Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Klinaklini Glacier, located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.



Klinaklini Glacier is notable for its size and the role it plays in the regional environment. It is part of a larger system of glaciers and ice fields in the area, which are critical for their contribution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> resources and their influence on local climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-klinaklini-glacier-and-climate-change">Klinaklini Glacier and climate change</h2>



Klinaklini is particularly interesting due to its dynamics and response to climate change. Like many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> around the world, it is being closely monitored for changes in its size, flow, and overall health. 



Glaciers in the Coast Mountains, including Klinaklini, have been studied for their response to global warming, with many showing signs of retreat and reduced ice mass.



"Decades of satellite images of western Canada make it clear that the region’s glaciers are shrinking and that the rate of ice loss is accelerating," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In 1984, there were 14,329 glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta that were large enough to detect with sensors on the Landsat 5 satellite."



"By 2020, nearly 8 percent of them - 1,141 glaciers - had shrunk so much that newer Landsat sensors could no longer distinguish them, according to research conducted by University of Northern British Columbia glaciologists Alexandre Bevington and Brian Menounos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-the-klinaklini-glacier">Ecological role of the Klinaklini Glacier </h2>



Klinaklini Glacier also plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. It feeds into the Klinaklini River, which is an important waterway for the region. 



The river supports a variety of wildlife, including salmon populations that are vital both ecologically and economically for local communities.



Studies conducted on and around the Klinaklini Glacier contribute to the understanding of glaciology, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, and hydrology. 



This research is essential for predicting future changes in the glacier and for understanding the broader impacts of climate change on glacial systems globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coast-mountains-of-british-columbia">Coast Mountains of British Columbia </h2>



The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are a striking and expansive mountain range forming part of the Pacific Coast Ranges in western North America. 



Stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers from the Fraser River near Vancouver in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north, the range is known for its rugged beauty and significant ecological and cultural importance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-of-the-mountains">Geography of the mountains</h3>



Geographically, the Coast Mountains are positioned between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Interior Plateau to the east.



They are divided into three main sections: the Pacific Ranges in the south, the Kitimat Ranges in the central region, and the Boundary Ranges in the north, which extend into Alaska and Yukon. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-processes">Geological processes</h3>



The range's dramatic landscapes include steep peaks, fjords, and valleys carved by ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, highlighting the lasting influence of glaciation on the region.



Geologically, the Coast Mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, formed by volcanic and tectonic activity. 



Their granitic composition is a result of millions of years of geological processes. Mount Waddington, the highest peak in the range at 4,019 meters, stands as a notable landmark in the Pacific Ranges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife">Climate and wildlife</h3>



The climate of the Coast Mountains varies significantly depending on location. The western slopes are characterized by a temperate rainforest climate, with high levels of precipitation brought by moist Pacific air. 



In contrast, the eastern slopes are drier, with semi-arid conditions in some areas. This climatic diversity supports a wide range of ecosystems, from lush coastal rainforests to alpine tundra. 



The region is home to diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-recreation-noise-triggers-fear-response-in-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, including black bears, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and numerous bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreation-and-culture">Recreation and culture</h3>



The Coast Mountains are a popular destination for recreation and tourism. Activities such as hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering draw visitors from around the world - particularly to destinations like Whistler, a renowned resort town in the Pacific Ranges. 



The fjords and valleys of the range provide opportunities for kayaking, fishing, and scenic exploration.



Indigenous peoples, including the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, and Squamish, have lived in and around the Coast Mountains for millennia. 



These groups maintain a deep connection to the land, reflected in their stories, traditions, and art. The mountains are not only a physical presence but also a vital cultural and spiritual landscape.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Klinaklini Glacier in British Columbia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Messier 78 (M78), a reflection nebula located in the constellation Orion about 1,350 light-years away from Earth. 



This image was released as part of the initial series of observations from ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a>.&nbsp;



All data collected during these early observations, including a series of incredible <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid/Euclid_s_first_images_the_dazzling_edge_of_darkness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new views</a> of the nearby universe, is available to the public. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-messier-78">Image of Messier 78</h2>



Featured here is a high-resolution, detailed segment of a larger image showcasing Messier 78, a dynamic region of star formation obscured by cosmic dust.&nbsp;



This specific view highlights how young stars generate winds of charged particles, carving out “cavities” in the molecular clouds around them.&nbsp;



The blue hues in the image represent ionized atomic hydrogen, which is a primary component of the cloud, while the red indicates the absorption and scattering of light by dust particles.



The image captures hundreds of stars varying in brightness, illuminating their nebulous, purple surroundings. A dark, arch-like structure stretches from the upper left to the bottom right of the frame, merging into the densest, darkest clouds at the image’s base.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-site-of-star-formation-nbsp">Active site of star formation&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is not just a single nebula but part of a larger complex of stars and nebulous regions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a>, which includes various other objects like dark nebulae that are visible as patches blocking light from behind.



This region is an active site of star formation, featuring many young stars and protostars, which are stars in the early stages of formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-messier-78">Viewing Messier 78</h2>



M78 is easily observable with small telescopes, and it appears as a hazy patch of light with two prominent stars near its center, which illuminate the surrounding dust.&nbsp;



The nebula is also a favorite among amateur astronomers for its beauty and relatively bright appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subject-of-scientific-interest-nbsp">Subject of scientific interest&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is fascinating not only for its visual beauty but also for its scientific interest, particularly in the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> and interstellar matter.&nbsp;



The nebula consists of dense, cold gas and dust, which are essential ingredients for the birth of new stars.&nbsp;



The intense blue light that characterizes M78 is due to the reflection of starlight off these dust particles, a process known as scattering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-region-surrounding-messier-78-nbsp">Region surrounding Messier 78&nbsp;</h2>



The region surrounding M78 includes several other interesting features. For instance, there are Herbig-Haro objects within it, which are small patches of nebulosity associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">newly born stars</a>.&nbsp;



These objects are formed when gas ejected by young stars collides with clouds of gas and dust at high speeds, creating shock waves that glow brightly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earliest-stages-of-star-development-nbsp">Earliest stages of star development&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, infrared observations of M78 have revealed much about the dust and colder objects in the area, which are not visible in optical light.&nbsp;



The observations have helped astronomers identify numerous young stars and brown dwarfs (objects that are too large to be planets and too small to be stars) within the nebula. 



This makes M78 a critical area for studying the earliest stages of star development and the properties of the interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp-0">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-batch-of-brilliant-images-from-the-euclid-mission-live-up-to-the-hype/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a> is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission designed to study the dark universe, particularly focusing on dark energy and dark matter, which are fundamental components that are believed to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe and shape its large-scale structure.&nbsp;



The mission aims to map the geometry of the dark universe and better understand the physics of the cosmos.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-billions-of-galaxies-nbsp">Observing billions of galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Euclid uses two primary scientific instruments: a visible light camera (VIS) and a near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP).&nbsp;



These instruments will allow Euclid to measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies at distances of up to 10 billion light-years. By surveying more than a third of the sky, the mission is expected to observe several billion galaxies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-dark-universe-nbsp">Studying the dark universe&nbsp;</h3>



The data collected will help astronomers in studying the effects of dark matter and dark energy in depth, testing cosmological models, and exploring new theories about the nature of the universe.&nbsp;



The mission, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, seeks to address key questions related to the structure of the universe and the fundamental laws of physics governing its evolution and expansion.



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Messier 78: Young stars shine through dense dust

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a flood control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods. 



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which is located 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



“A prominent bar of stars stretches across the center of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disk takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye,” said <a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-hubble-spies-spiral-galaxy-ngc.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“As NGC 2566 appears to gaze at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy's star clusters and star-forming regions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-appearance-of-ngc-2566">Complex appearance of NGC 2566</h2>



NGC 2566 lies at a considerable distance from Earth, making it a challenging object for amateur astronomers to observe in detail without powerful telescopes.&nbsp;



It can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere sky and is better observed from locations with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-light-pollution-influences-interest-in-astronomy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxy's arms are populated with young, bright stars, regions of active star formation, and interstellar gas and dust - giving it a dynamic and complex appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-ages-of-stars">Measuring the ages of stars</h2>



According to NASA, data from Hubble is especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old. “These stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive.”



“Using these data, researchers can measure the ages of NGC 2566's stars, which helps piece together the timeline of the galaxy's star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and the stars themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-galaxies">Star formation in galaxies</h2>



Star formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> is a fascinating and complex process that unfolds over millions of years. It begins in vast clouds of gas and dust, known as molecular clouds, which are often found in the spiral arms of galaxies or in regions of irregular or starburst galaxies.&nbsp;



These clouds provide the raw material for star formation, consisting primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements.



As the molecular clouds collapse under their own gravity, regions within them begin to condense and fragment, forming dense clumps. Within these clumps, protostars emerge. Their formation is driven by the gravitational pull drawing in surrounding gas. 



During this process, the gas heats up due to increasing pressure, eventually igniting nuclear fusion in the core, signaling the birth of a new star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-star-formation-nbsp-across-galaxies">Rate of star formation&nbsp;across galaxies</h2>



The rate of star formation varies across galaxies is influenced by numerous factors. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, star formation is most active in the spiral arms, where density waves compress gas and dust, triggering the collapse of molecular clouds. 



In contrast, elliptical galaxies, which often have little cold gas and dust, typically exhibit low rates of star formation or none at all.



Starburst galaxies, on the other hand, experience episodes of exceptionally high star formation, often triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/">galactic collisions</a> or interactions. 



These events can funnel large amounts of gas into central regions, leading to intense star-forming activity. However, such bursts are usually short-lived on cosmic timescales, exhausting the available gas quickly.



The environment within a galaxy also plays a significant role. Stellar winds and supernova explosions from existing stars can both inhibit and promote star formation. They may disperse gas, preventing further collapse, or compress nearby clouds, triggering new star formation.&nbsp;



Over time, as galaxies evolve, the availability of gas diminishes, leading to a gradual decline in star formation activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puppis-constellation-nbsp">The Puppis constellation&nbsp;</h2>



The Puppis constellation in the southern sky represents the stern of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation known as Argo Navis, which depicted the mythical ship of Jason and the Argonauts. 



However, Argo Navis was later divided into three separate constellations: Puppis, Carina (the keel), and Vela (the sails). Puppis is the largest of these three and contains many notable celestial objects.



This constellation is home to several bright stars, including Naos (Zeta Puppis), a hot, massive star that emits intense ultraviolet radiation. Puppis also hosts a wide variety of deep-sky objects, such as open <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-star-clusters-captured-in-the-extreme-outskirts-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and nebulae. 



Among these, Messier 46 and Messier 47 stand out. Both are beautiful star clusters that are visible through binoculars or small telescopes. The region is dense with stars because it lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, making it a prime area for stargazing and astrophotography. 



Image Credit: NASA



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NGC 2566: A cosmic eye in the Puppis constellation

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral...

Over the past decade, there's been growing concern about the staggering rates of suicide. Now, a remarkable study from Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) offers a ray of hope. The study illustrates how artificial intelligence (AI) alerts can aid doctors in identifying patients at a higher risk for suicide.



Led by Dr. Colin Walsh, the research team tested the Vanderbilt Suicide Attempt and Ideation Likelihood (VSAIL) model. This AI-driven system aimed to prompt suicide risk screening in three VUMC neurology clinics. 



The findings, published in the journal JAMA Network Open, demonstrate that interruptive alerts - which actively notify doctors during their workflow - were far more effective than passive notifications embedded in electronic charts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-driven-alerts-for-suicide-risks">AI-driven alerts for suicide risks</h2>



The study compared two types of AI-driven alerts. Interruptive alerts actively interrupted the doctor's workflow by appearing as pop-up notifications during a patient consultation. 



This required the doctor to acknowledge and address the alert immediately, thus ensuring that they took action right away.



Passive alerts provided the same risk information but did so in a less direct way. The information was displayed within the patient's electronic medical chart, where it could be seen but did not actively prompt the doctor to take immediate action. 



This approach avoided interrupting the workflow but relied on the doctor noticing and acting on the information independently.



The study found interruptive alerts to be more effective at prompting doctors to conduct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-who-were-born-prematurely-are-more-prone-to-suicide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suicide risk</a> assessments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interruptive-alerts-reduced-suicide-risk">Interruptive alerts reduced suicide risk</h2>



The results were striking. The team found that interruptive alerts led to suicide risk assessments in 42% of cases, while passive alerts resulted in assessments in only 4% of cases.



“Most people who die by suicide have seen a health care provider in the year before their death, often for reasons unrelated to mental health. But universal screening isn’t practical in every setting. We developed VSAIL to help identify high-risk patients and prompt focused screening conversations,” said Dr. Walsh.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suicide-a-growing-public-health-crisis">Suicide: A growing public health crisis</h2>



Suicide rates in the United States have been increasing steadily, with 14.2 deaths per 100,000 people annually. Suicide is now the 11th <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stock-market-volatility-increases-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-suicide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest cause of death</a> nationwide.



The researchers noted that 77% of individuals who die by suicide have seen a primary care provider within the year before their death. These figures highlight the critical need for better ways to identify and support individuals at risk.



The VSAIL model offers a significant advance in addressing this challenge. It uses data from routine electronic health records to assess a patient's 30-day risk of attempting suicide.



In prior testing, VSAIL demonstrated its effectiveness by identifying high-risk individuals, with one in 23 flagged patients later reporting suicidal thoughts. This capability positions VSAIL as a powerful tool for targeted suicide prevention efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-high-risk-patients">Identifying high-risk patients </h2>



The new study involved 7,732 patient visits over six months, which triggered 596 suicide alerts.



Researchers focused on neurology clinics, as certain neurological conditions carry heightened suicide risks. Of the flagged visits, only about 8% prompted alerts, highlighting the model’s efficiency in busy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-alert-doctors-when-patients-might-get-sicker/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clinical environments</a>.



During the 30-day follow-up, no flagged patients reported suicidal ideation or attempts. However, the team noted potential downsides, such as “alert fatigue,” where frequent notifications could overwhelm clinicians. Future studies will explore this balance.



“Health care systems need to balance the effectiveness of interruptive alerts against their potential downsides,” Walsh noted. 



“But these results suggest that automated risk detection combined with well-designed alerts could help us identify more patients who need suicide prevention services.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-suicide-alerts">Broader implications of suicide alerts</h2>



The study’s success suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/truth-deception-future-of-ai-artificial-intelligence-lie-detection-machines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar systems</a> could benefit other medical settings. By selectively flagging high-risk patients, AI models like VSAIL offer a feasible and impactful approach to suicide prevention.



“The automated system flagged only about 8% of all patient visits for screening. This selective approach makes it more feasible for busy clinics to implement suicide prevention efforts,” Dr. Walsh concluded.



The research was conducted by a multidisciplinary team from VUMC, including Dr. Michael Ripperger, Dr. Laurie Novak, and co-senior authors Dr. William Stead and Dr. Kevin Johnson. 



The study paves the way for innovative, AI-driven interventions that could save lives and redefine suicide prevention in healthcare.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2828654" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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AI alerts improve suicide prevention in clinics

Over the past decade, there's been growing concern about the...

Have you ever felt stuck in a loop, repeating the same sequence of events over and over again? Like Bill Murray in the movie&nbsp;Groundhog Day, bacteria in Wisconsin’s Lake Mendota appear stuck in a perpetual cycle - but in this case, it’s more aptly described as a "Groundhog Year."



According to a study published in the journal Nature Microbiology, scientists observed that most bacterial species in the lake undergo rapid genetic changes over a year, only to return to near-identical genetic states the next year.



This cyclical evolution offers new insights into microbial ecology and how organisms adapt to their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-cycles-of-lake-bacteria">Evolutionary cycles of lake bacteria</h2>



Lake Mendota’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-walking-ecosystems-and-microbes-rule-their-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial species</a> evolve rapidly in response to the lake’s dramatic seasonal changes. Winters cover the lake in ice, while summers foster algal blooms.



These environmental shifts allow specific bacterial strains to dominate during one season - only to give way to others that are better suited for different conditions at another time of year. This seasonal loop plays out year after year, and creates a pattern akin to rewinding and replaying a movie.



“I was surprised that such a large portion of the bacterial community was undergoing this type of change,” said Robin Rohwer, the study’s lead researcher and a postdoctoral scientist at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas Austin</a>.



“I was hoping to observe just a couple of cool examples, but there were literally hundreds.”



Rohwer began this work during her doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison under Trina McMahon, and continued the research at UT Austin. The study marks a breakthrough in understanding the adaptations of Lake Mendota's bacteria under natural, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic conditions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-archive-of-bacterial-dna">Unique archive of bacterial DNA</h2>



The researchers used an unprecedented dataset: 471 water samples collected over 20 years by <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW-Madison</a> scientists as part of <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>-funded monitoring projects. 



These samples provided the longest metagenome time series ever collected from a natural system. By reconstructing bacterial genomes from fragmented DNA, the team mapped genetic changes across generations.



“This study is a total game changer in our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-could-cause-a-health-crisis-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial communities</a> change over time,” said Brett Baker, a co-author and researcher at UT Austin. “This is just the beginning of what these data will tell us about microbial ecology and evolution in nature.”



The work revealed not just seasonal cycles but also longer-lasting genetic shifts. For example, during 2012’s unusually hot and dry summer, when algal levels were low, many bacterial species underwent significant changes in genes related to nitrogen metabolism.



This suggests that environmental extremes can drive sustained evolutionary adaptations in lake bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-change">Implications for climate change</h2>



Climate models predict more frequent extreme weather events for the Midwestern U.S., similar to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-use-biological-clocks-to-predict-and-survive-cold-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a> seen at Lake Mendota in 2012 .



Rohwer believes this study offers a window into how microbial communities might respond to both gradual and abrupt climate changes.



“Climate change is slowly shifting the seasons and average temperatures, but also causing more abrupt, extreme weather events,” said Rohwer. “Our study suggests they will evolve in response to both these gradual and abrupt changes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-innovations-in-genomic-research">Technological innovations in genomic research</h2>



The team relied on the <a href="https://tacc.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Advanced Computing Center</a>’s supercomputing resources to reconstruct over 30,000 genomes from roughly 2,800 species. Without such technology, the analysis of the Lake's bacteria would have taken 34 years on a standard laptop.



“Imagine each species’ genome is a book, and each little DNA fragment is a sentence,” Rohwer explained. 



“Each sample has hundreds of books, all cut up into these sentences. To reassemble each book, you have to figure out which book each sentence came from and put them back together in order.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-bacteria-reveal-nature-s-complexity"> Lake bacteria reveal nature’s complexity</h2>



The study on the evolution of Lake Mendota bacteria highlights the intricate and resilient nature of microbial communities. 



While their short lifespans allow for rapid evolution, these bacteria also demonstrate remarkable stability, repeatedly returning to near-original states despite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-microbes-discovered-in-2-billion-year-old-rocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental pressures</a>. 



This discovery highlights the complexity of microbial ecology and its role in broader environmental systems.



As climate change continues to alter ecosystems, studies like this provide vital insights into how life adapts. They also emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring and advanced computational tools in uncovering the secrets of the natural world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-024-01888-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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Bacteria in Lake Mendota keep evolving but never change

Have you ever felt stuck in a loop, repeating the...

Nanopore technology represents humanity's latest weapon in the ongoing battle against diseases. From ancient herbal remedies to modern medical breakthroughs, our efforts to conquer illness have been relentless.



This small but mighty innovation, developed by researchers at the University of California, Riverside, promises faster and more accurate diagnostics and paves the way for a new era in healthcare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-diagnostics">A new era of diagnostics</h2>



The researchers at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> have meticulously crafted a diagnostic tool based on nanopore technology. This innovation uses electrical signals from individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-molecule-discovery-will-force-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> to identify diseases.



The delicacy of this operation lies in the minute size of these molecules, which are generally certain DNA or protein molecules, approximately one-billionth of a meter wide.



The breakthrough, according to Kevin Freedman, assistant professor of bioengineering at UCR, is the ability to "get useful data from just a single molecule."



“This level of sensitivity could make a real difference in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-diagnose-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease diagnostics</a>,” he added. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gateway-for-molecules-to-pass">A gateway for molecules to pass</h2>



To capture the faint whispers of these minute molecules, Freedman's lab designed electronic detectors that emulate neurons in the brain by retaining "memories" of molecules that had previously passed through.



A nanopore, which is an extremely tiny opening, is the circuit's star player. It serves as a gateway for the molecules to pass, one at a time.



The sophisticated detector registers the reduction in the flow of ions due to the passage of a protein or DNA molecule.



This is not merely a detection process. The special feature of this model is the role of the nanopore not just as a sensor but also as an inherent filter. 



It reduces the background noise from other molecules, thus enhancing the signal clarity and maintaining the accuracy of diagnosis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-early-detection">The promise of early detection</h2>



Imagine a small diagnostic kit, no larger than a USB drive, that could help detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotics-for-childhood-infections-are-becoming-ineffective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infections</a> in their budding stage. This reality isn't far off.



Freedman projects that nanopore sensors could detect infections within 24 to 48 hours, in contrast to today's tests that often require several days. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-blood-test-diagnoses-heart-attacks-in-minutes-not-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> could be pivotal, especially in rapidly spreading diseases, and enable timely intervention and treatment.



“Nanopores offer a way to catch infections sooner - before symptoms appear and before the disease spreads,” said Freedman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-detection-the-footprints-of-proteins">Beyond detection: The footprints of proteins</h2>



The tool's potential isn't limited to diagnostics. Proteins, the building blocks of life, sometimes exhibit minute changes in their structure, which can have significant implications for health.



By measuring these subtle differences, the nanopore device could help doctors tailor more personalized treatments for patients.



This nanopore technology also brings researchers a step closer to a biology holy grail: single molecule protein <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complete-sequencing-of-the-human-genome-reveals-new-findings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sequencing</a>. 



Unlike DNA sequencing, which reveals genetic instructions, protein sequencing provides a more profound understanding of how those instructions are expressed and modified in real time. 



"There's a lot of momentum toward developing protein sequencing because it will give us insights we can’t get from DNA alone," Freedman said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nanopores-the-future-is-here">Nanopores: The future is here</h2>



The evolution of this technology doesn't stop here. Freedman sees this as a signpost to how the future of biological research and diagnostics may look. 



He is optimistic that nanopore technology will soon become a standard feature in both research and healthcare tools, potentially even in home diagnostic kits.



In the quest for personalized medicine, this tool propels us one step closer. “I’m confident that nanopores will become part of everyday life,” Freedman said. “This discovery could change how we’ll use them moving forward.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-nanopore-technology">Scaling nanopore technology</h2>



While nanopore technology currently thrives in laboratory settings, its real-world applications are also expanding rapidly.



Researchers are exploring ways to miniaturize and mass-produce these devices, making them more accessible for clinics, fieldwork, and even at-home diagnostics. 



A future where patients could self-test for infections or monitor chronic conditions using a pocket-sized device is within reach.



The versatility of nanopore technology also extends to resource-limited settings. In areas lacking advanced laboratory infrastructure, portable diagnostic kits could transform healthcare delivery by providing quick and reliable results without the need for extensive equipment. 



This could revolutionize the management of infectious diseases, particularly in outbreak-prone regions.



As advances continue, nanopores are set to bridge the gap between cutting-edge research and practical, lifesaving solutions, and will potentially bring precision diagnostics to a global audience.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01829-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Nanotechnology</a>.



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Nanopores: A game-changer in early disease detection

Nanopore technology represents humanity's latest weapon in the ongoing battle...

Many of the foods we enjoy, such as apples, almonds, and pumpkin spices, rely on pollinators like bees and butterflies. These organisms play a critical role in producing one-third of our food supply and significantly impact the quality, flavor, and market value of crops.



A recent study&nbsp;by researchers from the University of Göttingen sheds light on this underexplored yet critical aspect of agriculture.



Pollinators influence crop quality through their movement across plantations and the variety of plants they visit. However, current strategies tend to focus heavily on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollen-wars-plants-compete-for-space-on-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supporting pollinators</a> while neglecting the importance of plant quality.



The researchers argue that understanding species-specific pollinator behavior and strategic crop variety distribution can significantly enhance fruit quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollination-s-impact-on-global-agriculture">Pollination’s impact on global agriculture</h2>



Animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-honey-bee-day-protecting-our-vital-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a> plays a vital role in global agriculture, contributing to two-thirds of the world's most important crops. 



These crops - such as fruits, nuts, and pulses - rely on pollinators like bees and are valued at hundreds of billions of US dollars annually. Beyond supporting food production, animal pollination ensures the supply of essential nutrients.



For instance, pollinator-dependent crops provide over 90% of the dietary vitamin C we consume, along with substantial levels of carotenoids and antioxidants, which are crucial for human health.



Pollinators, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>, directly enhance the nutritional and commercial value of crops. In the case of rapeseed, bees increase its polyunsaturated fatty acid and total oil content, making the crop healthier and more valuable. 



Similarly, they improve avocado production by boosting the oil content and increasing the fruit's weight, leading to better quality and higher market value. This highlights the indispensable role of animal pollination not just in crop yields but also in enhancing food quality and nutritional benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinators-and-fruit-quality">Pollinators and fruit quality</h2>



The research highlights that not all pollinators or crops are the same when it comes to improving fruit quality. The type of pollinator species, the variety of the crop, and the quality of the pollen they transfer all play crucial roles in determining the final quality of the fruit.



If there are changes in how pollinators behave or in the arrangement of plants within a field, cross-pollination between different plant varieties might not happen effectively. This can lead to reduced fruit quality or failed pollination altogether.



Therefore, it is not just about having enough pollinators present, but also ensuring the right types of pollinators <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-plants-generate-heat-to-attract-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interact with crops</a> in the right ways and at the right times. 



The spatial movement of pollinators and how they engage with different plant varieties in the field are key factors in producing high-quality crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-quality-oriented-research">The need for quality-oriented research</h2>



The study was conducted by Professor Teja Tscharntke, Dr. Carolina Ocampo-Ariza, and Dr. Wiebke Kämper from the Functional Agrobiodiversity and Agroecology Group at the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a>.



“The results of our review show that future research should not only focus on the quantity but also more on the quality of the crops. After all, a better nutrient composition benefits the health of consumers,” noted the researchers.



They advocate for the following: promoting cross-pollination by considering crop variety and pollen quality; comparing the quality of self-pollinated and cross-pollinated varieties; and designing cultivated areas and landscapes to maximize pollinator mobility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-crop-improvement-with-pollinators">Sustainable crop improvement with pollinators</h2>



By applying these recommendations, agriculture can achieve more than just higher yields - crops can be produced with superior nutritional value. This calls for a detailed understanding of how pollinator behavior, crop variety, and pollen quality interact to influence fruit quality.



An effective strategy ensures that pollinators are not only present but also appropriately paired with the right crop varieties. This targeted approach boosts nutrient content, enhances sensory appeal, and raises the commercial value of crops.



Such practices directly benefit farmers through better harvests and profits, while consumers gain access to healthier, more nutritious food.



Additionally, this approach supports <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable agriculture</a> by promoting biodiversity and optimizing pollinator movement. It promotes a balanced system where the needs of the environment, farmers, and consumers are met, contributing to long-term agricultural success.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(24)00272-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Plant Science</a>.



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How pollinators boost the nutritional value of crops

Many of the foods we enjoy, such as apples, almonds,...

Without a doubt, aging is a complex process. It's a journey that each cell in the body undertakes.



Along the way, aging can lead to the development of serious health conditions in humans such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-cellular-aging">The mystery of cellular aging</h2>



Could there be a way to delay the onset of age-related ailments by looking at them from a different perspective? There might be more to the story than meets the eye.



As we age, our cells age too. This means that decoding the mystery of cellular aging could be the ultimate secret to unlocking a longer human lifespan. 



The journey of a scientific team from <a href="https://weill.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weill Cornell Medicine</a> takes us through the complex world of cell aging, specifically focusing on a dense part of the cell nucleus called the nucleolus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-nucleolus">The role of the nucleolus</h2>



What is the nucleolus and why is it important?



The nucleolus is a dense, spherical region found in a cell's nucleus. It houses the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which is a segment of DNA that codes for the core parts of ribosomes. 



Ribosomes are tiny organelles, found inside cells, that help to make proteins. Ribosomal DNA is one of the most vulnerable parts of the genome due to its repetitive composition, which makes it complicated to maintain or repair when damaged.



In the course of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-transfer-longevity-gene-hoping-to-extend-human-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>, organisms ranging from yeast to humans undergo an expansion in the size of their nucleoli.



One fascinating observation is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging</a> strategies, such as consuming fewer calories, result in the presence of smaller nucleoli in cells.



This begs the question - could keeping the nucleolus small be the key to delaying aging?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resetting-the-aging-clock">Resetting the aging clock</h2>



Dr. J. Ignacio Gutierrez and Dr. Jessica Tyler, the study's lead investigators, suggested that deliberately keeping nucleoli small might help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">slow down aging</a>.



The experts tested this idea by engineering a method to attach the rDNA to the membrane of yeast cell nuclei. This innovative system gave them the ability to control the size of the nucleolus.



The result? Keeping the nucleolus compact appeared to delay aging to a similar extent as the calorie restriction strategy. 



This discovery hints at the possibility that the nucleolus could indeed play a significant role in manipulating the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-counting-down-the-cellular-lifespan">Counting down: The cellular lifespan</h2>



Another intriguing observation was that nucleoli did not expand at a uniform rate throughout a cell's lifespan. 



Instead, the nucleoli remained small for most of the cell's life until they suddenly began growing rapidly at a specific size threshold. Cells only persisted for an average of about five more divisions after crossing this threshold.



Deterioration and damage to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-bakers-yeast-have-similar-dna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> occur as part of the aging process. In testing, the research team discovered that the larger nucleoli had less stable rDNA than the smaller ones.



Furthermore, when the nucleolus grew, it started allowing in proteins and other factors that could potentially harm the fragile rDNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-insights-from-yeast-to-humans">Aging insights from yeast to humans</h2>



The next step for the researchers is to investigate these fascinating nucleolar effects on aging in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blood-stem-cells-grown-in-the-lab-for-first-time-ever-leukemia-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human stem cells</a>. 



Unlike most other cells, stem cells hold the unique potential to replace other cell types as they perish. The findings from this project could be key to achieving the goal of prolonging their longevity.



The connection of the nucleolus structure with the DNA repair process in a way that is conserved in all organisms, from yeast to humans, is indeed a breakthrough.



Our cellular clock may tick a bit slower in the future, thanks to this monumental stride in understanding the intricate process of aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-nucleolus-exploring-aging-pathways">Beyond the nucleolus: Exploring aging pathways</h2>



While the nucleolus presents a compelling target for understanding and potentially slowing aging, it is just one piece of a complex puzzle. 



Aging is influenced by a network of cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, telomere shortening, and epigenetic changes. These processes interact in intricate ways, shaping how cells age and respond to damage over time.



One area of interest lies in the interplay between nucleolar dynamics and other cellular aging pathways. 



For example, recent studies suggest that changes in nucleolar size could influence protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and stress responses - all of which are key factors that affect an organism's lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-aging-process">Understanding the aging process </h2>



By integrating these findings with insights into mitochondrial health and DNA repair mechanisms, scientists aim to develop a more holistic understanding of the aging process.



The researchers from Weill Cornell Medicine are hopeful that combining knowledge of nucleolar manipulation with these broader pathways could unlock new therapeutic strategies. 



These approaches might not only delay the onset of age-related diseases but could also improve overall health and resilience as we grow older.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00754-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Cellular "mortality timer" discovered that dictates aging

Without a doubt, aging is a complex process. It's a...

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains a low risk to the general public. U.S. public health experts believe available treatments and vaccines, along with those in development, can prevent severe disease. 



Despite this reassurance, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) continues to monitor the virus closely, evaluating potential changes.



In a commentary published in the&nbsp;New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Jeanne M. Marrazzo and Dr. Michael G. Ison from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) emphasize the importance of balancing vigilance with normalcy regarding HPAI H5N1. 



"People should find a balance between enhanced vigilance and ‘business as usual’ with respect to HPAI H5N1," the experts stated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-spread-of-bird-flu-virus">Global spread of bird flu virus</h2>



Since 1996, HPAI H5N1 has circulated across at least 23 countries. By late 2021, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-mutations-found-in-first-severe-u-s-human-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> spread from Europe to North America, infecting wild birds and poultry farms. 



In 2022, it devastated birds and marine mammals in South America. Alarmingly, in March 2024, U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) scientists detected HPAI H5N1 in dairy cows, spreading to herds across 16 states. Over the past 30 days, the virus has been identified in dairy herds in three U.S. states.



Human infections remain rare but concerning. In 2024, 66 confirmed and 7 probable cases were reported in the U.S., along with one case in Canada. 



These cases were linked to two types of the virus - one circulating in birds (D1.1) and another in dairy cows (B3.13).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keys-to-controlling-bird-flu-virus-outbreak">Keys to controlling bird flu virus outbreak</h2>



Drs. <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marrazzo</a> and <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tcA1nDcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ison</a> outline four essential strategies to manage the current HPAI H5N1 outbreak:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promote-collaboration-across-disciplines">Promote collaboration across disciplines</h3>



Effective control requires timely collaboration among experts in human and veterinary medicine, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/efforts-to-control-bird-flu-are-not-working-are-humans-next/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health</a>, health care, and occupational safety. 



Building trust with communities and ensuring individuals seek care for symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, are equally critical. Fortunately, most U.S. cases have been mild, resolving without treatment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhance-disease-surveillance">Enhance disease surveillance</h3>



The Canadian HPAI H5N1 patient who developed respiratory failure highlights the urgency of vigilant disease surveillance. Genetic mutations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-outbreak-in-domestic-cats-raises-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> found in this patient highlight the need for complete genomic sequencing of viral samples. 



Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison emphasize that this data should be shared quickly to identify and track viral changes, which might signal an increased risk of human-to-human transmission.



"Without information pertaining to where and when isolates were collected, the data cannot be linked phylogenetically to other reported sequences," the authors noted. This early detection helps pinpoint mutations that may enhance the virus’s ability to infect human respiratory systems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advance-medical-countermeasures">Advance medical countermeasures</h3>



Developing and testing vaccines and therapies remain vital. Fortunately, current vaccine candidates effectively neutralize circulating virus strains, and antivirals have shown promise in mitigating transmission and illness severity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-bird-flu-virus-exposure">Minimizing bird flu virus exposure</h3>



Reducing contact with the bird flu virus is essential to limit its spread and protect individuals, especially those at higher risk of exposure. 



Workers who handle poultry or cows, such as farmers or animal handlers, are particularly vulnerable because the virus can spread through infected animals or their environments.



To stay safe, these workers should follow guidelines from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a> (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and USDA. This includes wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, and protective clothing, to create a barrier against the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seal-colony-lost-95-of-its-pups-to-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a>.



Additionally, understanding occupational risks is vital. Workers should learn how the virus spreads, recognize potential symptoms of infection, and follow safe handling practices. 



These precautions not only protect individual workers but also help prevent the virus from spreading further, potentially affecting others or reaching broader populations. By taking these steps, the risk of infection can be significantly reduced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-challenges-of-bird-flu">Ongoing challenges of bird flu</h2>



The four strategies outlined by Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison aim to enhance our understanding of the H5N1 virus's spread, evolution, and impact.



By integrating robust collaborations, effective surveillance, medical advancements, and preventive practices, public health experts hope to control the virus and answer key questions about its behavior.



While HPAI H5N1 presents ongoing challenges, the collective effort of scientists, health officials, and communities ensures we remain prepared for any future developments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2416323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



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Bird flu virus: Preparing for tomorrow despite minimal risk today

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains...

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret to a sharper memory and better cognitive performance? A recent study from Tulane University School of Medicine has given us food for thought. The researchers propose that the brain-boosting benefits of the Mediterranean diet may be linked to changes in our gut's bacterial balance.



The study, published in the journal Gut Microbes Reports, reveals a striking connection between dietary choices, gut bacteria, and brain function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-mediterranean-diet">What is the Mediterranean diet?</h2>



The Mediterranean diet draws inspiration from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-be-a-fountain-of-youth-for-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional cuisines</a> of Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain. It focuses on whole, nutrient-rich foods and prioritizes healthy fats, with olive oil serving as the main source.



The diet includes abundant vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, along with lean proteins like fish and seafood, and moderate amounts of poultry, eggs, and dairy. 



Red meat and processed foods are consumed sparingly, while meals are rich in fiber from plant-based sources such as legumes and whole grains. Herbs and spices are used to flavor dishes, reducing the reliance on salt. 



This balanced and varied approach to eating has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-a-delicious-way-to-manage-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">numerous health benefits</a>, including improved heart and brain health, reduced inflammation, and a lower risk of chronic diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-influences-the-brain">How diet influences the brain</h2>



The study, led by Dr. Rebecca Solch-Ottaiano, found that the Mediterranean diet alters gut bacteria patterns in ways that boost memory and cognitive skills.



“We’ve known that what we eat affects brain function, but this study explores how that could be happening,” Dr. Solch-Ottaiano explained. “Our findings suggest that dietary choices can influence cognitive performance by reshaping the gut microbiome.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-shifts-gut-bacteria">Mediterranean diet shifts gut bacteria</h2>



Using young rats as subjects, the researchers compared the effects of a Mediterranean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> to a typical Western diet over 14 weeks. 



The Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, fish, and fiber, led to significant shifts in gut bacteria. Four types of beneficial bacteria increased, while five types linked to poorer memory declined. 



These shifts in gut bacteria correlated with key cognitive and health improvements in the Mediterranean diet group:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Better memory and learning: The rats performed better on tests designed to measure memory and problem-solving abilities.</li>



<li>Improved cognitive flexibility: They adapted more easily to new information or changes in their environment.</li>



<li>Enhanced working memory: Their ability to retain and use short-term information was stronger.</li>



<li>Lower bad cholesterol: They exhibited reduced levels of LDL cholesterol, which is often linked to poor health outcomes.</li>
</ul>



The study pinpointed specific bacteria - such as higher levels of Candidatus Saccharimonas - that correlated with better cognitive outcomes. Conversely, higher levels of Bifidobacterium were linked to poorer memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-young-brains">Implications for young brains</h2>



This research is the first to examine the Mediterranean diet’s impact on gut microbiota and cognitive function relative to the Western diet in a rodent model. 



By using young rats, equivalent to 18-year-old humans, the study highlights how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary choices</a> during critical developmental periods can influence long-term brain health.



“Our findings suggest that the Mediterranean diet or its biological effects could be harnessed to improve scholastic performance in adolescents, or work performance in young adults,” said Dr. Demetrius M. Maraganore. 



“While these findings are based on animal models, they echo human studies linking the Mediterranean diet to improved memory and reduced dementia risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-mediterranean-diet">Building a Mediterranean diet</h2>



Adopting a Mediterranean eating pattern involves simple yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impactful changes</a>:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Use olive oil as the primary fat source.</li>



<li>Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.</li>



<li>Include fish and lean proteins in your meals.</li>



<li>Limit red meat and saturated fats.</li>



<li>Increase fiber intake with diverse plant-based foods.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-for-brain-and-gut-health">Mediterranean diet for brain and gut health</h2>



Though these findings are promising, the researchers emphasize the need for larger human studies to confirm the effects. 



Understanding the intricate links between diet, gut bacteria, and brain function could unlock new strategies for enhancing cognitive health.



For now, incorporating Mediterranean diet principles into your meals might be a simple step toward better brain and gut health. As science delves deeper, the promise of harnessing dietary power for cognitive benefits continues to grow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/29933935.2024.2439490" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gut Microbes Reports</a>.



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Mediterranean diet boosts brain power by altering the gut

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Regardless of whether Miklos would be able to spend the next few decades searching for his friend&#8217;s discoveries remains to be seen. Still, you know that Gordon Cooper—the Oklahoma boy who reached the stars—would be happy to see his secret finally paid off! Photo Credit: NASA via Collect Space

Reach for the Stars

Miklos planned to visit the rest of the locations, but it would take time. Still, as he told&nbsp;Newsweek, "I hear Gordon all the time in the back of my head: 'You're on the right trail!'" And it sure looked that way. Photo Credit: Discovery Channel via ABC News