57 days. While RNA itself isn’t harmful, it complicates food safety assessments and environmental surveillance.



Pasteurization completely destroyed infectious flu viruses in raw milk and reduced viral RNA by 90%, but traces of RNA still lingered.



“The prolonged persistence of viral RNA in both raw and pasteurized milk has implications for food safety assessments and environmental surveillance,” explained Alessandro Zulli, co-lead author of the study.



This study builds on earlier research, funded by the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, which was focused on human norovirus and the subfamily of viruses responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.



The team’s work was also focused on zoonotic pathogens - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/efforts-to-control-bird-flu-are-not-working-are-humans-next/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> that jump from animals to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-better-monitoring-systems">The need for better monitoring systems </h2>



Each year, flu viruses infect over 40 million people and cause more than 50,000 deaths in the U.S. alone. These viruses can move from animals to humans, as seen in the 2009-2010 swine flu pandemic, which caused up to 1.4 billion infections worldwide.



While bird flu hasn’t posed the same threat yet, recent cases in cattle raise serious concerns about its transmission through raw milk and other dairy products.



This study highlights the need for better monitoring systems, especially as bird flu spreads among livestock. Improved surveillance could help public health officials respond faster and reduce risks to people and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-bird-flu-manage-to-infect-mammal-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>. 



Earlier research by the team showed how wastewater analysis could detect flu activity in nearby cattle populations.



“We never thought wastewater could be used to detect and respond to zoonotic pathogens in the community,” said Professor Boehm. “It has been amazing to see our wastewater detection work scale across the U.S. and globally.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destroying-flu-virus-in-raw-milk">Destroying flu virus in raw milk</h2>



The findings emphasize the critical role of pasteurization in ensuring milk safety. Policymakers and health officials should consider these results if they wish to strengthen food safety protocols and surveillance systems.



As zoonotic diseases become more common, proactive measures will help prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-covid-pandemic-influence-the-seasonal-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a> and protect public health. 



Raw milk may appeal to some for its natural benefits, but science shows that its risks far outweigh its rewards. By understanding these dangers and sticking to pasteurized products, we can make safer choices for ourselves and our families.



The project received funding from the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Sergey Brin Family Foundation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a>.



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Raw milk could carry deadly flu viruses for days

Raw milk, often valued for being natural and nutritious, is...

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Today’s Video of the Day comes from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society’s</a> Reactions series and features a look at how acids can cause exciting chemical reactions.
Acids are a substance that give off hydrogen ions known as protons, which are extremely reactive. When a loose proton encounters certain other molecules, electron chaos creates entirely new substances. 
One classic example would be when an acid comes into contact with a metal and creates hydrogen gas and salt.
 &#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Video Credit: <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a>

How acids create dramatic chemical reactions