Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features South Korea, where a November storm set a new record for daily snowfall in Seoul.



“Wintry weather arrived in full force in South Korea. In the last week of November 2024, a storm brought record-breaking accumulations of snow to Seoul. The heavy snow disrupted travel and damaged structures in the nation’s capital and surrounding areas,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153649/heavy-snows-in-korea" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“On the morning of November 27, residents of Seoul awoke to 16.5 centimeters (6.5 inches) of new snow. That amount already surpassed the previous daily snowfall record for Seoul in November since records began in 1907, according to news reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-across-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Snowfall across the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



Yet, as NASA noted, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-snow-complexity-can-improve-winter-safety/">snow</a> kept flying. By the morning of November 28, Seoul had accumulated a total of 11.3 inches. About 22 miles to the south, the city of Suwon received 17 inches of snow.&nbsp;



“When clouds cleared the following day, the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image, revealing a broad coating of white across the Korean Peninsula,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-snowfall-event-in-south-korea-nbsp">Rare snowfall event in South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



Meteorologists attributed this rare event to a sharp contrast between cold northern air and the warmer surface of the Yellow Sea.



Officials said that the temperature difference between the air and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface</a> was more profound than normal due to unusual warmth in recent weeks, which likely contributed to the storm’s intensity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-snowfall">Impacts of the snowfall</h2>



“Those who braved the weather around Seoul witnessed landmarks transformed into a winter wonderland. However, the storm grounded hundreds of flights across the country, kept dozens of ferries in port, and snarled traffic,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The weight of the snow also toppled trees and damaged greenhouses and other agricultural facilities in areas surrounding Seoul, according to reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-in-seoul-south-korea-nbsp">Snowfall in Seoul, South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



Snowfall is not unusual in Seoul, but its frequency and accumulation levels are typically moderate. 



Seoul has a temperate climate with cold, dry winters, and snow is a normal part of the season from December to February. However, heavy snowfall is rare, with most snowfalls being light to moderate.&nbsp;



The city averages about 25-30 days of snow per year, with a total accumulation that is far less than what is seen in colder regions of the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-snowfall-patterns-nbsp">Climate change and snowfall patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is altering snowfall patterns globally, with variations in both frequency and intensity - depending on the region. 



Warmer average temperatures are shifting precipitation from snow to rain in many areas, particularly in low-lying regions and mid-latitudes. This trend reduces the duration and extent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow cover</a>, especially at lower elevations. 



However, paradoxically, some regions experience heavier snowstorms due to increased atmospheric moisture. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, leading to intense snowfall under the right conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-climate-impacts">Complex climate impacts</h3>



In high-altitude and polar regions, the impact is more complex. Some areas, like the Himalayas and the Arctic, see diminished snowfall because of warmer conditions and melting ice.&nbsp;



Conversely, parts of the Arctic and Antarctica may experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased snowfall</a> due to changes in wind patterns and enhanced evaporation over open waters caused by sea ice loss. 



For example, in recent years, storms fueled by unusual temperature differentials have resulted in historic snowfalls in some areas, like the U.S. Northeast and parts of East Asia, as warmer oceans supply more moisture to cold air masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifts-in-the-seasons">Shifts in the seasons</h3>



Seasonal timing is also shifting, with snowfalls occurring later in fall and ending earlier in spring. 



These changes disrupt ecosystems that rely on consistent snowpacks, affect water resources dependent on snowmelt, and complicate winter activities such as agriculture and tourism.



Overall, the effects of climate change on snowfall are not uniform but are instead influenced by local geography, altitude, and changing weather systems.&nbsp;



As global temperatures continue to rise, these shifts are expected to intensify, requiring adaptation in water management, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Winter storm set a new snowfall record in Seoul, South Korea

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.



NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;



These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;



Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;



Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.



“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;



“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.



“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;



“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;



They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;



The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;



They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.



Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;



Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.



The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” noted ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of retreating glaciers in Alaska, where meltwater is rapidly expanding glacial lakes. The image was captured on August 4, 2024 by the Landsat 8 satellite.



“In parts of Alaska, water is replacing ice. As glaciers thin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreat</a>, meltwater collects at their fronts, forming proglacial lakes. According to an analysis by Mauri Pelto, a glaciologist at Nichols College, three such lakes in the southeastern part of the state have grown rapidly in recent decades,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-glaciers-in-alaska">Retreating glaciers in Alaska</h2>



“A trio of glaciers - Yakutat, Alsek, and Grand Plateau - descend from inland mountains and flow onto the coastal plain southeast of Yakutat borough, ending at Harlequin Lake, Alsek Lake, and Grand Plateau Lake,” noted NASA.&nbsp;



The retreat of the glaciers, as well as the growth of the lakes, are visible in the image. When compared to an <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/153000/153638/fastestlake_tm5_19840705_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> captured by Landsat 5 in the summer of 1984, the changes are even more evident.



NASA elaborated on the extent of the glacier retreat from 1984 to 2024. “During this period, Yakutat Glacier’s main arm retreated 4.3 miles, while Alsek Glacier’s northern and southern arms retreated 3.3 miles and 3.4 miles, respectively. Grand Plateau Glacier’s northern arm lost the most, retreating 4.8 miles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes-doubled-in-size-nbsp">Glacial lakes doubled in size&nbsp;</h2>



“Collectively, the three lakes more than doubled in size over 40 years. In 1984, they covered about 50 square miles. By 2024, they spanned 90 square miles. That’s an area larger than Seneca Lake (67 square miles) - one of the Finger Lakes in New York, which also have a glacial origin,” said NASA.



Pelto noted that the lakes forming in this region are immense - starting at the mountains and spreading toward the coast - making this a new lake district that is unique in our nation.



“Millions of other lakes, named and unnamed, dot the state. But this system has grown fast, so much so that Pelto thinks it might represent the fastest lake growth in the United States this century,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacier-retreat-nbsp">Understanding glacier retreat&nbsp;</h2>



Glacier retreat is a significant phenomenon driven primarily by global warming the results from rising greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>. 



As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice during the summer melt than they can regain in winter snowfall, causing them to shrink over time. This process has profound implications for ecosystems, water resources, and global sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



When glaciers retreat, they often leave behind depressions in the landscape that can fill with meltwater, forming glacial lakes. These lakes are typically bounded by natural dams made of rock, ice, or moraine - accumulations of debris left behind by the glacier's movement.&nbsp;



Over the past century, the number and size of glacial lakes worldwide have increased significantly due to the accelerating pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-glaciers-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-harsh-climate-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat. This trend is especially evident in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, as well as in polar areas such as Alaska and Greenland.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-and-negative-impacts-nbsp">Positive and negative impacts&nbsp;</h3>



Glacial lakes can have both positive and negative impacts. They provide critical water sources for downstream communities, support biodiversity, and sometimes offer opportunities for hydropower development or tourism.&nbsp;



However, they also pose serious risks. The dams holding back these lakes can fail suddenly, causing glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These catastrophic events can devastate downstream areas, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and habitats while endangering human lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes">Monitoring changes</h3>



Understanding glacier retreat and glacial lake formation requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining climate science, hydrology, and geology.&nbsp;



Monitoring these changes is essential to mitigate associated risks and adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-retreat-worldwide">Glacier retreat worldwide</h2>



Studies and satellite observations show that most glaciers in almost all regions of the world are shrinking.&nbsp;



Melting glaciers contribute significantly to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.



The retreat of glaciers is considered one of the clearest indicators of climate change. Some glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates, indicating accelerating climate impacts.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Retreating glaciers and expanding meltwater lakes in Alaska

Record setting cold weather has been predicted to hit large parts of the United States in the next few days as chilly temperatures sweep south from Alaska. Alaska is currently experiencing it’s coldest weather for two years. The cold blast is expected to last up to eight days within the Northeastern states.
Before 19th-century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" corresponded to the present day <a title="New England" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England">New England</a> region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day <a title="Northeastern United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States">Northeast</a>.Record-setting cold weather expected in the Northern U.S

Before 1865, the North was distinguished from the <a title="Southern United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States">South</a> on the issue of <a title="Slavery in the United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States">slavery</a>. In Southern states, slavery was legal until the ratification of the <a title="Emancipation Proclamation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in 1865. Northern states had all passed some form of legislation to abolish slavery by 1804. However, abolition did not mean freedom for some existing slaves. Due to gradual abolition laws, slaves would still appear in some Northern states as far as the <a class="mw-redirect" title="1840 United States Census" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_Census">1840 United States Census</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Slavery would ultimately be the main cause of the American Civil War.
<h3>American Civil War</h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner">
<div class="thumbcaption">Map of the division of the states in the <a title="American Civil War" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865). Blue (the <a title="United States Army" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army">U.S. Army's</a> uniform color) indicates the northern Union states; light blue represents five Union states that permitted slavery (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Border states (Civil War)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(Civil_War)">border states</a>). Red represents southern seceded states in rebellion, also known as the <a title="Confederate States of America" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America">Confederate States of America</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
During the <a title="American Civil War" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War">American Civil War</a>, the Northern United States was composed of the U.S. states that supported the United States of America, the Union states. In this context, "The North" is synonymous with the Union. In this context, "The South" is composed of the states that attempted secession from the U.S. to form the <a title="Confederate States of America" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America">Confederate States of America</a>. However, which states comprised "The North" in this context can be the subject of historical disagreement. Five <a title="Slavery in the United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States">slave-holding</a> states, called the <a title="Border states (American Civil War)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)">Border states</a>, that remained with the Union – Missouri, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kentucky-coal-mining-museum-solar/">Kentucky,</a> West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware (along with the disputed <a title="Indian Territory" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory">Indian Territory</a>) – may be included in either region

Record-setting cold weather expected in the Northern U.S

Clothing is more than just fabric and fashion -- our clothes tell stories about who we are as humans, where we've been, and how we've adapted over time. 



But when did our human ancestors first decide that we needed to cover up and wear clothes? 



This question has puzzled scientists for years. David Reed, associate curator of mammals at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, has been digging into this mystery by studying an unlikely source: lice.



Reed's work focuses on these tiny parasites that have been our unwelcome companions for thousands of years. 



"We wanted to find another method for pinpointing when humans might have first started wearing clothing," Reed said. 



"Because they are so well adapted to clothing, we know that body lice or clothing lice almost certainly didn’t exist until clothing came about in humans."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lousy-clues-hidden-in-our-hair">Lousy clues hidden in our hair</h2>



By examining the DNA of modern human lice, Reed and his team have calculated that we started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago. 



This was a significant technological leap that allowed our ancestors to migrate out of Africa into colder climates. 



"It’s just interesting to think that humans were able to survive in Africa for hundreds of thousands of years without clothing and without body hair," Reed noted. 



"And that it wasn’t until they had clothing that modern humans were then moving out of Africa into other parts of the world."



This research, funded by the National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>), suggests that there was a substantial period when humans roamed the African continent without the warmth of body hair or the protection of garments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lice-humans-and-the-first-clothes">Lice, humans, and the first clothes</h2>



Lice are more than just a nuisance; they're evolutionary markers. Unlike many parasites, lice stick closely to their hosts over long periods. 



This host-parasite relationship allows scientists like Reed to trace changes in human history based on changes in lice populations. 



"We use these lice as a marker, if you will, as a marker of their host’s evolutionary history," he explained.



Interestingly, the study shows that we began wearing clothes around 70,000 years before venturing into colder regions -- a move that started about 100,000 years ago. 



This gap implies that clothing wasn't just a response to colder climates but perhaps a development that had other social or practical motivations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-humans-got-cold-too">Early humans got cold, too</h2>



Back in 2003, geneticist Mark Stoneking from the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a> estimated that clothing use began around 107,000 years ago. 



Reed's study, however, includes new data and refined calculation methods, offering a different perspective. 



"The new result from this lice study is an unexpectedly early date for clothing, much older than the earliest solid archaeological evidence, but it makes sense," noted Ian Gilligan, a lecturer at <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Australian National University</a>.



The timing of clothing's emergence seems to align with the harsh conditions of the Ice Ages. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disastrous-climate-changes-of-the-last-ice-age-could-happen-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Last Ice Age</a> occurred about 120,000 years ago, but Gilligan suggests that humans started bundling up during the preceding Ice Age, around 180,000 years ago. 



With modern humans appearing about 200,000 years ago, this period was crucial for developing technologies that would ensure our survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-humans-needed-clothes-to-survive">First humans needed clothes to survive</h2>



Clothing wasn't the only advancement that helped our ancestors thrive. Reed pointed out that other innovations played a role. 



"The things that may have made us much more successful in that endeavor hundreds of thousands of years later were technologies like the controlled use of fire, the ability to use clothing, new hunting strategies, and new stone tools," he said.



One of the challenges in studying ancient clothing is the lack of physical evidence. Early garments wouldn't have survived millennia buried in the earth. 



Direct evidence like eyed needles only appeared about 40,000 years ago, and tools suitable for scraping animal hides date back to about 780,000 years ago. 



Reed's lice research fills in the gaps, offering a biological clue where archaeological evidence is scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lice-aren-t-often-seen-as-heroes">Lice aren't often seen as heroes</h2>



Collecting lice samples from around the world, including places like homeless shelters and health clinics, was essential for the study's success. 



These parasites provide a unique dataset that can be applied across various fields, from medicine to ecology. 



"It gives the opportunity to study host-switching and invading new hosts, which has everything to do with diseases that do the same thing, like emerging infectious diseases that affect humans," Reed explained.



"From an evolutionary standpoint, it’s interesting to learn about the evolutionary histories of a mammal and its parasite that are so intertwined, so interconnected over vast, long time scales. They just generate such interesting evolutionary questions," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



To sum it all up, by examining lice, Reed and his team found clues about when our early human ancestors first decided to wear clothes.



This was a pivotal moment in Earth history that allowed humans to migrate around the globe and adapt to new environments and extreme weather.



If our distant relatives hadn't figured out how to create and wear clothes roughly 170,000 years ago, chances are the species would not have survived, and we wouldn't be here today reading this article.



This fun but important research highlights the fact that humans have always been resourceful, even the very first ones. 



The incremental survival steps they took during the Last Ice Age led to the complex societies we have today. Whether that's a good thing, or a bad thing, will be left open for discussion on another day.



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Study co-authors were Melissa Toups, previously with UF and now at Indiana University, Andrew Kitchen, formerly with UF and presently at The Pennsylvania State University, and Jessica Light of Texas A&amp;M University. The researchers completed the five-year project with the help of Reed’s NSF Faculty Early Career Development Award, which is granted to researchers who exemplify the teacher-researcher role.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/28/1/29/984822" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>.



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When did early humans first start wearing clothes? Follow the lousy lice

Clothing is more than just fabric and fashion -- our...

According to a recent study, the first summer on record when nearly all of the Arctic's sea ice melts - an alarming milestone for the planet - could occur as soon as 2027.



For the first time, an international team of researchers, including climatologist Alexandra Jahn from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> and Céline Heuzé from the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a> in Sweden, has used computer models to forecast when the Arctic Ocean might experience its first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice-free</a> day. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-an-ice-free-arctic-nbsp">Implications of an ice-free Arctic&nbsp;</h2>



An ice-free Arctic could have significant impacts on ecosystems and Earth's climate by altering weather patterns.



“The first ice-free day in the Arctic won’t change things dramatically,” said Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and fellow at CU Boulder’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.&nbsp;



“But it will show that we've fundamentally altered one of the defining characteristics of the natural environment in the Arctic Ocean, which is that it is covered by sea ice and snow year-round, through greenhouse gas emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-warming-arctic">A rapidly warming Arctic</h2>



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, sea ice in the Arctic has been disappearing at an unprecedented rate of more than 12% each decade.



In September, the <a href="https://nsidc.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a> reported that this year’s Arctic sea ice minimum - the day with the least amount of frozen seawater - was among the lowest recorded since 1978.



At 1.65 million square miles (4.28 million square kilometers), this year’s minimum was above the all-time low observed in September 2012.&nbsp;



However, it still represents a significant decline compared to the average coverage of 6.85 million square kilometers between 1979 and 1992.



Scientists consider the Arctic to be ice-free when the ocean has less than one million square kilometers of ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focusing-on-the-first-ice-free-day">Focusing on the first ice-free day</h2>



Previous projections of Arctic sea ice have centered on predicting when the ocean will remain ice-free for an entire month. Jahn’s earlier research suggested that the first ice-free month is almost certain and could occur by the 2030s.



As this critical point approaches, Jahn became interested in pinpointing when the first summer day might occur that melts virtually all Arctic sea ice.



“Because the first ice-free day is likely to happen earlier than the first ice-free month, we want to be prepared. It’s also important to know what events could lead to the melting of all sea ice in the Arctic Ocean,” Heuzé said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-and-early-melt">Extreme weather and early melt</h2>



Jahn and Heuzé estimated the timing of the first ice-free Arctic day using data from over 300 computer simulations.&nbsp;



They found that most models predict the first ice-free day could happen within nine to 20 years after 2023, regardless of human efforts to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The earliest ice-free day could occur within three years.



While this is an extreme scenario, it remains a possibility based on the models. In total, nine simulations indicated that an ice-free day could happen in three to six years.



The researchers discovered that a sequence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-does-climate-change-influence-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a> could melt two million square kilometers or more of sea ice rapidly. An unusually warm fall could weaken the sea ice, followed by a warm Arctic winter and spring that prevent new ice from forming. 



If the Arctic experiences such extreme warming for three or more consecutive years, the first ice-free day could occur in late summer.



Such warm periods have already occurred. For example, in March 2022, areas of the Arctic were 50°F warmer than average, and regions near the North Pole were nearly melting. According to Heuzé, climate change will only increase the frequency and intensity of these weather events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-through-emission-reductions">Hope through emission reductions</h2>



Sea ice protects the Arctic by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space. With less reflective ice, darker ocean waters absorb more heat from the Sun, further increasing temperatures in the Arctic and globally.&nbsp;



Additionally, warming in the Arctic could alter wind and ocean current patterns, leading to more extreme weather events worldwide.



But there is also positive news: a significant reduction in emissions could delay the timeline for an ice-free Arctic and decrease the duration the ocean remains ice-free, according to the study.



“Any reductions in emissions would help preserve sea ice,” Jahn concluded.



The findings were published on December 3 in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>. Jahn will also present the results on December 9 at the <a href="https://www.agu.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union annual meeting</a> in Washington D.C.



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First ice-free day in the Arctic may arrive in 2027

According to a recent study, the first summer on record...

International Cheetah Day, celebrated each year on December 4, is dedicated to raising awareness about the challenges faced by this iconic big cat.&nbsp;



With fewer than 7,000 individuals remaining in the wild, this day highlights the urgent need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts to protect cheetahs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-cheetahs">Fascinating facts about cheetahs</h2>



Cheetahs are extraordinary animals. They are the fastest land mammals - capable of reaching speeds of up to 70 miles per hour in short bursts during a chase.&nbsp;



What’s even more impressive is their acceleration, going from 0 to 60 miles per hour in just a few seconds.&nbsp;



Their slim, aerodynamic bodies, long legs, and specialized spine allow them to achieve this remarkable speed, while their semi-retractable claws provide extra grip during sprints.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetah-vision">Cheetah vision</h3>



Beyond their speed, cheetahs have exceptional vision, enabling them to spot prey from distances of up to three miles.&nbsp;



The black "tear marks" running from their eyes to their mouths reduce glare from the sun, aiding in precision hunting during the day.&nbsp;



Interestingly, cheetahs rely more on sight than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheetah-marking-sites-are-communication-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scent</a> when tracking prey, setting them apart from other big cats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Socially, male cheetahs often form coalitions, usually with their brothers, which help them defend territories and hunt cooperatively.



Females, on the other hand, are solitary and raise their cubs alone, teaching them crucial survival skills over the course of about 18 months.



Cheetahs also have unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/empathetic-humans-are-better-at-understanding-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocalizations</a>, including chirps and purrs. To communicate with their cubs, mothers use a high-pitched meow-like call. Unlike other big cats, they do not roar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-faced-by-cheetahs">Threats faced by cheetahs</h2>



Cheetahs face a range of threats that have led to their classification as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List - with some populations critically endangered.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



One of the primary challenges is habitat loss and fragmentation, caused by expanding agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.&nbsp;



As their natural habitats are converted into farmland or settlements, cheetahs lose vital hunting grounds and are often confined to smaller, isolated populations.&nbsp;



This fragmentation not only limits their movement but also reduces genetic diversity, making them more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-wildlife-conflict">Human-wildlife conflict</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reintroduced-cheetahs-may-cause-conflicts-with-nearby-farmers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-wildlife conflict</a> is another significant threat. Cheetahs are frequently killed by farmers who see them as a danger to livestock, especially in areas where traditional grazing lands overlap with cheetah territories.&nbsp;



Overgrazing by livestock further compounds the issue by depleting the natural prey base for cheetahs. These prey populations are also declining due to poaching and habitat degradation, leaving cheetahs with fewer options for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illegal-wildlife-trade">Illegal wildlife trade</h3>



Illegal wildlife trade poses a dire risk to cheetahs, particularly to cubs, which are often captured to meet the demand for exotic pets. This practice not only disrupts family groups but also leads to high mortality rates among trafficked cubs.&nbsp;



Furthermore, roadkills and other accidental human impacts, such as collisions with vehicles in areas where roads intersect habitats, take a toll on their numbers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-nbsp">Climate change&nbsp;</h3>



Adding to these challenges is climate change, which alters ecosystems and disrupts prey availability and water sources. In some regions, invasive plant species further degrade their habitats, reducing the quality of the ecosystems cheetahs depend on.&nbsp;



Taken together, these threats create a complex web of challenges that endanger the survival of this iconic species. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-are-highly-effective-for-wildlife-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation efforts</a> aim to address these issues, but the cheetah’s future remains uncertain without sustained and coordinated global action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-cheetah-day-nbsp">International Cheetah Day&nbsp;</h2>



International Cheetah Day was initiated by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF). It is tied to the birth date of an orphaned cheetah cub named Khayam, rescued by CCF’s founder, Dr. Laurie Marker.&nbsp;



The day emphasizes education, community involvement, and spreading awareness to ensure a future for cheetahs in the wild. People worldwide are encouraged to participate by learning about cheetahs and supporting conservation initiatives.



For over six decades, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has been working to protect nature in more than 100 countries. To support the conservation efforts of WWF, you can symbolically <a href="https://gifts.worldwildlife.org/gift-center/gifts/Species-Adoptions/Cheetah?sc=AWY1800OQ18352A01716RX&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAiAmMC6BhA6EiwAdN5iLc4M6DO7TxYQTu60VtHJhdSs_JnBIREMzgpGYyUiO2Jlz7DdNV9fLxoCbmEQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adopt a cheetah</a>. 



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International Cheetah Day 2024: Racing against extinction 

International Cheetah Day, celebrated each year on December 4, is...

Astronomers have stumbled upon a cosmic treasure trove by using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in an unexpected way. They've discovered over a thousand photos of asteroids that had been hiding in Hubble images, unnoticed until now.



Lead researcher Pablo García Martín from the Autonomous University of Madrid delved into 19 years' worth of Hubble images to find these elusive space rocks.



Working alongside co-author Bruno Merín of the European Space Astronomy Centre, they found 1,701 asteroid trails, with 1,031 of them being entirely new discoveries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-ugc-12158-has-a-surprise-guest">Galaxy UGC 12158 has a surprise guest</h2>



One of the standout images features the barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158, which got an unexpected visitor -- a photobombing asteroid passing by during the telescope's exposure.



Barred spiral galaxies like UGC 12158 are fascinating. They have swirling arms that extend from a central bar-shaped region. 



These bars are more than just cosmic eye candy; they play a crucial role in channeling gas toward the galaxy's center, fueling the birth of new stars.



These bar structures aren't permanent fixtures. Astronomers believe they slowly disperse over time, and the galaxies eventually evolve into regular spirals. It's like watching a cosmic dance that changes steps over millions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-hunt-for-hidden-asteroids">Hubble's hunt for hidden asteroids</h2>



But how did these asteroids go unnoticed for so long? The answer lies in the sheer volume of data. 



Hubble has been snapping pictures of the universe for decades, amassing a vast archive that's simply too massive for astronomers to sift through alone.



Enter the citizen scientists -- over 11,000 volunteers from around the globe who teamed up with the researchers. 



Their mission? To comb through nearly 20 years of images in search of asteroid trails.



"We are getting deeper into seeing the smaller population of main belt asteroids. We were surprised with seeing such a large number of candidate objects," García Martín remarked.



"There was some hint of this population existing, but now we are confirming it with a random asteroid population sample obtained using the whole Hubble archive. This is important for providing insights into the evolutionary models of our solar system," he added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-we-care-about-asteroids">Why do we care about asteroids?</h2>



You might be wondering, why all the fuss about asteroids? These space rocks are like time capsules, holding clues about the early solar system.



The abundance of small asteroids supports the idea that they are fragments from larger bodies that collided and broke apart over billions of years. 



It's like piecing together a cosmic jigsaw puzzle, helping us understand how planets and other celestial bodies formed.



This finding challenges an alternative theory suggesting that these smaller fragments formed as such billions of years ago. Understanding which theory holds true can significantly impact our knowledge of solar system evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-science-asteroids-and-hubble">Citizen science, asteroids, and Hubble</h2>



The Hubble Asteroid Hunter project, launched in 2019, was a true team effort. 



Volunteers provided nearly 2 million identifications, which were then used to train a machine learning algorithm to find even more asteroids.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Galaxy-UGC-12158_asteroid-photobomb_annotated-hubble-image_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Galaxy-UGC-12158_asteroid-photobomb_annotated-hubble-image_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Annotated image of barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158 against the black background of space, with compass arrows, a scale bar, and color key for reference. The galaxy has a pinwheel shape made up of bright blue stars wound around a yellow-white hub of central stars. The galaxy is tilted face-on to our view from Earth. A slightly S-shaped white line across the top is the Hubble image of an asteroid streaking across Hubble’s view. Indicated filters are expressed as: “F475W” in blue, “F606W” in green, and “F814W” in red. At the bottom left corner is a scale bar labelled “60,000 light-years” over “30 arcseconds.” At the bottom right corner, the “E” compass arrow points towards the 2 o’clock position. The “N” compass arrow points towards the 5 o’clock position. Credit: NASA/ESA" class="wp-image-1952414"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Annotated image of barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158 against the black background of space, with compass arrows, a scale bar, and color key for reference. The galaxy has a pinwheel shape made up of bright blue stars wound around a yellow-white hub of central stars. A slightly S-shaped white line across the top is the Hubble image of an asteroid streaking across Hubble’s view. Credit: NASA/ESA</figcaption></figure>



"Asteroid positions change with time, and therefore you cannot find them just by entering coordinates, because at different times, they might not be there," explained Merín. 



"As astronomers we don't have time to go looking through all the asteroid images. So we got the idea to collaborate with over 10,000 citizen-science volunteers to peruse the huge Hubble archives."



This innovative approach may be effectively applied to other datasets in the future, showcasing the power of combining human effort with technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-hubble-finds-asteroids">How Hubble finds asteroids</h2>



Hubble's unique position orbiting Earth allows it to capture images of asteroids as they move. Unlike stars, which stay relatively fixed, asteroids can appear as streaks or trails in photographs.



From Earth-based telescopes, an asteroid leaves a straight streak across the picture. But in Hubble's images, they appear as curved trails due to the telescope's motion around Earth.



By analyzing these trails, scientists can determine how far away the asteroids are and estimate their orbits. 



The faintest asteroids they found are incredibly dim -- about one forty-millionth the brightness of the faintest star visible to the naked eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snapshot-of-the-universe">Snapshot of the universe</h2>



The image of UGC 12158 holds more than just an asteroid. It also contains a supernova -- an exploding star -- called SN 2004ef. 



This bright blue point near the galaxy's center was first spotted by two British amateur astronomers in September 2004.



At around 400 million light-years away, this supernova offers a glimpse into the life cycles of stars far beyond our own galaxy. It's a reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the universe.



The team plans to study these newly discovered asteroids further, looking into their orbits and properties like rotation periods.



However, since many of these images were taken years ago, tracking the asteroids now isn't possible. But the data still provides valuable insights that can be used to refine models of asteroid behavior and solar system evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



This discovery highlights how much can be achieved when professionals and the public join forces.



By tapping into the enthusiasm and curiosity of citizen scientists, the team was able to process an enormous amount of data that would have been overwhelming otherwise.



"This is important for providing insights into the evolutionary models of our solar system," García Martín emphasized.



Understanding asteroids isn't just an academic exercise. These objects can tell us about the building blocks of planets, including our own Earth.



They can also help us learn about potential hazards. After all, asteroids have impacted Earth before, and knowing more about them can help us prepare.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aanda.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>.



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Hubble gets photobombed by an asteroid in beautiful image of a spiral galaxy

Astronomers have stumbled upon a cosmic treasure trove by using...

Scientists have discovered a potential new member of the human family tree. This mysterious species, named Homo juluensis, includes the enigmatic Denisovans -- our ancient human relatives whose stories are still being unraveled.



The study was led by Professor Christopher J. Bae from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's Department of Anthropology in the College of Social Sciences. 



Professor Bae has dedicated over three decades to studying our ancestors across Asia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-diversity-of-hominin-fossils">Unexpected diversity of hominin fossils </h2>



The research ties up some loose ends about different types of human-like species that shared the Earth with us in the late Middle and early Late Pleistocene, roughly from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago.



"When compared to other paleontological disciplines, the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-were-likely-the-leading-cause-of-megafauna-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Late Quaternary</a> (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) paleoanthropology has lagged far behind in synthesizing the degree of morphological variability in the hominin fossil record," wrote the study authors.



"It is now evident that morphological diversity among Late Quaternary hominin fossils from eastern Asia (East and Southeast Asia all-inclusive) is greater than we (and most researchers) expected."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-of-homo-juluensis">Life of Homo juluensis</h2>



Homo juluensis thrived about 300,000 years ago in eastern Asia, then quickly disappeared about 50,000 years ago. 



These early humans hunted wild horses in small groups, crafted stone tools, and likely processed animal hides for survival.



The proposal suggests that the new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-hotspots-may-skew-our-view-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> encompasses the elusive Denisovans. 



This population is known primarily through DNA evidence from scarce physical remains discovered in Siberia, with a few fossils found in Tibet and Laos.



The connection is largely based on similarities between jaw and teeth fossils from various sites. Though the link requires more thorough research, the possibility itself is an exciting discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-denisovans">What are Denisovans?</h2>



Denisovans are one of humanity's ancient cousins, and they’re as mysterious as they are fascinating. 



Scientists discovered their existence in 2010 when a finger bone and some teeth were found in Denisova Cave, Siberia. These remains didn’t look like anything we’d seen before, so researchers turned to DNA analysis. 



The results showed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/denisovans-drawing-symbolic-imagery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovans</a> were a distinct group of hominins, closely related to both Neanderthals and modern humans. 



Unlike Neanderthals, though, we don’t have a clear picture of what they looked like since we’ve only found a few fossils.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Despite the limited evidence, Denisovans left a big mark on modern humans. 



Genetic studies reveal that people in Asia, Oceania, and Indigenous populations in the Americas carry small percentages of Denisovan DNA. 



This genetic legacy includes some handy adaptations, like a gene that helps people living at high altitudes -- such as Tibetans -- cope with low oxygen levels. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/homo-juluensis_human-ancestor_timeline_Primary-Late-Quaternary_credit-Nature_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/homo-juluensis_human-ancestor_timeline_Primary-Late-Quaternary_credit-Nature_1s.webp" alt="Homo juluensis and the Primary Late Quaternary (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) hominin taxa from eastern Asia. Credit: Nature Communications" class="wp-image-1952411"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Homo juluensis and the Primary Late Quaternary (~300,000–~50,000 years BP) hominin taxa from eastern Asia. Credit: Nature Communications</figcaption></figure>



This suggests <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-denisovan-species-humans-lived-undisturbed-tibetan-plateau-160000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovans</a> lived in diverse environments and possibly thrived in mountainous regions like the Himalayas.



Advanced technologies like DNA analysis have even helped uncover their interactions with Neanderthals and early modern humans. Evidence suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-neanderthal-dna-got-diluted-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these groups interbred</a>, sharing not just DNA but also survival skills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-they-found-homo-juluensis">How they found Homo juluensis</h2>



This significant breakthrough from <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiʻi</a> can be largely attributed to a new method of organizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-humans-get-big-brains-fossil-teeth-reveal-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil evidence</a>. 



Professor Bae compares this method to arranging an old family photo album where some pictures are unclear or challenging to identify.



The researchers established a clearer system for sorting and understanding these ancient human fossils from China, Korea, Japan, and southeast Asia.



"This study clarifies a hominin fossil record that has tended to include anything that cannot easily be assigned to Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens," Bae said.



"Although we started this project several years ago, we did not expect to be able to propose a new hominin (human ancestor) species and then to be able to organize the hominin fossils from Asia into different groups. Ultimately, this should help with science communication."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-our-view-of-human-evolution">Changes in our view of human evolution </h2>



The work conducted by Professor Bae and his team helps to unravel the intricate story of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tam-pa-ling-cave-reveals-early-human-presence-in-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution in Asia</a>.



By meticulously analyzing and organizing the hominin fossils from this region, they have contributed to a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of our evolutionary history. 



"Thanks largely to a growing hominin fossil record, the field of Late Quaternary eastern Asian paleoanthropology is in the midst of significant and important change that is contributing tremendously to how we view and are refining these evolutionary models," noted the researchers.



The study not only benefits scientists but also engages and informs the broader public, promoting better science communication and enabling a deeper appreciation for our shared human heritage.



The research makes the picture of our ancient ancestors a bit clearer by filling some of the gaps in our knowledge. The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53918-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-homo-juluensis-discovery">Implications of Homo juluensis discovery</h2>



The recent discovery of Homo juluensis and the taxonomic assignment of this potential new human species have opened up promising avenues for future research.



The classification of Homo juluensis offers a new lens through which scientists can investigate the origins, migrations, and interconnections of ancient human populations in Asia.



This finding paves the way for further exploration and encourages researchers to examine the rich tapestry of human evolution, uncovering more clues about our complex ancestry and the fascinating dynamics that shaped us as a species.



Image Credit: Nature Communications 



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New human species discovered that seems to have vanished just 50,000 years ago

Scientists have discovered a potential new member of the human...

Addiction to drugs often begins with an unpleasant experience. Consuming addictive substances, whether by injection, inhalation, or ingestion, frequently involves aversive cues like a bitter taste, pain, or discomfort.



Understanding these initial reactions can shed light on who might develop an addiction. This is the focus of a recent study led by Dr. Travis Moschak, a biologist at the University of Texas at El Paso.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aversive-cues-matter-in-drug-addiction">Aversive cues matter in drug addiction</h2>



"Aversive cues matter from the very first exposure," said Dr. Moschak. Until now, researchers lacked an effective animal model to study the role of aversive cues in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>. 



To fill this gap, Moschak’s team developed a novel method for rats to self-administer cocaine while experiencing aversive stimuli from the start.



The study on drugs revealed that initial reactions to these aversive cues can significantly influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-discovery-offers-hope-for-tackling-opioid-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">susceptibility to addiction</a>, offering critical insights into why some individuals develop substance use disorders while others do not.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-on-cocaine">Rats on cocaine</h2>



The researchers worked with nearly 30 rats that had the opportunity to self-administer small doses of cocaine.



Each dose was preceded by a small, bitter-tasting dose of quinine, a substance that is both safe for rats and commonly found in tonic water. 



This pairing mimicked the mixed positive-negative experience of drug consumption and addiction. The goal was to observe whether the bitter taste deterred the rats from seeking cocaine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-distinct-patterns-of-behavior">Three distinct patterns of behavior</h2>



After exposure to this paired experience, the rats’ responses fell into three distinct patterns:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-negative-reaction">Strong negative reaction</h3>



These rats reacted strongly to the quinine and stopped self-administering cocaine entirely. This behavior mirrors individuals who try a drug, have a negative experience, and avoid it thereafter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slowly-increasing-cocaine-use">Slowly increasing cocaine use</h3>



This group began with low cocaine consumption but gradually increased their intake. The aversive cue wasn’t strong enough to deter them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-over-consumed-cocaine-at-first">Over-consumed cocaine at first</h3>



Surprisingly, this third group started with heavy cocaine consumption but later leveled off. 



"The third group surprised us," noted Dr. Moschak. "They seemed to have over-indulged and the combination of too much cocaine and too much aversive stimulus took over."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-drug-addiction-research">Implications for drug addiction research</h2>



Previous studies have examined the role of aversive cues in drug use, but this current research is unique in pairing these cues with drug use from the very first instance.



"These findings could help explain why some individuals develop substance use disorders while others do not, and future studies may uncover genetic or neural differences that could guide targeted treatments," said Dr. Moschak.



This study highlights the complexity of addiction and the interplay between positive and negative experiences during drug use. By identifying patterns of behavior, researchers can better understand the factors that contribute to addiction vulnerability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-better-ways-to-treat-addiction">Finding better ways to treat addiction </h2>



Moving forward, Dr. Moschak’s team plans to examine the brain regions active during drug use with an aversive cue.



The researchers aim to uncover genetic or biological differences that may explain the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">varying responses</a> among the rats.



"This is a fascinating study with great potential to help us better understand and address drug abuse in people," said Dr. Robert Kirken, dean of the College of Science. "With further study, this research could lead to better ways to prevent and treat addiction."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-considerations-and-research-support">Ethical considerations and research support</h2>



At the conclusion of the study, the rats were safely taken off cocaine and were unharmed.



The cocaine used in the study was obtained through the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Drug Supply Program, which provides restricted substances for research purposes. 



The team ensured the rats’ well-being throughout the experiment, demonstrating a commitment to ethical research practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-drug-addiction">Understanding drug addiction</h2>



This study from the <a href="https://www.utep.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at El Paso</a> opens new avenues for understanding addiction by focusing on the role of aversive cues from the very first exposure to drugs. 



By investigating the behavioral, genetic, and neural factors underlying addiction, researchers hope to pave the way for more effective prevention and treatment strategies. 



Future research will also explore deeper connections between aversive stimuli, drug-seeking behavior, and long-term addiction risks. 



As Dr. Moschak’s findings show, even the smallest details - like a bitter taste - can significantly influence the path to addiction.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871624014005?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drug and Alcohol Dependence</a>.



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Rats on cocaine: Investigating the cues that lead to drug addiction

Addiction to drugs often begins with an unpleasant experience. Consuming...

Lions are synonymous with the majestic landscapes of Africa. Yet, worryingly, their numbers in Uganda are critically low. Meanwhile, hyenas appear to be holding their ground.



This data emerges from a comprehensive survey conducted across four major protected areas in Uganda, a first in nearly two decades. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lions-and-hyenas-in-uganda">Lions and hyenas in Uganda</h2>



Researchers conducted this survey across six major protected areas, including Murchison Falls (4,000 km² or 1,544 mi²) and the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area (2,400 km² or 926 mi²).



Over 100 conservation stakeholders collaborated on this effort, using advanced spatial capture-recapture methods to establish a new benchmark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honoring-the-king-of-the-jungle-on-world-lion-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife monitoring</a> in Africa.



These findings are already shaping Uganda’s conservation policies, forming the backbone of the nation’s Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation (2023–2033). 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sign-of-ecological-shifts">A sign of ecological shifts</h2>



The data highlights urgent challenges for certain species. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-and-female-lions-have-different-social-strategies-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lion populations</a> in Queen Elizabeth and Kidepo Valley National Parks have decreased to critically low levels, with fewer than 40 and 20 individuals recorded, respectively.



In contrast, spotted hyenas are thriving. Murchison Falls boasts Africa’s highest recorded density of hyenas, with 45 individuals per 100 km². This imbalance may signal ecological shifts.



"We could be seeing a release in hyena numbers as populations of lions decline," noted Dr. Alexander Braczkowski, lead researcher from <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Griffith University</a>.



Yet, the park’s ability to sustain high densities of all three species in the past - lions, hyenas, and leopards - shows its unique conservation value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uganda-s-final-refuge-for-lions">Uganda’s final refuge for lions</h2>



The survey highlights Murchison Falls National Park as Uganda’s last critical lion stronghold. 



The park supports a lion density of seven per 100 km² (18.2 per 100 mi²), with an estimated 240 individuals in a 3,233 km² (1,249 mi²) sampling area. This contrasts sharply with the dire conditions in Queen Elizabeth and Kidepo Valley National Parks.



However, even Murchison Falls faces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant threats</a>. Wire snare poaching and oil exploration put immense pressure on its ecosystems. Despite these challenges, targeted conservation efforts have preserved the park’s biodiversity thus far.



Anti-poaching measures by the Uganda Conservation Foundation, Snares to Wares, and ICON play a vital role in safeguarding these iconic carnivores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leopard-numbers-in-uganda">Leopard numbers in Uganda </h2>



Leopards show varied densities across Uganda, with Murchison Falls again standing out. 



The park records some of Africa’s highest leopard densities, at 14 individuals per 100 km² (36.26 per 100 mi²). This resilience underscores the importance of anti-poaching efforts and collaborative conservation strategies.



Many areas still have few leopards. Habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with people put them at risk. However, targeted actions can help. Working together, governments and organizations have been key to protecting leopards and their homes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-needed-for-uganda-s-carnivores">Action needed for Uganda’s carnivores</h2>



This survey highlights the threats to Uganda’s lions and other carnivores, including poaching, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict. Lions are especially at risk, with declining numbers in protected areas. Even the presence of the resilient hyenas may indicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-tracking-is-crucial-for-preserving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological problems</a>.



"This survey highlights both the challenges and successes of Uganda’s carnivore conservation," Dr. Braczkowski noted. 



The collaborative nature of this effort shows what’s possible when governments, NGOs, and local communities work together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-forward-for-conservation">Path forward for conservation</h2>



The study shows the importance of using new methods to monitor wildlife. Involving locals can help conservationists protect Uganda’s carnivores more effectively.



The Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation (2023–2033) provides a roadmap for addressing these challenges. 



However, its success will depend on sustained efforts and resources. Protecting Uganda’s iconic species requires not just policy but action at every level - from local communities to international organizations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lions-in-uganda">More about lions in Uganda</h2>



Lions in Uganda are strong animals that keep nature balanced. Sadly, there are fewer lions now because of habitat loss, poaching, and human activity. 



Most lions live in protected areas such as Murchison Falls and Queen Elizabeth National Parks. They hunt animals like buffalo and antelope and are important for the ecosystem.



Conflict with people is a big challenge for lions. When lions attack livestock near park borders, local communities often retaliate by killing them. To help, conservation groups are creating buffer zones and supporting programs that compensate farmers for livestock losses, thus promoting peaceful coexistence.



Community education also plays a vital role. Teaching locals about the ecological importance of lions helps reduce hostilities. Despite the challenges, ongoing efforts give hope for their survival. 



By combining scientific research, community involvement, and strong policy action, Uganda can secure a future for its lion populations.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=Southern+University+of+Science+and+Technology&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern University of Science and Technology</a> (China) and <a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> also contributed to the research.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198942400516X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a>.



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Lion numbers have reached a critical low in Uganda

Lions are synonymous with the majestic landscapes of Africa. Yet,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Los Glaciares National Park is located in the Santa Cruz Province of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/tectonic-forces-alter-the-landscape-in-argentina/">Argentina</a>. It lies on top of the Patagonian Andes &#8212; an area filled with mountains, lakes, forests and glaciers. It has a total surface area of about 600,000 hectares and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Los Glaciares National Park takes its name from the numerous glaciers which cover about half of the property, many of which are fed by the massive South Patagonia Ice Field.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA’s</a> Aqua satellite acquire this true-color image on November 20, 2016. Also Los Glaciares National Park is a beautiful destination spot.
Over time the melting of glaciers have formed the three lakes seen in this image. From north to south they are Lago San Martin, Lago Viedma, and Lago Argentino. The Upsala, Onelli, and Perito Moreno Glaciers calve into Lago Argentino. Perito Moreno is famous for its unusual behavior. The front of the massive glacier rises up to 60 meters (197 feet) high continuously moves forward, eventually blocking a narrow channel formed by Lago Argentino. Eventually, the pressure increases on the glacial tongue until it ruptures dramatically, calving icebergs into the waters of the lake.
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Credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA</a>

Los Glaciares National Park

The amazing Taj Mahal in India. Throughout December we will be posting daily pictures of the <a href="https://world.new7wonders.com/">New Seven Wonders of the World</a>. Keep checking back for your chance to win the trip of the lifetime.

We will be offering you the chance to win the trip of your life – enter SOON to win a ten-day vacation to one of the new wonders of the world. Your airfare and accommodation are fully paid – just grab your luggage and go. The Taj Mahal (/ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl, ˌtɑːʒ-/;[4] lit. Crown of the Palace, [taːdʒ ˈmɛːɦ(ə)l])[5] is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of <a href="http://www.earth.com/video/new7wonders-taj-mahal/">Shah Jahan</a> himself. The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17-hectare (42-acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall.
Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643, but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years. The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees, which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees (U.S. $827 million). The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.

Choose from the following inspirational destinations:
India’s Taj Mahal
The Great Wall of China
Rome’s Colosseum
Peru’s Machu Picchu
Mexico’s Chichén Itzá
Brazil’s Christ the Redeemer
Petra, Jordan