Today's Image of the Day features “celestial fireworks” captured by NASA's <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Telescope</a>. The photo reveals a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young star</a> in the earliest stages of its life cycle, known as a protostar, hidden inside the dark molecular cloud L1527.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-protostar-and-its-parent-cloud-nbsp">A protostar and its parent cloud&nbsp;</h2>



“Taken with Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), this fiery hourglass marks the scene of a very young object in the process of becoming a star. A central protostar grows in the neck of the hourglass, accumulating material from a thin protoplanetary disk, seen edge-on as a dark line,” stated NASA.



“The protostar, a relatively young object of about 100,000 years, is still surrounded by its parent molecular cloud, or large region of gas and dust. Webb’s previous observation of L1527, with NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera), allowed us to peer into this region and revealed this molecular cloud and protostar in opaque, vibrant colors.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outflows-carve-an-hourglass-structure">Outflows carve an hourglass structure</h2>



According to NASA, both NIRCam and MIRI show the effects of outflows, which are emitted in opposite directions along the protostar’s rotation axis as the object consumes gas and dust from the surrounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud</a>. 



“These outflows take the form of bow shocks to the surrounding molecular cloud, which appear as filamentary structures throughout. They are also responsible for carving the bright hourglass structure within the molecular cloud as they energize, or excite, the surrounding matter and cause the regions above and below it to glow. This creates an effect reminiscent of fireworks brightening a cloudy night sky.”&nbsp;



“Unlike NIRCam, however, which mostly shows the light that is reflected off dust, MIRI provides a look into how these outflows affect the region’s thickest dust and gases.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fireworks-around-the-protostar-nbsp">Fireworks around the protostar&nbsp;</h2>



The blue areas that are covering most of the hourglass shape are filled with carbon-rich molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The red areas show the protostar itself, along with the thick dust and gas surrounding it. (Those sparkler-like red streaks are just a quirk of the telescope’s optics).&nbsp;



Between these, MIRI shows a white region right above and below the protostar, which you don’t see as clearly in the NIRCam view. This area contains a mix of hydrocarbons, ionized neon, and dense dust, indicating that the protostar is ejecting this material far away as it feeds from its disk.



As the protostar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ages</a> and keeps shooting out energetic jets, it'll start to consume, destroy, and push away much of this molecular cloud. Many of the structures we see now will gradually fade. Eventually, when it’s done gathering mass, this stunning scene will end, and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> itself will become more visible, even to telescopes that use visible light.



Image Credit:



NASA/ESA/CSA/ Space Telescope Science Institute&nbsp;



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Celestial fireworks surround a protostar 

Today's Image of the Day features “celestial fireworks” captured by...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a striking phytoplankton bloom off the coast of southeast Greenland. 



While satellite imagery suggested that the bloom emerged in May, persistent cloud cover had obstructed optical sensors from capturing a clear view.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-break-in-the-clouds">A break in the clouds</h2>



The situation changed in mid-June when a brief gap in the clouds over the North Atlantic Ocean revealed the bloom's vibrant swirls.



The captivating phenomenon was captured on June 16, 2024, by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.&nbsp;



The image depicts an 800-kilometer-wide expanse of the North Atlantic Ocean, positioned east of Greenland and south of Iceland, with the bloom extending far beyond the image’s boundaries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-phytoplankton-nbsp">Ecological role of phytoplankton&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a> blooms are large concentrations of microscopic, plant-like organisms that usually float near the surface of the ocean. 



These tiny organisms play a fundamental role in marine ecosystems by serving as the primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-food-chains-threatened-by-ocean-acidification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food source</a> for a wide range of marine life, from other small plankton to larger fish and mammals.&nbsp;



Phytoplankton are also essential for the global carbon cycle and oxygen production, as they absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-source-of-the-phytoplankton-bloom">Unknown source of the phytoplankton bloom</h2>



The exact type of phytoplankton in this bloom cannot be determined from this natural-color image alone. It might include coccolithophores, which are characterized by their white calcium carbonate plates that can lend the ocean a milky appearance.&nbsp;



Alternatively, the bloom could consist of diatoms, a form of microscopic algae with silica shells and abundant chlorophyll, giving them a green hue.



Regardless of the species, the timing of this bloom is notable. Phytoplankton blooms typically emerge at lower latitudes first, subsequently appearing in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic by spring and mid-summer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-phytoplankton-blooms">More about phytoplankton blooms</h2>



Phytoplankton blooms occur when conditions such as sunlight, temperature, and nutrient availability are optimal for rapid phytoplankton growth. 



These conditions are often found in nutrient-rich waters, particularly where upwelling currents bring nutrients from the ocean depths to the surface. 



When the ideal conditions align, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-may-flip-plankton-into-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> reproduce rapidly, leading to visible blooms that can cover large areas of the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-phytoplankton-blooms-affect-marine-life">How do phytoplankton blooms affect marine life?</h2>



Phytoplankton blooms have a profound impact on marine life. As primary producers, phytoplankton form the base of the oceanic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-restructures-marine-food-webs-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food web</a>, supporting a wide array of marine organisms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-availability-nbsp">Food availability&nbsp;</h3>



When a bloom occurs, the abundance of phytoplankton provides a substantial food source for zooplankton, which in turn feed fish, crustaceans, and other larger marine animals.&nbsp;



This increase in food availability can lead to a temporary surge in populations of these species, promoting the overall health and diversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystem</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmful-blooms">Harmful blooms</h3>



However, not all effects of phytoplankton blooms are beneficial. When blooms become excessively large, they can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs).&nbsp;



These blooms can produce toxins that are harmful to marine life, causing mass die-offs of fish, shellfish, and other marine animals.&nbsp;



Moreover, as the bloom decays, the decomposition process consumes large amounts of oxygen from the water, leading to hypoxic conditions or "dead zones" where oxygen levels are too low to support most marine life. This can result in significant disruptions to marine ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Spectacular phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. 



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of Fayzabad, a culturally diverse city in the Kokcha River valley of northern Afghanistan.



The photo was captured as the International Space Station passed over central Asia.



Fayzabad is the capital of the Badakhshan Province. It is located in a mountainous part of northeastern Afghanistan at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.



“The city is situated along the Kokcha River, which flows northward within a deep river valley surrounded by the Hindu Kush Mountains and eventually discharges into the Amu Darya River,” noted NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-fayzabad-nbsp">Climate of Fayzabad&nbsp;</h2>



According to NASA, the climate of Fayzabad varies from cold semi-arid to Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental.



The summer months are warm, with average high temperatures ranging from 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The winter months are cold, with average low temperatures often dropping below freezing - sometimes reaching as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The region receives moderate precipitation, mostly during the spring and winter. Snowfall is common in winter, adding to the mountainous region's picturesque landscape.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fayzabad-culture">Fayzabad culture</h2>



Historically, Fayzabad has been a center of learning and culture, though its development has been hampered by years of conflict.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-started-cumulative-culture-around-600000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> remains a vital component of the region, which is known for its traditional crafts including weaving and embroidery.



Cultural life in Fayzabad is influenced by its predominantly Tajik population, along with other ethnic groups such as Uzbeks and Hazaras. The local cuisine is a blend of traditional Afghan flavors, incorporating ingredients like rice, meat, and a variety of spices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-nbsp">Land use changes&nbsp;</h2>



“This territory has experienced notable changes in its land use in recent decades, especially with commercial and administrative growth near the airport,” noted NASA.



“Among the changes: a new airstrip built west of the Kokcha River. However, mountains hem in the city and limit how much development is possible.”



“Despite these topographical barriers, some development has spread into hilly areas south of Fayzabad. Green vegetation is mostly confined to mountain valleys, stream channels, and the Kokcha River floodplain.”&nbsp;



“The Kokcha River meanders through the valley, providing a vital water resource for the region. Fields of predominantly wheat and rice cover much of the floodplain, though these flat areas are mixed with residential, industrial, and commercial activity as well.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kokcha-river-nbsp">Kokcha River&nbsp;</h2>



The Kokcha River originates in the Hindu Kush mountains. It stretches approximately 360 kilometers before joining the Amu Darya, one of Central Asia's major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>. 



The Kokcha River traverses rugged terrain, providing vital irrigation for agriculture in the region and supporting local communities' livelihoods.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> basin features diverse landscapes that include mountainous areas and fertile valleys. 



Throughout history, the Kokcha River has played a crucial role in the region's cultural and economic development, serving as a natural resource for the inhabitants and influencing settlement patterns.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Fayzabad and the Kokcha River valley 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said NASA. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters (4,100 feet), annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters (13,000 feet).”&nbsp;



“The climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food. 



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community. 



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders. 



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, adept at navigating rocky terrains. The Siberian roe deer thrives across various habitats, showcasing the adaptability of Mongolia’s wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter. 



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations. 



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Makran coast along the Arabian Sea.



“Several capes and bays appear along the Makran coast - a strip of land along the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. Nicknamed ‘hammerhead’ capes because of their elongated forms and narrow necks, the headlands are shaped by the region’s plate tectonics, primarily uplift,” said NASA.



“The long curves of the bays’ shorelines show accumulations of sandy sediment. This buildup appears as numerous semi-parallel lines that reveal the locations of past shorelines. These features, known as beach ridges, appear particularly well developed on the north shore of Chabahar Bay at the top of the image.”



NASA noted that scientists recently investigated the vulnerability of the bays to the effects of climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.



“The research was conducted in part because the Makran coast experiences high rates of tectonic uplift. The researchers concluded that the harder rocks of the headlands were less vulnerable to wave erosion than the more erodible rocks where the neighboring bays formed. These bays are expected to change shape as waves and currents move sediment.”&nbsp;



“The bays’ coastlines might move farther inland as sea level rises and shorelines erode. Or, the coastlines may advance seaward as coastal sediment accumulates over time.”



The Makran coast is known for its rugged terrain, dramatic cliffs, and sandy beaches. The coastal waters support vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/">marine life</a>.



The beaches serve as nesting grounds for green and olive ridley turtles, highlighting their ecological significance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/">Mangrove</a> forests are prevalent around estuaries and river deltas, offering critical habitats for numerous fish species and birds.



The region is a hotspot for bird watching, including migratory and resident birds like herons, egrets, and flamingos.



Despite the arid, desert-like inland areas, resilient species such as the Arabian Oryx and various reptiles thrive.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Makran coast in southeastern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a storm spinning over the Atlantic Ocean after drenching parts of Spain with torrential rainfall and deadly flooding on September 3, 2023.&nbsp;



"According to news reports, the low-pressure system flooded streets southwest of Madrid, and caused rivers to spill over their banks and destroy bridges. The downpours came amid a major drought across the country, which has emptied reservoirs and led to water use restrictions," said NASA.



"The flooding was brought on by a low-pressure system that became isolated, or cut-off from the westerly current, causing it to slow down. This type of storm, known as a cut-off low, can produce severe weather and heavy rainfall."



On September 3, nearly 7 inches of rain fell near Cádiz on the southwestern coast and 6 inches of fell in San Rafael near Madrid, according to Spain’s meteorological agency AEMET



By Tuesday, at least three people had died and three others were missing due to severe flooding in the central part of the country. In the Toledo area, helicopters were sent to rescue people who were trapped on the roofs of their homes.



"The downpours eased on September 4, when the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured the image above," said NASA.



"The storm’s winds carried Saharan dust from Morocco and Algeria over eastern Spain, southern France, and the Atlantic Ocean."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Torrential rainfall causes deadly flooding in Spain

Isn't there something enticing about the thought of longevity? What if we might be closer to understanding some secrets of long life, taking cues not from myths and legends, but from an ancient ocean dweller like the Greenland shark?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-ancient-titans-of-the-deep">Meet the ancient titans of the deep</h2>



The gentle giants Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) boast a lifespan of 270 years at the very least, with tales suggesting they might live beyond 500 years.



Ewan Camplisson, a curious PhD student from the <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manchester</a>, sparked the spotlight on this ancient behemoth's fascinating life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-shark-s-code-of-longevity">Greenland shark's code of longevity</h2>



Earlier, scientists believed the Greenland shark's glacial surroundings and minimal movements might hold the key to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/germ-cells-play-a-crucial-role-in-aging-and-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life's lengthy timeline</a>.



But Mr. Camplisson and his team debunked this theory and delved deeper. They believed the tale of this majestic marine's lifespan was more entangled with complex metabolic adaptations than earlier proposed.



"Most species show variation in their metabolism as they age. We want to determine if Greenland sharks also show this traditional sign of aging, or are they playing by a different rulebook?" Mr. Camplisson shared their idea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-greenland-sharks-ageless-muscles">Inside Greenland sharks' ageless muscles</h2>



To untangle this mystery, the team conducted enzyme assays on preserved Greenland shark muscle tissues. 



They used a spectrophotometer, a light-measuring tool, to track the metabolic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-embryo-mortality-could-rise-by-71-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity in sharks</a> of varying ages and environmental temperatures.



What they uncovered was nothing short of astonishing. There was no significant variation in muscle metabolic activity across different ages, hinting that their metabolism does not seem to wane over time. 



"This is quite different to most animals which tend to show some variation in their metabolic enzyme activity as they age,” he says. 



“The results support our hypothesis that the Greenland shark does not show the same traditional signs of aging as other animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-temperature-in-metabolism">Role of temperature in metabolism</h2>



The subtle plot twist in the study was the observation that metabolic enzymes exhibit significantly higher activity at elevated temperatures.



“This would suggest that the shark’s red muscle metabolism is not specially adapted for the polar environment, otherwise we would have expected to see less of a temperature related difference in activity,” says Mr Camplisson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-greenland-shark-s-conservation">Implications for Greenland shark's conservation</h2>



Species as enigmatic and ancient as Greenland sharks may face dire straits in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sharks-survived-a-drastic-spike-in-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapidly changing climate</a>. 



They may not mature sexually until they’re 150 years old, and with such a long generation time, their chances to adapt to human-induced environmental shifts could be pretty slim. 



Camplisson voices his concern for these elder residents of our oceans, highlighting the critical role they play in marine ecosystems. 



He strongly advocates for their protection, emphasizing the need for urgent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-hits-66-million-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation measures</a> to ensure their survival for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-epigenetics-and-beyond">Epigenetics and beyond</h2>



While genetics provides the foundational script, the emerging <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-epigenetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">field of epigenetics</a> looks at how environmental factors influence gene expression over an organism's lifetime.



This dynamic interplay between genes and the environment could shed light on how Greenland sharks maintain their health across centuries. 



By studying epigenetic markers, researchers aim to decipher how these sharks mitigate the effects of oxidative stress and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging processes</a>.



The Greenland shark offers a living model to explore how life at extreme latitudes can shape the epigenome in ways we never anticipated. 



As we unravel these intricate layers, the Greenland shark continues to inspire awe, bridging the gap between marine biology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human aging research</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leap-towards-human-cardiovascular-health">Leap towards human cardiovascular health</h2>



Not only do these revelations help us protect precious species, but they also have potential implications for human health. 



Mr. Camplisson's interest extends towards how studying the Greenland shark heart could inform our understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-worsens-cardiovascular-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a>, particularly as we age.



By unweaving these astounding marine mysteries, we open doors to not only preserving immeasurable biodiversity but also improving human health. 



So the next time you think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pigs-slow-growth-diet-increases-longevity-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging secrets</a>, look beyond fancy creams and serums. The secrets might just be swimming beneath the icy Arctic expanse, within the formidable yet fascinating Greenland sharks.



The scientific findings are to be showcased at the <a href="https://www.sebiology.org/events/seb-conference-prague-2024.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Prague,</a> July 2024.



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Greenland sharks live up to 500 years, but what's their secret?

Isn't there something enticing about the thought of longevity? What...

Cats,Scratch,Furniture,,Scratch,At,The,Corner,Of,The,Couch

Are your prized pieces of furniture getting an unwanted feline manicure? The headache of cats treating our plush <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wood-surfaces-can-naturally-reduce-virus-transmission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">couches</a> and ornate rugs as their personal claw-sharpening and scratching stations is a shared experience among cat owners worldwide.



But what if you could redirect your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/would-you-trust-a-robot-to-look-after-your-cat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kitty's</a> urge to scratch from your furniture to more suitable outlets?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-scratching-the-surface">Cats scratching the surface</h2>



Dr. Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas, a veterinary researcher from <a href="https://www.ankara.edu.tr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ankara University</a>, along with a team of international experts, decided to take a closer look our feline friends' scratching habits.



Their findings shed light on a question plaguing cat owners for ages: why do cats scratch furniture and how can we redirect this behavior?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-behind-cats-scratching-behavior">Factors behind cats scratching behavior</h2>



Through a comprehensive survey involving more than 1200 cat owners in France, the research team uncovered some surprising factors that influence your feline's scratching behavior. 



Demirbas and her team discovered a clear link between your cat's environment, personality traits, and increased scratching behavior.



“Here we show that certain factors – such as the presence of children at home, personality traits of cats, and their activity levels – significantly impact the extent of scratching behavior,” said Demi̇rbas.



“Our findings can help caregivers manage and redirect scratching to appropriate materials, which could help foster a more harmonious living environment for both cats and their caregivers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-leads-to-unwanted-cat-scratching">Stress leads to unwanted cat scratching</h2>



The authors found that stress serves as a key driver of unwanted scratching in cats. When cats engage in prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-have-a-better-quality-of-life-if-you-play-with-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">play sessions</a>, they may experience elevated stress levels due to continuous stimulation and excitement. 



This heightened stress can manifest in excessive scratching behavior. It turns out playfulness, while generally beneficial, can have a flip side, leading to a flurry of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mentally-track-their-owners-whereabouts-based-on-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline</a> scratches on your beloved furnishings. 



“We see a clear link between certain environmental and behavioral factors and increased scratching behavior in cats,” Salgirli Demirbas explained. 



“Specifically, the presence of children in the home as well as high levels of play and nocturnal activity significantly contribute to increased scratching. Cats described as aggressive or disruptive also exhibited higher levels of scratching.”



Understanding this can help cat owners better manage their pets' playtime and stress levels to protect their furniture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-placing-scratch-posts-and-pheromones">Placing scratch posts and pheromones</h2>



It's not all doom and gloom, though. The researchers suggest some practical changes that can significantly alter where and why your cat scratches.



Creating an engaging and stimulating environment is crucial for feline well-being and can play a significant role in managing scratching behavior.



For starters, place scratch posts in areas frequently visited by your cat. Position them near your cat's favorite lounging spot. 



Make sure the scratch posts are sturdy and tall enough for your cat to fully stretch out. This will make the posts more appealing to your cat.



Using specific feline pheromones can create a calming environment. These pheromones can deter your furry friend from clawing at your couch. 



Additionally, regularly trimming your cat's nails can help. Providing a variety of textures for scratching can further reduce unwanted scratching behaviors.



“Understanding the underlying emotional motivations of scratching behavior, such as frustration, which seem to be linked to personality traits and environmental factors, allows caregivers to address these issues directly,” said Demirbas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-games">Hunting games</h2>



The key to a happier, scratch-free household lies in mimicking successful hunting scenarios through several short play sessions. 



These moments not only keep your cat's interest piqued but also help curb stress. Plus, they serve to enhance the bond between you and your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mentally-track-their-owners-whereabouts-based-on-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline</a> buddy.



Additionally, redirecting your cat's attention immediately when they scratch inappropriately can teach them the boundaries of acceptable behavior. 



Training not only helps in managing scratching habits but also strengthens the bond between you and your cat, promoting a harmonious living environment.



Though the study relied on owner-reported data, it still provides valuable insights. It helps in understanding feline scratching behavior better. This knowledge paves the way for more effective management strategies in the future.



So, here's to a future of peaceful cohabitation, with happier cats and scratch-free sofas.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1403068/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</a>.



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Scientists learn how to stop cats from scratching the furniture

Are your prized pieces of furniture getting an unwanted feline...

Untitled design - 1

Do you ever wonder how your pet understands what you're going through? An intriguing study conducted in Budapest has given us some answers about how animals like dogs and pigs respond to human sounds.



This research, led by Fanni Lehoczki and Paula Pérez Fraga from the Neuroethology of Communication Lab at <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELTE Department of Ethology</a>, reveals how animals react to our emotional vocalizations, offering fascinating insights into the depth of interspecies empathy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empathy-of-dogs-and-pigs-towards-humans">Empathy of dogs and pigs towards humans</h2>



Researchers carried out this study on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">companion dogs</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-pig-day-honoring-the-role-of-an-underappreciated-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">miniature pigs</a>, two popular pets found in homes around the world. 



They focused on how these animals would respond to different types of human vocalizations, specifically human humming and crying.



Now, you might wonder, why these two sounds? Well, our tears, more often than not, signify distress and sadness. 



On the other hand, humming doesn't usually signal any particular emotion but is relatively unusual.



According to the research, dogs and pigs were able to distinguish between these two human sounds. However, their reactions were noticeably different.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-reflect-human-feelings">Dogs reflect human feelings</h2>



If you've ever felt like your dog can sense your sadness, you just might be right. The study found that dogs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-imitate-human-actions-from-2d-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mirrored their emotional state</a> to the one they perceived in the human vocalization they heard. 



For instance, upon hearing crying, our canine friends demonstrated behaviors indicative of a high-arousal and negative state, reinforcing the idea that pets can pick up on our feelings.



This phenomenon, known as 'emotional contagion', affirms the deep emotional bond between humans and dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pigs-react-to-unusual-human-sounds">Pigs react to unusual human sounds</h2>



On the other side of the coin, our piggy pals reacted more to the unusual sound of humming. Pigs, unlike dogs, exhibited behaviors showing stress in response to the humming sound.



It seems the unfamiliar noise caught the pigs' attention more, suggesting they might find such uncommon sounds stressful or confusing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestication-and-emotional-contagion">Domestication and emotional contagion</h2>



These findings bowled over researchers by suggesting domestication processes might influence animals' responses to human emotions -- with dogs, for instance, being bred for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dependency on humans</a>. 



This, in turn, might have led to dogs being more sensitive to our emotional states.



"While we cannot exclude that pigs also experienced emotional contagion when listening to human crying, one explanation for their reaction might be that humming is highly unusual, and surprising sounds stress out pigs more than human sadness," Paula Pérez Fraga stresses.



The study hints that understanding certain human sounds may be more challenging for some domestic animals. However, additional research involving physiological measurements is required to confirm these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-emotions">Evolution of emotions</h2>



The study delves deeper into the evolutionary pathways that have led to the emotional sensitivity observed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-foxes-can-be-domesticated-thanks-to-breeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated animals</a>.



Historically, the process of domestication in dogs and pigs has selected for traits beneficial to humans, including the capacity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connect emotionally</a>. 



Dogs, being one of the first domesticated animals, have had a long socio-evolutionary history of coexisting with humans.



This prolonged association could have naturally selected for emotional attunement in dogs, enabling them to respond empathetically to human cues. 



Thus, their ability to mirror human emotions may be an evolved trait fostering better human-animal relationships.



Pigs, on the other hand, have had a relatively shorter domestication timeline, primarily driven by agricultural purposes rather than companionship. 



This difference in domestication trajectories might explain the varied <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-provide-insight-into-human-cognition-and-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">responses</a> to human emotional vocalizations observed in the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-interaction-between-humans-dogs-and-pigs">Implications for interaction between humans, dogs and pigs</h2>



The insights gleaned from this research hold substantial implications for how we interact with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-their-humans-often-share-similar-personalities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pets</a> and other domesticated animals. 



Understanding that animals like dogs and pigs can perceive and react to our emotional states invites a more empathetic approach to their care and well-being. 



For dog owners, recognizing that their pets might absorb and reflect their emotional turmoil suggests the need to maintain a positive environment to ensure mutual emotional health. 



For pig owners, especially those engaging in farming or therapy animal roles, acknowledging their propensity to stress from unusual sounds can enhance animal welfare practices. 



Overall, this study underscores the importance of emotional intelligence in fostering healthy human-animal bonds, potentially paving the way for more nuanced and supportive approaches to pet care and domestication.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347224001465?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Behaviour</a>.



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Human emotions evoke different responses in dogs and pigs

Do you ever wonder how your pet understands what you're...

Alien,Landscape,With,Planet,,Moons,And,The,Milky,Way,Galaxy

NASA is all geared up to launch a unique telescope that could possibly uncover inhabited planets by 2050. They have named it Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), and it will primarily focus on detecting a 'wide variety of biosignatures' emitted by living organisms.



Introducing Dr. Jessie Christiansen, the esteemed chief scientist for <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, who is dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial life. 



She firmly believes that HWO will find 'a signal in the atmosphere of a planet in the habitable zone of a star like our sun within our lifetime.



Dr. Christiansen's work is at the forefront of astronomical research, exploring the potential for life beyond our planet. Her optimism and expertise inspire the scientific community and the public alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-search-for-inhabited-planets-with-hwo">Search for inhabited planets with HWO</h2>



NASA's team has identified 25 Earth-like planets around sun-like stars. These are potential candidates for further exploration. 



These planets could have conditions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suitable for life</a>. Hence, the discovery is particularly significant for the search for extraterrestrial life.



Noteworthy strides are also being taken to construct <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/programs/habitable-worlds-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Habitable World Observatory</a>'s next-generation hardware and code. 



With a whopping three NASA contracts totaling $17.5 million, the aim is to enrich the detail of nearby exoplanet data.



This funding will facilitate the development of advanced technologies, enhancing the precision and scope of our observations, and ultimately bringing us closer to understanding the universe and our place within it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hwo-s-construction-and-features">HWO's construction and features</h2>



Super Hubble is the name the experts are using to refer to HWO. It embodies the features to directly image <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-sized-exoplanet-orbiting-ultracool-dwarf-star-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth-size</a> planets revolving around other stars. 



This will be coupled with ultra-precise optics to scrutinize the atmospheres of these worlds for signs of life.



Berkeley astronomer, and co-leader of HWO's Science Architecture Review Team (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/programs/habitable-worlds-observatory/start-tag/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">START</a>), Dr. Courtney Dressing, proposed equipping HWO with the capacity to detect a 'wide variety of biosignatures.' 



These include 'biogenic' gases, aerosols, and other airborne pollutants; 'surface biosignatures,' like the infra-red heat produced by vegetation, and even more artificial 'technosignatures' that would be made by a civilized alien race. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead-to-inhabited-planets">Looking ahead to inhabited planets</h2>



Despite discovering over 5,000 new exoplanets and cataloging a few dozen earth-like candidates, Dr. Christiansen admits that major progress is yet to be made.



"We still haven't found a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-exoplanet-gliese-12-b-only-40-light-years-away-earth-like-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet like the Earth</a>, a rocky planet in the habitable zone of a star like the sun," she says.



However, she maintains faith in the potential of HWO to find proof of extraterrestrial life and inhabited planets not too long after it's launched in 2040. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-scenes-at-hwo">Behind the scenes at HWO</h2>



To construct this marvel, military contractors Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and Ball Aerospace will begin their contributions to HWO this summer. 



Isn't it astonishing that this year's spend alone is $17.5 million, and it is anticipated that the US government may devote up to $11 billion to the HWO telescope project?



Let's also take a moment to pay tribute to the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope. Named after Edwin Hubble, it has made over 1.5 million observations since its mission began in 1990. These observations have helped publish around 18,000 scientific papers.



The HWO aims to build on its predecessor's achievements and extend our grasp of the universe even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hwo-and-implications-for-humanity">HWO and implications for humanity</h2>



The HWO's discoveries extend beyond scientific curiosity. They could deeply impact humanity's understanding of its place in the universe. 



Detecting biosignatures or technosignatures on other planets could confirm we are not alone. This might transform our philosophical, ethical, and theological perspectives.



Such a paradigm shift could spur interest in space exploration and foster international collaboration in addressing the universal quest for knowledge. 



Furthermore, the technologies developed for HWO are likely to spur innovations in other fields, including environmental monitoring and medical imaging, illustrating the wide-ranging benefits of investment in astronomical research. 



Therefore, while the primary goal of HWO is to find extraterrestrial inhabited planets, its broader impact could touch many aspects of human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-dioxide-found-on-distant-exoplanet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



Ultimately, the HWO stands as a beacon of scientific progress and human ingenuity, promising to elevate our cosmic understanding and possibly answer one of humanity's oldest questions: Are we alone?



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NASA's new telescope aims to find inhabited planets by 2050

NASA is all geared up to launch a unique telescope...

New research has revealed how the unique internal anatomy of the helmeted hornbill’s casque helps it withstand damage during aerial jousting battles. This understanding may aid in conserving this critically endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/observing-birds-in-nature-can-help-protect-them-in-captivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> and developing impact-resistant materials.



“When I started in Hong Kong, I visited <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City University of Hong Kong</a> (CityU)’s conservation forensics group to chat about their research and they introduced me to this amazing bird, to its bizarre cranial anatomy, and to the threats posed to the species by the illegal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-sunscreens-lose-effectiveness-and-become-harmful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife trade</a>,” said Mason Dean, an associate professor of comparative anatomy at CityU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unique-headgear-of-the-helmeted-hornbill">The unique headgear of the helmeted hornbill</h2>



The helmeted hornbill is targeted in the illegal wildlife trade for its distinctive casque. While casques are common among hornbills, their function varies by species. In the helmeted hornbill, the casque has a thick keratin layer and a dense network of bone.&nbsp;



“As I learned more about this species, I discovered a cross-section of a dried skull in a museum, revealing a shocking trainwreck of trabeculae in the casque,” Dean said. “When I heard that individuals are known to ram their casques together in mid-air displays, I just had to know more about the functional morphology.”



Trabeculae are inter-connected struts inside bones that provide strength and resistance to buckling. “Understanding hornbill anatomy and how it allows for this jousting behavior can therefore give us clues about this elusive animal’s ecology and fundamental aspects of its life history and health,” Dean explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skull-support-during-high-impact-collisions-nbsp">Skull support during high-impact collisions&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that the casque’s dense trabeculae support the structure during high-impact collisions. The team used microCT to analyze the casque’s internal structure.&nbsp;



“We have been focused on understanding the hierarchical architectures of the skull, uniting biology, materials science, and engineering techniques,” Dean said.



“We’ve been able to get a detailed and quantitative picture of how the casque is constructed, how the bone interacts with the keratin, and the intricate latticework of bone trabeculae supporting the skull’s impact surface.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-anatomy-of-the-helmeted-hornbill">Surprising anatomy of the helmeted hornbill</h2>



The team found that the hornbill’s trabeculae were as thick as those in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a>’s femur, despite the hornbill being much smaller. 



“I’ve used microCT to look at a big diversity of animal skeletons, but I have never seen bony trabeculae like the ones we’ve found in the hornbill,” Dean added.



The findings also show that the casque’s trabeculae channel back to the braincase, providing additional reinforcement.&nbsp;



“That massive stand of trabeculae then channels back to the braincase, like a bundle of banyan tree prop roots, converging on a bony platform that’s far more reinforced than in other hornbills and relatives we’ve looked at.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-increased-awareness-nbsp">Need for increased awareness&nbsp;</h2>



Illegal wildlife trade has driven the helmeted hornbill to become critically endangered.&nbsp;



“The helmeted hornbill is one of the largest hornbill species in Asia, with the keratin fronting its casque historically a target for the art and antique market for carving into ornamental wildlife products,” Dean explained. “A large number of our skull specimens still contained the bullets that had likely killed the animal.”



“Since the species is elusive and hard to observe in the wild, there is a great need to improve knowledge of its biology, to preserve its habitat, protect dwindling wild populations, and to develop better tools to ID wildlife products.”&nbsp;



“We hope projects like ours contribute to an understanding of species’ natural history and raise public awareness of the challenges facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> loss, while also ideally showing scientists that steps toward conservation need not solely come from conservation biologists!,” he concluded.



This study will be presented at the <a href="https://www.rsb.org.uk/events?event=sebannualconferenceprague2024#:~:text=The%20Society%20for%20Experimental%20Biology's,from%202-5%20July%202024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Prague</a> on July 2-5, 2024.



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The helmeted hornbill can withstand high-impact collisions

New research has revealed how the unique internal anatomy of...

A team of international researchers has recently identified the unique nanostructures responsible for the electric blue spots on the bluespotted ribbontail <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-rays-were-more-diverse-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ray</a> (Taeniura lymma), which could inspire chemical-free color production. 



Additionally, they are also investigating the blue coloration of the blue shark (Prionace glauca).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-colors-of-the-ribbontail-ray">Mysterious colors of the ribbontail ray</h2>



Skin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-animals-got-their-complex-color-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coloration</a> is crucial for communication in organisms, offering visual cues for warning, attraction, or camouflage. While the bluespotted ribbontail ray is known for its vivid blue spots, the biological processes behind these spots were previously unknown.



“Understanding animal structural color is not just about optical physics but also the materials involved, how they’re finely organized in the tissue, and how the color looks in the animal’s environment,” said senior author Mason Dean, an associate professor of comparative anatomy at the <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City University of Hong Kong</a> (CityU).



“To draw all those pieces together, we assembled a great team of disciplines from multiple countries, ending up with a surprising and fun solution to the stingray color puzzle.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extremely-rare-blue-coloration-nbsp">Extremely rare blue coloration&nbsp;</h2>



Dean noted that if you see blue in nature, you can almost be sure that it’s made by tissue nanostructures, not pigment. These structural colors are created by nanoscale structures that manipulate light.&nbsp;



“Blue colors are especially interesting because blue pigments are extremely rare, and nature often uses nanoscale structures to make blue,” said Viktoriia Kamska, a postdoc studying natural coloration mechanisms at CityU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fine-scale-architecture-of-the-skin-nbsp">Fine-scale architecture of the skin&nbsp;</h2>



The scientists utilized various techniques to analyze skin architecture under natural conditions. “To understand the fine-scale architecture of the skin, we used microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM),” Dean said.&nbsp;



The analyses revealed that the blue color arises from unique skin cells with a stable 3D arrangement of nanoscale spheres containing reflecting nanocrystals.&nbsp;



“Because the size of the nanostructures and their spacing are a useful multiple of the wavelength of blue light, they tend to reflect blue wavelengths specifically,” said Amar Surapaneni, a postdoc in Dean’s group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-blue-skin-of-the-ribbontail-ray-nbsp">Bright blue skin of the ribbontail ray&nbsp;</h2>



The “quasi-ordered” arrangement of these spheres ensures the color remains unchanged when viewed from different angles.&nbsp;



“To clean up any extraneous colors, a thick layer of melanin underneath the color-producing cells absorbs all other colors, resulting in extremely bright blue skin. In the end, the two cell types are a great collaboration: the structural color cells hone in on the blue color, while the melanin pigment cells suppress other wavelengths, resulting in extremely bright blue skin,” Dean explained.



This coloration likely offers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-have-the-perfect-camouflage-for-their-natural-habitat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">camouflage</a> benefits. “In water, blue penetrates deeper than any other color, helping animals blend with their surroundings. Bright blue skin spots of stingrays do not change with viewing angle; therefore, they might have specific advantages in camouflage as the animal is swimming or quickly maneuvering with undulating wings,” he added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The researchers are exploring applications for bio-inspired, pigment-less colored materials.&nbsp;



“We are pursuing collaborations with fellow researchers to develop flexible biomimetic structurally-coloured systems inspired by the soft nature of stingray skin for safe, chemical-free colors in textiles, flexible displays, screens, and sensors,” Dean reported.



The experts are also investigating blue coloration in other rays and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sharks-important-deserve-protections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a>, including the blue shark. “Despite the name 'blue shark' and its ecological aspects being well studied, no one still knows how the blue color is produced on its skin,” Kamska said. 



“Preliminary results demonstrate that this coloration mechanism is different from the stingray's - but just like the stingray, we need to try different combinations of fine imaging tools and address multiple related disciplines in optics, material, and biological science,” she concluded.



 The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202301909" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Optical Materials</a>.



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How did the ribbontail ray get its electric blue spots?

A team of international researchers has recently identified the unique...

Many scientists believe that in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hairless-mammals-evolved-at-a-faster-pace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammals</a>, there's a tradeoff between growth and lifespan. Pugs, for example, are known to live longer than their larger counterpart in the dog world, the Great Dane. 



But a new study conducted by Chen Hou, an associate professor of biological sciences at the <a href="https://www.mst.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Missouri University of Science and Technology</a>, shows that when more energy is allocated to the creation of better cellular materials, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-explain-longevity-in-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity</a> is enhanced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energetic-cost-of-biosynthesis-nbsp">Energetic cost of biosynthesis&nbsp;</h2>



Hou argued that his “take-home message” from this research is that if you allocate more energy to making improved cellular materials, you will live longer - a concept that he says engineers may be more familiar with than biologists.



“The existing life history theories suggested a tradeoff between growth and somatic maintenance, meaning more energy spent on growth would result in less for maintaining health,” Hou explained.&nbsp;



“But this study reveals that the energy cost for biosynthesis is a hidden physiological mechanism underlying the well-established negative correlation between growth and lifespan in mammalian species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-growth-and-lifespan">Linking growth and lifespan</h2>



Hou's study uses a new research model based on energy conservation to explain the physiological effect of the variation in the energetic cost on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> process. It also illustrates its role in linking growth and lifespan.



“Previously, the energetic cost of biosynthesis has been thought to be a constant across species and therefore was not considered a contributor to the variation in any life history traits, such as growth and lifespan,” Hou said.



“This study employs a recently proposed model based on energy conservation to explain the physiological effect of the variation in this energetic cost on the aging process and illustrates its role in linking growth and lifespan.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-negative-correlation-between-growth-and-lifespan">Negative correlation between growth and lifespan</h2>



The study shows that after controlling two energy components - mass-specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic rate</a> and the energetic cost of biosynthesis - there is still a negative correlation between growth constant and lifespan, revealing that the energetic cost of biosynthesis is a link between growth and longevity in mammals.



According to Hou, since the energy cost of biosynthesis links growth to aging processes, allocating more energy to growth may enhance somatic maintenance.



Thus, the conventional understanding of the tradeoff between growth and maintenance needs to be more carefully analyzed, and the potential combined effect of metabolic rate and energetic cost of biosynthesis should be considered in similar studies of aging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315921121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Missing link between growth size and lifespan identified

Many scientists believe that in mammals, there's a tradeoff between...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the first image of the full Earth disc from the Meteosat Third Generation Imager.&nbsp;



This is the first of a new generation of satellites that is expected to revolutionize weather forecasting by enabling more precise monitoring of our changing atmosphere, land and oceans.



Simonetta Cheli, ESA’s Director of Earth Observation Programmes, said that the image is a great example of what European cooperation in space can achieve.&nbsp;



&#8220;The level of detail MTG-I1’s image reveals, unachievable over Europe and Africa from a geostationary orbit until now, will give us a greater understanding of our planet and the weather systems that shape it.&#8221;



“This image represents not just what can be achieved through European expertise but our determination to ensure the benefits of new technology are felt by communities in Europe and beyond,&#8221; said Cheli.



The photo shows much of Northern and Western Europe and Scandinavia covered in clouds, with mostly clear skies over Italy and the Western Balkans.



&#8220;The higher-resolution images provided by the instruments on board give weather forecasters more information about the clouds cloaking much of Europe and visible in the equatorial region of Africa and the Atlantic Ocean,&#8221; explained ESA.



&#8220;Sand and sediment in the waters off Italy are also visible, as well as dust or smog being carried from south Asia. This degree of detail is not possible from the instruments on the Meteosat Second Generation satellites.&#8221;&nbsp;



The image was captured on March 18, 2023 by the Flexible Combined Imager on MTG-I1.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Meteosat weather satellite captures Earth in stunning detail

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Eighty Mile Beach on the northwest coast of Australia. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.



Eighty Mile Beach Marine Park is a protected area that contains mangrove forests and seagrass meadows, as well as the Cape Keraudren Nature Reserve.



"The area shown in this photograph is an example of an intertidal zone ecosystem - where the coastline is above seawater at low tide and submerged in seawater at high tide," explains NASA.



"As low tide approaches, the ebb current takes seawater toward the Indian Ocean and exposes salt flats, intertidal flats, and mangrove forests. As high tide approaches, the flood current takes seawater inland and floods the coastline. During both incoming and outgoing tides, seawater flows through coastal waterways called tidal creeks."



"Mangrove trees withstand the fluctuation between high and low tide by means of an elongated root system that is exposed at low tide. Local fauna, such as the north-western mangrove seasnake, can be found living in this root system. Other species, like the mangrove golden whistler, are found in the tree canopy."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.