Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.



The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. 



The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the world's longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.&nbsp;



“An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photo of glaciers in the high-elevation valleys of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia. The upper portion of Fedchenko Glacier crosses the center of the scene.”



NASA noted that most of the larger glaciers in the image show a prominent pattern of light- and dark-brown parallel lines.&nbsp;



“The darker ‘streamlines,’ known as medial moraines, give a sense of the direction of flow of the ice down the valleys. These are concentrations of debris that has been eroded by the glacier from the adjacent mountainsides or a rocky outcrop,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fedchenko-a-high-altitude-glacier">Fedchenko: A high-altitude glacier</h2>



Fedchenko Glacier stretches for approximately 48 miles and covers an area of around 270 square miles. This massive glacier is a critical source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a>, feeding several rivers and influencing the region's hydrology.



Fedchenko Glacier lies at high altitudes, with its origins in the high peaks of the Pamirs, where snow accumulates heavily. Despite being situated in a relatively arid region, the glacier's significant size and volume are maintained by substantial snowfall.&nbsp;



Named after Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, a Russian explorer and naturalist, the glacier was first surveyed in 1928 during Soviet-era expeditions. It plays a crucial role in climate studies, as changes in its length and mass provide insights into the effects of global warming in Central Asia.&nbsp;



The glacier is also part of a spectacular and remote landscape, surrounded by towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-preferred-the-mountains-and-it-changed-our-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and rugged terrain, making it a key feature of the Pamirs' natural beauty.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-glaciers-worldwide">Threats to glaciers worldwide</h2>



Like many glaciers worldwide, Fedchenko faces the threat of retreat due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, raising concerns about water availability and ecosystem changes in the region.



Rising global temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissions are the primary driver of glacier melting. Warmer temperatures not only melt glacier surfaces but also increase the flow of meltwater beneath them, accelerating their disintegration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-pollution-nbsp">Human activities and pollution&nbsp;</h3>



Deforestation and urbanization exacerbate these effects by reducing reflective snow cover and increasing heat absorption in nearby areas.&nbsp;



Airborne pollutants like soot and black carbon darken glacier surfaces, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight and speeding up the rate of melting. 



Industrial activities and tourism in glacier regions add physical stress and pollution, further degrading these fragile ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-supplies">Water supplies</h3>



The loss of glaciers has far-reaching consequences. It disrupts freshwater supplies for millions of people who depend on glacial runoff for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-levels">Rising sea levels</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melting glaciers</a> contribute to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, the loss of glaciers impacts biodiversity, as many species rely on cold, glacial habitats for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-glaciers">Protecting glaciers</h3>



Efforts to mitigate these threats focus on reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-hidden-sources-of-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, protecting glacier regions from industrial exploitation, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.&nbsp;



However, without urgent action, the continued decline of glaciers will have profound implications for the planet's climate, water systems, and ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pamir-mountains-nbsp">The Pamir Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The Pamir Mountains, often called the "Roof of the World," are a vast and rugged mountain range located in Central Asia.&nbsp;



They span across Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan, forming a vital part of the junction where the Himalayas, the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, and the Hindu Kush converge.&nbsp;



With peaks soaring over 7,000 meters, including Ismoil Somoni Peak, the range is home to some of the highest altitudes on Earth.



The Pamir Mountains have been central to trade and cultural exchange for centuries, serving as a critical segment of the ancient Silk Road.&nbsp;



Today, the mountains are a popular destination for trekkers and explorers drawn by their breathtaking beauty and challenging terrain.



The Pamirs are not only a natural wonder but also a biological treasure trove, supporting unique wildlife that is adapted to extreme altitudes.&nbsp;



Culturally, the mountains are home to diverse communities, each with its unique traditions and ways of life, shaped by the harsh but majestic environment.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is located roughly 40 million light-years away in the constellation Lupus.&nbsp;



NGC 5643 belongs to the Hubble classification SBc, indicating that it is a barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms.&nbsp;



Its orientation, nearly face-on to Earth, provides astronomers with an exceptional view of its detailed spiral structure and central bar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-5643-a-grand-design-spiral-nbsp">NGC 5643: A grand design spiral&nbsp;</h2>



“NGC 5643 is what’s known as a grand design spiral, referring to how the galaxy’s two large, winding spiral arms are clear to see,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images">ESA</a>. “The spiral arms are defined by bright blue stars, lacy reddish-brown dust clouds and pink star-forming regions.”



“As fascinating as the galaxy appears at visible wavelengths, some of NGC 5643’s most interesting features are invisible to the human eye.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-activity-in-ngc-5643">Intense activity in NGC 5643</h2>



This galaxy is notable for its Seyfert 2 nucleus, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). The intense activity in its core is powered by a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/">black hole</a> that accretes surrounding material, emitting energy across a wide range of wavelengths.&nbsp;



“When a supermassive black hole ensnares gas from its surroundings, the gas collects in a disc that heats up to hundreds of thousands of degrees. The superheated gas shines brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, but especially at X-ray wavelengths,” said ESA.



Observations have revealed jets and outflows of material emanating from the nucleus, likely driven by the black hole’s activity.&nbsp;



NGC 5643’s AGN has been studied extensively for its role in galactic evolution, particularly in how its energetic processes interact with the galaxy’s interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-ngc-5643-x-1">The mystery of NGC 5643 X-1</h2>



However, ESA pointed out that NGC 5643’s active galactic nucleus isn’t the brightest source of X-rays in the galaxy.&nbsp;



“Researchers using ESA’s XMM-Newton discovered an even brighter X-ray-emitting object, called NGC 5643 X-1, on the galaxy’s outskirts. What could be a more powerful source of X-rays than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/">supermassive black hole</a>?”&nbsp;



“Surprisingly, the answer appears to be a much smaller black hole! While the exact identity of NGC 5643 X-1 is not yet known, evidence points to a black hole that is about 30 times more massive than the Sun.”&nbsp;



“Locked in an orbital dance with a companion star, the black hole ensnares gas from its stellar companion, creating a superheated disc that outshines the galactic center,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-5643">Star formation in NGC 5643</h2>



NGC 5643 also exhibits prominent regions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/">star formation</a> within its spiral arms. These areas are rich in gas and dust - the raw materials for birthing new stars - and glow brightly in ultraviolet and infrared light.&nbsp;



Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) have helped uncover the complex interplay between star formation and the galaxy's central activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-ionized-gas-regions-nbsp">Extended ionized gas regions&nbsp;</h2>



A defining feature of NGC 5643 is the presence of its extended ionized gas regions, which are shaped by the galaxy's AGN activity and star-forming regions.&nbsp;



These structures have been mapped through optical spectroscopy, revealing intricate patterns that help astronomers understand the physical conditions of the gas, such as density, temperature, and composition.



The galaxy also has a dust lane that crosses its nucleus, partially obscuring direct observations of the central region in visible light.&nbsp;



Overall, NGC 5643 offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of barred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/">spiral galaxies</a> with active nuclei, serving as a valuable resource for studying the interactions between supermassive black holes, star formation, and galactic evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-lupus">The constellation Lupus</h2>



Lupus is a constellation located in the southern sky, its name meaning "wolf" in Latin. It has been known since antiquity and was cataloged by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy.&nbsp;



Once part of the larger constellation Centaurus, Lupus was later recognized as a distinct constellation. It is relatively faint but holds historical significance in mythology, often associated with a sacrificial wolf in ancient stories.



Lupus is bordered by other constellations like Scorpius, Centaurus, and Libra. Its stars do not form a particularly striking pattern, but it contains a variety of interesting astronomical features. Among them are numerous double stars, globular clusters, and other deep-sky objects, visible through telescopes.&nbsp;



For observers in the Southern Hemisphere, Lupus is best seen in the winter and spring months, while it appears closer to the horizon for those in northern latitudes.



This constellation also lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/">Milky Way</a>, offering a rich field of stars and nebulae for stargazers. Despite its modest brightness, Lupus holds a special place in the science of astronomy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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NGC 5643: Secrets of a spiraling galactic powerhouse

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) features the Dark Wolf Nebula, located around 5,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius.



According to ESO, this image of the dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-ring-nebula-as-it-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> creates the illusion of a wolf-like silhouette against a colorful cosmic backdrop.&nbsp;



“This image takes up an area in the sky equivalent to four full Moons, but is actually part of an even larger nebula called Gum 55. If you look closely, the wolf could even be a werewolf, its hands ready to grab unsuspecting bystanders,” noted <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-dark-nebulae">Observing dark nebulae </h2>



Dark nebulae are dense regions in space filled with gas and dust that absorb visible light, making them appear as dark patches against brighter backgrounds.&nbsp;



Unlike emission or reflection nebulae, dark nebulae do not glow on their own. Instead, they obstruct and obscure the light from stars and other objects lying behind them.&nbsp;



This characteristic makes them challenging to observe using visible-light telescopes, as they absorb and scatter light rather than reflecting or emitting it.&nbsp;



However, when viewed in infrared, where their obscuring effect is reduced, dark nebulae reveal intricate details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-the-perseus-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular clouds</a> they contain.



According to ESO, astronomers study these clouds of frozen dust because they often contain new stars in the making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-wolf-nebula-nbsp">Dark Wolf Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Dark Wolf Nebula is part of a larger complex known as the Lupus Molecular Cloud, one of several significant star-forming regions close to Earth.&nbsp;



Inside of dark nebulae, the conditions are prime for star formation. The dense gas and dust clump together under gravitational forces. As these clouds contract, they heat up, eventually igniting nuclear fusion and forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new stars</a>.



The Dark Wolf Nebula is known for revealing young, low-mass stars - or T Tauri stars - which are in the early stages of their evolution. These stars are still surrounded by disks of material that may eventually form new planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-scorpius-nbsp">The constellation Scorpius&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpius is one of the most recognizable constellations in the sky. It resembles a scorpion with a long, curved tail and stinger.&nbsp;



Located in the southern sky, Scorpius is especially visible during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere and during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. 



The constellation is often associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. According to legend, the scorpion was sent by the goddess Artemis to kill Orion, the great hunter, either as punishment for his arrogance or to protect her animals, depending on the version of the tale.&nbsp;



The gods later placed both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a> and Scorpius in the sky, but in opposite parts of the heavens so they would never be seen together - as Scorpius rises in the east and Orion sets in the west.



Scorpius contains several notable stars and deep-sky objects. Its brightest star, Antares, is a red supergiant often referred to as the "heart of the scorpion" due to its reddish hue and central position. 



Antares is one of the largest visible stars in the sky and has a luminosity that is tens of thousands of times greater than that of our Sun. 



Scorpius is located close to the core of the Milky Way, making it a rich region for star clusters and nebulae. Among these are the Butterfly Cluster and the Ptolemy Cluster - both of which are visible to the naked eye under dark skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-dark-wolf-nebula">Image of the Dark Wolf Nebula </h2>



“This image shows in spectacular detail how the dark wolf stands out against the glowing star-forming clouds behind it,” noted ESO.



“The colorful clouds are built up mostly of hydrogen gas and glow in reddish tones excited by the intense UV radiation from the newborn stars within them.”



The picture was created from images taken at different times. Each of the images has a filter that makes a different color of light visible.&nbsp;



Observations of the Dark Wolf Nebula provide astronomers with valuable information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of stars</a> and the environments in which they form.



The image was captured by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile.



Image Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team



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Dark Wolf Nebula in the constellation Scorpius

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory...

No matter the circumstances, octopus mothers will go to any lengths for their young. The fact that an octopus will actually live longer should her eggs take longer to hatch, proves the dedication that she has for her offspring. They are certainly a mysterious species. Scientists have concluded that because of their special skills, octopuses may have origins that are quite literally out of this world. Photo Credit: David Steensma, MD / Twitter

Mysterious creatures

Orphaned apes, like bonobos, victimized by illegal trade practices, are showing the world their resilience. They can bounce back from traumatic experiences and develop social capabilities akin to those raised in their natural habitats.



A recent study conducted by researchers at Durham University sheds light on the social and emotional development of orphaned bonobos and the impact of rehabilitation efforts.



The findings highlight the potential for orphans to develop critical social abilities, even after experiencing early-life trauma. The study, spanning 10 years, involved observations at Lola ya Bonobo, the world’s only bonobo sanctuary located in the Democratic Republic of Congo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plight-of-bonobos">Plight of bonobos</h2>



Bonobos, like chimpanzees, share a very close evolutionary history with humans, making them one of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-group-cohesion-common-enemy-effect-do-not-kill-inside-their-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nearest living relatives</a> in the animal kingdom. Both species are genetically similar to humans, which is why scientists study them to better understand human behavior and evolution.



Bonobos are found exclusively in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in Central Africa, where they live in the wild. 



Unfortunately, these apes face several dangers, such as logging (cutting down trees) and illegal activities like hunting for bushmeat (the meat of wild animals). These practices severely harm bonobo populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-skills-of-orphaned-bonobos">Emotional skills of orphaned bonobos</h2>



One of the most damaging effects of these illegal activities is that young bonobos are often taken from their mothers. 



Losing their mothers at a young age means that these orphaned bonobos miss out on the vital care and socialization they would normally receive in their natural environment. 



Without maternal care, young bonobos face difficulties in learning important social behaviors and emotional skills. 



For example, they may not learn how to interact with others properly, show empathy, or understand group dynamics - which are all crucial for their survival and well-being in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-rehabilitation">Role of rehabilitation</h2>



The researchers aimed to understand how rehabilitation at Lola ya Bonobo affects the development of orphaned bonobos compared to their mother-reared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-are-thriving-in-salonga-national-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">counterparts</a>.



The team examined critical traits like empathy, social skills, and aggression across different life stages and sexes.



“The Lola ya Bonobo sanctuary does vital work in protecting this vulnerable species. While the orphans’ social development is not equivalent to that of their mother-reared counterparts, they overlap in the development and behaviours they display,” said study lead author Stephanie Kordon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orphaned-bonobos-after-rehab">Orphaned bonobos after rehab</h2>



The research revealed that female bonobos’ social skills increased with age, consistent with the female-led nature of bonobo societies.



Conversely, male bonobos showed a decline in social skills as they aged. Although orphaned bonobos exhibited reduced social abilities compared to mother-reared ones, they still demonstrated species-typical behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empathy-in-orphaned-bonobos">Empathy in orphaned bonobos</h2>



Orphaned bonobos were less likely to show empathetic behaviors, such as comforting distressed peers.



However, their ability to console others, while reduced, remained within the range observed in mother-reared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-are-more-endangered-than-previously-known/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>. This indicates they retain sufficient skills to function in social groups, crucial for their survival in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aggression-dynamics">Aggression dynamics</h2>



Mother-reared and older female bonobos displayed higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peaceful-bonobos-are-actually-more-aggressive-than-chimps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levels of aggression</a>, while younger and male bonobos were more often victims. However, the way bonobos were reared did not influence their likelihood of being targeted by aggression.



“While we cannot say the orphaned bonobos are absolutely rehabilitated, our findings do show a good direction to their social function as we are seeing them demonstrate species-typical behaviors within low but normal ranges,” said study senior author Professor Zanna Clay.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-development-in-orphaned-bonobos">Social development in orphaned bonobos</h2>



The research from <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Durham University</a> offers a rare glimpse into how early-life experiences shape the social and emotional development of bonobos. 



By comparing orphaned and mother-reared bonobos, the study highlights the resilience of orphaned individuals and the critical role that sanctuaries play in aiding their recovery.



“By better understanding the healthy social development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-cooperation-challenges-beliefs-about-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, we aim to help the important rehabilitation and conservation efforts of this unique species,” noted Kordon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-conservation-goals">Broader conservation goals</h2>



Bonobo rehabilitation not only helps individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-are-more-interested-in-the-emotions-of-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apes</a> but also contributes to broader conservation goals. By reintroducing socially competent bonobos into the wild, efforts like those at Lola ya Bonobo ensure the survival and well-being of this endangered species. 



While challenges remain, the findings offer hope for orphaned bonobos and reinforce the value of dedicated sanctuaries in conservation.



The research team included experts from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a> and <a href="https://www.emory.edu/home/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emory University</a> in the United States. 



The work was funded by the Templeton World Charity Foundation’s Diverse Intelligences initiative and a European Research Council Horizon 2020 Starting Grant.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.240435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Orphaned bonobos can regain social skills and empathy

Orphaned apes, like bonobos, victimized by illegal trade practices, are...

What is your idea of solitude? Is it hiking alone in a dense forest or is it as simple as reading your favorite book in a café while sipping on coffee? 



New research from Oregon State University suggests that while some alone time can be very beneficial, intense solitude may not be the best path to energy restoration and social connectedness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitude-and-social-connectedness">Solitude and social connectedness </h2>



The research was led by Professor Morgan Quinn Ross of <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> and Scott Campbell, a scholar from Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>).



The study highlights the nuanced role of solitude in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-rejection-teaches-us-valuable-lessons-about-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">promoting connectedness</a> - a vital factor for overall health.



According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>), strong social ties correlate with a longer lifespan, improved mental health, and a reduced risk of serious illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and dementia.



The findings emphasize the importance of understanding how different types of solitude contribute to this dynamic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-social-interactions-with-solitude">Balancing social interactions with solitude</h2>



The researchers surveyed nearly 900 adults in the United States. 



The findings suggest that less intense forms of solitude (such as playing mobile games or attending a movie alone) offer benefits that more isolated experiences (like a solitary drive in the desert) may lack. 



“We learned that less complete solitude is more likely to restore energy and maintain a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-observation-our-decisions-shift-when-people-are-watching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feeling of connection</a> with others,” noted Professor Ross.



“In a world where social interaction is almost always just a click away, we need to understand how to balance social interaction with different types of solitude.”



The researchers introduced a matrix of solitude, ranging from a base level of no interaction with people to a total level where individuals are entirely inaccessible and disengaged from media. 



This framework helped them explore whether complete solitude maximizes restoration, while partial solitude promotes relatedness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-and-social-connection-the-paradox">Energy and social connection: The paradox</h2>



A key aspect of the study was examining how solitude interacts with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-stress-harms-the-brains-of-low-status-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social energy</a> - a metaphorical battery that can be fully charged, partially charged, or drained through social interaction.



The Communicate Bond Belong theory suggests a tradeoff: social interactions build connection but deplete energy, while solitude restores energy at the cost of connection.



Professor Ross’s findings challenge this view. “Our study suggests that solitude is in fact not the flipside of social interaction,” she noted.



“Whereas more intense social interaction yields connection but depletes energy, more intense solitude depletes both energy and connection. Solitude does not seem to function simply as a way to regain energy used in social interaction.”



Interestingly, the impact of solitude depends on an individual’s perspective. Solitude was less detrimental for those who believed it helped them restore energy and maintain connection, regardless of how draining their social interactions were.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-takeaways-for-solitude-seekers">Practical takeaways for solitude seekers</h2>



Professor Ross offered practical advice for those seeking solitude.



“If you have a positive attitude toward solitude - because you use it to restore energy and know that you will be able to connect with people later - then choosing solitude will probably make you feel better,” said Professor Ross.



“But if you choose solitude because of a negative attitude toward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interaction</a> - because you don’t want to talk to people - it will probably make you feel worse.”



This insight applies to both extroverts and introverts. Regardless of personality type, approaching solitude constructively and with a clear purpose enhances its benefits. 



Activities that blend solitude with light social engagement or media use - such as enjoying music or reading in a lively environment - can help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-friendships-improve-your-health-as-you-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individuals feel connected</a> and energized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-well-being-and-restoration">Implications for well-being and restoration </h2>



The findings highlight solitude’s role in shaping well-being. In an increasingly connected world, understanding how to navigate the balance between interaction and solitude is crucial. 



The research highlights the value of intentionally choosing solitude that aligns with personal motivations and energy needs.



For many, solitude remains an essential aspect of life. This study serves as a reminder to approach it thoughtfully, ensuring that time alone supports both restoration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-trust-news-that-matches-their-political-views-even-when-its-fake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connectedness</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0311738" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



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Solitude can restore energy and well-being, but not if it's too intense

What is your idea of solitude? Is it hiking alone...

Space can surprise even those who spend their lives studying it. People often think of our solar system as just a few planets and a bunch of empty space. 



Yet new observations suggest we have been living inside a hot, less dense region, and that there may even be a strange cosmic channel connecting us to distant stars.



After years of careful mapping, a new analysis reveals what appears to be a channel of hot, low-density plasma stretching out from our solar system toward distant constellations. Astronomers from the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/institutes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a> recently confirmed it using data from the <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2021/03/aa39313-20/aa39313-20.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eRosita instrument</a>. Dr. L. L. Sala, lead researcher, and colleagues shared these findings in a paper published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/10/aa51045-24/aa51045-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-the-familiar">Looking beyond the familiar</h2>



For a long time, scientists have known that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-space-station-observes-something-unknown-55-miles-above-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> sits within a peculiar region of space called the <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11550" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Local Hot Bubble</a>. 



This area, estimated to be <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102613" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">about 300 light years across</a>, formed as a result of powerful stellar explosions called supernovas. They heated the surrounding gas, producing a low-density, high-temperature environment. Traces of these distant events still linger as wispy distributions of hot plasma. “We find the temperature of the LHB exhibits a north-south dichotomy at high latitudes,” stated Dr. L. L. Sala, lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-x-ray-explorer">A cosmic X-ray explorer</h2>



To better understand this environment, scientists turned to eRosita. This X-ray observatory, launched as part of the <a href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/srg/#:~:text=The%20scientific%20spacecraft%20%22Spectrum%2DRoentgen,of%20galaxies%20will%20be%20marked." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission</a>, scoured the sky to capture soft X-ray emissions. One of eRosita’s goals is to chart hot gas in space, learn about supernova remnants, and investigate the surroundings of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-anticipated-comet-of-2024-returns-this-weekend-after-80000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our neighborhood</a>. 



By combining these results with older data from <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/rosat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ROSAT</a>, another X-ray survey, astronomers have pieced together a more detailed picture of our local region. They took on the challenging <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2013/10/aa22221-13/aa22221-13.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task</a> of dividing the sky into thousands of bins, extracting subtle signals of warm gas, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/502/4/5779/6131844" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust cavities</a>, and interstellar structures. This painstaking approach helped isolate the faint glow of the surrounding plasma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-cosmic-channel">Puzzling cosmic channel</h2>



What stands out is the detection of a channel, or “tunnel,” that appears to stretch toward the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centaurus constellation</a>. 



This feature seems to punch through the hot material, connecting our neighborhood to distant star systems. 



Another such pathway appears to link toward the vicinity of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-major-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canis Major</a>. Data hints these might be just one part of a larger, branching network of channels that run between star-forming regions and pockets of heated gas.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/milky-way_local-hot-bubble_eRosita_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/milky-way_local-hot-bubble_eRosita_1s.webp" alt="3D map of the Milky Way’s Local Hot Bubble (LHB) created from eROSITA data reveals a low-density region around the solar system, heated by ancient supernovas. The bubble shows temperature gradients and an interstellar “tunnel” toward Centaurus, likely formed by young stars’ winds. This bubble may connect to other superbubbles, shaping the Milky Way’s structure. The solar system entered the LHB a few million years ago, adding to our understanding of its cosmic neighborhood. Credit: Max Planck Institute" class="wp-image-1953925"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">3D map of the Milky Way’s Local Hot Bubble (LHB) created from eROSITA data reveals a low-density region around the solar system, heated by ancient supernovas. The bubble shows temperature gradients and an interstellar “tunnel” toward Centaurus, likely formed by young stars’ winds. This bubble may connect to other superbubbles, shaping the Milky Way’s structure. The solar system entered the LHB a few million years ago, adding to our understanding of its cosmic neighborhood. Credit: Max Planck Institute</figcaption></figure>



Each route may represent a kind of interstellar backroad, a path carved out by dynamic processes and influenced by the long-ago actions of exploding stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remembering-old-theories-on-cosmic-channels">Remembering old theories on cosmic channels</h2>



Ideas about a network of hot, low-density channels are not new. 



Decades ago, some <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/381679E86154865FF68FE884DA62F1D4/S0074180900089348a.pdf/div-class-title-the-structure-of-the-interstellar-medium-div.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">researchers</a> speculated that the space around us could hold labyrinths of connected cavities. But there was never enough data to be sure. Instruments like eRosita have now provided that clarity. By showing tunnels and pockets filled with hot plasma, the findings confirm at least one piece of these older theories. 



The presence of dust cavities packed with hot gas supports the notion that supernova events shaped a connected patchwork of interstellar matter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-just-empty-space">Not just empty space</h2>



It is tempting to think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> as nothingness, but that is misleading. 



Even the void between stars contains various materials. The Local Hot Bubble is one example of how dramatic events can sculpt gas into unexpected forms.



Supernovas push out matter and energy that heat and churn the interstellar medium. Over millions of years, these actions create differences in density, temperature, and composition. 



The interplay of dust, plasma, radiation, and magnetic fields leads to an environment with far more complexity than a simple vacuum. The Max Planck Institute’s recent <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/10/aa51045-24/aa51045-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> argues that the average thermal pressure in this bubble is lower than expected, indicating that it might be open in some directions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-channels-the-evidence">Cosmic channels: The evidence</h2>



While researchers have mapped parts of this hot region and uncovered these unusual passages, not every aspect is understood. 



Some star lines seem supported by a series of linked cavities. Other regions appear more blocked. The complexity of these patterns requires more sensitive data and further analysis. With time, better models may explain how these structures formed and how they continue to evolve.



Space’s calm appearance is deceiving. Over the past millions of years, our solar system drifted into the Local Hot Bubble. 



At roughly the same time, supernovas occurred nearby. The timing is not a coincidence. Those <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102613" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient blasts</a> likely shaped the conditions we find today. The fact that our Sun now sits near the bubble’s center is simply chance, but it makes for an interesting perspective. It is as if we arrived late to a party, only to find a lingering aftermath of dramatic events that took place long before humans even existed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peering-inside-a-hidden-structure">Peering inside a hidden structure</h2>



Continuing to explore these cosmic channels will require increasingly sensitive instruments. New X-ray missions, deeper surveys, and refined models of hot gas distribution will improve our understanding. Over time, astronomers hope to fill in more of this cosmic map and explain how these tunnels affect everything from local cosmic rays to dust flow patterns and stellar wind dynamics.



The discovery of these hidden routes and temperature differences offers a reminder that even our own cosmic backyard holds surprises. 



These channels challenge old assumptions and add complexity to the picture of what lies between our Sun and the nearest stars.&nbsp;



As technology advances and new methods improve, these discoveries are bound to raise even more questions. 



Every new piece of evidence will bring us closer to understanding both the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curvature-propulsion-warp-drive-krasnikov-tube-future-intergalactic-space-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> we inhabit today and the ancient events that shaped it.



What once seemed distant and unknowable may soon reveal connections that redefine our place in the cosmos.



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Interstellar "tunnel" found that connects our solar system to other stars

Space can surprise even those who spend their lives studying...

A recent discovery has drawn attention to a deposit containing about 1,000 metric tons (1,100 US tons) of high-quality gold ore. If ultimately proven true, this massive find would make it the largest gold deposit on Earth.



The news has turned heads around the world, considering that such a find could influence global markets, local economies, and long-term mining strategies.



The deposit sits in a region known for mineral wealth but has now proven to be far richer than anyone had previously guessed. 



In early examinations, it appears to meet the criteria of what experts call a "supergiant" deposit, a term used when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-role-of-seawater-in-gold-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold resources</a> measure up not in millions, but potentially billions of ounces, surpassing even well-known reserves around the world. 



Bureau prospector Chen Rulin at the <a href="http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/Government/ASocialO/GovernmentDepartments/201308/t20130805_1801515.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Bureau of Hunan Province</a> has been closely involved in examining the site.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-a-gold-deposit-supergiant">What makes a gold deposit "supergiant"</h2>



Not all gold deposits earn the title supergiant. Deposits of that magnitude represent natural collections of gold that formed under <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">special conditions</a>. 



Such conditions can lead to concentrations exceeding those in typical mines, which usually hold far fewer ounces.



China’s newly identified reservoir is valued at up to approximately 600 billion yuan, or US$83 billion. 



Comparisons are already being drawn to other well-known sites, surpassing even the 900 metric tons believed to lie within <a href="https://www.goldfields-southdeep.co.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">South Africa’s South Deep mine</a>, a deposit long celebrated for its riches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-network-of-hidden-veins">Network of hidden veins</h2>



The Geological Bureau of Hunan Province has confirmed the detection of 40 gold veins stretched within a depth of about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) below the surface. 



Each of these veins is like a thin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/golds-glow-luminescence-caused-quantum-realm-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thread of treasure</a> winding through layers of ancient rock. These 40 gold veins at the Wangu gold field were previously thought to contain around 300 metric tons of gold. 



Three-dimensional modeling suggests there may be even more hidden further below, at a depth of about 3 kilometers, hinting at a possibility that the newfound riches extend beyond initial surveys. 



Many drilled rock cores showed visible gold, says bureau prospector Chen Rulin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quality-and-richness-of-the-ore">Quality and richness of the ore</h2>



Every metric ton of ore dug up from this area might contain as much as 138 grams (nearly 5 ounces) of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healing-chronic-wounds-with-gold-and-red-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>. 



Experts consider ore from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/illegal-gold-mining-dumps-mercury-in-the-peruvian-rainforest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underground mines</a> high grade if it contains more than 8 grams, so this is a serious cut above the usual finds.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/supergiant-gold-deposit_drilled-rock-samples_Wangu-gold-field_Pingjiang-County_Xinhua_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/supergiant-gold-deposit_drilled-rock-samples_Wangu-gold-field_Pingjiang-County_Xinhua_1s.webp" alt="This photo taken in November 2024 shows drilled rock samples from the Wangu gold field in Pingjiang County, central China's Hunan Province. Credit: (Xinhua/Su Xiaozhou)" class="wp-image-1953686"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This photo taken in November 2024 shows drilled rock samples from the Wangu gold field in Pingjiang County, central China's Hunan Province. Credit: (Xinhua/Su Xiaozhou)</figcaption></figure>



China has already claimed a major place in the gold market, maintaining reserves exceeding 2,000 tons earlier in 2024. 



Its miners are no strangers to success, contributing about 10 percent of global output. News of this discovery has further driven an uptick in gold prices, adding to rising demand worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gold-deposits-are-harder-to-find">Gold deposits are harder to find</h2>



Gold is a finite resource, meaning there’s only a certain amount of it on Earth.



So far, humans have mined about 53,000 metric tons of gold throughout history, and experts believe there could be another 50,000 metric tons hidden underground waiting to be found. 



However, these new deposits are often harder to reach and more expensive to extract compared to older, more accessible mines. 



Plus, environmental regulations and the push for more sustainable practices make <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-investing-in-asteroid-mining-make-you-a-billionaire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining new gold</a> more challenging. 



As a result, the future of gold mining not only depends on discovering new sources but also on improving mining technology and increasing recycling efforts to keep up with demand.



Some researchers think humanity might be nearing the point where there are fewer big finds to make, while others remain unconvinced that the end is in sight. 



No one is certain how many more major discoveries like this are waiting beneath Earth’s crust. Peak gold is a matter of debate, and this new discovery will likely fuel that conversation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-gold-come-from">Where does gold come from?</h2>



Buried seams of crystallized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-diamond-dust-reverse-global-warming-and-cool-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silicon dioxide</a>, better known as quartz, seem to encourage this precious metal to precipitate out and settle. 



While this theory is widely accepted, it doesn't fully explain the formation of large gold nuggets, especially considering that the concentration of gold in these fluids is extremely low, says Chris Voisey, a geologist at <a href="https://www.monash.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monash University</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/supergiant-gold-deposit_technicians-examine_Wangu-gold-field_Pingjiang-County_Xinhua_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/supergiant-gold-deposit_technicians-examine_Wangu-gold-field_Pingjiang-County_Xinhua_1s.webp" alt="Technicians of Hunan Province Geological Disaster Survey and Monitoring Institute check rock samples at the Wangu gold field in Pingjiang County, central China's Hunan Province. (Xinhua/Su Xiaozhou)" class="wp-image-1953688"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Technicians of Hunan Province Geological Disaster Survey and Monitoring Institute check rock samples at the Wangu gold field in Pingjiang County, central China's Hunan Province. (Xinhua/Su Xiaozhou)</figcaption></figure>



These Australian scientists offered a new perspective on gold formation. They reported that seismic activity linked to earthquakes may help gather gold into concentrated areas. 



Though the fundamentals of how gold appears in the Earth’s crust have long been taught in textbooks, ongoing work by groups like Australia's Monash University, the <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSIRO</a>, and the <a href="https://www.ansto.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation</a> has questioned traditional assumptions. 



By peering closer at how gold settles into veins, these researchers challenge old beliefs and encourage fresh lines of inquiry into the link between gold and earthquakes in their study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01514-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fresh-angles-on-gold-deposit-formation">Fresh angles on gold deposit formation</h2>



Mining involves more than simply unearthing what nature buried millions of years ago. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44160-024-00518-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A study published in April 2024</a> described the creation of a two-dimensional gold form called goldene, a layer just one atom thick. 



This unique material behaves differently from the regular three-dimensional variety and may hint at unconventional applications for gold in the future.



"If you make a material extremely thin, something extraordinary happens – as with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene">graphene</a>,"&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1041079">explains materials scientist Shun Kashiwaya</a>&nbsp;of Linköping University in Sweden.



"The same thing happens with gold. As you know, gold is usually a metal, but if single-atom-layer thick, the gold can become a semiconductor instead."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-gold-rush">Beginning of the end of the gold rush</h2>



Earth’s supply of gold has never been endless. It takes immense spans of time for these deposits to arise from geological events that remain only partly understood. 



Yet the signs at the Hunan site indicate that what looks like a limit might be more flexible than once assumed. 



Core samples taken around the periphery of the discovery hint that the reservoir stretches even further than initial predictions, which would mean they are sitting on top of the biggest gold deposit ever found on Earth. Stay tuned...only time will tell.



The initial report was published by the <a href="https://english.news.cn/20241121/cc54468169bb4c8c9db21c08885dc2a5/c.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese State Media</a>.



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"Supergiant" gold deposit claims to be the largest ever discovered on Earth

A recent discovery has drawn attention to a deposit containing...

Do you ever get the feeling that your dog knows your voice even before you walk through the front door? 



A team of researchers in Hungary wanted to see if there was more to this beautiful bond between dogs and their owners than meets the eye (or in this case, ear).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-recognize-human-voices">Dogs recognize human voices</h2>



“Previous studies demonstrated that dogs are sensitive to certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-use-soundboards-to-express-their-needs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">acoustic cues</a> in the human voice. They can recognize the sex of the speaker and distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar voices,” explained Kinga Surányi, a PhD student at the <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELTE Department of Ethology</a>.



“Whether dogs are capable of voice-based individual-level recognition of humans had not been demonstrated before this experiment.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-individual-level-recognition">Understanding individual-level recognition</h2>



Animals have the amazing ability to recognize individual members of their group, like being able to tell apart their siblings or friends. This is important because it helps them <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-slower-helps-dogs-understand-what-humans-are-saying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate better</a>. 



However, identifying specific voices can be tricky, especially when those voices are from a different species. 



Dogs being able to recognize human voices is quite a complex skill. So far, only a few animals, like rhesus monkeys and horses, have shown they can do this.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-voice-recognition-ability-of-dogs">Testing the voice recognition ability of dogs</h2>



The researchers designed an experiment to test dogs’ ability to recognize voices within their human families. Each participating dog attended the experiment with three family members, all equally familiar to the dog. 



The owners’ voices were pre-recorded. During the test, the owners sat side by side, and loudspeakers placed behind them played the recordings. The dogs were required to match the voice to the corresponding owner.



"Throughout the experiment, all three owners were present and, depending on the experimental phase, their live speech or their prerecorded speech was used as acoustic stimuli," noted the researchers.



To ensure objectivity, the owners remained silent and refrained from making any gestures while the recordings played. Each dog underwent 18 trials of this test, resulting in data from 31 dogs.



The researchers also used questionnaires and acoustic analyses to evaluate demographic and acoustic factors that might influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-training-is-more-effective-when-nice-voice-tone-is-used/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs’ performance</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-can-match-voices">Dogs can match voices</h2>



The results showed that dogs could successfully match voices to their respective owners.



“Dogs performed well: they chose more often and looked longer at the person whose voice they heard. Dogs' performance was above chance for all family members, indicating that they could recognize all of them based on voice,” said Anna Gábor, postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/content/neuroethology-of-communication-lab.t.31929" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neuroethology of Communication Lab</a>.



“Furthermore, dogs’ performance was the best when they heard their main owner's voice. This could be because dogs most frequently had vocal interactions with the main owner and were most likely to need to react to their voice.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-findings">Implications of the findings</h2>



This study sheds light on dogs’ complex understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-imitate-human-actions-from-2d-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human communication</a>.



“Dogs can discriminate between familiar human voices and match the voices to the corresponding person. This ability seems to be beneficial for communication between different species as well,” said Surányi.



“The study shows that dogs do know a lot about human voices: not only if they heard it before or not, but also who that voice belongs to," said Gábor.



"Future research will need to clarify whether this is a general ability among mammals or the result of specific evolutionary adaptations in certain species to whom humans are especially important."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This research is a big first step in understanding how animals recognize voices. Scientists are curious to see if other mammals, like cats or monkeys, may possess the same skill.



If experts find that many animals share this ability, it might help us understand how communication between different species (like humans and animals) evolved over time.



On top of that, this knowledge could have real-world applications. For example, if we learn more about how dogs recognize voices, we might be able to improve how we train them to work with humans.



This could be especially useful for therapy dogs or working dogs, making their connection with humans even more effective.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334722400318X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Behaviour</a>.



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Dogs can recognize familiar human voices, even in recordings

Do you ever get the feeling that your dog knows...

Blueberries have long been admired for their taste and versatility in the kitchen. They pop up in countless dishes, from sweet pastries to savory sauces. 



Many people enjoy their fresh, slightly tart flavor, but there is much more to these berries than a pleasant taste.



The fact that blueberries are considered a “superfood” is not just talk (Chaudière &amp; Ferrari-Iliou, 1999). 



This berry may hold the key to improvements in several areas of human well-being, and people are starting to pay closer attention to what it can do inside the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-nutrients-in-blueberries">Essential nutrients in blueberries</h2>



They pack an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-sized-fruit-strawberries-weigh-60-percent-more-than-they-did-12-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abundance of vitamins</a>, such as vitamin C, as well as a hefty dose of antioxidants (Thomas, 2004). These nutrients help the body defend itself against everyday stress.



Blueberries were first cultivated by Native Americans and later spread far and wide due to their hardy nature and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-messing-with-vital-microbes-in-blueberries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">easy adaptability</a>.



They fit nicely into snacks, desserts, and even main dishes, adding a layer of both flavor and nutrition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-inflammation">Balancing inflammation</h2>



According to <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-health-sciences/interdisciplinary/our-professors/karen-phillips" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Karen Phillips</a> at The National Food Research Center, certain compounds inside blueberries, like proanthocyanidins, may help the body handle unwanted inflammation (Retamales &amp; Hancock, 2012).



When there is too much inflammation, it can cause trouble with healing and contribute to tissue injury and disease. 



These plant compounds seem to bring balance. Getting them into one’s routine through a handful of blueberries might help the body feel more at ease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blueberries-for-cancer-and-aging">Blueberries for cancer and aging</h2>



In 2015, around 220,000 patients were diagnosed with cancer in Spain (<a href="https://seom.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spanish Society of Medical Oncology</a>, as cited in Gough, 1994). Such figures are hard to ignore.



Some studies have examined whether eating blueberries could influence the way the body manages abnormal cells.



Research suggests that these berries contain substances like gallic acid and resveratrol, which have been linked with reduced growth of certain abnormal cells (Wilms et al., 2007).



Although this should not be seen as a promise to preventing all problems, it may add a bit of hope that dietary changes can make a difference.



Proanthocyanidins may protect against changes that are linked with aging (Ivarsson et al., 2023). By helping mop up the undesirable free radicals that lead to wear and tear, blueberries may aid in promoting health as years pass.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-function-support">Brain function support</h2>



The mind deserves protection too. Substances within blueberries <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-why-blueberries-are-blue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">may help</a> neurons work better by fending off damage caused by harmful processes (Caruso et al., 2022).



Adding a serving of blueberries to a meal might help the brain stay on track. Many believe this berry could be one piece of the puzzle when it comes to keeping memory and mental sharpness in good shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blueberries-looking-after-dna">Blueberries looking after DNA</h2>



When cells age, they can suffer damage that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-dna-is-more-common-in-people-with-autism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affects DNA</a> (Wilms et al., 2007). 



Blueberries contain antioxidants that may help reduce the harm done to this critical genetic material, thus allowing cells to continue functioning smoothly.



With fewer harmful changes in our DNA, we may be able to avoid some serious health issues as we age. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-with-sugar-balance">Helping with sugar balance</h2>



For individuals facing insulin resistance, blueberries have caught researchers’ eyes. A 2010 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20467011/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggested that these berries might help the body respond better to insulin (Stull et al., 2010).



By helping maintain stable blood sugar levels, they can be a useful addition to a meal plan, especially for those looking to keep sugar swings in check.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-healthy-cholesterol">Supporting healthy cholesterol</h2>



According to the <a href="https://www.usa.gov/agencies/u-s-department-of-agriculture" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, blueberries are thought to be strong helpers in addressing cholesterol concerns (U.S. Department of Agriculture, as cited in Retamales &amp; Hancock, 2012).



By encouraging an environment that keeps good cholesterol levels humming along and discourages the buildup of problematic cholesterol, blueberries may promote healthier circulation within our blood vessels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blueberries-boost-circulation-memory-and-eye-health">Blueberries boost circulation, memory, and eye health</h2>



Healthy blood flow is important. Emerging information suggests that adding these berries to the diet may help reduce blood pressure and support better circulation (Vendrame &amp; Klimis-Zacas, 2019).



This could help our body systems run more efficiently. A boost in nutrient delivery and improved overall function may spring from this simple dietary addition.



Some studies involving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-transmit-more-viruses-to-animals-than-we-catch-from-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans and animals</a> have linked blueberries with better memory and improved cognitive performance (Pribis &amp; Shukitt-Hale, 2014; Krikorian et al., 2010). By supporting communication among brain cells, blueberries may make it easier for the mind to keep track of details and ideas.



The antioxidants inside blueberries, called anthocyanins, have been studied in connection with eye health (Huang et al., 2018). By helping protect delicate structures in the eye, these components may reduce the risks tied to exposure and strain. Adding blueberries now might help keep eyes working well for longer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-a-healthier-body-size">Shaping a healthier body size</h2>



For those watching their weight, blueberries slide in as a fiber-filled, low-calorie snack (Kalt et al., 2020). They bring a sense of fullness that can help hold off unhealthy cravings. 



They may also help keep blood sugar levels more stable. All these factors point towards blueberries as a superfood with an important place in a sensible eating plan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unexpected-boost-in-intimate-life">An unexpected boost in intimate life</h2>



Nitric oxide plays a role in healthy circulation. 



Research suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compounds-found-blueberries-could-treat-inflammatory-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compounds</a> in blueberries may influence levels of this molecule, which has been tied to processes connected with performance (Yale School of Medicine, as cited in Gough, 1994).



Their vitamins help with blood circulation, including that of the scalp, which can support healthier hair as a result. By helping to improve overall body function, blueberries can contribute to how people look and feel on the outside too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glowing-skin-and-stronger-defenses">Glowing skin and stronger defenses</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inaoside-new-antioxidant-discovered-laetiporus-cremeiporus-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a> in blueberries keep our skin feeling smooth and youthful (Ivarsson et al., 2023). As part of a skincare plan, they may tip the balance toward a more vibrant look.



Rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, these berries can support the immune system’s day-to-day job (Chaudière &amp; Ferrari-Iliou, 1999). They may help the body stand tall when facing challenges, from minor sniffles to bigger threats.



The research referred to in this article is supported by studies published in:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/4/819" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a> (Caruso et al., 2022, doi: 10.3390/nu14040819).</li>



<li>Food and Chemical Toxicology (Chaudière and Ferrari-Iliou, 1999).</li>



<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622071085?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Nutrition</a> (Stull et al., 2010, doi: 10.3945/jn.110.125336).</li>



<li><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf9029332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a> (Krikorian et al., 2010, doi: 10.1021/jf9029332)</li>



<li><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/6/1261" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antioxidants</a> (Ivarsson et al., 2023, doi: 10.3390/antiox12061261)</li>



<li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2018/1862462" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity</a> (Huang et al., 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/1862462)</li>



<li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322002538?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advances in Nutrition</a> (Kalt et al., 2020, doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz065).</li>
</ul>



These peer-reviewed studies provide scientific evidence of the benefits associated with blueberry consumption.



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15 benefits of eating blueberries, the superfood that greatly improves health

Blueberries have long been admired for their taste and versatility...

The quantum realm is full of theories and concepts that are impossible for most people to understand, and numbers that are both so large and so small they are equally difficult for our minds to grasp. 



Google's recent breakthrough announcement touches all of those angles, and does not disappoint in any of these "mind-blowing" categories. 



They announced last week that their new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-artificial-intelligence-ai-to-make-quantum-computers-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum AI chip</a> solved an equation in just five minutes that would take a normal computer one-septillion years of non-stop work to complete.



One septillion equals 1 followed by 24 zeros. So, it looks like this: 



1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000



To put that into perspective, if you tried to count to a septillion, it would take you billions of years -- way longer than the age of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-this-a-big-deal">Why is this a big deal?</h2>



Quantum computing, as cool and cutting-edge as it sounds, has always struggled with instability. 



Tiny particles don't follow the same tidy rules that govern everyday objects, and even the most advanced chip can fail as their fragile states fall apart with the slightest disturbance.



Researchers have tried to harness this wiggly behavior for decades, hoping to use it for computations that regular machines would never finish. 



There have been many promises, yet each attempt runs into the same stumbling block. Errors pile up faster than anyone can correct them, stalling progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-google-plays-in-the-quantum-world">Google plays in the quantum world</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum</a> error correction offered a possible solution but came with its own complications. It demands spreading information across multiple qubits, which are the fundamental units of quantum data. That sounds simple in theory, but in practice, it creates a juggling act. If too many qubits are involved, keeping the error rate below a certain critical threshold becomes tough. Until recently, no one had managed to show that error rates could dip beneath that crucial point for a code specifically designed to scale. This changed with a demonstration on a new quantum chip architecture. 



This accomplishment was shared by <a href="https://research.google/people/hartmutneven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hartmut Neven</a>, quantum scientist and founder of Google's Quantum AI lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accessing-parallel-universes">Accessing parallel universes?</h2>



Neven called Willow's performance "astonishing." He added that its high-speed results "lend credence to the notion that quantum computation occurs in many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parallel universes</a>." 



Neven gave a shoutout to <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University</a> physicist David Deutsch for coming up with the idea that successfully developing quantum computers could support the "many worlds interpretation" of quantum mechanics and the existence of a multiverse. 



Since the 1970s, Deutsch has become a pioneer in quantum computing, not so much for the technology itself, but to test his multiverse theory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-parallel-universe">What is a parallel universe?</h2>



Also known as alternate or multiple universes, parallel universes are the idea that there could be other realities existing side by side with our own. 



Imagine our universe as just one bubble in a vast cosmic foam, where each bubble is a different universe with its own unique laws of physics, histories, and even versions of ourselves. 



Scientists explore this concept through theories like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-are-the-theories-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiverse</a>, which suggest that there might be countless other universes out there, each with its own set of possibilities. 



While we haven’t found concrete evidence for parallel universes yet, the idea sparks fascinating discussions about the nature of reality and what might lie beyond what we can currently see and understand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dissenting-opinion-but-praise-nonetheless">Dissenting opinion, but praise nonetheless</h2>



However, astrophysicist-turned-writer Ethan Siegel didn't agree with Google’s take. He accused them of "conflating unrelated concepts, which Neven also ought to know." 



Siegel explained that Neven was mixing up the mathematical space where quantum mechanics happens with the idea of parallel universes and a multiverse.



According to Siegel, even if quantum computers succeed, they don’t prove the existence of parallel universes. 



Despite his disagreements, Siegel praised Google's achievement with Willow, calling it "a truly excellent step forward in the world of quantum computation." 



He believes that this breakthrough could help solve some of Earth’s biggest problems, like discovering new medicines, designing better batteries for electric cars, and advancing fusion and new energy sources. 



Neven echoed this optimism, saying, "Many of these future game-changing applications won’t be feasible on classical computers; they’re waiting to be unlocked with quantum computing."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-google-s-quantum-willow-chip">Google's quantum Willow chip</h2>



<a href="https://blog.google/technology/research/google-willow-quantum-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Willow chip</a> is the newest superconducting processor designed by a team at Google Quantum AI.



Unlike older devices that struggled to manage errors, Willow pushes performance into a new zone that supports techniques intended to make quantum error correction actually live up to its promise. This system meets the conditions for a particular approach known as the surface code. Past attempts ran into snags as more qubits were added, but here, Willow moves beyond that barrier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-code-distances-and-google-s-quantum-chip">Code distances and Google's quantum chip</h2>



Quantum error correction frameworks often refer to something called code distance. In simple terms, this represents how many qubits are used to safeguard a chunk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-instead-of-oil-or-coal-powers-a-new-kind-of-engine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum data</a>. 



Larger distances, like moving from a code distance of three to five to seven, are supposed to reduce the overall probability of failure if certain conditions are met. On this new device, each step up in distance chops the logical error rate <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08449-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in half</a>. That kind of improvement had long been a major goal for researchers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>. According to the <a href="https://blog.google/technology/research/google-willow-quantum-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published</a> findings, “Willow performed a standard benchmark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/schrodingers-cat-survives-in-quantum-superposition-for-a-record-shattering-23-minutes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computation</a> in under five minutes that would take one of today’s fastest supercomputers 10 septillion years,” said Hartmut Neven, quantum scientist and founder of Google's Quantum AI lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-and-steady-marathon-pace">Slow and steady marathon pace</h2>



Running a test for only a few cycles might not reveal the full story of a system's stability. Google's new quantum chip overcomes this by pushing performance for up to a million cycles. The device keeps its below-threshold performance intact across a timescale that would normally leave other systems gasping for air. Maintaining real-time <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decoding accuracy</a> over such an extended period is no small feat. The team behind Willow arranged their operations so that corrections could be applied on the fly. That sort of approach ensures the chip can avoid drifting off track. “We see Willow as an important step in our journey to build a useful quantum computer,” said <a href="https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sundar Pichai</a>, CEO of Google.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-classical-bottlenecks">Looking beyond classical bottlenecks</h2>



Traditional supercomputers handle complex tasks using billions of tiny switches working in well-understood ways. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum computers</a>, by contrast, tap into phenomena that cannot be reduced to classical shortcuts. The problem until now has always been keeping the delicate quantum states alive long enough to complete a meaningful calculation. With Willow, the team shows that qubits can collaborate in such a way that errors do not race out of control. The demonstration suggests that quantum chips can move toward computations that might surpass anything a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.86.032324" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical system</a> can handle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-google-want-a-quantum-chip">Why does Google want a quantum chip?</h2>



Relying on hardware that can pass these tough tests of reliability hints that quantum computing is not stuck in the toy problem phase forever. 



Increasing the code distance without losing the ability to correct errors suggests that large collections of qubits could someday power algorithms relevant to real-world tasks. Examples include speeding up complex simulations, refining drug discovery pipelines, and exploring new materials for energy storage. 



Willow’s success in reaching below-threshold error rates for extended periods might encourage work in industries that have been waiting on solid evidence that quantum hardware will grow into a trustworthy tool.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-error-correction-becomes-routine">When error correction becomes routine</h2>



Quantum error correction has never been about eliminating mistakes entirely. It is about making them so rare that the machine can run a calculation to its conclusion. 



If future designs build on Willow’s stability and scaling characteristics, there might come a day when such corrections occur behind the scenes, invisible to users. Achieving that level of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.86.032324" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fault tolerance</a> could let quantum computers crunch through workloads that stretch far beyond the reach of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical hardware</a>. This reveals a practical route for scaling up these incredible machines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-fault-tolerance-with-quantum-chips">Scaling fault tolerance with quantum chips</h2>



The efforts from Google Quantum AI and other groups worldwide are not happening in a vacuum. 



The field of quantum error correction has attracted attention from many researchers intent on finding a path to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">practical devices</a>. Over the past decade, studies have shown the importance of certain<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.86.032324" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> lattice designs</a> and logical qubits arranged in careful layouts. Willow now shows that with the right chip architecture and error correction schemes, thresholds can be crossed. This brings the entire field closer to building machines that solve useful problems. While the journey is not over, one essential puzzle piece has clicked into place.



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Quantum AI chip taps into "parallel universes" and solves equation in 5 minutes that would normally take 1 septillion years

The quantum realm is full of theories and concepts that...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

During its research, MBARI highlighted that the deeper in the ocean an octopus lives, the longer it typically takes for its eggs to hatch. So this had resulted in deep-sea octopi, such as the one in the Monterey Canyon, having longer lifespans than their shallow-water counterparts. Photo Credit: Michael Zeigler/Getty Images

Live to breed

Well, the octopus has a breeding strategy called semelparity, meaning that it will go through pregnancy once and will die soon after giving birth. While it may seem harsh, this strategy enables this species to maximize its breeding potential. Although it's a sad end for the mother octopus, her story provided some important biological insights.