<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Clear Lake Northern California, which is one of the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater lakes</a> in the United States. </p>



<p>In mid-May 2024, the waters of Clear Lake were transformed into a vivid tapestry of bright green swirls, as seen in this image captured on May 15, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on the Landsat 9 satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-lake-algal-bloom-is-visible-from-space">Clear Lake algal bloom is visible from space </h2>



<p>The algal bloom, potentially comprised of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and other phytoplankton, was documented from space. Direct sampling is needed to precisely identify the algal organisms present in the lake.</p>



<p>Cyanobacteria, single-celled photosynthetic organisms, are notorious for some species' ability to produce microcystin, a toxin harmful to the skin, liver, and kidneys.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-algal-blooms-in-clear-lake-nbsp">Large algal blooms in Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Clear Lake, about 60 miles north of San Francisco Bay, is a naturally nutrient-rich body of water that has historically supported large algal populations dating back to the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, based on sediment core studies.</p>



<p>Recent human activities have exacerbated nutrient levels in the lake, leading to a rise in harmful algal blooms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Out of over 130 algal species that have been identified in the lake, three types of blue-green algae pose health risks under certain conditions. These blooms typically appear in the spring and late summer, as reported by Lake County officials.</p>



<p>Nutrient influx from agriculture, vineyards, inadequate septic systems, gravel mining, and an abandoned mercury mine, along with natural factors such as lakebed sediment disturbances caused by waves and fish, have contributed to the lake's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a> decline. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorophyll-a-and-cyanobacteria-nbsp">Chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This year, data from a satellite-based ocean color instrument on Sentinel-3, processed further by the NOAA National Ocean Service, showed increased concentrations of chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria leading up to May 15.</p>



<p>As of May 25, local monitors have not reported microcystin levels for the current bloom. Nonetheless, the high algal density poses risks to aquatic ecosystems, as decomposing phytoplankton deplete oxygen, potentially leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypoxic conditions</a> and aquatic dead zones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-clear-lake-nbsp">More about Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Clear Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake wholly within the state of California. Geological estimates suggest that it formed about 2.5 million years ago.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake is a popular destination for fishing, particularly for largemouth bass, and its scenic beauty attracts many visitors for boating, bird watching, and other recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Clear Lake's ecosystem supports a diverse range of wildlife, but it also faces environmental challenges such as water quality issues, partly due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-quality-threatened-by-nutrient-pollution-in-40-u-s-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural runoff</a> and other human activities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freshwater-lakes-and-climate-change-nbsp">Freshwater lakes and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Freshwater lakes are significantly impacted by climate change, which manifests in various ways, affecting both their ecological balance and their roles in local environments.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-lake-water">Warming lake water</h3>



<p>As global temperatures rise, lakes experience changes in water temperature and ice cover. Warmer water tends to hold less oxygen, which can harm fish and other aquatic life; it can also encourage the growth of harmful algal blooms that further deplete oxygen and release toxins into the water.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cover">Ice cover</h3>



<p>Reduced ice cover during winter changes the seasonal rhythms of lakes, affecting species that rely on ice cover for part of their life cycle, like some cold-water fish and plants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-level-fluctuations-nbsp">Water level fluctuations&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to higher temperatures can alter water levels. These fluctuations not only impact the aquatic habitats but also affect water availability for human use, agriculture, and hydroelectric power generation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, like storms and droughts, leads to more pronounced cycles of flooding and low water levels, creating challenges for managing water resources and preserving lake ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-some-lakes-resist-the-heat-of-atmospheric-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> are integral to their local climates, biodiversity, and economies, these changes can have widespread implications for the communities and ecosystems that depend on them.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Clear Lake turns green with algal growth

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features record-breaking water levels in the Big Sioux River which overtopped its banks on June 24, 2024. The false-color image highlights the presence of water, appearing dark blue. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-torrential-rainfall-across-the-midwest-nbsp">Torrential rainfall across the Midwest&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In late June, more than a foot of rain fell on parts of South Dakota and Iowa in the Midwest, causing rivers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-rivers-always-recover-from-floods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overflow</a> and resulting in significant destruction. The overflowing rivers demolished homes and bridges and inundated farmlands.</p>



<p>The areas of the Midwest that were hit hardest by excessive rain were south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. </p>



<p>“A front of dense moisture, drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico, parked over southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 20 and 21, unleashing torrential rainfall. Mitchell and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, recorded 6.5 and 7.7 inches of cumulative rain, respectively,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“It was the wettest two-day period for these cities in the National Weather Service’s (NWS) climate record, dating back to 1893. In Canton, South Dakota, near Iowa’s border, about 15 inches of rain fell on those days, according to NWS estimates.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saturated-soils-in-the-great-plains-nbsp">Saturated soils in the Great Plains&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The National Water Center noted that the front brought rain to already saturated soils, as the Great Plains region had received 150-200 percent of its normal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> from mid-May to mid-June. </p>



<p>Using soil moisture data from NASA’s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) center, the NWS forecasted that the ground could not absorb more water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-sioux-river-nbsp">Big Sioux River&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Big Sioux River, which borders Iowa and South Dakota, reached record heights following the consecutive days of heavy rainfall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On June 23, the river level in Sioux City, Iowa, rose to nearly 45 feet, 7 feet higher than the previous record. That evening, a steel railroad bridge connecting North Sioux City, South Dakota, with Sioux City, Iowa, collapsed into the Big Sioux River.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-valley-flooding">Rock Valley flooding</h2>



<p>In northwestern Iowa, about a foot of rain fell over two days near Rock Valley, 50 miles southeast of Sioux Falls.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excessive rain</a> brought the Rock River to an all-time high of 27 feet (major flooding stage is 19 feet). On the morning of June 22, the river broke a levee in Rock Valley, flooding the town and forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-earth-river">Blue Earth River </h2>



<p>Subsequently, the front moved over southern Minnesota, causing water levels to rise along several rivers in the state. Rising waters on the Blue Earth River washed out a portion of the Rapidan Dam near Mankato, according to news reports.</p>



<p>As of June 25, water levels of many rivers in the Great Plains had begun to fall but remained at major flooding stage, according to the NWS.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Torrential rain caused catastrophic flooding in the Midwest

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> in the night sky, notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Its most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



<p>The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



<p>Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been a focus of research and has been extensively studied across various wavelengths, from radio to X-ray. These studies have helped astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/">formation</a> and evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



<p>In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



<p>The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



<p>The discovery of the CMB in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



<p>Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



<p>The model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.</p>



<p>The expanding universe model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



<p>"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."</p>



<p>"At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)</p>



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The brilliant Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. </p>



<p>It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-columbia-glacier-nbsp">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-glaciers-and-ocean-composition-nbsp">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's freshwater. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influx-of-freshwater">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>The influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-salinity-nbsp">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-carbon-cycle">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-fire-season-in-mexico-is-part-of-a-worldwide-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire season</a>. The photograph was captured on March 16, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the vibrant colors of the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. The newly captured image reveals a landscape abundant in iron, magnesium, and aluminum. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-mars">The colors of Mars</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-samples-from-mars-could-reveal-fascinating-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> gets its distinctive red color from iron oxides, or rust, on its surface. The Martian soil and dust are rich in iron minerals, which oxidize when exposed to the small amounts of oxygen present in the Martian atmosphere. </p>



<p>This oxidation process gives the planet its reddish hue, similar to how iron objects on Earth develop rust. </p>



<p>The scattering of sunlight by these iron oxide particles further enhances the reddish appearance when viewed from a distance. However, the human eye can only perceive a fraction of Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">true color</a> palette. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassis-image">CaSSIS image</h2>



<p>The European Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) offers a more detailed view, showcasing a striking diversity of colors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This latest CaSSIS image reveals yellow layers rich in iron and magnesium clays, overlain by white and blue layers abundant in aluminum.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The area is draped by a dark, heavily eroded layer, illustrating a vibrant, metallic landscape formed around 3.6 billion years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mawrth-vallis">Mawrth Vallis</h2>



<p>Mawrth Vallis lies just south of the dichotomy boundary, a ridge marking the divide between Mars' southern highlands and northern lowlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This region continues to captivate scientists due to its geological complexity and history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liquid water</a> flow. </p>



<p>Although Mawrth Vallis was considered as a landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, the mission ultimately chose Oxia Planum for its search for signs of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-ancient-past">Mars’ ancient past</h2>



<p>While Rosalind Franklin prepares for its mission, the TGO remains in orbit, conducting crucial research to unravel Mars' ancient past and assess its potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a>. </p>



<p>Since beginning its full science mission in 2018, TGO has not only captured stunning images but also provided a comprehensive inventory of Mars' atmospheric gases and mapped water-rich locations on the planet's surface.</p>



<p>For six years, CaSSIS has delivered breathtaking views of Mars in vivid color, documenting features ranging from volcanic landscapes to active dust devils and immense sand dunes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding Mars' water history and its implications for past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> remains a core focus of ESA’s ExoMars missions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-on-mars">Metals on Mars</h2>



<p>Mars is rich in various metals that contribute to its geological and mineralogical diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While iron is the most prominent, magnesium is also abundant. It is often found in the form of clays, contributing to the planet's diverse mineral composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Aluminum is another significant metal present on Mars, commonly found in layered deposits and sediments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-metal-layers-of-mars">Complex metal layers of Mars</h3>



<p>These metals are not evenly distributed but are found in various concentrations across the Martian surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, regions like Mawrth Vallis exhibit a complex layering of different metal-rich minerals, including iron and magnesium-rich clays overlain by aluminium-rich layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This diversity indicates a rich geological history involving water activity, volcanic processes, and sedimentary deposition.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-changes-over-time">Major changes over time</h3>



<p>The presence of these metals suggests that Mars has undergone significant chemical and physical processes over billions of years, shaping its current landscape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding the distribution and composition of metals on Mars helps scientists piece together the planet's history and assess its past potential for habitability.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS</p>



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Metallic Mars: The diverse colors of the Red Planet

<p>In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have mapped the astonishing 4,200-kilometer transatlantic flight of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-butterfly-migration-sparked-by-a-surge-in-vegetation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Painted Lady butterfly</a>.</p>



<p>This unprecedented journey challenges our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-insects-migrate-through-the-pyrenees-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect migration</a> and showcases the remarkable capabilities of these delicate creatures.</p>



<p>The study, led by Gerard Talavera from the <a href="https://www.ibb.csic.es/ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Botànic de Barcelona</a>, along with an international team of researchers, unravels the mystery of Painted Lady butterflies found on the Atlantic beaches of French Guiana in October 2013.</p>



<p>This unusual sighting sparked a scientific investigation that would reveal an extraordinary tale of endurance and adaptation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-painted-lady-butterflies">The journey of Painted Lady butterflies</h2>



<p>The research team employed a unique combination of cutting-edge techniques to trace the origin and journey of the Painted Lady butterflies. The methods included wind trajectory reconstruction, genome sequencing, pollen DNA analysis, and isotope geolocation.</p>



<p>This innovative approach allowed the researchers to piece together the puzzle of the butterflies' remarkable journey.</p>



<p>Dr. Clément Bataille, a professor at the University of Ottawa, emphasized the significance of this approach: "It is the first time that this combination of molecular techniques including isotope geolocation and pollen metabarcoding is tested on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-feast-on-migrating-insects-in-the-pyrenees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory insects</a>."</p>



<p>"The results are very promising and transferable to many other migratory insect species. The technique should fundamentally transform our understanding of insect migration."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-feat-of-nature">Astonishing feat of nature </h2>



<p>The study's findings unveil an astonishing feat of nature. Wind trajectory analysis identified conditions conducive to a transatlantic crossing from western Africa. Genetic studies revealed a closer relationship to African and European populations, eliminating the possibility of North American origin. </p>



<p>Intriguingly, pollen DNA analysis detected traces of plants native to tropical Africa, providing a crucial link to the butterflies' journey. Meanwhile, isotope analysis pointed to a potential birthplace in western Europe. </p>



<p>These diverse and complementary lines of evidence converged to support an extraordinary conclusion: the Painted Lady butterflies had indeed accomplished a long-distance, intercontinental flight across the Atlantic Ocean.</p>



<p>"We usually see butterflies as symbols of the fragility of beauty, but science shows us that they can perform incredible feats. There is still much to discover about their capabilities," said study co-author Roger Vila, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.ibe.upf-csic.es/presentation">Institute of Evolutionary Biology</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-favorable-wind-conditions">Favorable wind conditions </h2>



<p>The researchers assessed the viability of this transatlantic flight by analyzing energy expenditure. They concluded that the journey, lasting 5 to 8 days without stops, was possible due to favorable wind conditions.</p>



<p>"The butterflies could only have completed this flight using a strategy alternating between active flight, which is costly energetically, and gliding the wind," explained study co-author Eric Toro-Delgado.</p>



<p>"We estimate that without wind, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/">butterflies</a> could have flown a maximum of 780 km before consuming all their fat and, therefore, their energy."</p>



<p>The study highlights the importance of the Saharan air layer as a significant aerial route for dispersion. These wind currents, known for transporting Saharan dust to the Amazon, are now recognized as potential highways for living organisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-change">Implications for global change</h2>



<p>This discovery suggests the existence of natural aerial corridors connecting continents, potentially facilitating species dispersal on an unprecedented scale.</p>



<p>"I think this study does a good job of demonstrating how much we tend to underestimate the dispersal abilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-flightless-stick-insects-spread-their-populations-over-vast-regions/">insects</a>," noted study co-author Megan Reich, a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en">University of Ottawa</a>.</p>



<p>"Furthermore, it's entirely possible that we are also underestimating the frequency of these types of dispersal events and their impact on ecosystems."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-painted-lady-s-flight-into-the-future">The Painted Lady's flight into the future</h2>



<p>As our climate continues to change, researchers anticipate more long-distance dispersal events, which could significantly impact global biodiversity and ecosystems.</p>



<p>"It is essential to promote systematic monitoring routines for dispersing insects, which could help predict and mitigate potential risks to biodiversity resulting from global change," said Gerard Talavera, the study's lead researcher.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research not only reveals the extraordinary capabilities of the Painted Lady butterfly but also opens new avenues for understanding insect migration in the face of global environmental changes. </p>



<p>As we continue to unlock the secrets of these remarkable creatures, we may find that they have much to teach us about resilience, adaptation, and the interconnectedness of our world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49079-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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The incredible transatlantic journey of the Painted Lady

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have mapped the astonishing 4,200-kilometer...

<p>A doubling of atmospheric CO2 could significantly increase Earth's average temperature by 7 to 14 degrees Celsius, according to a study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research</a> (NIOZ) and the Universities of <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht</a> and <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings contrast sharply with the 2.3 to 4.5 degrees predicted by the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invaluable-resource-for-the-study">Invaluable resource for the study</h2>



<p>The researchers used a 45-year-old drill core from the Pacific Ocean floor to gather their data. The core preserved organic matter due to the lack of oxygen, making it an invaluable source for studying historical climate conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“I realized that this core is very attractive for researchers, because the ocean floor at that spot has had oxygen-free conditions for many millions of years,” said senior author Jaap Sinninghe Damsté, a scientist at NIOZ and professor of organic geochemistry at Utrecht.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-15-million-years-of-co2-levels-nbsp">15 million years of CO2 levels&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts were able to construct a unique time series of CO2 levels over the past 15 million years from a single location, a feat that had not been achieved before.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They used the TEX86 method to determine past seawater temperatures, a technique developed at NIOZ 20 years ago that analyzes the chemical composition of archaea membrane lipids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-atmospheric-co2-concentrations">Past atmospheric CO2 concentrations</h2>



<p>Additionally, they developed a new method to estimate past atmospheric CO2 concentrations using the chemical signatures of chlorophyll and cholesterol from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crust-forming-algae-have-the-potential-to-dominate-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algae</a>. This approach is the first to use cholesterol for quantitative CO2 estimates and to apply chlorophyll data to this time period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The algae’s preference for the carbon isotope 12C over 13C under varying CO2 levels allowed researchers to infer historical CO2 concentrations.</p>



<p>“The lower the CO2 concentration in the water, the more algae will also use the rare 13C. Thus, the 13C content of these two substances is a measure of the CO2 content of the ocean water,” Damsté explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-atmospheric-co2-concentrations">Future atmospheric CO2 concentrations</h2>



<p>The study revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 levels</a> decreased from about 650 parts per million 15 million years ago to 280 parts per million just before the industrial revolution. Plotting these CO2 levels against corresponding temperatures showed a stronger relationship than previously recognized.</p>



<p>“So, this research gives us a glimpse of what the future could hold if we take too few measures to reduce CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-emissions-reduction-20-percent-possible-only-2-percent-economic-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> and also implement few technological innovations to offset emissions,” said Damsté.</p>



<p>“The clear warning from this research is: CO2 concentration is likely to have a stronger impact on temperature than we are currently taking into account!”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-atmospheric-co2-nbsp">Factors contributing to atmospheric CO2&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Atmospheric CO2 levels are influenced by a combination of natural processes and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Natural processes include the carbon cycle, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-reveals-that-co2-is-rising-at-the-fastest-rate-in-50000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> is exchanged between the atmosphere, oceans, and land.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Photosynthesis by plants and phytoplankton absorbs CO2, while respiration and decomposition release it. Volcanic eruptions also contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wonder-material-can-extract-value-from-captured-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities have a significant impact, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases large amounts of CO2.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Deforestation reduces the number of trees that can absorb CO2, further increasing atmospheric levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Industrial processes, such as cement production, also release CO2. Additionally, land use changes and agricultural practices can affect soil carbon storage and methane emissions, indirectly influencing CO2 levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-rising-temperatures">Consequences of rising temperatures</h2>



<p>Rising temperatures have far-reaching consequences for the planet. One significant impact is the alteration of weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe weather events such as hurricanes, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall. </p>



<p>These changes can result in increased flooding, droughts, and other natural disasters, which disrupt ecosystems and human communities.</p>



<p>The warming climate also affects the natural habitats of many species, causing shifts in their geographical ranges and threatening biodiversity. Many species may face extinction if they cannot adapt quickly enough or migrate to suitable environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, warmer temperatures contribute to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, leading to rising sea levels. This threatens coastal communities with flooding and erosion, potentially displacing millions of people and affecting freshwater supplies.</p>



<p>Agricultural productivity is also impacted by rising temperatures. Heat stress can reduce crop yields and affect the quality of produce, posing challenges to food security. In regions already vulnerable to food shortages, this can exacerbate malnutrition and poverty.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, warmer temperatures can increase the prevalence of pests and diseases that affect both plants and livestock, further straining agricultural systems.</p>



<p>Human health is directly affected by rising temperatures. Increased heat can lead to heat-related illnesses and deaths, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with preexisting health conditions. </p>



<p>Higher temperatures can also exacerbate air quality issues, contributing to respiratory problems and other health concerns.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47676-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Atmospheric CO2 could push temperatures much higher than expected

A doubling of atmospheric CO2 could significantly increase Earth's average...

<p>Magic mushrooms have become the most popular psychedelic substance in the United States, surpassing others like ecstasy, according to a new report by the <a href="https://www.rand.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RAND Corporation</a>. </p>



<p>A national survey revealed that approximately 12% of respondents have used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-magic-mushrooms-evolve-to-contain-psilocybin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> at some point, with 3.1% using it in the past year, equating to about eight million American adults in 2023. </p>



<p>The study highlights the growing interest in psychedelics for mental health treatments and the evolving policy landscape surrounding their use.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-policies-and-the-future-of-psychedelics-nbsp">Shifting policies and the future of psychedelics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Psychedelics have shown promise in treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insightful-psychedelic-experiences-may-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> conditions, sparking increased enthusiasm over the past decade. However, there has been less focus on the shifting policies concerning these substances. </p>



<p>The report suggests that as state and local regulations ease, federal policymakers must decide whether to follow a for-profit cannabis model or explore alternative paths.</p>



<p>“The current situation with psychedelics reminds me of where we were with cannabis policy 12 years ago. Now is the time for federal policymakers to decide if they want to shape these policy changes or stay on the sidelines,” said study lead author Beau Kilmer, a senior policy researcher at RAND.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-from-thousands-of-americans-nbsp">Data from thousands of Americans&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The RAND report draws from a survey of 3,791 American adults, as well as data from the <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/nibrs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Incident-Based Reporting System</a>. It also includes interviews with legal experts, policy advocates, researchers, and Indigenous community members regarding their traditional spiritual medicines.</p>



<p>Co-author Michelle Priest, an assistant policy researcher at RAND, emphasized the importance of engaging with Indigenous communities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Policy changes may affect Indigenous people who have longstanding traditions with certain spiritual medicines that are commonly referred to as psychedelics. Engaging respectfully with Indigenous community members who are authorized to speak on these topics can help craft policies that benefit from generations of wisdom while protecting Indigenous rights.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lenient-approaches-to-psychedelics-nbsp">Lenient approaches to psychedelics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite federal prohibitions, some state and local governments are adopting more lenient approaches to psychedelics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The report highlights alternative models to the for-profit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-plants-could-help-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> approach, such as allowing personal cultivation, non-profit collectives, or supervised use models like those in Oregon and soon in Colorado.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-versus-psychedelics-nbsp">Cannabis versus psychedelics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One key difference between cannabis and psychedelics policy debates is the role of supervision. Even in areas not adopting the supervision model, policymakers will need to address regulation of facilitators and supervision settings.</p>



<p>Unlike frequent cannabis users, psychedelic users tend to use these substances infrequently. The survey found that only 0.9% of respondents used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> in the past month, compared to 20% for cannabis. </p>



<p>The total number of use days in the past month was significantly lower for psychedelics (around seven million) compared to cannabis (about 650 million).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infrequent-use-of-magic-mushrooms">Infrequent use of magic mushrooms</h2>



<p>A notable finding is that infrequent users dominate the psychedelics market. For cannabis, infrequent users account for about 5% of total use days, while for psychedelics, they represent closer to 60%.</p>



<p>“While price is a major policy lever when we think about regulating cannabis and alcohol, it will likely play a much smaller role for psychedelics since infrequent users currently drive the market and they tend to spend relatively little on these substances,” said co-author Rajeev Ramchand, a senior behavioral scientist at RAND.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The report indicates a significant gap in published research on psychedelic markets and usage patterns, especially for psilocybin. The authors recommend improving existing surveys and conducting qualitative, longitudinal research with users and producers of psychedelics.</p>



<p>The RAND report underscores the need for informed policymaking as the landscape for psychedelic substances evolves, highlighting the importance of protecting both public health and the rights of Indigenous communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-have-magic-mushrooms-become-so-popular">Why have magic mushrooms become so popular?</h2>



<p>Magic mushrooms have become popular due to their perceived therapeutic benefits and the growing acceptance of psychedelic substances in mental health treatment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Studies suggest that compounds like psilocybin can help alleviate symptoms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-in-magic-mushrooms-effectively-treats-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, anxiety, and PTSD, leading to increased interest from both the medical community and the public. </p>



<p>Additionally, cultural shifts towards holistic and alternative therapies, along with the destigmatization of drug use, have contributed to their popularity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Personal testimonials and media coverage highlighting positive experiences have further fueled curiosity and acceptance. As research continues to support their potential benefits, the interest in magic mushrooms is likely to grow.</p>



<p>The report can be found <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2825-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Magic mushrooms are the most popular psychedelic drug

Magic mushrooms have become the most popular psychedelic substance in...

<p>The Sun, our life-giving star, holds a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-blasts-biggest-x-class-solar-flare-nineteen-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mesmerizing power</a> over our planet. Its gravitational pull keeps us in orbit, while its energy drives the seasons, ocean currents, and even the mesmerizing aurora borealis. But the Sun has a tempestuous side, capable of unleashing solar storms that can wreak havoc on Earth.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, through its groundbreaking missions and the International Space Station (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a>), is delving deep into the mysteries of the Sun and its impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunspot-region-ar3664-blasted-earth-mars-may-2024-still-very-active/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our planet</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-energy">Sun's energy</h2>



<p>Have you ever wondered how much solar energy Earth receives? The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) aboard the ISS is meticulously measuring just that. By quantifying the Sun's energy output, scientists gain valuable insights into our climate, atmosphere, and oceans.</p>



<p>Early data from the ISS's TSIS instrument, which has been meticulously measuring the Sun's energy output for five years, is already showing promise. Compared to its predecessor, the Solar Radiation and Climate satellite, TSIS has delivered more precise readings with less uncertainty. </p>



<p>This leap in accuracy is a game-changer, allowing scientists to fine-tune their predictions of space weather and better understand the fluctuations in the Sun's energy that influence our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-fury-nasa-captures-x2-8-flare-earth-braces-for-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-monitoring-sun-s-energy">A decade of monitoring Sun's energy</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>'s Solar mission, operating on the ISS for over a decade, has been instrumental in monitoring the Sun's energy output across various wavelengths. This data is essential for understanding how solar irradiance affects Earth's climate and weather patterns.</p>



<p>One of Solar's instruments, the Solar Variable and Irradiance Monitor, has significantly improved the accuracy of near-ultraviolet, visible, and thermal energy measurements. </p>



<p>Another instrument, the SOLar SPECtral Irradiance Measurement, uncovered notable discrepancies from earlier solar models, enhancing our understanding of the Sun's complex behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-light-show-powered-by-the-sun">Nature's light show powered by the Sun</h2>



<p>The mesmerizing aurora borealis, or Northern Lights, is a breathtaking display of nature's power. But did you know that these dancing lights are triggered by the Sun and its energy? Solar electrons interact with molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere, creating a symphony of colors.</p>



<p>"The colorful aurora borealis or Northern Lights and aurora australis or Southern Lights are created by the transfer of energy from solar electrons to molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere," stated the press release. Astronauts aboard the ISS have captured stunning images of these auroras, contributing to our understanding of their formation and dynamics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-student-satellites">Student satellites</h2>



<p>The involvement of students in space exploration is inspiring. The Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat, built by students at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, is a testament to their ingenuity. This satellite measures solar X-ray activity, helping scientists understand how it affects Earth's upper atmosphere.</p>



<p>Better data help scientists understand how solar events affect satellites, crewed missions, and infrastructure in space and on the ground. These efforts are crucial for ensuring the safety of future missions to the Moon and Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-solar-research">Importance of solar research</h2>



<p>Understanding the Sun's behavior is not just an academic pursuit; it has real-world implications. Solar storms can disrupt communication systems, damage satellites, and even affect power grids on Earth. By studying the Sun and its effects, we can develop better predictive models and mitigation strategies.</p>



<p>NASA's ongoing research, combined with the unique vantage point of the ISS, is unraveling the secrets of our star. With each discovery, we move closer to understanding the Sun's profound influence on our planet and beyond.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-solar-exploration">Future of solar exploration</h2>



<p>As we venture further into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a>, understanding the Sun's behavior becomes even more critical. NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis</a> missions to the Moon and future missions to Mars rely on accurate space weather predictions to ensure the safety of astronauts and spacecraft.</p>



<p>The influence of the Sun's energy extends far beyond our planet, shaping the environment of our entire solar system. By studying the Sun, we not only gain insights into our own world but also expand our understanding of the cosmos.</p>



<p>The future of solar exploration is bright, with new missions and technologies on the horizon. As we continue to explore the Sun's mysteries, we are sure to make even more groundbreaking discoveries that will shape our understanding of the universe.</p>



<p>This knowledge is key to protecting astronauts and spacecraft from the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracing-solar-wind-directly-to-its-source-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hazards</a> of sun's energy and solar storms, ensuring the safety and success of these monumental journeys.</p>



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Sun's fury: Secrets of solar energy storms

The Sun, our life-giving star, holds a mesmerizing power over...

<p>Astronomers have recently discovered an asteroid that tags along with our planet during its annual journey around the sun. Dubbed 2023 FW13, this asteroid is considered by experts to be a “quasi-moon” or “quasi-satellite.” </p>



<p>The asteroid was given this classification because it orbits the sun in a similar time frame as the Earth does. However, it is only slightly influenced by our planet’s gravitational pull.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroid-2023-fw13">Asteroid 2023 FW13</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-will-crash-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid</a> measures only 50 feet (15 meters) in diameter. It is located at a distance of about nine million miles (14 million kilometers) from the Earth. </p>



<p>2023 FW13 was first spotted on March 28, 2023 by the <a href="http://www2.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Pan-STARRS.shtml">Pan-STARRS</a> survey telescope. This telescope is located on the top of Haleakalā, a dormant volcano on the Hawaiian Island of Maui.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Soon after, its presence in the Earth’s vicinity was confirmed by the <a href="https://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/">Canada-France-Hawaii telescope</a> and two observatories in Arizona (the <a href="https://kpno.noirlab.edu/">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> and <a href="https://skycenter.arizona.edu/content/visit-skycenter">Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter</a>). </p>



<p>On April 1, it was officially listed by the <a href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/mpc.html">Minor Planet Center</a> at the International Astronomical Union. This is an organization responsible for designating new planets, moons, and other astronomical objects in our solar system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-classifying-2023-fw13-as-a-quasi-moon">Classifying 2023 FW13 as a quasi-moon</h2>



<p>This news caught the attention of journalist and astronomer Adrien Coffinet, who used an orbit simulator developed by amateur astronomer Tony Dunn to map the asteroid’s path. </p>



<p>The model showed that 2023 FW13 travels around the sun in the same amount of time the Earth does. However, it also circles around our planet. This led Coffinet to classify it as a “quasi-moon.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, as Alan Harris – a senior research scientist at the <a href="https://www.spacescience.org/index.php">Space Science Institute</a> in Boulder, Colorado – stresses, since the Earth plays essentially no role in the asteroid’s motion, its classification as a “quasi-satellite” may be a bit far-fetched.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-cosmic-companion-nbsp">Our cosmic companion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Regardless of its classification, 2023 FW13 seems to have been our planet’s cosmic companion since at least 100 BCE. It will most likely continue to follow the Earth in its orbit around the sun until around 3,700 CE. “It seems to be the longest quasi-satellite of Earth known to date,” Coffinet said.</p>



<p>Fortunately, despite hovering relatively close to our planet, this asteroid is unlikely to be on a collision course with the Earth. “The good news is, such an orbit doesn’t result in an impacting trajectory ‘out of the blue,’” Harris said.</p>



<p>According to Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), astronomical objects such as this one could act as “stepping stones” to Mars. </p>



<p>This means that spacecraft could soon access them due to their relatively low velocity. Their near-match to the Earth's orbit causes their speed.</p>



<p>A space mission trying to reach such asteroids “makes sense as a way to practice deep-space missions. Committing a crew and hardware to a longer mission to Mars needs practice. It’s a shakedown cruise,” Binzel concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-quasi-moon">What is a quasi-moon?</h2>



<p>A quasi-moon refers to a celestial object that, while not directly orbiting a planet, nonetheless shares a similar orbital path and maintains a steady, if not strict, relative position to that planet. </p>



<p>Unlike true <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/man-in-the-moon-craters-are-200-million-years-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>, which maintain a relatively consistent distance from their planet, quasi-moons may travel in complex paths relative to the planet. This is due to the combined gravitational influences of the planet and the Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Orbital characteristics</h3>



<p>Quasi-moons undertake a horseshoe or tadpole-like orbit. This means they are observed to move ahead of or behind a planet in its orbit around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-water-older-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Sun</a>. </p>



<p>This unusual orbit occurs because the gravitational pull between the quasi-moon, the planet, and the Sun creates a complex dynamic. This leads to a delicate balance in the trajectory of the quasi-moon.</p>



<p>When quasi-moons move ahead of the planet in its orbit, they gradually slow down and eventually fall behind, due to the planet's gravitational influence. </p>



<p>Similarly, when they fall behind, they eventually speed up and move ahead. This constant shifting creates a horseshoe shape when viewed from a fixed point in space, while the orbits appear as tadpole shapes when viewed from the perspective of the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Known quasi-moons</h3>



<p>Earth has two recognized quasi-moon. The first one discovered is named <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/lagrangian-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3753 Cruithne</a>. </p>



<p>First-observed in 1986, Cruithne is about 5 kilometers in diameter and takes approximately 770 years to complete one horseshoe-shaped orbit around the Earth. </p>



<p>Although it shares an orbital period with Earth, it is not considered a true moon due to its complex, non-elliptical orbit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Observation and research</h3>



<p>Quasi-moons present unique research opportunities for scientists. Their distinctive orbits make them ideal for studying the intricacies of celestial mechanics and gravitational influences. </p>



<p>Additionally, their proximity to their parent planets may also offer insights into the formation and evolution of planetary systems.</p>



<p>In the future, quasi-moons may also serve as stepping stones for space exploration. Missions to quasi-moons could provide valuable information about these celestial bodies and pave the way for further exploration of the solar system.</p>



<p>In summary, quasi-moons, though not true moons, play an important role in our understanding of the solar system. </p>



<p>Their distinctive orbits and interactions with their parent planets provide a wealth of information about gravitational dynamics and planetary system formation. As we continue to explore the cosmos, these celestial bodies will undoubtedly remain objects of great interest.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about asteroids</h2>



<p>Often described as minor planets or planetoids, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-asteroid-to-strike-earth-was-up-to-15-miles-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. </p>



<p>These celestial bodies mainly populate the Asteroid Belt, a region of space situated between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



<p>Asteroids vary greatly in size, from tiny specks of dust to large bodies nearly 1000 kilometers in diameter. These celestial objects often have irregular shapes, particularly the smaller ones, while some larger asteroids may have a more spherical shape.</p>



<p>Unlike planets, asteroids do not have a structured layered system. They consist of different kinds of rocks and metals with no atmospheric covering. </p>



<p>Some asteroids have moons, and there are even binary (double) systems where two asteroids of similar size orbit each other.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Classification</h3>



<p>Asteroids divide into three primary classes based on their composition: C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids, S-type (silicate) asteroids, and M-type (metallic) asteroids. C-type asteroids, the most common kind, have a dark, carbon-rich surface. </p>



<p>S-type asteroids, mainly composed of stony materials and nickel-iron, are slightly brighter. M-type asteroids are metallic (nickel-iron). The diverse composition of asteroids offers valuable insights into the early solar system's makeup and history.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Asteroid Belt</h3>



<p>The Asteroid Belt, located between Mars and Jupiter, hosts most of the asteroids in our solar system. The belt likely contains millions of asteroids, ranging widely in size. </p>



<p>Despite the large number of these objects, their wide spread across the vastness of space makes a spacecraft's chance of a collision relatively low.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Asteroids and Earth</h3>



<p>While most asteroids remain in the Asteroid Belt, some do make their way closer to Earth. These are known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/near-earth-asteroid-may-actually-be-a-miniature-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs)</a>. </p>



<p>Scientists <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-protect-earth-major-asteroid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitor these NEAs</a> closely due to the potential risk they pose. Historical evidence suggests that asteroid impacts have significantly affected Earth's ecosystem, including a leading theory that an asteroid impact led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Research and exploration</h3>



<p>Studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/near-earth-asteroid-may-actually-be-a-miniature-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> has become a major focus of modern space exploration. These old celestial bodies provide information about the solar system's history, potentially contributing to our understanding of the origin of life. </p>



<p>NASA and other international space agencies have sent several missions to investigate asteroids, including the notable <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/osiris-rex-will-soon-bid-farewell-to-asteroid-bennu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSIRIS-REx</a> and <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hayabusa-2/in-depth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hayabusa2</a> missions, which aimed to retrieve samples from asteroids and return them to Earth for study.</p>



<p>In summary, asteroids, the rocky remnants from the solar system's formation, offer a window into the past. Their diverse compositions and locations provide vital clues about the early solar system and the materials that contributed to planet formation. </p>



<p>As our exploration capabilities continue to grow, our understanding of these intriguing celestial objects will undoubtedly expand.</p>



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Earth's new 'quasi-moon' will stick around for thousands of years

Astronomers have recently discovered an asteroid that tags along with...

Quantum,Particles,,Quantum,Computer,,Galaxy-like

<p>In a significant leap for the field of quantum computing, <a href="https://www.google.com/">Google</a> has reportedly engineered a quantum computer that can execute calculations in mere moments that would take the world's most advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-computers-may-be-powered-by-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supercomputers</a> nearly half a century to process.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The news, reported by the Daily Telegraph, could signify a landmark moment in the evolution of this emerging technology.</p>



<p>Quantum computing, a science that takes advantage of the oddities of quantum physics, remains a fast-moving and somewhat contentious field.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> computers hold immense promise for potentially revolutionizing sectors like climate science and drug discovery. They offer computation speeds far beyond those of their classical counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-drawbacks-nbsp-of-quantum-computing">Potential drawbacks&nbsp;of quantum computing</h2>



<p>However, this advanced technology is not without its potential drawbacks. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> computers pose significant challenges for contemporary encryption systems, thus placing them high on the list of national security concerns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The contentious discussion continues. Critics argue that, despite the impressive milestones, these quantum machines still need to demonstrate more practicality outside of academic research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-capabilities-nbsp-of-google-s-quantum-computer">Astonishing capabilities&nbsp;of Google's quantum computer</h2>



<p>Google's latest iteration of its quantum machine, the <a href="https://quantumai.google/hardware" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sycamore quantum processor</a>, currently holds 70 qubits. This is a substantial leap from the 53 qubits of its earlier version. This makes the new processor approximately 241 million times more robust than the previous model.</p>



<p>As each qubit can exist in a state of zero, one, or both simultaneously, the capability of storing and processing this level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-break-internet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> information is an achievement that even the fastest classical computer, however rapid or slow, cannot match.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Google team, in a paper published on the arXiv pre-print server, remarked, "Quantum computers hold the promise of executing tasks beyond the capability of classical computers. We estimate the computational cost against improved classical methods and demonstrate that our experiment is beyond the capabilities of existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical supercomputers</a>."</p>



<p>Even the currently fastest classical computers, such as the Frontier supercomputer based in Tennessee, cannot rival the potential of quantum computers. </p>



<p>These traditional machines operate on the language of binary code, confined to a dual-state reality of zeroes and ones. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum paradigm</a>, however, transcends this limitation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-power">Revolutionary power</h2>



<p>It remains uncertain how much Google's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computer cost to create. Regardless, this development certainly holds the promise of transformative computational power.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, according to the Google team, it would take the Frontier supercomputer merely 6.18 seconds to match a calculation from Google's 53-qubit computer. </p>



<p>However, the same machine would take an astonishing 47.2 years to match a computation executed by Google's latest 70-qubit device.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-supremacy-nbsp">Quantum supremacy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Many experts in the field have praised Google's significant strides. Steve Brierley, chief executive of Cambridge-based quantum company Riverlane, labeled Google's advancement as a "major milestone." </p>



<p>He also added: "The squabbling about whether we had reached, or indeed could reach, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum supremacy</a> is now resolved."</p>



<p>Similarly, Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, commended Google for resolving a specific academic problem tough to compute on a conventional computer.</p>



<p>"Their most recent demonstration is yet another powerful demonstration that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computers are developing at a steady pace," said Professor Hensinger.</p>



<p>He stressed that the upcoming critical step would be the creation of quantum computers capable of correcting their inherent operational errors.</p>



<p>While IBM has not yet commented on Google's recent work, it is clear that this progress in the realm of quantum computing has caught the attention of researchers and companies worldwide. </p>



<p>This will open new prospects and competition in the evolution of computational technology. Let the games begin!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-quantum-computing">More about quantum computing</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> computing, a remarkable leap in technological advancement, holds the potential to redefine our computational capacities. </p>



<p>Harnessing the strange yet fascinating laws of quantum physics, it could significantly outperform classical computers in solving certain types of problems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basics-of-quantum-computing">Basics of Quantum Computing</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traditional computers</a> operate based on bits, which can be in a state of either 0 or 1. Quantum computers, on the other hand, operate on quantum bits, known as qubits. Unlike traditional bits, a qubit can exist in both states simultaneously, thanks to a quantum principle called superposition.</p>



<p>Superposition increases the computing power of a quantum computer exponentially. For example, two qubits can exist in four states simultaneously (00, 01, 10, 11), three qubits in eight states, and so on. This allows quantum computers to process a massive number of possibilities at once.</p>



<p>Another key quantum principle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-matter-solid-liquid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computers exploit is entanglement. Entangled qubits are deeply linked. Change the state of one qubit, and the state of its entangled partner will change instantaneously, no matter the distance. This feature allows quantum computers to process complex computations more efficiently.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-quantum-computers">Applications of Quantum Computers</h3>



<p>The unusual characteristics of quantum computing make it ideal for solving complex problems that classical computers struggle with.</p>



<p>Cryptography is a notable area where quantum computing can make a significant difference. The capacity to factor large numbers quickly makes quantum computers a threat to current encryption systems but also opens the door for the development of more secure quantum encryption methods.</p>



<p>In the field of medicine, quantum computing could enable the modeling of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-do-high-energy-particles-come-from/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex molecular structures</a>, speeding up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-anti-aging-drugs-using-ai-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drug discovery</a>. Quantum simulations could offer insights into new materials and processes that might take years to discover through experimentation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-quantum-computing">Challenges in Quantum Computing</h3>



<p>Despite its promising potential, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing is not without challenges. Quantum states are delicate, and maintaining them for a practical length of time -- known as quantum coherence -- is a significant hurdle. </p>



<p>The slightest environmental interference can cause qubits to lose their state, a phenomenon known as decoherence.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossible-quantum-effects-observed-atoms-positioned-closely-together/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> error correction is another daunting challenge. Due to the fragility of qubits, errors are more likely to occur in quantum computations than classical ones. </p>



<p>Developing efficient error correction methods that don't require a prohibitive number of qubits remains a central focus in quantum computing research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-quantum-computing">Future of Quantum Computing</h3>



<p>While quantum computing is still in its infancy, the rapid pace of innovation signals a promising future. Tech giants like IBM, Google, and Microsoft, as well as numerous startups, are making significant strides in quantum computing research.</p>



<p>In the coming years, we can expect quantum computers to continue growing in power and reliability. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> supremacy -- a point where quantum computers surpass classical computers in computational capabilities -- may be closer than we think.</p>



<p>Quantum computing represents a thrilling frontier, promising to reshape how we tackle complex problems. As research and development persist, we inch closer to unlocking the full potential of this revolutionary technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-supercomputers">More about supercomputers</h2>



<p>Supercomputers are high-performance computing machines capable of processing data at super high speeds in comparison to conventional computers. </p>



<p>Renowned for their significant computational power, they perform tasks involving complex calculations that typical computers cannot manage.</p>



<p>Scientists, researchers, and governments use supercomputers to solve intricate problems in areas like quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, and biochemical modeling.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history">History</h3>



<p>The history of supercomputers dates back to the 1960s when the first supercomputer, CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation, made its appearance. </p>



<p>Over the years, supercomputers underwent numerous advancements, transitioning from single processor systems to parallel computing designs.</p>



<p>The advent of parallel computing in the 1970s and 1980s allowed supercomputers to increase their computing power exponentially. This involved the use of more than one processor to divide tasks and conduct computations simultaneously. </p>



<p>In the 1990s, massively parallel computers like the Thinking Machine’s CM-5 started utilizing thousands of processors, marking a significant leap in supercomputing power.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-design-and-architecture">Design and Architecture</h3>



<p>Supercomputers possess unique designs and architectures to accommodate their advanced computing needs. Initially, vector processors were common in supercomputers, but with technological advancements, scalar processors and parallel processing became more prevalent.</p>



<p>Contemporary supercomputers use a variety of architectures. The majority utilize a massively parallel processing (MPP) approach. MPP allows supercomputers to divide large tasks into smaller ones for simultaneous processing by multiple processors. </p>



<p>Some supercomputers also use grid computing where they link geographically dispersed computers to form a supercomputer.</p>



<p>The architecture of a supercomputer requires meticulous planning and design to accommodate the heat generated by the processors and ensure efficient data transmission. As such, engineers design the infrastructure and cooling systems in a way that maximizes performance and minimizes energy usage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-performance-metrics">Performance Metrics</h3>



<p>The performance of supercomputers is typically measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second), a unit that indicates the speed of calculations. The fastest supercomputers today perform at exaFLOPS levels, that is, they can perform a quintillion floating-point calculations per second.</p>



<p>To rank supercomputers based on their performance, the Top500 project publishes a list twice a year. The rankings depend on a supercomputer's performance in running the LINPACK benchmark, a software library that measures a machine's ability to solve dense systems of linear equations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications">Applications</h3>



<p>Supercomputers find applications in diverse fields. In weather forecasting, they simulate climate models to predict future weather conditions. </p>



<p>The field of space exploration uses supercomputers to simulate and model celestial bodies and galaxies. In the field of physics, supercomputers perform complex simulations like particle collision in particle physics and nuclear fusion experiments.</p>



<p>Moreover, supercomputers play a pivotal role in medical research, helping to model and understand the structures of viruses, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms. </p>



<p>They also facilitate drug discovery and development by simulating the interaction of molecules with biological targets. Governments also use supercomputers for cryptanalysis, decoding encrypted data for national security purposes.</p>



<p>Supercomputers have played, and continue to play, a critical role in scientific discovery and technological advancement. By pushing the boundaries of computational power, they enable the resolution of complex problems across a multitude of domains, ranging from meteorology to quantum physics. </p>



<p>As technologies like quantum computing evolve, the potential of supercomputers will continue to expand, revolutionizing the landscape of high-performance computing.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Quantum computer built by Google can instantly execute a task that would normally take 47 years

In a significant leap for the field of quantum computing,...

<p>Ice sheets, the massive frozen expanses covering Antarctica, are harboring a hidden threat beneath their surface. Recent research has uncovered a new tipping point in the melting of these colossal ice formations, potentially leading to more rapid sea level rise than previously anticipated.</p>



<p>The discovery could revolutionize our understanding of global warming's impact on coastal areas worldwide.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by scientists at the British Antarctic Survey (<a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BAS</a>), sheds light on a critical process that current climate models have overlooked.</p>



<p>"We have identified the possibility of a new tipping-point in Antarctic ice sheet melting. This means our projections of sea level rise might be significant underestimates," said Dr. Alex Bradley, an ice dynamics researcher at BAS and lead author of the paper.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-sheet-dynamics-the-grounding-zone">Ice sheet dynamics: The grounding zone</h2>



<p>The research focuses on a crucial area beneath ice sheets known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grounding zone</a>. This is where land-based ice meets the sea, initiating a slow but steady process of ice movement into the surrounding ocean. Over time, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-natural-process-is-making-antarcticas-ice-melt-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice melts</a>, contributing significantly to global sea level rise.</p>



<p>What makes this study particularly noteworthy is its novel approach to modeling how seawater interacts with the ice sheet at this critical juncture. </p>



<p>The researchers examined how water seeps between the land and the ice sheet, affecting localized melting and potentially lubricating the bed. This lubrication could dramatically influence the speed at which ice slides towards the sea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-changes-big-consequences">Small changes, big consequences</h2>



<p>"Ice sheets are very sensitive to melting in their grounding zones. We find that grounding zone melting displays a 'tipping point like' behavior, where a very small change in ocean temperature can cause a very big increase in grounding zone melting, which would lead to a very big change in flow of the ice above it," explained Dr. Bradley.</p>



<p>This tipping point occurs due to a feedback loop: as warm water melts the ice in the grounding zone, it creates new cavities. </p>



<p>These cavities allow more warm water to enter, leading to further melting and larger cavities. The process snowballs, with even small temperature increases potentially causing dramatic changes in melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-ice-sheet-models">Improving ice sheet models</h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning is that this newly discovered process is not currently accounted for in the models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/">IPCC</a>) and other leading climate research organizations.</p>



<p>This oversight may explain why ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland appear to be shrinking faster than expected.</p>



<p>Dr. Bradley and his team are now working to incorporate these findings into existing models. "This is missing physics, which isn't in our ice sheet models. They don't have the ability to simulate melting beneath grounded ice, which we think is happening. We're working on putting that into our models now."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-coastal-communities">Implications for coastal communities</h2>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond the realm of scientific inquiry. As our understanding of ice sheet dynamics improves, so too must our preparations for the future. </p>



<p>Coastal communities worldwide may need to reassess their adaptation strategies in light of potentially accelerated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-a-greener-greenland-reveals-shocking-reality-of-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.</p>



<p>By incorporating this new tipping point into climate models, researchers hope to provide more accurate projections. This enhanced accuracy could prove crucial for policymakers and urban planners as they work to protect vulnerable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal areas</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-race-against-ice-sheet-melt">The race against ice sheet melt</h2>



<p>The warming of our planet has intensified the urgency to understand and mitigate climate change impacts. This groundbreaking study highlights the intricate and often concealed processes shaping Earth's ice sheets.</p>



<p>While the newly discovered tipping point is concerning, it also presents an opportunity for scientific advancement. By refining our models and deepening our comprehension of ice sheet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics</a>, we can enhance our preparedness for future challenges.</p>



<p>As climate change realities unfold, this knowledge becomes crucial. It will guide the development of robust, adaptive strategies for coastal communities worldwide, helping them navigate the uncertainties of rising sea levels.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01465-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Antarctic ice sheet melting: New tipping point discovered

Ice sheets, the massive frozen expanses covering Antarctica, are harboring...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Trunk Bay is a body of water and a beach on St. John in the United States Virgin Islands. Trunk Bay is part of the Virgin Islands National Park. Trunk Bay is named for the Leatherback turtle, which is endemic to the U.S.V.I. and is locally known as trunks.</p>


Trunk Bay, St. John