Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.&nbsp;



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study. 



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of South Georgia, a remote and rugged island located in the southern Atlantic Ocean. 



"Linked with the South Sandwich Islands to form a British Overseas Territory, this southern Atlantic island is a haven for a vast array of wildlife," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Around five million seals call the islands home, as well as 65 million birds of 30 different species. Migrating whales and various fish species populate the surrounding waters and there is a large penguin population."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife-of-south-georgia">Climate and wildlife of South Georgia </h2>



The island is dominated by mountains, glaciers, and fjords. Its highest peak, Mount Paget, rises to 2,935 meters, making it one of the tallest in the region.



South Georgia’s location within the Antarctic Convergence gives it a cold, maritime climate. Although not part of the Antarctic Treaty System, its environment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-efforts-are-not-enough-to-save-antarctic-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> are closely linked to Antarctica. 



The island is home to vast colonies of penguins, seals, and seabirds. The surrounding waters are rich with krill, providing an abundant food source for marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-penguins-adapted-to-harsh-environments">Penguins adapted to harsh environments </h2>



The most notable species found here are the king penguins, which are the second-largest penguin species in the world. South Georgia also hosts large populations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-the-gentoo-penguin-the-worlds-fastest-swimming-bird/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gentoo</a> and macaroni penguins. 



The island's harsh climate, characterized by strong winds, snow, and cold temperatures, makes it a tough environment, but the penguins have adapted well. 



Their colonies - some of which number in the hundreds of thousands - can be found along the island's rugged coasts and beaches. 



The island’s isolation, combined with its plentiful food supply, makes it a critical breeding ground for these penguins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-south-georgia">History of South Georgia </h2>



The island has a history of exploration and exploitation. Captain James Cook first claimed South Georgia for Britain in 1775. 



During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became a hub for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whaling</a> industry, with stations like Grytviken serving as operational centers. These stations have since been abandoned, and the island is now a haven for scientific research and ecotourism.



South Georgia is also notable for its role in Ernest Shackleton’s famed Endurance expedition. His crew reached the island in 1916 after an extraordinary open-boat journey from Elephant Island. Shackleton later died on South Georgia in 1922 and is buried in Grytviken.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pristine-nature-of-the-island">Pristine nature of the island</h2>



Today, South Georgia is a focus of conservation efforts. The eradication of invasive species, such as rats and reindeer, has been a significant success, allowing native wildlife to recover. 



Rats and mice were responsible for the decline of ground-nesting birds, including the South Georgia pipit, the island's only endemic bird. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reindeer-use-ultraviolet-vision-to-find-food-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reindeer</a>, which had been introduced for farming in the 19th century, caused extensive damage to the island’s vegetation, disrupting the habitat for native species.



South Georgia is uninhabited except for a small number of scientists and staff working at research stations and administrative facilities, emphasizing its role as a protected wilderness area and an essential site for understanding global environmental changes.



Its uninhabited status has helped preserve its pristine nature. Visitors to South Georgia must follow strict environmental guidelines to minimize human impact on this extraordinary island.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-remote-islands">Scientific significance of remote islands </h2>



Remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-life-on-islands-loses-diversity-when-humans-arrive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">islands</a> are scientifically significant for several reasons. They often serve as unique ecosystems that can provide insights into evolutionary processes, biodiversity, and adaptation. 



Due to their isolation, species on remote islands may evolve differently from their mainland counterparts, resulting in the development of endemic species that exist nowhere else in the world. 



These islands also act as natural laboratories for studying the effects of climate change, human activity, and ecological interactions, as they are more vulnerable to disturbances. 



Moreover, remote islands can offer valuable information on the health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, as their ecosystems are often less impacted by human-induced factors. This makes them ideal for studying natural processes in relatively undisturbed environments. 



The isolation of these islands can also help scientists study the patterns of species migration, colonization, and extinction.



Image Credit: ESA 



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South Georgia: One of the most remote islands in the world

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Messak Settafet, a rocky plateau located in the central Sahara Desert. It is part of the greater Messak Plateau, which stretches between the Erg Uan Kasa and the Murzuq Sand Sea.&nbsp;



The plateau's surface is characterized by blackened sandstone, sculpted by thousands of years of wind erosion. This dark patina, often referred to as "desert varnish," adds to its distinctive appearance. The region is starkly beautiful but harsh, with extreme temperatures and minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-messak-settafet">Image of the Messak Settafet</h2>



“Towering over the desert in southwestern Libya, the Messak Settafet plateau resembles the wall of a giant fortress, with its dark, erosion-resistant sandstone separating the Ubari Sand Sea to the north and the Marzūq Sand Sea to the south,” noted NASA.



“The large outcrop of Cretaceous rock features a sharp escarpment on its north side. The cliff, some 300 meters (1,000 feet) high in places, is lined with a thin dark shadow.”&nbsp;



“Dark debris from rockfalls is visible to the north. Note that an optical illusion called relief inversion can make high-elevation areas appear low and vice versa when shadows appear on the northern side of a feature.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-archaeological-significance-of-the-plateau-nbsp">Archaeological significance of the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



Messak Settafet is often referred to as the "land of stone tools" because it is one of the world's largest sites for prehistoric tools.&nbsp;



The area is littered with countless <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fstone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a> and artifacts dating back to various prehistoric periods, including the Acheulean and Neolithic. These tools offer insights into early human technology and adaptation to desert environments.



“Signs of ancient tool making cover much of the plateau’s surface,” said <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “According to one archaeological survey, people discarded so many stone tools and rock fragments on the plateau over hundreds of thousands of years that roughly 75 artifacts per square meter now carpet the surface.”&nbsp;



“That makes this one of the earliest known examples of hominins modifying an entire landscape, according to the University of Cambridge archaeologists who conducted the survey.”



“Other signs of ancient activity include the bright spots that dot the image. These areas were likely quarrying pits where people dug up rocks and crafted them into tools, the archaeologists reported.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-art-on-the-plateau-nbsp">Rock art on the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



The plateau is home to numerous petroglyphs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negev-petroglyphs-ancient-art-rock-carvings-face-erosion-fungi-lichens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carvings</a>. These engravings depict animals, humans, and symbolic designs, providing valuable clues about the lives, beliefs, and environments of the region's ancient inhabitants.&nbsp;



“For instance, Wadi Mathendous, a prehistoric archaeological site located in the southern part of the plateau, contains engravings of rhinoceroses, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, fighting cats, giraffes, long-horned buffaloes, and elephants. The art is thought to be about 8,000 years old,” said NASA.



Some of the animals depicted, such as giraffes and elephants, indicate that the Sahara was once a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fa-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much wetter</a> and more hospitable environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-messak-settafet">Cultural significance of the Messak Settafet</h2>



Messak Settafet forms part of the Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. This designation highlights the area's importance for understanding early human culture and environmental changes in the Sahara.



The plateau has been a critical area for studying the migration and adaptation of early humans. Its archaeological richness offers a glimpse into how humans thrived in this region during periods when the climate was wetter.



“Although the plateau now receives less than 0.4 inches of rain annually, clues in the landscape make clear it was once much wetter,” noted NASA.



“Deeply incised dried stream valleys, or wadis, crisscross the plateau, indicating significant past water flow. The small, bright features scattered across the plateau are sand and silt deposits left where water once pooled.”



The Messak Settafet, like many remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a> regions, faces challenges such as erosion, vandalism of ancient rock art, and the potential impacts of development. 



Efforts to preserve its archaeological treasures are vital for protecting its cultural and scientific significance.



The image was captured November 17, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Messak Settafet plateau in the Sahara Desert

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a pair of interacting spiral galaxies known as the Antennae Galaxies. They are located approximately 45 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antennae-galaxies-in-a-deadly-embrace">Antennae Galaxies in a deadly embrace </h2>



“The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has snapped the best ever image of the Antennae Galaxies. Hubble has released images of these stunning galaxies twice before, once using observations from its Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in 1997, and again in 2006 from the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS),” noted <a href="https://esahubble.org/images/potw1345a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The galaxies - also known as NGC 4038 and NGC 4039 - are locked in a deadly embrace. Once normal, sedate spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, the pair have spent the past few hundred million years sparring with one another.”



According to ESA, the clash of the Antennae Galaxies is so violent that stars have been ripped from their host <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collision-2-million-mph-stephans-quintet-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> to form a streaming arc between the two.&nbsp;



The name "Antennae" comes from this long stream of stars and gas, which resembles insect antennae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-bursts-of-star-formation-nbsp">Intense bursts of star formation&nbsp;</h2>



The collision has triggered intense bursts of star formation, making the Antennae Galaxies one of the nearest and most dramatic examples of a starburst galaxy.&nbsp;



Many of the newly formed stars are concentrated in massive star clusters, some of which are expected to evolve into globular clusters over millions of years.



“This new image of the Antennae Galaxies shows obvious signs of chaos. Clouds of gas are seen in bright pink and red, surrounding the bright flashes of blue star-forming regions - some of which are partially obscured by dark patches of dust,” explained ESA.



“The rate of star formation is so high that the Antennae Galaxies are said to be in a state of starburst, a period in which all of the gas within the galaxies is being used to form stars.”&nbsp;



“This cannot last forever and neither can the separate galaxies; eventually the nuclei will coalesce, and the galaxies will begin their retirement together as one large elliptical galaxy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-antennae-galaxies">Significance of the Antennae Galaxies</h2>



The Antennae Galaxies are one of the most well-studied examples of galaxy collisions, offering insight into the processes that shape galaxies over time.



Astronomers study the Antennae Galaxies using a range of telescopes across different wavelengths, including visible light, infrared, and X-rays.&nbsp;



Observations in X-rays have revealed evidence of supernovae and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-may-talk-to-galaxies-through-energetic-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a>, while infrared studies highlight regions of dust and star formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-milky-way-s-collision-course-nbsp">The Milky Way's collision course&nbsp;</h2>



The Antennae Galaxies provide a glimpse into the future of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is expected to eventually merge with the Andromeda Galaxy - our closest spiral galaxy neighbor.



The cosmic collision course of the Milky Way and Andromeda will reshape both galaxies over billions of years.&nbsp;



This event is expected to occur in about 4.5 billion years. Both galaxies are part of the Local Group, a cluster of galaxies bound together by gravity. Their mutual gravitational pull is drawing them closer at a speed of approximately 110 kilometers per second.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-birth-of-an-elliptical-galaxy-nbsp">The birth of an elliptical galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



When the two galaxies collide, their individual stars will largely avoid direct collisions due to the vast distances between them. However, the gravitational forces involved will create dramatic effects.&nbsp;



These forces will distort the galaxies' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>, triggering intense bursts of star formation as gas clouds collide and compress. Over time, the galaxies will settle into a new, larger elliptical galaxy often referred to as "Milkomeda" or "Milkdromeda" by astronomers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-merger-and-the-solar-system">Galaxy merger and the solar system</h2>



Despite the seemingly destructive nature of the collision, the solar system is unlikely to face direct harm. Our Sun may find itself flung into a new orbit within the merged galaxy or even cast into intergalactic space.&nbsp;



The merger will also significantly alter the night sky, with the Andromeda Galaxy becoming increasingly prominent before blending into the unified structure.



This event is part of the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-are-much-bigger-than-we-originally-believed-gas-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of galaxies</a> and serves as a fascinating reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the universe. 



While the collision is still billions of years away, studying it helps astronomers understand galactic interactions and the long-term future of our cosmic neighborhood.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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The violent clash of the Antennae Galaxies  

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a compilation of European cities that resemble stars. 



“Star-shaped cities are scattered across Europe, their geometric designs most appreciated when viewed from above,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/12/Earth_from_Space_Star_cities" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development-of-star-shaped-cities">Development of star-shaped cities</h2>



The development of star-shaped fortresses, also known as bastion forts, emerged during the Renaissance in Italy as a response to the rapidly evolving art of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migrating-eagles-have-been-rerouted-by-the-war-in-ukraine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warfare</a>.&nbsp;



Traditional medieval fortifications, characterized by high, straight walls and square towers, became vulnerable with the advent of gunpowder weaponry. Cannons could easily reduce these structures to rubble, rendering them obsolete.



The star-shaped design addressed these vulnerabilities by incorporating wide moats and projecting bastions - angled structures that jutted outward from the main walls.&nbsp;



These bastions provided overlapping fields of fire, allowing defenders to cover blind spots and effectively repel attackers attempting to approach or scale the walls.&nbsp;



Additionally, the sloped walls of these fortresses, known as glacis, were designed to deflect cannonballs rather than absorb their impact, further enhancing their resilience.



This innovative design not only improved defensive capabilities but also transformed the battlefield, forcing attackers to develop new siege techniques. It marked a pivotal moment in military engineering, influencing fortress construction across Europe and beyond for centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examples-of-star-shaped-cities">Examples of star-shaped cities</h2>



“Four examples of such cities can be seen here, arranged clockwise from the top left: Bourtange in the Netherlands, Palmanova in Italy, Almeida in Portugal, and Neuf-Brisach in France,” said ESA.



“The green and red hues evoke a Christmas vibe, achieved through different band combinations during image processing to generate true-color (green) and false-color (red) visuals.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bourtange-netherlands">Bourtange, Netherlands </h3>



Fort Bourtange, nestled in the picturesque countryside of northeast Netherlands near the German border, is a remarkable example of Renaissance military architecture and urban planning.&nbsp;



Constructed in 1593 during the Eighty Years' War, it was strategically positioned to control the only road linking Germany to the Dutch city of Groningen - a vital route for military and trade purposes.&nbsp;



Its unique pentagonal, star-shaped design featured angled bastions, wide moats, and interconnected defensive structures, making it nearly impenetrable to enemy forces equipped with the era's artillery.



In 1851, after centuries of military service, Fort Bourtange was decommissioned and transformed into a peaceful village.&nbsp;



Despite the change in purpose, its original geometric layout, defined by precise angles and symmetrical patterns, remained intact. The pentagonal walls, surrounding waterways, and radial street design continue to showcase the ingenuity of its designers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-palmanova-italy">Palmanova, Italy </h3>



Palmanova, located in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeast Italy, is a masterpiece of Renaissance urban and military planning.&nbsp;



Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it exemplifies the idealized city envisioned during the late Renaissance, combining beauty, functionality, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-u-s-military-bases-for-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">military</a> innovation.&nbsp;



Constructed in 1593 by the Republic of Venice, Palmanova was strategically designed to protect the Republic’s northeastern borders from external threats - particularly the Ottoman Empire.



The city’s layout embodies the principles of symmetry and order characteristic of the Renaissance. Its unique radial design spreads out from the central hexagonal square, known as Piazza Grande or Piazza del Duomo, which serves as the civic and social heart of the city.&nbsp;



From this central hub, six straight avenues fan outward, connecting the square to the surrounding neighborhoods and gates. This design was not only aesthetically pleasing but also practical, allowing for efficient movement and communication within the city.



Today, Palmanova is celebrated not only for its historical and architectural significance but also as a rare example of a perfectly preserved star fortress.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-almeida-portugal-nbsp">Almeida, Portugal&nbsp;</h3>



Perched on a high plain in northeast Portugal near the Spanish border, the fortress of Almeida is a striking example of military engineering and a symbol of Portugal’s resilience.&nbsp;



Built to secure the nation’s eastern frontier, Almeida has played a significant role in Portuguese history, particularly during its early years of independence and throughout various military conflicts, including the Peninsular War.



The fortress's defining star-shaped ramparts consist of twelve points, each projecting outward to eliminate blind spots and provide overlapping fields of fire against advancing enemies.&nbsp;



The thick walls, surrounding moats, and angular bastions made Almeida a formidable stronghold capable of withstanding prolonged sieges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuf-brisach-france">Neuf-Brisach, France</h3>



Neuf-Brisach, located in the Alsace region of northeastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">France</a> near the German border, is another fascinating example of military and urban design.&nbsp;



The town was constructed in 1697 after the loss of Breisach, which stood on the opposite bank of the Rhine River in Germany.&nbsp;



The name "Neuf" (meaning "new" in French) reflects its creation as a strategic replacement and fortification to strengthen France's defense along its eastern border.



Designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, the renowned military engineer under King Louis XIV, Neuf-Brisach is part of the extensive network of fortifications that Vauban designed to protect France from external threats.&nbsp;



Vauban's expertise in defensive architecture is evident in the town's star-shaped layout, which was intended to optimize defense while accommodating civilian life within the fortifications.&nbsp;



The fortifications were built to withstand sieges and were strategically positioned to control movement across the Rhine River and defend against potential invasions. The outer star-shaped ramparts extend in a way that creates a nearly impenetrable defensive perimeter.



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Star-shaped cities scattered across Europe

Anyone who was alive during the late '60s remembers how intense the Apollo 11 launch was. The world watched in awe as three American astronauts — Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins — piloted the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle with success. But this foray into space wouldn't have been possible without Alan Shepard. Photo Credit: Nasa/Getty Images

Only The Best Wanted

Geoffroy’s spider monkeys live high in the rainforest canopy, and are difficult to observe. Their shy behavior makes it challenging for scientists to track and protect them effectively. To address this, biologist Jenna Lawson implemented an innovative solution in 2021.



Lawson strategically placed 350 audio monitors across the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica. 



The devices captured the sounds of the forest, allowing her to study the monkeys without disturbing them. This approach provided valuable insights into their movements and behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-conservation-technology">New era of conservation technology</h2>



The devices recorded forest sounds for a week, amassing vast data. By feeding this data into artificial intelligence (AI) systems trained to identify spider monkey calls, researchers gained insights that would otherwise take years to uncover.



This AI-driven initiative became one of the largest acoustic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-changes-social-behavior-in-monkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife studies</a> globally, and revealed troubling signs about the health of the habitats in which these animals live.



"They're the most sensitive of the primates that we have here," said Lawson. "The spider monkey would be the first animal to leave when there's signs of trouble. They would be the last animal to come back once forests are restored because they need mature, secondary and primary forest to be able to survive."



The monkeys avoid human-altered areas and rely on mature forests, making them sensitive indicators of environmental health.



The findings revealed that the monkeys avoid paved roads and plantations, which indicates that there are flaws in the government wildlife corridors which were designed to expand their range.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-monitoring-and-spider-monkey-conservation">AI monitoring and spider monkey conservation</h2>



Lawson’s work exemplifies how AI can support biodiversity efforts. Previous research has emphasized the potential of machine-learning techniques to manage vast datasets, which would enable faster, cheaper, and more precise ecological studies.



However, technical hurdles like humidity-damaged devices and accidental destruction by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-reveal-the-lifestyle-of-an-extinct-caribbean-monkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> remain.



To tackle these challenges, Microsoft’s <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/ai-for-good-research-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI for Good Lab</a> introduced “Sparrow” - Solar-Powered Acoustic and Remote Recording Observation Watch. This energy-efficient device, designed to function autonomously for years, transmits data via low-Earth orbit satellites.



“Those remote places are also the most important places on the Earth from a biodiversity perspective,” said Juan Lavista Ferres, Microsoft’s chief data scientist.



Sparrow’s first test will monitor jaguars, birds, and spider monkeys along Colombia’s Magdalena River. 



By 2025, the project aims to deploy these devices on all continents and make the data accessible to researchers while protecting sensitive location information in order to avoid alerting potential poachers and animal traders.



“What we don’t want is these devices to ever be used for poachers to understand where the animals are,” Lavista Ferres said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-for-conservation">Global implications for conservation</h2>



AI-powered acoustic monitoring has applications beyond studying rainforests. For instance, it could help sailors detect whale sounds in shipping lanes, thus reducing the risk of collisions.



This technology is transformative because it allows scientists to study wildlife without physically intruding on their habitats, which minimizes human influence on animal behavior. 



"We’re reducing our influence on their behavior. And also - they don’t want us here," Lawson explained.



However, challenges remain. Deploying such systems requires overcoming technical issues like equipment durability and environmental conditions. 



Equally important is collaboration with local communities. Lawson’s work around Costa Rica’s Corcovado National Park highlights this need. Landowner support was critical for placing audio monitors outside protected areas to enable a broader understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marmosets-call-each-other-by-names-with-distinct-vocalizations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal</a> behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-conservation-efforts-for-spider-monkeys">Future conservation efforts for spider monkeys</h2>



Projects like Jenna Lawson’s and Microsoft’s Sparrow demonstrate how AI can revolutionize conservation efforts. 



These initiatives show that AI-powered tools can collect and analyze vast quantities of data, offering insights into animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-conservation-day-2024-saving-species-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> and habitat health that would be difficult to obtain otherwise.



However, realizing their full potential requires overcoming technical challenges, such as maintaining equipment in harsh environments, securing adequate funding, and addressing ethical concerns - including the safe and responsible use of collected data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-assisted-wildlife-monitoring">AI-assisted wildlife monitoring</h2>



With 28% of plant and animal species currently at risk of extinction, AI-assisted wildlife monitoring offers a promising way to tackle biodiversity loss. 



By combining advanced technology with community-driven conservation efforts, scientists can gain a deeper understanding of ecosystems and implement effective protection strategies.



Endangered species like Geoffrey’s spider monkeys highlight the urgency of these efforts. Their unique role in the ecosystem and their vulnerability to habitat changes emphasize both the challenges of conservation and the hope that innovative solutions can bring. 



These remarkable creatures remind us of the biodiversity we stand to lose - and inspire action to preserve what can still be saved.



The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2022.2473">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>. 



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AI monitoring will help protect endangered spider monkeys

Geoffroy’s spider monkeys live high in the rainforest canopy, and...

When discussing solutions to climate change, most people think of renewable energy, electric vehicles, and nuclear energy. These technologies aim to reduce emissions and shift humanity toward a more sustainable future. 



However, one emerging technology, solar geoengineering, presents a compelling - if controversial - option for cooling the planet quickly.



While the idea of altering the atmosphere might sound like science fiction, its potential impact could be profound. 



According to a new study from the&nbsp;Georgia Tech School of Public Policy, solar geoengineering could save as many as&nbsp;400,000 lives annually&nbsp;by reducing temperature-related deaths caused by climate change. 



Published in the&nbsp;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the study emphasizes that while the risks are real, the benefits might outweigh them significantly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-geoengineering">Understanding solar geoengineering </h2>



Solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-risk-geoengineering-to-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geoengineering</a> focuses on&nbsp;stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), a process involving tiny reflective particles sprayed into the upper atmosphere. 



These particles bounce sunlight back into space, helping to cool the Earth. Researchers believe that by lowering global temperatures, SAI could provide humanity with a critical buffer while long-term solutions like emissions reduction and carbon removal are fully implemented.



"An important question is how the reduction in climate risks from solar geoengineering compares to the additional risks its use entails," noted study lead author Anthony Harding from the Georgia Tech <a href="https://spp.gatech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Public Policy</a>.



The team, which included collaborators from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a> and the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a>, analyzed the potential life-saving impact of solar geoengineering. 



Using computer models and historical data on temperature-related death rates, they simulated a scenario where the global average temperature rises by 2.5°C from pre-industrial levels. 



The results showed that cooling the planet by just 1°C could prevent 400,000 deaths annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-and-risks-of-solar-geoengineering">Benefits and risks of solar geoengineering</h2>



Despite its promise, solar geoengineering poses <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant challenges</a>. Risks such as poorer air quality and ozone layer depletion could lead to serious health problems. 



However, the study found that the&nbsp;lives saved from cooling effects outnumber potential deaths caused by these risks by a factor of 13. Many of these lives would be saved in&nbsp;hotter, poorer regions, which are disproportionately affected by climate change.



On the other hand, the technology's potential is not universally positive. In cooler, wealthier regions, the decrease in global temperatures might lead to increased cold-related deaths.



The researchers emphasize that their findings represent an initial exploration of solar geoengineering’s effects and not a comprehensive evaluation of its global risks and benefits.



"This study offers a first step in quantifying the risks and benefits of solar geoengineering and shows that, for the risks we considered, the potential to save lives outweighs the direct risks,"&nbsp;Harding added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-and-ethical-concerns">Broader implications and ethical concerns</h2>



The study highlights the urgent need for more robust research into solar geoengineering. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nasonline.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Academies of Science</a>&nbsp;have recommended increased funding to evaluate the technology's safety and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geoengineering-can-we-dim-the-sun-to-avoid-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effectiveness</a> further. 



However, critics, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ucsusa.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, warn that the environmental, ethical, and geopolitical risks are too significant to ignore. They argue that governments might use solar geoengineering as an excuse to delay difficult but necessary emissions cuts.



Solar geoengineering also raises concerns about unintended ecological consequences and potential conflicts over its deployment. For instance, countries might disagree on the ideal level of cooling or the acceptable risks, leading to geopolitical tensions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-study">Limitations of the study</h2>



The authors acknowledge that their research has some limitations. The study is based on idealized models and assumptions about aerosol distribution, population growth, and economic development.



These models cannot fully capture the complexities of real-world implementation. 



Additionally, the study does not explore solar geoengineering’s potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-geoengineering-save-the-doomsday-glacier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on ecosystems</a>, politics, or the possibility of promoting complacency in reducing emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-geoengineering-could-alleviate-suffering">Solar geoengineering could alleviate suffering </h2>



While solar geoengineering remains a controversial topic, its potential benefits make it a technology worth exploring further. For many regions, it could provide life-saving relief from climate-related heat.



"There's no perfect resolution to the climate crisis," said Harding. "Solar geoengineering entails risks, but it could also alleviate real suffering, so we need to better understand how the risks compare to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-changing-the-clouds-unintended-geoengineering-test-atlantic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits</a> to inform any potential future decisions around the technology."



As the global community searches for solutions to mitigate climate change, solar geoengineering could play a vital role. However, its adoption must come with a clear understanding of both its promises and its perils. 



Collaborative research and careful risk assessment will be crucial in determining whether this bold strategy becomes part of humanity’s fight against a warming planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2401801121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Solar geoengineering could save up to 400,000 lives each year

When discussing solutions to climate change, most people think of...

In an era teeming with spectacular inventions and discoveries, the possibilities for innovation in robotic technology seem endless. Among these breakthroughs, a team of scientists at the <a href="https://www.isct.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Science, Tokyo</a>, has found a unique approach to robotic flight control that could reshape the industry.



Their method? Bio-inspired wind sensing using strain sensors on flexible wings. The research, led by Professor Hiroto Tanaka, demonstrates the potential of wing strain sensing to revolutionize flapping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineers-create-perching-bird-like-robot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerial robots</a>.



Inspired by the natural strain receptors found in birds and insects, the researchers developed a method to detect wind direction with an impressive 99.5% accuracy using strain gauges and a convolutional neural network (CNN) model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-inspiration-for-robotic-wings">Biological inspiration for robotic wings</h2>



Flying insects and birds possess mechanical receptors on their wings that collect strain sensory data, likely aiding their <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/exploring-the-incredible-flight-control-techniques-of-fruit-flies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flight control</a>. 



These receptors enable them to detect changes in wind, body movement, and environmental conditions, allowing for responsive adjustments during flight. 



Researchers were inspired by these natural systems and sought to replicate their functionality in robotic wings.



"Small aerial robots cannot afford conventional flow-sensing apparatus due to severe limitations in weight and size. Hence, it would be beneficial if simple wing strain sensing could be utilized to directly recognize flow conditions without additional dedicated devices," explained Tanaka.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delicately-designed-wings-with-a-purpose">Delicately designed: Wings with a purpose</h2>



The team attached seven low-cost, widely available strain gauges to a flexible wing structure that mimics the wings of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-adjust-their-wings-to-fly-through-very-tiny-spaces/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a>. 



These wings, composed of tapered shafts supporting wing film, were designed to closely resemble the structure of natural wings.



The wings were integrated into a flapping mechanism driven by a DC motor and Scotch yoke system, generating 12 flapping cycles per second. 



Exposing the setup to wind speeds of 0.8 m/s in a wind tunnel, the team measured wing strain under seven different wind directions (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°), along with one no-wind condition.



The strain data was analyzed using a CNN model to classify the various wind conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-achieving-remarkable-results">Achieving remarkable results</h2>



The results were striking. The researchers achieved a 99.5% classification accuracy using the strain data from a complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universal-equation-predicts-the-flapping-frequency-of-birds-insects-and-even-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flapping</a> cycle.



Even with shorter data from just 0.2 flapping cycles, the accuracy remained high at 85.2%. Further analysis showed that even with data from a single strain gauge, classification accuracy ranged from 95.2% to 98.8% for one flapping cycle.



However, this dropped to 65.6% or lower when using the shorter 0.2-cycle data. 



Additionally, the removal of inner wing shafts led to reduced classification accuracy, highlighting the importance of biomimetic wing structures in enhancing wind-sensing capabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-vision-for-robotic-flight">A vision for robotic flight</h2>



"This study contributes to the growing understanding that hovering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-wings-inspire-improvements-in-airplane-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and insects may sensitively perceive wind through strain sensing of their flapping wings, which would be beneficial for responsive flight control," said Tanaka. 



"A similar system can be realized in biomimetic flapping-wing aerial robots using simple strain gauges."



The research showcases the immense potential of bio-inspired technology in advancing robotic flight. 



By learning from nature, these scientists have opened the door to smarter, more adaptable robots that can navigate complex environments with precision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-in-robotics-and-beyond">Potential applications in robotics and beyond</h2>



The implications of this research extend far beyond improving robotic flight. The use of strain sensors on flexible wings has the potential to revolutionize various industries.



For instance, these biomimetic systems could be integrated into small aerial robots designed for disaster response, where precise flight control is crucial in navigating challenging environments. 



Drones equipped with this technology could also excel in tasks such as environmental monitoring, search and rescue operations, and agricultural applications.



Additionally, the lightweight and cost-effective nature of strain gauges makes them an attractive option for scaling up these systems in both commercial and military contexts. 



For example, delivery drones operating in urban areas could benefit from the enhanced wind-sensing capabilities, ensuring smoother flights in unpredictable weather.



This study also opens avenues for further research in biomimicry. It could potentially inspire developments in other areas, such as underwater robotics or even space exploration, where adaptive movement in fluid-like environments is essential.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aisy.202400473" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Intelligent Systems</a>.



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Hummingbird wings: The future of robotic flight

In an era teeming with spectacular inventions and discoveries, the...

InSight, NASA’s ambitious mission to study the deep interior of the Red Planet, may be officially over, but its legacy continues to thrive. Dedicated to unraveling Mars’s mysteries, the lander is still shedding light on the planet's dusty, enigmatic surface.



Even in retirement, InSight is contributing valuable insights through NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and offering clues about the evolution of the Martian dust layer over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-the-insight-lander">Legacy of the InSight lander </h2>



From the time of its landing in November 2018 until it retired in December 2022, InSight had a commendable journey. After its power source failed, however, it stopped communicating with Earth.



Efforts to reconnect to the lander continued, with scientists hoping that winds would clear enough dust from its solar panels to allow the batteries to recharge.



As these efforts proved to be unsuccessful, NASA decided to stop listening for InSight at the close of 2022.



Despite its unavailability, InSight carries a legacy. As the first spacecraft to register <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marsquakes-could-be-key-to-unlocking-mars-watery-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsquakes</a>, it has revealed invaluable details about the planet's crust, mantle, and core.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processes-that-shape-the-planet">Processes that shape the planet</h2>



Scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, who led the mission, used images from the stationary lander’s cameras and from MRO’s HiRISE to predict the rate of dust settling on its solar panels, as it significantly impacted power generation.



Science team member Ingrid Daubar of <a href="https://www.brown.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a> emphasized the importance of this observation.



"Even though we’re no longer hearing from InSight, it’s still teaching us about Mars. By monitoring how much dust collects on the surface - and how much gets vacuumed away by wind and dust devils - we learn more about the wind, dust cycle, and other processes that shape the planet,” said Daubar



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-dust-devils-and-craters">A tale of dust devils and craters</h2>



Dust does not just layer the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-surface-contains-more-organic-matter-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian surface</a>; it drives the forces shaping the atmosphere and landscape. 



When InSight was active, scientists used the combination of MRO images and data from InSight's wind sensors to track dust devil paths that wound over the landscape.



These weather phenomena were observed to subside in winter and intensify during summer, revealing crucial insights regarding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian weather patterns</a>.



Moreover, studying dust accumulation over meteoroid impacts on Martian surfaces aids in understanding the age of craters. 



On Earth, tectonic plates and weathering continuously transform the landscapes. But the Martian surface, speckled with ancient craters, remains largely unchanged.



Observing how quickly dust settles over them helps estimate their age. However, the mission was not without nostalgia. 



"It feels a little bittersweet to look at InSight now. It was a successful mission that produced lots of great science. Of course, it would have been nice if it kept going forever, but we knew that wouldn’t happen," said Daubar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-behind-the-mission-mro-and-insight">Efforts behind the mission: MRO and InSight</h2>



The University of Arizona operates HiRISE, which was built by Ball Aerospace &amp; Technologies Corp. 



On the other hand, the MRO project and InSight were managed by a division of Caltech, JPL for NASA's Science Mission Directorate.



InSight has been an integral component of NASA's Discovery Program, which was managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center and built by Lockheed Martin Space. 



The mission included a series of collaborations from international partners, such as France’s CNES, Germany's DLR, and others, who contributed to its legacy.



Despite its retirement, the InSight lander lives on. Whether it's studying the dust-laden Martian winds, the changing landscape, or the planet's deep interior, it continues to enhance our understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-missions-prepare-intense-solar-storms-coming-red-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red Planet</a> - leaving a footprint that will never fade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-martian-seasons">A window into Martian seasons</h2>



The InSight lander’s data has also played a vital role in understanding Martian seasonal patterns.



By combining its findings with observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have uncovered the intricate ways that dust activity fluctuates with the planet’s axial tilt and orbital position. 



During the summer months, increased solar heating drives stronger winds, which create more frequent dust devils that sweep across the surface.



These observations provide valuable context for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sky-cranes-are-shaping-the-future-of-mars-missions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future missions</a>, as they highlight the challenges that Martian seasons pose to solar-powered equipment.



Furthermore, InSight’s early recordings of atmospheric conditions - paired with MRO’s high-resolution imaging - have given researchers an unprecedented ability to map how dust storms begin, expand, and eventually dissipate.



This knowledge not only deepens our understanding of Mars' dynamic atmosphere but also informs strategies for protecting human explorers and robotic systems on future missions.



Information for this article was obtained from a <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-mars-orbiter-spots-retired-insight-lander-to-study-dust-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">press release</a> by NASA's JPL.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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NASA's InSight lander is still teaching us about Mars after its retirement

InSight, NASA’s ambitious mission to study the deep interior of...

Nestled in the rugged terrain of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales lives a vulnerable species known as the Parma wallaby, also known as the white-throated wallaby.



This elusive marsupial, with its shy demeanor and unique ecological role, is an integral part of the region’s biodiversity.



Despite being a familiar sight to locals, the Parma wallaby is balancing on the edge of survival, its future hanging by a thread.



Listed as "Near Threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the species faces mounting threats that could drive it closer to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> without timely intervention.



Immediate and focused conservation measures are essential to ensure its continued existence and safeguard the delicate balance of its ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressing-threats-to-the-parma-wallaby">Pressing threats to the Parma wallaby </h2>



The <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian National University</a> (ANU) has been at the forefront of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/headstarting-strategy-saved-an-endangered-wallaby-population/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wallaby</a> conservation research. 



ANU experts, including Professor George Wilson, have been deeply involved in studying the history and past relocation attempts of Parma wallaby populations, alongside the pressing threats to their habitats. The team's findings paint a troubling picture.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-of-predators-can-damage-prey-as-much-as-predation-itself/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Predation</a> remains one of the primary challenges for this vulnerable marsupial, significantly compounding its already precarious status and hampering recovery efforts.



The Black Summer bushfires caused severe destruction to Parma wallaby populations and their shrinking habitats. 



Professor Wilson emphasized that these catastrophic fires have pushed the species closer to the brink of extinction, highlighting the urgent need for proactive conservation measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-safe-havens">The need for safe havens</h2>



Efforts to reintroduce the Parma wallaby to certain areas have been met with heartbreaking results. 



"An attempt to reintroduce a population near Robertson in New South Wales was unsuccessful, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-foxes-can-be-domesticated-thanks-to-breeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foxes</a> killing more than 40 Parma wallabies within three months," noted Professor Wilson.



Interestingly, New Zealand, where there are no foxes, is grappling with an overabundance of Parma wallabies. 



"We know Parma wallabies are thriving in a predator-free enclosure at Mount Wilson. We need to create more privately owned safe havens and captive breeding programs like that one to secure these animals’ long-term survival," said Professor Wilson. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborating-for-parma-wallaby-conservation">Collaborating for Parma wallaby conservation</h2>



While the New South Wales government’s Saving Our Species program outlines conservation strategies for the Parma wallaby, Professor Wilson argues that it often overlooks the importance of establishing safe havens. 



These sanctuaries, he explained, provide several key benefits: they offer population security during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bushfires</a>, support disease and genetic management, and protect the species from vehicle collisions and introduced predators.



Some progress is being made, such as the construction of a wallaby enclosure at Ngambaa Nature Reserve, which will relocate some Parma wallabies from Mount Wilson. However, experts emphasize that more facilities are urgently needed.



“Predator-proof fencing is costly to build and maintain. Government agencies should collaborate with private landholders to construct them in a cost-effective manner and foster greater partnerships with zoos, nature reserves, and commercial investors,” said Professor Wilson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-efforts-and-future-goals">Past efforts and future goals</h2>



Despite these efforts, some researchers believe the Saving Our Species strategy is overly ambitious and unrealistic for government agencies to achieve alone.



Samaa Kalsia from the Australian Wildlife Services, a co-author of the study with Professor Wilson, noted that many of the identified threats to Parma wallabies stem from insufficient research and understanding.



“A lot of the threats to Parma wallabies outlined by the New South Wales government are actually indicative of a lack of knowledge or an insufficient understanding about the animals’ habitat and food requirements and the extent of the impact of predation by foxes, among other concerns,” said Kalsia.



She added that historical neglect in studying Parma wallabies has compounded their risk of extinction. Furthermore, the state’s conservation plan fails to incentivize private landowners to implement measures that could aid the species’ recovery.



“It’s unlikely the threats to these animals will be addressed unless governments facilitate rather than inhibit the creation of sanctuaries like the one at Yengo, Mount Wilson and others at Barrington Tops and Bannockburn,” noted Kalsia.



The future of the Parma wallaby depends on coordinated action and collaboration across all stakeholders, from government bodies to private landholders and conservation organizations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://meridian.allenpress.com/australian-zoologist/article/doi/10.7882/AZ.2024.046/504836/Parma-wallabies-a-history-of-translocations-and" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Zoologist</a>.



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Time is running out to protect the Parma wallaby

Nestled in the rugged terrain of the Great Dividing Range...

Florida has unveiled plans to test an unconventional road-building material: phosphogypsum, which is a radioactive byproduct of phosphate mining.



The decision has stirred both optimism and alarm, as experts weigh potential economic benefits against public health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-phosphogypsum">What is phosphogypsum?</h2>



Phosphogypsum is a waste product generated during the production of phosphorus, an essential nutrient in fertilizers. 



To extract phosphorus, phosphate rock is dissolved in acid. This process separates uranium, which ends up in the acid, and radium, which remains in the leftover material. The remaining waste is called phosphogypsum.



Radium naturally decays over time and releases radon gas. Radon is a radioactive gas known to increase the risk of lung cancer when people are exposed to it for extended periods.



Due to these risks, federal regulations require phosphogypsum to be stored in specially designed structures called engineered stacks. 



These stacks are massive, often hundreds of feet tall and spanning large areas, and resemble small mountains. The purpose of these stacks is to keep the radioactive material contained and limit human exposure in order to ensure public safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-light-for-radioactive-road-base">Green light for radioactive road base</h2>



Earlier this week, the Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="https://www.epa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a>) approved a pilot project by Mosaic, the largest phosphate producer in the United States.



The project involves building four test <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smart-cars-that-talk-to-each-other-could-avoid-fatal-crashes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">road sections</a> at Mosaic’s New Wales facility in Polk County, Florida, using phosphogypsum as a road base.



The EPA described the project’s risks as “low” based on multiple modeling efforts. However, the approval is limited to this specific initiative. Any broader applications would require additional evaluations and regulatory approvals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-of-radon-exposure">Health risks of radon exposure</h2>



Radon, an odorless and colorless gas, poses significant health risks when present at elevated levels. 



It is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. - responsible for about 21,000 deaths annually - according to the Center for Biological Diversity. Prolonged exposure, especially near phosphogypsum-based roads, could raise public health concerns.



Federal regulators have historically banned phosphogypsum in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">construction</a> due to the presence of these risks.



In 1992, the EPA cited potential dangers for construction workers and future residents living near roads containing phosphogypsum. Exceptions have been made for controlled agricultural and research uses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-radioactive-materials-in-roads">Using radioactive materials in roads</h2>



Critics argue that the EPA’s approval prioritizes industry interests over public safety. Florida has faced challenges with phosphogypsum in the past. 



In 2021, a breach at a former phosphate mining site released 215 million gallons of toxic water into Tampa Bay, sparking environmental and public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-green-spaces-are-urgently-needed-across-the-global-south/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health crises</a>.



“That dramatically increases the potential for harm to our road crews and water quality,” said Ragan Whitlock, an attorney for the <a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Biological Diversity</a>. He accused the EPA of succumbing to political pressure from the phosphate industry.



Environmentalists also highlight the long-term implications of using radioactive material in infrastructure. Concerns include radon exposure for road workers and communities living near phosphogypsum roads, as well as potential contamination of water sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-potential-of-phosphogypsum-in-roads">Economic potential of phosphogypsum in roads</h2>



Proponents of phosphogypsum-based roads see economic potential. 



Jackie Barron, a Mosaic representative, emphasized the cost advantages of using phosphogypsum compared to traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-tropical-thunderstorms-are-radioactive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials</a> like limestone rock.



“If there is an alternative use for this material, and we don’t have to grow or manage these stacks unnecessarily, then why would we not go down that path?” Barron said in an interview with NPR in 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-and-political-uncertainty">Regulatory and political uncertainty</h2>



Florida passed legislation last year to expand the list of materials allowed in public road construction. However, the state’s Department of Transportation must still assess phosphogypsum’s suitability before its widespread adoption.



The issue has seen political shifts. The Trump administration approved phosphogypsum’s use in roads, but the Biden administration later reversed this decision. 



It remains unclear how the incoming administration will address the material’s future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-construction-and-radioactive-waste">Road construction and radioactive waste</h2>



While Mosaic’s pilot project may pave the way for innovative recycling, it also highlights the need for careful risk assessment. 



The debate over phosphogypsum highlights the broader challenge of balancing economic benefits with environmental and public health <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chernobyl-dogs-are-rapidly-evolving-in-strange-ways-due-to-nuclear-radiation-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concerns</a>.



Florida’s experiment will likely serve as a critical case study for the rest of the country. Whether it’s a breakthrough or a misstep, the outcome will have lasting implications for road construction and radioactive waste management.



The information for this article comes from an EPA <a href="https://insideepa.com/daily-news/epa-approves-phosphogypsum-road-application-pilot-despite-backlash#:~:text=EPA%20has%20formally%20approved%20a,and%20set%20a%20dangerous%20precedent">news release</a>. 



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Florida's controversial idea: Using radioactive waste to build roads

Florida has unveiled plans to test an unconventional road-building material:...

Is your beloved dog more than just a loyal companion - perhaps even a partner in your journey toward a longer, healthier life? 



New scientific advancements suggest that our canine friends might offer more than love and loyalty. Dogs may ultimately hold the power to potentially extend both their lives and ours.



The question at the heart of this is - What if our dogs could live forever, and their secret to longevity could provide us with healthier, extended lives? 



This intriguing thought has given rise to a new kind of synergy between the promotion of canine and human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-new-in-the-world-of-dog-longevity">What's new in the world of dog longevity?</h2>



Early next year, the U.S. biotech start-up Loyal anticipates the release of LOY-002, a daily pill designed to give dogs at least one extra year of healthy life.



This San Francisco-based enterprise has secured a staggering $125 million in funding from companies that were previously hesitant to invest in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-transfer-longevity-gene-hoping-to-extend-human-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human longevity</a> projects due to their potentially lengthy timelines.



Celine Halioua, founder and CEO of Loyal, which is under the umbrella of Cellular Longevity, suggests this endeavor could also benefit our species. 



"Finding out how to prevent canine age-related decline is a really strong proxy for doing the same with humans because dogs get similar age-related diseases, and share our environments and habits in ways laboratory mice do not," explained Halioua.



The LOY-002 pill aims to address metabolic changes tied to aging. It will reduce frailty by controlling age-related insulin increases.



"We’re not making immortal dogs. The way the drug extends <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/missing-link-between-growth-and-lifespan-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>, we hypothesise, is by extending health and thus shortening the rate of aging," said Halioua.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-promising-drug-for-dog-longevity">A promising drug for dog longevity</h2>



Almost a thousand miles away, researchers are working towards the same goal using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/taurine-natural-anti-aging-supplement-may-hold-the-key-to-a-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapamycin</a>, a widely available drug. 



This study, which is part of the Dog Aging Project, indicates that low doses of rapamycin could boost the lifespan of dogs and improve their heart and cognitive functions.



According to Daniel Promislow, a biogerontologist at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> and co-director of the project, the study is far more advanced than any human-centric research.



“What we’re doing is the equivalent of a 40-year-long study on humans, testing the ability of a drug to increase healthy lifespan," said Promislow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity-to-study-longevity">Unique opportunity to study longevity</h2>



Kate Creevy, co-founder and chief veterinary officer of the project, emphasizes their unique opportunity to examine findings by various factors - male and female dogs, pre- or post-spaying. The research could carry implications for pre- and post-menopausal women.



"We also have data on what age dogs have been spayed – which could cross over to the variation in age that women have their menopause – and data on why they were spayed, which could cross over to women who have had hysterectomies for medical reasons," said Creevy.



Promislow is hopeful that the research will demonstrate that rapamycin could grant dogs an additional three years of healthy life. If successful, he believes it could be a turning point in identifying how to offer humans additional healthy lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-human-connection">The human connection</h2>



The quest to extend the lives of dogs is warmly greeted by the human longevity community.



Professor Tom Rando, the director of the Broad Stem Cell Research Centre at the University of California, admires the work.



"If we’re successful with dogs, it could be a turning point in informing us how to give human populations extra healthy lifespan too," said Professor Rando.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-secret-to-longer-life">The secret to longer life</h2>



However, Jamie Justice of Wake Forest University School of Medicine points out that without a consensus on a human biomarker of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-drug-called-rilmenidine-dramatically-slows-aging-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> to test these drugs, their application to human subjects remains uncertain.



The focus now is on establishing these parameters. Then, Justice believes, the work that will yield the most exciting results can begin - results that can be taken to market.



There is much anticipation as we look towards our best friends for the secret to longer and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-healthspan-people-are-living-longer-but-not-healthier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier living</a>. 



In this quest for longevity, dogs might prove to be more than just man's best friend. They could also be our pathway to a future of enhanced health and extended lifespans.



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Longevity pills for dogs could help humans live longer too

Is your beloved dog more than just a loyal companion...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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