Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is located roughly 40 million light-years away in the constellation Lupus.&nbsp;



NGC 5643 belongs to the Hubble classification SBc, indicating that it is a barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms.&nbsp;



Its orientation, nearly face-on to Earth, provides astronomers with an exceptional view of its detailed spiral structure and central bar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-5643-a-grand-design-spiral-nbsp">NGC 5643: A grand design spiral&nbsp;</h2>



“NGC 5643 is what’s known as a grand design spiral, referring to how the galaxy’s two large, winding spiral arms are clear to see,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images">ESA</a>. “The spiral arms are defined by bright blue stars, lacy reddish-brown dust clouds and pink star-forming regions.”



“As fascinating as the galaxy appears at visible wavelengths, some of NGC 5643’s most interesting features are invisible to the human eye.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-activity-in-ngc-5643">Intense activity in NGC 5643</h2>



This galaxy is notable for its Seyfert 2 nucleus, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). The intense activity in its core is powered by a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/">black hole</a> that accretes surrounding material, emitting energy across a wide range of wavelengths.&nbsp;



“When a supermassive black hole ensnares gas from its surroundings, the gas collects in a disc that heats up to hundreds of thousands of degrees. The superheated gas shines brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, but especially at X-ray wavelengths,” said ESA.



Observations have revealed jets and outflows of material emanating from the nucleus, likely driven by the black hole’s activity.&nbsp;



NGC 5643’s AGN has been studied extensively for its role in galactic evolution, particularly in how its energetic processes interact with the galaxy’s interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-ngc-5643-x-1">The mystery of NGC 5643 X-1</h2>



However, ESA pointed out that NGC 5643’s active galactic nucleus isn’t the brightest source of X-rays in the galaxy.&nbsp;



“Researchers using ESA’s XMM-Newton discovered an even brighter X-ray-emitting object, called NGC 5643 X-1, on the galaxy’s outskirts. What could be a more powerful source of X-rays than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/">supermassive black hole</a>?”&nbsp;



“Surprisingly, the answer appears to be a much smaller black hole! While the exact identity of NGC 5643 X-1 is not yet known, evidence points to a black hole that is about 30 times more massive than the Sun.”&nbsp;



“Locked in an orbital dance with a companion star, the black hole ensnares gas from its stellar companion, creating a superheated disc that outshines the galactic center,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-5643">Star formation in NGC 5643</h2>



NGC 5643 also exhibits prominent regions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/">star formation</a> within its spiral arms. These areas are rich in gas and dust - the raw materials for birthing new stars - and glow brightly in ultraviolet and infrared light.&nbsp;



Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) have helped uncover the complex interplay between star formation and the galaxy's central activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-ionized-gas-regions-nbsp">Extended ionized gas regions&nbsp;</h2>



A defining feature of NGC 5643 is the presence of its extended ionized gas regions, which are shaped by the galaxy's AGN activity and star-forming regions.&nbsp;



These structures have been mapped through optical spectroscopy, revealing intricate patterns that help astronomers understand the physical conditions of the gas, such as density, temperature, and composition.



The galaxy also has a dust lane that crosses its nucleus, partially obscuring direct observations of the central region in visible light.&nbsp;



Overall, NGC 5643 offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of barred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/">spiral galaxies</a> with active nuclei, serving as a valuable resource for studying the interactions between supermassive black holes, star formation, and galactic evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-lupus">The constellation Lupus</h2>



Lupus is a constellation located in the southern sky, its name meaning "wolf" in Latin. It has been known since antiquity and was cataloged by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy.&nbsp;



Once part of the larger constellation Centaurus, Lupus was later recognized as a distinct constellation. It is relatively faint but holds historical significance in mythology, often associated with a sacrificial wolf in ancient stories.



Lupus is bordered by other constellations like Scorpius, Centaurus, and Libra. Its stars do not form a particularly striking pattern, but it contains a variety of interesting astronomical features. Among them are numerous double stars, globular clusters, and other deep-sky objects, visible through telescopes.&nbsp;



For observers in the Southern Hemisphere, Lupus is best seen in the winter and spring months, while it appears closer to the horizon for those in northern latitudes.



This constellation also lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/">Milky Way</a>, offering a rich field of stars and nebulae for stargazers. Despite its modest brightness, Lupus holds a special place in the science of astronomy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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NGC 5643: Secrets of a spiraling galactic powerhouse

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) features the Dark Wolf Nebula, located around 5,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius.



According to ESO, this image of the dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-ring-nebula-as-it-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> creates the illusion of a wolf-like silhouette against a colorful cosmic backdrop.&nbsp;



“This image takes up an area in the sky equivalent to four full Moons, but is actually part of an even larger nebula called Gum 55. If you look closely, the wolf could even be a werewolf, its hands ready to grab unsuspecting bystanders,” noted <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-dark-nebulae">Observing dark nebulae </h2>



Dark nebulae are dense regions in space filled with gas and dust that absorb visible light, making them appear as dark patches against brighter backgrounds.&nbsp;



Unlike emission or reflection nebulae, dark nebulae do not glow on their own. Instead, they obstruct and obscure the light from stars and other objects lying behind them.&nbsp;



This characteristic makes them challenging to observe using visible-light telescopes, as they absorb and scatter light rather than reflecting or emitting it.&nbsp;



However, when viewed in infrared, where their obscuring effect is reduced, dark nebulae reveal intricate details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-the-perseus-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular clouds</a> they contain.



According to ESO, astronomers study these clouds of frozen dust because they often contain new stars in the making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-wolf-nebula-nbsp">Dark Wolf Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Dark Wolf Nebula is part of a larger complex known as the Lupus Molecular Cloud, one of several significant star-forming regions close to Earth.&nbsp;



Inside of dark nebulae, the conditions are prime for star formation. The dense gas and dust clump together under gravitational forces. As these clouds contract, they heat up, eventually igniting nuclear fusion and forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new stars</a>.



The Dark Wolf Nebula is known for revealing young, low-mass stars - or T Tauri stars - which are in the early stages of their evolution. These stars are still surrounded by disks of material that may eventually form new planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-scorpius-nbsp">The constellation Scorpius&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpius is one of the most recognizable constellations in the sky. It resembles a scorpion with a long, curved tail and stinger.&nbsp;



Located in the southern sky, Scorpius is especially visible during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere and during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. 



The constellation is often associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. According to legend, the scorpion was sent by the goddess Artemis to kill Orion, the great hunter, either as punishment for his arrogance or to protect her animals, depending on the version of the tale.&nbsp;



The gods later placed both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a> and Scorpius in the sky, but in opposite parts of the heavens so they would never be seen together - as Scorpius rises in the east and Orion sets in the west.



Scorpius contains several notable stars and deep-sky objects. Its brightest star, Antares, is a red supergiant often referred to as the "heart of the scorpion" due to its reddish hue and central position. 



Antares is one of the largest visible stars in the sky and has a luminosity that is tens of thousands of times greater than that of our Sun. 



Scorpius is located close to the core of the Milky Way, making it a rich region for star clusters and nebulae. Among these are the Butterfly Cluster and the Ptolemy Cluster - both of which are visible to the naked eye under dark skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-dark-wolf-nebula">Image of the Dark Wolf Nebula </h2>



“This image shows in spectacular detail how the dark wolf stands out against the glowing star-forming clouds behind it,” noted ESO.



“The colorful clouds are built up mostly of hydrogen gas and glow in reddish tones excited by the intense UV radiation from the newborn stars within them.”



The picture was created from images taken at different times. Each of the images has a filter that makes a different color of light visible.&nbsp;



Observations of the Dark Wolf Nebula provide astronomers with valuable information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of stars</a> and the environments in which they form.



The image was captured by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile.



Image Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team



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Dark Wolf Nebula in the constellation Scorpius

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Westerlund 1 - a young star cluster located in the Milky Way galaxy.&nbsp;



Discovered by Swedish astronomer Bengt Westerlund in 1961, the cluster is composed of thousands of stars - many of which are supergiants - and contains some of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-stars-shape-planetary-systems-like-ours-with-ultraviolet-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive stars</a> ever observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-image-of-westerlund-1">Webb image of Westerlund 1</h2>



“The open cluster Westerlund 1, showcased in this new Webb Picture of the Month, is located roughly 12,000 light-years away in the southern constellation Ara (the Altar) where it resides behind a huge interstellar cloud of gas and dust,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“Westerlund 1 is an incomparable natural laboratory for the study of extreme stellar physics, helping astronomers to find out how the most massive stars in our galaxy live and die.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-special-about-westerlund-1">What is special about Westerlund 1?</h2>



According to ESA, the unique draw of Westerlund 1 is its large, dense, and diverse population of massive stars. The star cluster is unparalleled in the known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> galaxy in terms of the number of stars and the richness of spectral types and evolutionary phases.&nbsp;



“All stars identified in this cluster are evolved and very massive, spanning the full range of stellar classifications including Wolf-Rayet stars, OB supergiants, yellow hypergiants (nearly as bright as a million Suns) and luminous blue variables. Because such stars have a rather short life, Westerlund 1 is very young, astronomically speaking,” said ESA.



“Astronomers estimate the cluster’s age to be somewhere between 3.5 and 5 million years (its exact age is still a matter of debate), making it a newborn cluster in our galaxy.”



Westerlund 1 is expected to gradually evolve from an open cluster to a globular cluster - a spherical collection of stars that are tightly bound together by gravity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-the-milky-way-galaxy-nbsp">Star formation in the Milky Way galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



The Milky Way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> forms roughly 1 to 2 stars per year on average. This star formation rate is relatively moderate compared to more active galaxies, which can produce dozens or even hundreds of stars annually.



The Milky Way galaxy used to produce many more stars, likely hitting its peak about 10 billion years ago. At that time, dozens (or possibly even hundreds) of stars were created in the Milky Way each year.&nbsp;



“Astronomers think that most of this star formation took place in massive clusters of stars, known as ‘super star clusters.’ These are young clusters of stars that contain more than 10,000 times the mass of the Sun, packed into an unbelievably small volume. They represent the most extreme environments in which stars and planets can form,” said ESA.&nbsp;



“Only a few super star clusters still exist in our galaxy - of which Westerlund 1 is one - but they offer important clues about this earlier era when most of our galaxy’s stars formed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impressive-example-of-a-star-cluster-nbsp">Impressive example of a star cluster&nbsp;</h2>



ESA noted that Westerlund 1 is an impressive example of a super star cluster because it contains hundreds of very massive stars. Some of these stars shine with the brilliance of almost a million suns, while others are two thousand times larger than the sun. 



“Indeed, if the Solar System was located at the heart of this remarkable cluster, our sky would be full of hundreds of stars as bright as the full Moon."



The large population of massive stars in Westerlund 1 indicates that it will greatly influence its surroundings, noted ESA. With such a high concentration of these stars, the cluster is expected to host over 1,500 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a> within the next 40 million years. 



This "super" star cluster offers astronomers a rare glimpse into one of the most extreme environments in the Universe. 



Westerlund 1 is set to play a key role in advancing our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>, particularly massive ones, are formed.



The image was captured as part of The Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) with Webb’s Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam). 



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Westerlund 1: Stars with the brilliance of a million suns

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.



According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. 



“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;



These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;



Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.



One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;



The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.



These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.



Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;



The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;



The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;



The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

The project started out a rousing success. From May 15 to 16, for just about 34 hours, Cooper orbited Earth, becoming the first astronaut to sleep in space. But then, in the midst of this enormous accomplishment, disaster nearly struck...

Disaster

Imagine that the mental fog often associated with growing older could lift, giving you the energy to keep up with your grandkids, and keeping your memory trustworthy - all thanks to a commitment to fitness.



Recent research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine suggests that this idea is worth considering.



The findings of the study carry profound implications for our understanding of aging, fitness, and cognition. The research indicates that fitness holds the key to a sharper mind and greater vitality in old age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiorespiratory-fitness-in-later-life">Cardiorespiratory fitness in later life</h2>



The researchers explored the links between cardiorespiratory fitness and its implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a> during the later part of our lives. They found that higher cardiorespiritory fitness can help conserve critical cognitive abilities that often wane with age.



Intriguingly, this correlation holds true regardless of significant risk factors like age, or the presence of the high-risk gene APOE4.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiorespiratory-fitness-and-cognition">Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition</h2>



Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to the capacity of the body's circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to muscles during physical activity. This is known as one's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerobic-exercise-boosts-cognitive-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerobic</a> capacity and it can be improved at any stage in life by doing regular aerobic exercise. 



Previously, good cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with a lowered risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preventing-dementia-scientists-say-three-factors-matter-most/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a> and age-related cognitive decline.



The researchers set out to pinpoint precisely which cognitive faculties benefited from maintaining good cardiorespiratory fitness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-between-fitness-and-cognitive-health">Relationship between fitness and cognitive health</h2>



The researchers assessed their cardiorespiratory fitness among a group of 648 individuals between the ages of 65 and 80.



They used a treadmill running test to analyze peak oxygen consumption, a standard measurement of cardiorespiratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-natural-born-endurance-runners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endurance</a>. 



The experts evaluated cognitive ability using a suite of validated neuropsychological tests that measured multiple domains including processing speed, working memory, visuospatial processing, episodic memory, and executive function/attentional control.



The results were fascinating. Even when considering factors like gender, education years, and weight, higher cardiorespiratory fitness correlated positively with better performance across all cognitive domains.



This was true regardless of the individual's age or whether they carried the high-risk APOE4 gene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-cognitive-function-with-fitness">Preserving cognitive function with fitness</h2>



The correlation between fitness and cognitive ability was noticeably more substantial in women, those with less education, and those taking beta-blockers.



The benefits were particularly notable within the domains of processing speed and executive function/attentional control.



While this is an observational study and cannot definitively establish a cause-and-effect relationship, it does bring forth an intriguing hypothesis. 



The researchers propose that aerobic fitness might enhance cerebral blood flow, stimulate neuron growth, develop new synaptic connections, bolster neurotransmitter systems, and modify the structure of grey and white matter - all of which could potentially preserve cognitive function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-battle-strategies-for-aging">Innovative battle strategies for aging</h2>



"These findings highlight cardiorespiratory fitness as an essential health factor for preserving multidomain cognitive functioning in older adulthood," concluded the researchers.



This lends credibility to the focus on individualized exercise programs that consider cardiorespiratory fitness to optimize cognitive health as we age.



While this research is ongoing, it provides compelling evidence that keeping fit might not just be about physical health, but mental longevity too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-steps-to-protect-cognitive-health">Simple steps to protect cognitive health</h2>



While the results highlight the need for fitness in&nbsp;maintaining&nbsp;cognitive function, it remains unclear how, exactly, such findings should be incorporated into daily life.



Experts&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;increasing&nbsp;moderate-to-vigorous&nbsp;levels of&nbsp;aerobic activities - whether brisk walking, jogging, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-commuting-cycling-to-work-linked-to-enormous-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cycling</a>, or swimming - is beneficial for cardiorespiratory fitness.



According to&nbsp;the World Health Organization,&nbsp;adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week. Two strength training exercises per week can also support one's health.



In the case of older adults, the programs should focus on sustainable activities that are very enjoyable and easy to maintain.



Group classes,&nbsp;outdoor activities, or even setting&nbsp;reasonably&nbsp;achievable goals through fitness trackers might provide the needed motivation to be consistent.



This&nbsp;will&nbsp;help&nbsp;to enhance&nbsp;physical health in&nbsp;a&nbsp;more&nbsp;active&nbsp;way, while at the same time improving mental&nbsp;toughness and maintaining&nbsp;a sharper mind well into our later years.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2024/11/27/bjsports-2024-108257" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Sports Medicine</a>.



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Cardiorespiratory fitness linked to greater cognitive performance

Imagine that the mental fog often associated with growing older...

In late September, 2024, a hurricane named Helene hit the Florida coast bringing devastating rain and fierce winds. That event did not stop at the ground level, however. 



As NASA has announced, the International Space Station detected something unexpected above Earth’s surface -- some kind of waves pushing through the atmosphere about 55 miles above the planet.



These were not visible to anyone looking up from their backyard, but they were there, showing that even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experiencing-awe-in-nature-has-a-powerful-effect-on-emotional-well-being/">powerful</a> weather down here can have a connection to unseen patterns much higher up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-atmospheric-waves">Invisible atmospheric waves</h2>



High overhead, there is a layer of the atmosphere called the mesosphere. It is located roughly 31 to 55 miles above ground. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-red-sprite-lightning-captured-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The mesos</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-red-sprite-lightning-captured-from-space/">phere</a> might seem pretty far removed from everyday concerns. Still, it can be disturbed by severe weather far below.



On the day Helene hit, NASA’s instruments captured signs of a type of atmospheric wave, not related to the space-time ones Einstein predicted, but rather ones formed by events like hurricanes.



According to <a href="https://www.usu.edu/today/story/a-dream-realized-usu-physicist-pioneers-new-era-of-atmospheric-waves-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Taylor</a> from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-under-the-ice-secret-base-camp-found-in-greenland/">NASA</a>, this unexpected observation gives a new dimension to the way in which people think about how storms affect even the thin air at tremendous heights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strange-signature-revealed-by-the-iss">Strange signature revealed by the ISS</h2>



The equipment responsible for detecting this phenomenon is the Atmospheric Wave Instrument, known as AWE. 



Installed outside the International Space Station in 2023, it was built to observe “atmospheric glow,” a faint light from gases at high altitudes.



When Helene struck, AWE’s sensors picked up a pattern reminiscent of “ripples,” that revealed how the hurricane stirred the air so far above. 



This observation extended westward from the coast, showing that the disturbance traveled far beyond the main storm zone.



It is not a surprise that this kind of insight emerged from a view point perched high above Earth. The ISS is an ideal spot for catching details that would never show up in ordinary weather measurements closer to home.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-weather-instrument">New weather instrument</h2>



AWE’s role is to reveal connections between surface storms and the upper atmosphere. Instead of looking at just the turbulent weather patterns people know -- winds, rain, and lightning -- it looks upward. It tracks how changes below might ripple upward into the mesosphere and beyond.



By doing this, it can help figure out what knocks the atmosphere off its usual balance. Before AWE, these subtle patterns might have gone unnoticed, leaving big questions about how the environment <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meaningful-dream-experiences-can-boost-your-work-productivity/">works</a> as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-changes-that-can-affect-satellites">Tiny changes that can affect satellites</h2>



The air up there is thin, but it still matters. When these small waves appear, they can influence conditions that matter for satellites. 



Engineers worry about anything that might shift or change the density of air at high altitudes because satellites can run into unexpected resistance.



The variations are slight, but in space technology, even a tiny adjustment can mean the difference between a satellite staying safely in orbit or drifting into trouble. 



Now, with AWE’s observations, there is a tool to help understand these subtle shifts before they become a headache.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-atmospheric-waves-matter">Why atmospheric waves matter</h2>



Communication satellites, weather satellites, and even the signals people rely on for navigation can depend on stable conditions high up there. 



Some might think the harsh environment of space operates independently from Earth’s weather.



That is not always true. A strong hurricane, like Helene, can trigger changes that bubble all the way up. 



By having instruments that keep an eye on these patterns, researchers can plan better. They can figure out if a future storm might rearrange the air enough to cause problems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-the-mesosphere">Secrets of the mesosphere</h2>



Observing these waves was made possible by a set of telescopes known as the Advanced Mesospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5c-is-almost-certainly-out-of-reach/">Temperature</a> Mapper (AMTM). 



NASA has indicated that AMTM is sensitive enough to catch details that might slip past ordinary sensors.



The mesosphere’s cold temperatures - around -150°F (-101°C) - do not stop AMTM from seeing the subtle infrared signals that reveal hidden activity. 



Thanks to this technology, a little-known part of the atmosphere is now more accessible than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautious-steps-forward">Cautious steps forward</h2>



Data from AWE and AMTM help more than just the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gigoutella-mauretanica-best-preserved-trilobite-fossils-ever-found/">scientific community</a>. If engineers know that storms can send disruptions upward, they might make satellites more resilient. If communication teams know that certain conditions can change signal paths, they can plan.



It is like learning a new piece of the puzzle about how Earth’s upper atmosphere and surface weather connect. Before, much of this was speculation. Now, there is something solid to rely on, even if it involves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awe-inspires-scientific-interest/">phenomena</a> not visible to the naked eye.



Events like hurricanes already cause plenty of trouble on the ground. Flooded streets, knocked-down power lines, and lost homes are tragic and serious concerns. 



However, who would have thought that these storms could have such reach that they could touch layers of air so high up that few people ever consider them?



Thanks to AWE, what was once a mystery is now a bit clearer. The discovery is one more sign that we live in a world where everything is somehow interconnected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-ready-for-surprises-above">Getting ready for surprises above</h2>



The presence of these waves might lead to better forecasts, not just for regular weather but also for what goes on closer to space. 



If meteorologists and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-how-and-when-humans-and-mammals-will-face-extinction/">scientists</a> know that an upcoming storm might send disturbances high above, they can pass that along to operators of satellites and other machines in orbit. Over time, this could lead to better strategies to keep valuable equipment safe and secure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-atmospheric-waves-and-the-future">ISS, atmospheric waves, and the future</h2>



What happened with Helene is just the start of learning about how weather at Earth’s surface talks to the air high above. 



NASA says that, with these early findings in hand, the AWE can keep recording subtle signals during different types of storms.



Each new piece of data helps build understanding, potentially giving everyone better tools to keep communications stable and satellites safe. 



That kind of information may seem far removed from daily life, but it has a subtle impact on the technology and networks people rely on every day.



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International Space Station observes something unknown 55 miles above Earth

In late September, 2024, a hurricane named Helene hit the...

According to the most commonly accepted theory, modern humans left Africa around 60,000 years ago, mingling with Neandertals along the way. 



This interaction left a legacy of two to three percent Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of people outside Africa.



However, the story of the first modern humans in Europe and the timing of their intermingling with Neanderthals remains incomplete. 



A recent study sheds light on this chapter, uncovering new connections between early European humans and Neanderthals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-neanderthals-the-basics">Understanding Neanderthals -- the basics</h2>



Neanderthals were our closest extinct relatives, living alongside early modern humans in Europe and parts of Asia for hundreds of thousands of years. They first appeared around 400,000 years ago and thrived until about 40,000 years ago. 



Unlike the stereotypical image of burly, brutish cave dwellers, Neanderthals were actually quite sophisticated. 



They built shelters, made clothing from animal hides, and even created art and jewelry, showing a level of creativity and culture that rivals our own.



Physically, Neanderthals were well-adapted to the cold climates of the Ice Age. They had robust bodies with strong muscles, shorter limbs, and a wider ribcage compared to modern humans, which helped them conserve heat. 



Their large noses may have warmed and humidified the cold, dry air they breathed. Neanderthals also had larger brains than us, though their brain structure was different, suggesting they processed information in unique ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zlaty-kun-and-ranis-sites">Zlatý kůň and Ranis sites</h2>



The Zlatý kůň site in Czechia holds a critical piece of this puzzle. Archaeologists discovered a skull there, estimated to be 45,000 years old, and belonging to an early modern human.



Unfortunately, this individual’s cultural and archaeological context remained unclear. Nearby, the Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany, presented another mystery. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/early-humans_genome-sequenced_Zlaty-kun_Ranis-group_Czechia-Europe_credit-Tom-Bjorklund_1m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/early-humans_genome-sequenced_Zlaty-kun_Ranis-group_Czechia-Europe_credit-Tom-Bjorklund_1s.webp" alt="Illustration of the Zlatý kůň/Ranis group. Around 45,000 years ago, individuals from Ranis in Germany and Zlatý kůň in Czechia likely traveled together across the open steppe landscapes of Europe. Credit: Tom Björklund for Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology" class="wp-image-1953468"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Illustration of the Zlatý kůň/Ranis group. Around 45,000 years ago, individuals from Ranis in Germany and Zlatý kůň in Czechia likely traveled together across the open steppe landscapes of Europe. Credit: Tom Björklund for Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</figcaption></figure>



This site, about 230 km from Zlatý kůň, housed tools linked to the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) culture, but it was unclear if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-neanderthals-mastered-adhesive-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthals</a> or modern humans created them.



Thirteen bone fragments from Ranis had previously been analyzed and revealed mitochondrial DNA from modern humans. 



Yet mitochondrial DNA, a small fraction of the genome, could not clarify their broader genetic relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-zlaty-kun-and-ranis">Link between Zlatý kůň and Ranis</h2>



A breakthrough came with a new study, published in Nature, that provided the link between Europe's first modern humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/homo-juluensis-new-human-species-vanished-just-fifty-thousand-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthals</a>.



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/index/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a> analyzed the nuclear genomes of the thirteen specimens from Ranis, and uncovered genetic ties between Zlatý kůň and the Ranis population. 



The bones from Ranis represented at least six individuals, including a mother-daughter pair and other distant relatives.



“To our surprise, we discovered a fifth- or sixth-degree genetic relationship between Zlatý kůň and two individuals from Ranis," noted lead author Arev Sümer.



"This means that Zlatý kůň was genetically part of the extended family of Ranis and likely also made LRJ-type tools.” 



The study also sequenced high-quality genomes from the skull found at Zlatý kůň and a well-preserved male bone from Ranis, referred to as Ranis13. 



These genomes represent the oldest high-quality modern human genomes sequenced to date.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-with-african-traits">European with African traits</h2>



Genetic analysis revealed that individuals from both Zlatý kůň and Ranis likely had dark skin, dark hair, and brown eyes.



This aligns with their recent African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isolation-played-a-key-role-in-neanderthal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestry</a>. By analyzing shared genetic segments, the researchers estimated that their population consisted of only a few hundred individuals, dispersed over a broad region.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/early-humans_genome-sequenced_Zlaty-kun_Ranis-group_credit-Tom-Bjorklund_1m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/early-humans_genome-sequenced_Zlaty-kun_Ranis-group_credit-Tom-Bjorklund_1s.webp" alt="Illustration of Zlatý kůň, who belonged to the same population as the Ranis individuals and was closely related to two of them. Credit: Tom Björklund for Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology" class="wp-image-1953469"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Illustration of Zlatý kůň, who belonged to the same population as the Ranis individuals and was closely related to two of them. Credit: Tom Björklund for Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</figcaption></figure>



Interestingly, the Zlatý kůň/Ranis group left no genetic legacy in later European or global populations. This small group represents a distinct lineage of modern humans that diverged early after migrating out of Africa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-and-neanderthal-connection">Human and Neanderthal connection</h2>



The Zlatý kůň/Ranis population coexisted with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-had-multiple-waves-of-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthals</a> in Europe. However, their genomes showed no evidence of recent interbreeding with Neanderthals. 



This contrasts with other early human groups in Europe, which exhibit such evidence.  



“The fact that modern human groups, which may have arrived in Europe later, carry such Neanderthal ancestry while Ranis and Zlatý kůň do not could mean that the older Zlatý kůň/Ranis lineage may have entered Europe by a different route or did not overlap as extensively with the regions where Neanderthals lived,” speculated co-supervisor Kay Prüfer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shared-ancestry-discovered">Shared ancestry discovered</h2>



Although the early modern humans showed no signs of recent Neanderthal admixture, they shared Neanderthal ancestry from an older event.



By analyzing the Neandertal DNA segments and using radiocarbon dating, researchers estimated that this admixture occurred between 45,000 and 49,000 years ago.



“These results provide us with a deeper understanding of the earliest pioneers that settled in Europe. They also indicate that any modern human remains found outside Africa that are older than 50,000 years could not have been part of the common, non-African population that interbred with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-love-of-carbs-may-date-back-to-the-neanderthals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthals</a> and is now found across much of the world,” senior author Johannes Krause remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-humans-and-neanderthals-in-europe">First humans and Neanderthals in Europe</h2>



This study offers valuable insights into Europe’s earliest settlers. The Zlatý kůň/Ranis group represents a distinct lineage of early modern humans who carried traits reflecting their African heritage.



Despite their similarities and interactions with Homo sapiens, Neanderthals eventually disappeared, likely due to a combination of climate change, competition for resources, and possibly diseases brought by migrating humans.



Their story reminds us of the complex web of human evolution and the rich history we share with our ancient relatives.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08420-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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This is the most recent human to interbreed with Neanderthals, revealed by DNA

According to the most commonly accepted theory, modern humans left...

Crocodiles, with their intricate head scales and striking physical features, exemplify the awe-inspiring morphological diversity found across life on Earth. 



This profound variety, particularly in reptiles, sparks curiosity about the forces that shape such traits. Why do these differences occur? Genetics, you may presume, and you wouldn't be entirely incorrect.



However, a recent study by an interdisciplinary team from the <a href="https://www.unige.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Geneva</a> (UNIGE) is turning heads (and scales). As it turns out, physiological characteristics like the head scales of a crocodile have much to do with the mechanics of growing tissues instead of molecular genetics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unknown-architects-of-crocodile-scales">The unknown architects of crocodile scales</h2>



Often, the connection between an organism's physicality and genetics feels like an obvious one. Michel Milinkovitch, a professor at the UNIGE Faculty of Science, pursued a more profound understanding of this link.



His research was focused on the evolution and development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vertebrate-populations-are-not-in-a-global-state-of-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrate</a> skin appendages such as feathers, hair, and scales.



In previous work, Professor Milinkovitch found that the development of crocodile head scales mirrors the propagation of cracks in a mechanically-stressed material.



 A further exploration of this phenomenon led Milinkovitch and his team down a path of extraordinary multi-disciplinary research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-journey-into-the-unknown">A journey into the unknown</h2>



The journey began with observing the embryonic development of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/nile-crocodile-crocodylus-niloticus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nile crocodile</a>. The team noted that the creature's skin remained smooth until approximately 48 days into the expected 90-day gestation period.



Around day 51, skin folds appeared and interconnected to form irregular polygonal scales of varying sizes in different regions of the head.



To determine if the constrained growth of the skin could cause these folds and the subsequent scales, the team introduced a hormone (epidermal growth factor or EGF) known for stimulating skin growth and stiffening to the crocodile eggs. The result was a surprising change in the organization of skin folds.



"We saw that the embryo's skin folds abnormally and forms a labyrinthine network resembling the folds of the human brain," noted study co-authors Gabriel Santos-Durán and Rory Cooper.



Interestingly, once the EGF-treated crocodiles hatched, this brain-like folding simplified into a pattern of much smaller scales akin to those found in another crocodilian species - the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loss-of-crocodilians-may-have-devastating-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caiman</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-growth-and-crocodile-scales">Skin growth and crocodile scales </h2>



To better understand how skin growth impacts scale formation, the research team utilized "light sheet microscopy" to measure the growth rate and geometries of various tissues that constitute the embryo's head. 



Using this data, the team created a 3D computer model to simulate skin growth under constraint. They manipulated the specific growth rates and stiffnesses of the tissue layers in the model to evaluate their impacts.



"By exploring these different parameters, we can generate the different head scale shapes corresponding to Nile crocodiles both with or without EGF treatment, as well as the spectacled caiman or the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/american-alligator-alligator-mississippiensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American alligator</a>," explained Ebrahim Jahanbakhsh, a computer engineer working with Milinkovitch.



Hence, this study offers powerful evidence that the mechanics of tissue growth can contribute to the diversity of certain anatomical structures across species, without the necessity of intricate molecular genetic factors.



In essence, it appears that nature, in its utmost wisdom, employs a multitude of tools to sculpt the astounding diversity of life that graces our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-evolutionary-biology">Implications for evolutionary biology</h2>



This research not only reshapes our understanding of crocodile scale formation but also challenges traditional views in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary biology</a>.



By demonstrating that mechanical forces, rather than solely genetic factors, can drive the development of complex anatomical features, the study opens new doors for exploring the evolution of diverse organisms.



Such findings have far-reaching implications, extending to other species with unique morphological traits, such as the patterned scales of snakes, the carapaces of turtles, and even the feathers of birds. 



The findings suggest that environmental and mechanical constraints might play a pivotal role in shaping these traits, alongside genetic blueprints.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Moreover, this interdisciplinary approach - blending biology, physics, and computational modeling - could inspire new methods for studying how form and function evolve in both living and extinct species.



By analyzing the physical forces acting on growing tissues, researchers may gain insights into the origins of ancient species and the environmental pressures they faced.



Ultimately, the study highlights the intricate interplay between genetics, mechanics, and evolution, reminding us that nature employs a versatile set of tools to craft the breathtaking diversity of life on Earth.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08268-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Crocodile scales are shaped by tissue growth, not genetics

Crocodiles, with their intricate head scales and striking physical features,...

Every living being we know of, from the smallest bacteria to the largest blue whale, hinges on the same remarkable genetic code - a universal blueprint that underpins the diversity of life on Earth.



Our understanding of how this intricate code evolved, however, has sparked intense debates and fueled ongoing scientific inquiry.



Is the universal genetic code an ancient feature that emerged fully formed at the very onset of life, or is it a product of gradual evolution shaped by billions of years of adaptation and change?



Sawsan Wehbi, a student at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>, has provided compelling evidence that the widely accepted theory of how this genetic code evolved requires a rethink.



And it seems the answer lies not in how we've translated the code, but in the order in which its building blocks - the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-building-blocks-of-life-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amino acids</a> - were added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-established-views-of-the-genetic-code">Established views of the genetic code</h2>



"The genetic code is this amazing thing in which a string of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-collect-human-dna-from-water-air-and-basically-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-cells-communicate-with-each-other-through-rna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a> containing sequences of four nucleotides is translated into protein sequences using 20 different amino acids," said Joanna Masel, the study's senior author.



"It's a mind-bogglingly complicated process, and our code is surprisingly good. It's nearly optimal for a whole bunch of things, and it must have evolved in stages."



The team's findings clash with the conventional view, which suggests that early life preferred smaller, simpler amino acid molecules.



The study shows that complex molecules were added as well. Furthermore, the researchers found that amino acids that bind with metals joined the genetic code earlier than previously thought.



This offers a whole new perspective on how the genetic code came to be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-laboratory-approaches">Rethinking laboratory approaches</h2>



The accepted view of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-evolution-not-random-gene-families-pangenome-influence-called-revolutionary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of the genetic code largely leans on lab experiments which attempted to recreate early Earth's conditions - most notably the famous Urey-Miller experiment of 1952.



However, as valuable as this experiment was, it had its limitations. No sulfur-containing amino acids emerged from the experiment, despite the abundance of this element on early Earth.



This lack of sulfur led many to believe that sulfuric amino acids joined the genetic code at a later stage. But as critics point out, this isn't surprising given that sulfur was not included in the Urey-Miller experiment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-life-beyond-earth">Searching for life beyond Earth</h2>



According to study co-author Dante Lauretta, a professor of planetary science and cosmochemistry at the U of A Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, the sulfur-rich nature of early life offers fascinating possibilities for astrobiology.



"On worlds like Mars, Enceladus and Europa, where sulfur compounds are prevalent, this could inform our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/searching-for-life-on-mars-quest-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">search for life</a> by highlighting analogous biogeochemical cycles or microbial metabolisms," said Professor Lauretta.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspectives-on-the-genetic-code">New perspectives on the genetic code</h2>



The researchers from the University of Arizona adopted an innovative approach to analyze sequences of amino acids dating back to our common ancestor, LUCA, hypothesized to have lived around 4 billion years ago. 



Unlike previous studies, they focused not on full-length protein sequences, but on protein domains - shorter stretches of amino acids.



"If you think about the protein being a car, a domain is like a wheel. It's a part that can be used in many different cars, and wheels have been around much longer than cars," said Wehbi.



By using statistical data analysis tools, they were able to trace the incorporation of individual amino acids into the genetic code. 



Significantly, the team found that ancient sequences included amino acids with aromatic ring structures, like tryptophan and tyrosine, even though these were late additions to our code.



"This gives hints about other genetic codes that came before ours, and which have since disappeared in the abyss of geologic time," Masel said. "Early life seems to have liked rings."



This breakthrough not only reframes our understanding of early molecular evolution but also provides a foundation for exploring how genetic systems might arise on other planets.



The evolution of the genetic code, which previously seemed to be well understood, now once again opens up exciting new possibilities for future research and discoveries.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2410311121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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The universal genetic code evolved in unexpected ways

Every living being we know of, from the smallest bacteria...

Humpback,Whale,Breaching.,Humpback,Whale,Jumping,Out,Of,The,Water.

Humpback whales have long impressed us with their incredible travel distances, often covering thousands of miles between feeding and breeding areas. 



Scientists recently recorded an adult male humpback whale making an unexpected journey from South America to Africa, traveling more than 8,106 miles (13,046 kilometers). 



This new finding suggests there is still much to learn about how whales spread across oceans, especially in the Southern Hemisphere.



“These animals are distinct individuals, and they’ll do surprising things. These oceans are very much connected spaces, and whales travel beyond borders," enthused Ted Cheeseman, a marine biologist at <a href="https://www.scu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Cross University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-breaking-journey">Record-breaking journey</h2>



A new study detailed this whale’s journey as the longest migration ever recorded for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-helps-humans-have-20-minute-conversation-with-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a single whale</a>. The trek also marked the first time researchers documented an adult male humpback traveling between the Pacific and Indian oceans. 



The whale was first spotted off the coast of Colombia in 2013 and seen again near that area a few years later. But in 2022, it turned up near Zanzibar, off the coast of East Africa. 



Researchers noted that the typical migration route can exceed 4,971 miles (8,000 kilometers) one way, and this whale’s path was close to twice that distance, according to the study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whale-travel-behavior">Humpback whale travel behavior</h2>



Scientists say this unexpected movement sheds light on how adaptable humpbacks can be. They say that global data are needed to better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understand whale behavior</a>. 



Such large-scale research could show how whales respond to environmental changes and whether factors like shifting ocean temperatures or reduced food availability push them to seek new territories. 



The whale’s travel between distinct breeding grounds highlights that humpbacks, while often returning to the same places, are not completely predictable. 



“Our dogmatic thinking is that (whales) always go to the place where they came from,” said Ari Friedlaender, professor of ocean sciences at the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>, who was not involved in the study. 



“But there has to be some movement where you get some (animal) explorers that decide, for whatever reason, to follow a different path," Friedlaender told CNN.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-a-unique-individual">Tracking a unique individual</h2>



Humpbacks exist in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-have-moved-their-singing-rituals-away-from-shorelines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceans all over the world</a> and are known for covering huge distances. This whale’s journey stands out because it involved switching between two separate breeding areas. 



Males often travel widely when competing for mates, and scientists note that these movements may depend on shifting conditions. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/humpback-whale_record-migration_sightings-map_credit-Meynecke_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/humpback-whale_record-migration_sightings-map_credit-Meynecke_1s.webp" alt="The sighting locations of the male humpback whale between the breeding grounds G and C. Squares represent primary feeding grounds of the Southern Hemisphere humpback whale breeding stocks (BS) G, A, B and C, with the latter split into C1 southern (C1S) and C1 northern (C1N) extents, C2, C3 and C4. Semicircles represent their respective core breeding grounds. Credit: Seyboth E, Meynecke JO, de Bie J, Roychoudhury A, Findlay K." class="wp-image-1953566"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The sighting locations of the male humpback whale between the breeding grounds G and C. Squares represent primary feeding grounds of the Southern Hemisphere humpback whale breeding stocks (BS) G, A, B and C, with the latter split into C1 southern (C1S) and C1 northern (C1N) extents, C2, C3 and C4. Semicircles represent their respective core breeding grounds. Credit: Seyboth E, Meynecke JO, de Bie J, Roychoudhury A, Findlay K. </figcaption></figure>



They tracked the whale using a platform called <a href="https://happywhale.com/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Happy Whale</a>, which Cheeseman cofounded. It lets citizen scientists, researchers, and whale watchers share their whale photos, helping experts identify whales by the unique underside of their tails. 



“When (whales) dive, they lift their tails, and anyone taking a picture of their tail can record the identity of the animal,” Cheeseman said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-patterns-in-a-changing-world">Changing patterns in a changing world</h2>



Humpbacks generally show strong loyalty to their breeding sites, though occasional shifts happen. 



Researchers do not fully understand why whales change their breeding locations, but they see that males and females can both move between different spots. 



Scientists think that environmental conditions, competition, and mate availability may influence these changes. Instead of repeating their old routes, some whales may strike out in new directions. 



Cheeseman explained that the whale in this study may have left Colombia due to competition with other males for mates or because of food scarcity, noting that these conditions might push whales to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-perform-full-body-scrubs-on-their-return-south/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explore new waters</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



In the 20th century, whaling in the Indian Ocean killed nearly 95% to 99% of the humpback population there, according to Cheeseman. 



That leaves many questions unanswered about their current habits. Researchers say that understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/add-humpback-whales-to-list-of-animals-that-build-and-use-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humpback behavior</a> is like observing a classroom full of youngsters without many older individuals around. 



“We’re looking at their behavior like going into a kindergarten classroom,” Cheeseman said. “There’s maybe one adult, someone who’s middle-aged and a whole bunch of children.” 



These shifting demographics mean whales are making new cultural patterns, and unexpected movements could shape how these creatures interact with each other.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-documenting-humpback-whale-travel">Documenting humpback whale travel</h2>



Since the 1970s, whale watchers and scientists have used tail photography to identify individuals. Platforms like Happy Whale now let many people submit images, broadening the amount of information available. 



Cheeseman noted that the database currently includes around 109,000 individual whales. The increased collaboration encourages more inclusive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-fail-to-respond-to-vessel-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research projects worldwide</a>. 



“(Happy Whale) is going to bring more opportunity for sharing and networking to make our global research partnerships more inclusive,” Friedlaender said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertain-futures-and-new-connections">Uncertain futures and new connections</h2>



This whale’s travel outside its usual breeding pattern raises questions about acceptance in its new location. Changes in travel routes may mean whales encounter different populations. 



As these movements occur, whales could begin mixing genes and behaviors, influencing how future generations migrate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-felt-less-stressed-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choose their homes</a>. 



Cheeseman said that new sightings will provide more clues. “With every photograph we receive we’re looking for every whale we know,” Cheeseman said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whale-travel-creates-communities">Humpback whale travel creates communities</h2>



The Indian Ocean now holds younger populations of humpbacks trying to find their way. Some may follow old patterns, while others search for new possibilities. 



In addition, shifts in migration might change social bonds and behaviors.



“These different paths can connect populations that we otherwise would never think would be in touch with each other to share information and genes that make these populations into more of a global community," Friedlaender concluded.



No one can say when or where this whale will appear next, but future sightings and photographs may deepen our understanding. The world’s oceans hold many secrets about how humpbacks live, move, and interact. 



As more data come to light, researchers and regular folks can pool their knowledge, helping piece together how whales adapt to changing waters and shifting relationships.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.241361" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Humpback whale travels farther than any mammal ever recorded

Humpback whales have long impressed us with their incredible travel...

A new study has uncovered alarming gaps in our understanding of African hippos, highlighting major challenges in conserving these iconic animals. Despite being classified as “vulnerable to extinction” by the IUCN Red List, hippos often don’t get the attention they deserve. 



Known as the “neglected megafauna,” they’ve received far less research and conservation focus compared to other large mammals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hippo-extinction-threat-and-lack-of-data">Hippo extinction threat and lack of data</h2>



Hannah Lacy, a postgraduate researcher at the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, has created a database that maps hippo populations across southern Africa. 



Lacy's team analyzed nearly 200 records from nine countries, including Angola, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. The findings are concerning: in many areas, population estimates for hippos are incomplete or missing altogether.



Even worse, inconsistent survey methods and unequal funding between countries make monitoring unreliable. In some cases, researchers recorded hippos while focusing on other species, leading to scattered and incomplete data, which contributes to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nation-will-slaughter-700-elephants-hippos-zebras-and-other-animals-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of their extinction</a>.



“Without reliable information on where hippos live, and the state of their populations, it is challenging to effectively plan to protect them,” said Lacy.



“We need a centralized spatial database and coordinated surveys to improve the conservation of common hippos - who are important ecosystem engineers - across southern Africa.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance-of-hippos">Ecological significance of hippos</h2>



Hippos are more than just large, semi-aquatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/including-animals-carbon-cycle-models-boosts-ecosystem-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>; they play a vital role in their ecosystems. By feeding on vegetation along waterways, they shape plant growth, preventing overgrowth that could choke waterways. 



Their dung enriches aquatic food chains, supporting fish and invertebrates, which in turn benefits the larger food web. 



Hippos also create deep waterholes that provide refuge for other animals during dry seasons. They are critical to maintaining biodiversity in their habitats, influencing both aquatic and terrestrial species.



“In many regions, they are also an important attraction for eco-tourism, which contributes to local economies and livelihoods. However, despite their ecological, social, and economic importance, common hippos face numerous threats, primarily from human activities,” noted Lacy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-threats-to-hippos">Growing threats to hippos</h2>



Over the last century, hippo populations have been hit hard by habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megafauna-extinction-dwarf-elephants-and-hippos-cyprus-directly-linked-to-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pushing them towards extinction</a>.



Current population estimates range from 60,000 to 87,000 across southern Africa, but the lack of detailed data makes effective conservation planning difficult.



The study also revealed that many hippo populations depend on cross-border protected areas called Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). These areas demonstrate the power of international cooperation in conservation. 



Yet, isolated hippo populations - with limited opportunities to breed - face risks of genetic isolation, endangering their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-hippos-from-extinction">Protecting hippos from extinction</h2>



The research highlights the urgent need for coordinated efforts to protect hippos from extinction.



Lacy calls for a central database, similar to the African Elephant Database, which has been instrumental in protecting elephants across the continent.



“Their feeding habits shape vegetation patterns along water courses, and their dung contributes to aquatic food webs, supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hippos-can-actually-become-airborne-when-they-run-at-full-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> like fish and invertebrates,” Lacy reiterated.



“In many regions, they are also an important attraction for eco-tourism, which contributes to local economies and livelihoods. However, despite their ecological, social, and economic importance, common hippos face numerous threats, primarily from human activities.”



Dr. Lochran Traill, Lacy’s PhD supervisor, noted that this work provides an update on the distribution of common hippo populations across southern Africa, and highlights the extent of population fragmentation and isolation.



"Hopefully, this information will be useful to conservation decision makers,” said Dr. Traill.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-conservation-efforts">Transforming conservation efforts</h2>



The fragmented state of hippo populations and inconsistent monitoring methods make immediate action critical. 



Building a comprehensive, centralized database could transform conservation efforts, preventing hippo extinction and ensuring these overlooked animals receive the care and protection they need.



By focusing on hippo conservation, we’re not only safeguarding a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hippopotamus-population-hit-hard-by-habitat-destruction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> but also preserving the ecosystems they help maintain. Lacy’s work shines a light on what is needed to give hippos a better chance for the future.



With international collaboration and sustained effort, these incredible animals can continue to thrive, enriching biodiversity and supporting communities that rely on their presence.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320724004403?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Conservation</a>.



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Missing data on hippos could push them closer to extinction

A new study has uncovered alarming gaps in our understanding...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The instructions NASA gave the enthusiastic Oklahoman were simple: go into space solo, survive, and study zero gravity&#8217;s prolonged effects on the human body. At least, this was the mission as far as the public was concerned&#8230; Photo Credit: NASA via Space Flight Insider

Oklahoman

After placing him on a shortlist of 109 potential candidates, NASA selected Cooper as one of seven men for the program. In May 1963, he conducted his first mission aboard the&nbsp;Faith 7, a craft so small it could only fit someone under five feet and 11 inches tall. Photo Credit: NASA