Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of retreating glaciers in Alaska, where meltwater is rapidly expanding glacial lakes. The image was captured on August 4, 2024 by the Landsat 8 satellite.



“In parts of Alaska, water is replacing ice. As glaciers thin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreat</a>, meltwater collects at their fronts, forming proglacial lakes. According to an analysis by Mauri Pelto, a glaciologist at Nichols College, three such lakes in the southeastern part of the state have grown rapidly in recent decades,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-glaciers-in-alaska">Retreating glaciers in Alaska</h2>



“A trio of glaciers - Yakutat, Alsek, and Grand Plateau - descend from inland mountains and flow onto the coastal plain southeast of Yakutat borough, ending at Harlequin Lake, Alsek Lake, and Grand Plateau Lake,” noted NASA.&nbsp;



The retreat of the glaciers, as well as the growth of the lakes, are visible in the image. When compared to an <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/153000/153638/fastestlake_tm5_19840705_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> captured by Landsat 5 in the summer of 1984, the changes are even more evident.



NASA elaborated on the extent of the glacier retreat from 1984 to 2024. “During this period, Yakutat Glacier’s main arm retreated 4.3 miles, while Alsek Glacier’s northern and southern arms retreated 3.3 miles and 3.4 miles, respectively. Grand Plateau Glacier’s northern arm lost the most, retreating 4.8 miles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes-doubled-in-size-nbsp">Glacial lakes doubled in size&nbsp;</h2>



“Collectively, the three lakes more than doubled in size over 40 years. In 1984, they covered about 50 square miles. By 2024, they spanned 90 square miles. That’s an area larger than Seneca Lake (67 square miles) - one of the Finger Lakes in New York, which also have a glacial origin,” said NASA.



Pelto noted that the lakes forming in this region are immense - starting at the mountains and spreading toward the coast - making this a new lake district that is unique in our nation.



“Millions of other lakes, named and unnamed, dot the state. But this system has grown fast, so much so that Pelto thinks it might represent the fastest lake growth in the United States this century,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacier-retreat-nbsp">Understanding glacier retreat&nbsp;</h2>



Glacier retreat is a significant phenomenon driven primarily by global warming the results from rising greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>.&nbsp;



As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice during the summer melt than they can regain in winter snowfall, causing them to shrink over time. This process has profound implications for ecosystems, water resources, and global sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



When glaciers retreat, they often leave behind depressions in the landscape that can fill with meltwater, forming glacial lakes. These lakes are typically bounded by natural dams made of rock, ice, or moraine - accumulations of debris left behind by the glacier's movement.&nbsp;



Over the past century, the number and size of glacial lakes worldwide have increased significantly due to the accelerating pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-glaciers-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-harsh-climate-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat. This trend is especially evident in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, as well as in polar areas such as Alaska and Greenland.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-and-negative-impacts-nbsp">Positive and negative impacts&nbsp;</h3>



Glacial lakes can have both positive and negative impacts. They provide critical water sources for downstream communities, support biodiversity, and sometimes offer opportunities for hydropower development or tourism.&nbsp;



However, they also pose serious risks. The dams holding back these lakes can fail suddenly, causing glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These catastrophic events can devastate downstream areas, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and habitats while endangering human lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes">Monitoring changes</h3>



Understanding glacier retreat and glacial lake formation requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining climate science, hydrology, and geology.&nbsp;



Monitoring these changes is essential to mitigate associated risks and adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-retreat-worldwide">Glacier retreat worldwide</h2>



Studies and satellite observations show that most glaciers in almost all regions of the world are shrinking.&nbsp;



Melting glaciers contribute significantly to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.



The retreat of glaciers is considered one of the clearest indicators of climate change.&nbsp;Some glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates, indicating accelerating climate impacts.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Retreating glaciers and expanding meltwater lakes in Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. 



The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters, annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters.”&nbsp;



According to NASA, the climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. "Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food.&nbsp;



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community.&nbsp;



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders.&nbsp;



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, which has mastered the art of navigating rocky terrains. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter.&nbsp;



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations.&nbsp;



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1559, located around 35 million light-years away in the southern constellation Reticulum. The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuel-for-star-formation">Fuel for star formation </h2>



"The data featured in this portrait make use of two of Webb’s instruments: the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) and Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam)," noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Here MIRI captures the glow of interstellar dust grains, which trace out the interstellar medium, the fuel for future star formation. NIRCam shows the light from stars, even young stars hidden behind prodigious amounts of dust. NIRCam also captures emission from ionised nebulae around young stars."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-reveals-galaxies-in-new-light">Webb reveals galaxies in new light</h2>



According to ESA, the data was collected by the <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/phangs/home">PHANGS team</a> as part of a program in which Webb will observe 55 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> that have also been mapped by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, and more.&nbsp;



"By combining Webb’s unprecedented view of the dust and stars with data from these other facilities, the team aims to obtain a new, highly detailed view of how stars are born, live, and die in galaxies across the Universe."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-1559-a-loner-in-space">NGC 1559: A loner in space</h2>



Although NGC 1559 appears to sit close to one of our nearest neighbors in the sky - the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) - this is just a trick of perspective, noted ESA.



While it is part of the Reticulum constellation, NGC 1559 is not part of the Local Group of galaxies but instead resides in a more distant region of space.



"In reality, NGC 1559 is physically nowhere near the LMC in space; in fact it truly is a loner, lacking the company of any nearby galaxies or membership of any galaxy cluster."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1559">Star formation in NGC 1559</h2>



NGC 1559 is notable for its active star formation and strong magnetic fields. It has also been the site of several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, making it of particular interest to astronomers studying stellar evolution and the lifecycle of stars.



The structure of NGC 1559 includes well-defined spiral arms that are rich in young, hot stars and regions of ionized gas, indicative of ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>.



The galaxy’s central bar is believed to play a role in driving gas towards the core, fueling both the star formation and the activity around its nucleus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-extragalactic-wonder">An extragalactic wonder</h2>



Despite being relatively small compared to larger galaxies like the Milky Way, NGC 1559 is an important object for understanding how barred spiral galaxies evolve and the processes that trigger supernovae.



The galaxy’s remote location and active nature make it a fascinating subject of study in the field of extragalactic astronomy. The isolation of NGC 1559 allows for a clearer view of its structure without much interference from neighboring galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies">Barred spiral galaxies</h2>



Barred spiral galaxies are a type of spiral galaxy characterized by a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. This bar extends out from the core and connects to the galaxy's spiral arms, which swirl outward in a graceful pattern.



Scientists believe that the bar plays a crucial role in the evolution of the galaxy, funneling gas towards the core and potentially triggering star formation or feeding a central black hole. 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our own galaxy, is an example of a barred spiral. These galaxies are quite common in the universe, making up about two-thirds of all observed spiral galaxies.



The bar itself is thought to be a temporary feature, developing as the galaxy matures and possibly disappearing over time as the dynamics of the stars change. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reticulum-constellation">The Reticulum constellation</h2>



The Reticulum constellation is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky. Its name means "the reticle" in Latin, which refers to the crosshairs in an eyepiece of a telescope. 



The constellation was named in the 18th century by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille to honor the reticle he used in his scientific instruments. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, A. Leroy, J. Lee and the PHANGS Team



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Spiral galaxy NGC 1559 is a loner in outer space

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. 



NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



The star is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.



HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. 



Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-blue-giants">Significance of blue giants</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. 



The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.



The galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.



According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a&nbsp;Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.



“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.



The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.



Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. 



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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Luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Cyclone Chido, an intense tropical cyclone that caused unprecedented devastation across Southeast Africa in December 2024.



On December 14, Chido struck the islands of Mayotte with wind speeds exceeding 200 km/h (124 mph) and gusts over 225 km/h (140 mph), marking it as the most powerful storm to hit the French territory in at least 90 years.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-moving-tropical-cyclones-are-becoming-more-powerful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyclone</a> ultimately made three landfalls - all with winds equivalent to those of a Category 4 tropical cyclone. According to media reports, authorities in Mayotte fear that hundreds and possibly thousands of people have died.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-intensification-of-chido">Rapid intensification of Chido</h2>



“Chido formed in the southeastern Indian Ocean on December 5, 2024. The disturbance rapidly intensified before hitting the Mauritian islands of Agaléga on December 11. The next day, the cyclone peaked in intensity, with sustained winds of about 250 kilometers (155 miles) per hour - equivalent to a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson wind scale,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153708/cyclone-chido-pummels-mayotte" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Cyclone Chido continued to move west in an environment favorable for sustaining storms. That included warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> of up to 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees Fahrenheit) and low vertical wind shear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastation-of-cyclone-chido-nbsp">Devastation of Cyclone Chido&nbsp;</h2>



The cyclone obliterated entire neighborhoods, particularly in hillside shantytowns inhabited by undocumented migrants. Official reports confirm at least 31 fatalities and thousands of injuries - though the actual death toll may be significantly higher.&nbsp;



The destruction in Mayotte's capital, Mamoudzou, has left approximately 100,000 people homeless. The aftermath has been characterized by a lack of visible assistance from authorities, with residents relying on community support amid concerns over hunger, disease outbreaks, and lawlessness.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landfall-in-mozambique-nbsp">Landfall in Mozambique&nbsp;</h2>



Following its impact on Mayotte, Chido continued westward, making landfall in Mozambique on December 15 near the city of Pemba as a strong Category 4-equivalent intense tropical cyclone.&nbsp;



The storm resulted in at least 34 deaths and 43 injuries across three northern provinces. In neighboring Malawi, Chido claimed two lives.&nbsp;



The cyclone's ferocity, fueled by warmer ocean temperatures attributed to climate change, has raised concerns about the increasing frequency and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensity</a> of such storms in the region.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-efforts-and-vulnerable-communities-nbsp">Recovery efforts and vulnerable communities&nbsp;</h2>



The crisis has highlighted the vulnerabilities of affected regions, particularly Mayotte, which faces challenges of poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure.&nbsp;



The lack of preparedness and insufficient emergency response have drawn criticism, highlighting the need for improved disaster management and investment in resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of future climate-induced disasters.&nbsp;



In response to the disaster, French President Emmanuel Macron is scheduled to visit Mayotte, and relief efforts are underway, including the arrival of a ship carrying 180 tons of aid.&nbsp;



However, the scale of destruction and ongoing challenges in delivering assistance to remote and inaccessible areas continue to impede recovery efforts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-fueled-intensification-of-cyclones-nbsp">Climate-fueled intensification of cyclones&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rising-impact-of-tropical-cyclones-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensification of cyclones</a> due to climate change is a significant and concerning phenomenon. As global temperatures rise, warmer ocean waters provide the energy that fuels tropical cyclones, making them stronger and more destructive.&nbsp;



Higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> lead to increased evaporation, which adds more moisture to the atmosphere. This moisture can enhance the rainfall associated with cyclones, increasing the risk of flooding.&nbsp;



Additionally, rising sea levels, driven by the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater, exacerbate storm surge impacts, causing more extensive and severe coastal flooding during cyclonic events.



Changes in atmospheric conditions also play a role. While climate change may not increase the overall frequency of cyclones, it is likely to shift the distribution and intensity of these storms. For instance, studies suggest that a larger proportion of cyclones are reaching the most intense categories.&nbsp;



Furthermore, slower-moving cyclones, a trend linked to weakened steering currents, can linger longer over vulnerable areas, compounding the damage with prolonged heavy rainfall and strong winds.



These changes in cyclone behavior present challenges for disaster preparedness and response. Coastal communities, particularly in low-lying regions, are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the compounded impacts of more powerful storms, highlighting the urgent need for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies.



The image was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite, about three hours after the storm made landfall.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Cyclone Chido’s path of destruction: A climate wake-up call

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Phytoplankton transform the Baltic Sea. Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a phytoplankton bloom in the Baltic Sea off the coast of southeast Sweden.

While the photograph shows a region of the sea between the islands of Öland and Gotland, the extent of the late-summer bloom is actually much larger. 

Vibrant phytoplankton blooms appear in the Baltic Sea every summer, and their swirling patterns shaped by ocean currents and eddies are often captured in satellite images. Phytoplankton transform the Baltic Sea

The specific type of phytoplankton involved in this particular bloom has not been tested, but experts report that it is likely to be an ancient type of marine bacteria known as cyanobacteria.

The natural-color image was obtained on August 15, 2020 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the <a title="Atlantic Ocean" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, enclosed by <a title="Denmark" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a title="Estonia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a title="Finland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland">Finland</a>, <a title="Latvia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a title="Lithuania" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a title="Sweden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden">Sweden</a>, northeast <a title="Germany" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a>, <a title="Poland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland">Poland</a>, <a title="Russia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia">Russia</a> and the <a title="North European Plain" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_European_Plain">North and Central European Plain</a>.

The sea stretches from <a title="53rd parallel north" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_parallel_north">53°N</a> to <a title="66th parallel north" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_parallel_north">66°N</a> <a title="Latitude" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude">latitude</a> and from <a title="10th meridian east" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_meridian_east">10°E</a> to <a title="30th meridian east" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_meridian_east">30°E</a> <a title="Longitude" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude">longitude</a>. A <a class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_sea">marginal sea</a> of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two water bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Straits" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Straits">Danish Straits</a> into the <a title="Kattegat" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat">Kattegat</a> by way of the <a title="Øresund" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund">Øresund</a>, <a title="Great Belt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt">Great Belt</a> and <a title="Little Belt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Belt">Little Belt</a>. It includes the <a title="Gulf of Bothnia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bothnia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bothnia">Bay of Bothnia</a>, the <a title="Gulf of Finland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, the <a title="Gulf of Riga" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Gdańsk" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Gda%C5%84sk">Bay of Gdańsk</a>.

The <a title="Baltic Proper" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Proper">Baltic Proper</a> is bordered on its northern edge, at the latitude <a title="60th parallel north" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_parallel_north">60°N</a>, by the <a title="Åland Islands" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands">Åland Islands</a> and the <a title="Gulf of Bothnia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, on its northeastern edge by the <a title="Gulf of Finland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, on its eastern edge by the <a title="Gulf of Riga" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga">Gulf of Riga</a>, and in the west by the <a title="Sweden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden">Swedish</a> part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula.

The Baltic Sea is connected by <a title="Canal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal">artificial waterways</a> to the <a title="White Sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea">White Sea</a> via the <a class="mw-redirect" title="White Sea-Baltic Canal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea-Baltic_Canal">White Sea-Baltic Canal</a> and to the <a title="German Bight" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bight">German Bight</a> of the <a title="North Sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea">North Sea</a> via the <a title="Kiel Canal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Canal">Kiel Canal</a>.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Phytoplankton transform the Baltic Sea

The Moon, Earth’s eternal companion, continues to captivate scientists. Despite decades of research and lunar missions, one fundamental question remains unresolved: how old is the Moon? 



Current estimates suggest the Moon formed around 4.35 billion years ago, but some evidence hints at an older age that is closer to 4.51 billion years.



This discrepancy has fueled debates and inspired new research, including a recent study proposing that the Moon underwent a "volcanic facelift" billions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-moon-s-age">Mystery of the Moon's age</h2>



Lunar rock samples brought back by missions like <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/missions.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Apollo</a> have provided crucial insights. These samples indicate that the Moon formed about 200 million years after the solar system’s formation.



However, this timeline seems inconsistent with the chaotic early days of the solar system, during which debris coalesced into planets. 



By the time the Moon supposedly formed, most debris had already merged into larger celestial bodies, making a late-forming Moon improbable.



Adding to the mystery, zircon minerals on the Moon suggest an age of up to 4.51 billion years. This mismatch between lunar rock ages and thermal models has puzzled researchers for years. 



Now, scientists may have an explanation: a massive remelting event caused by tidal forces could have "reset" the Moon's geological clock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-tidal-heating">The role of tidal heating</h2>



In a paper published in the journal Nature, a team led by Professor Francis Nimmo from <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Cruz</a> explored how tidal forces may have reshaped the Moon's geological history.



“We predict that there shouldn't be any lunar rocks that are older than 4.35 billion years because they should have experienced the same resetting,” said Nimmo.



Tidal heating occurs when gravitational forces create internal friction within a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-pt5-mini-moon-say-goodbye-to-earths-second-moon-we-barely-got-to-know-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial body</a>, which generates heat. In the Moon's early history, its proximity to Earth likely amplified these effects.



The researchers propose that around 4.35 billion years ago, the Moon's orbit became unstable, leading to intense tidal forces. This caused widespread volcanic activity that altered the Moon’s surface and reset the age of its rocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-jupiter-s-moon-io">Insights from Jupiter's moon Io</h2>



The study draws parallels between the Moon’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-have-captured-the-moon-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past</a> and the current volcanic activity on Jupiter’s moon Io, the most volcanically active body in the solar system.



Io’s elliptical orbit around Jupiter creates tidal forces that heat its interior, driving constant eruptions. Similarly, early tidal heating could have caused the Moon’s mantle to churn, thus melting and reshaping its crust.



The intense volcanic activity likely erased evidence of earlier impacts and geological features. 



According to the researchers, this explains why fewer impact basins are visible on the Moon’s surface than are predicted by models for an older Moon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-the-moon-s-age">New perspective on the Moon's age</h2>



Using advanced modeling, Nimmo’s team showed that tidal heating events could have melted significant portions of the Moon’s crust, resetting the ages of most lunar rocks to around 4.35 billion years. 



This process left only a few heat-resistant zircons as remnants of the Moon's earlier history.



“The strong volcanism likely reset the Moon's geological clock,” said Thorsten Kleine, a co-author of the study.



The findings suggest that the Moon itself formed between 4.43 and 4.51 billion years ago, but intense volcanic activity reshaped its crust around 4.35 billion years ago.



This revised timeline resolves contradictions between lunar rock samples, thermal models, and the scarcity of impact basins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-data-from-unexplored-lunar-regions">Valuable data from unexplored lunar regions</h2>



The study highlights the importance of tidal heating in shaping the Moon’s geological history. 



Nimmo emphasized the need for more detailed simulations and new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-has-lost-its-mini-moon-2024-pt5-may-have-come-from-our-main-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> samples to refine these findings. "We hope that our findings will spark further discussion and exploration,” he said. 



Upcoming missions, like China’s Chang’e 6, are expected to provide valuable data from previously unexplored lunar regions.



These fresh samples could confirm whether a global remelting event did indeed reset the Moon’s geological clock. 



The researchers also plan to investigate how tidal heating affected the Moon’s interior and surface composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanism-reset-the-moon-s-age">Volcanism reset the Moon's age</h2>



The new findings offer a unifying explanation for several longstanding lunar mysteries. They indicate that volcanism may have reset the ages of lunar rocks and also erased evidence of early impacts and altered the composition of the Moon’s mantle.



“The new results mean that all the pieces of the puzzle that previously didn’t fit together now form a coherent overall picture of the Moon's formation,” said Kleine.



Determining the Moon’s age is crucial for understanding not just its history but also the broader story of the solar system. 



If the Moon’s true age remains elusive, it raises questions about the accuracy of dating methods used for other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-composition-of-moons-interior-core-its-not-green-cheese/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial bodies</a>. 



With ongoing and future lunar missions, scientists are hopeful that the Moon will finally reveal its secrets, illuminating the early history of our cosmic neighborhood.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08231-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Earth's moon is much older than we thought, according to new evidence

The Moon, Earth’s eternal companion, continues to captivate scientists. Despite...

Desert locusts are notorious for their ability to transform from solitary insects into devastating swarms under specific environmental conditions. 



Triggered by events like intense rainfall, these swarms can devastate crops, pushing food prices higher and leading to starvation and unrest. But now, a new study offers hope for controlling this menace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extent-of-the-problem">The extent of the problem</h2>



Locust swarms are one of nature's most destructive phenomena. Under favorable conditions, locusts form <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/locusts-have-brains-built-for-complex-odor-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large groups</a>, known as swarms, that can devastate entire regions. 



These swarms can grow so massive that they resemble plagues, consuming staggering amounts of crops in their path.



To put this into perspective, a swarm covering just one square kilometer can eat enough food in a single day to feed 35,000 people.



This destruction severely impacts smallholder farmers, who rely on their crops for food and income. Regions like Africa and Asia, where food security is already fragile, are especially vulnerable. The loss of crops not only disrupts local economies but also threatens millions with hunger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-locust-swarms-are-becoming-more-frequent">Locust swarms are becoming more frequent </h2>



The problem is worsening due to climate change. Increased cyclones and heavy rainfall, driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, create ideal breeding conditions for locusts. These events bring moisture to arid regions, encouraging vegetation growth that provides food for locusts. 



As a result, locust outbreaks are becoming more frequent and severe, posing an even greater threat to food security in vulnerable regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-locust-swarms-in-advance">Predicting locust swarms in advance</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> have developed a predictive model to tackle locust swarms.



Using weather forecast data from the UK <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a> and computational models of locust behavior, the system predicts where swarms will move in their search for food and breeding sites. The results enable early interventions, such as targeted pesticide applications.



"During a desert locust outbreak, we can now predict where swarms will go several days in advance, so we can control them at particular sites," said Dr. Renata Retkute, the lead researcher from Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences. 



"And if they're not controlled at those sites, we can predict where they'll go next so preparations can be made there."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-locust-control">New era of locust control</h2>



Until now, locust swarm predictions have been inconsistent. The researchers’ model represents a shift toward more effective responses. 



By integrating real-time data on locust lifecycles, breeding behaviors, and weather patterns, the model offers both short- and long-term predictions.



"The important thing is to respond quickly if there's likely to be a big locust upsurge, before it causes a major crop loss. Huge swarms can lead to really desperate situations where people could starve," said Professor Chris Gilligan, senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-past-locust-swarms">Lessons from past locust swarms</h2>



The urgency of this innovation stems from a massive locust upsurge from 2019 to 2021, which stretched from Kenya to India.



This event devastated key crops like wheat, maize, and sugarcane, leaving many communities struggling. The response was hampered by disjointed information, revealing the need for a comprehensive model.



"The response to the last locust upsurge was very ad-hoc, and less efficient than it could have been. We've created a comprehensive model that can be used next time to control this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-dramatically-increases-the-threat-of-desert-locusts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">devastating</a> pest," said Retkute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tested-and-reliable-tool">A tested and reliable tool</h2>



The new model has undergone rigorous testing using surveillance and weather data from the 2019-2021 upsurge. It now stands ready to inform surveillance, early warnings, and management strategies. 



The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>) and national agencies will use it to improve preparedness and response.



"Countries that haven’t experienced a locust upsurge in many years are often ill-prepared to respond, lacking the necessary surveillance teams, aircraft, and pesticides," noted the researchers. 



Climate change further complicates the picture, altering the movement and spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-cicadas-set-to-emerge-in-historic-u-s-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swarms</a>, making proactive measures like this model essential.



By combining advanced technology and comprehensive data, the predictive model will help mitigate the devastation caused by desert locust swarms. Using this tool, nations can act quickly and decisively, preventing crop loss and protecting food security for millions of people. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Computational Biology</a>.



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Locust swarms threaten food security for millions of people

Desert locusts are notorious for their ability to transform from...

A recent study sheds light on Mars's ancient past, revealing how variations in crustal thickness influenced the planet's magmatic evolution and hydrology.



This research challenges long-standing assumptions about Mars, and suggests that the thick crust under its southern highlands supported granitic magmas and underground aquifers billions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-mars-s-dynamic-crust">Evolution of Mars’s dynamic crust</h2>



Led by Cin-Ty Lee of <a href="https://www.rice.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rice University</a>, the study uncovers the role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-pulls-earth-closer-to-the-sun-warming-our-climate-scientists-say/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>’s southern highlands - where crustal thickness reached up to 80 kilometers (50 miles) during the Noachian and early Hesperian periods (3-4 billion years ago).



Advanced thermal modeling revealed that radioactive heating in these thick crustal regions caused partial melting in the lower crust, and produced felsic magmas like granites.



“Our findings indicate that Mars’s crustal processes were far more dynamic than previously thought,” said Lee.



“Not only could thick crust in the southern highlands have generated granitic magmas without plate tectonics, but it also created the thermal conditions for stable groundwater aquifers - reservoirs of liquid water - on a planet we’ve often considered dry and frozen.”



The research team used advanced computer models to simulate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions of the Martian</a> crust during its ancient epochs, focusing on three critical factors: radioactive heat generation, mantle heat flow, and crustal thickness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-granite-formation-on-mars">Granite formation on Mars</h2>



Radioactive elements in the crust naturally decayed, releasing heat over time, while additional warmth from the planet's mantle contributed to heating the crust from below. 



In areas where the crust exceeded 50 kilometers (31 miles) in thickness, this combination of factors led to partial melting of the lower crust. This process generated granitic magmas, which are rich in silica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stable-underground-water-reservoirs">Stable underground water reservoirs </h2>



The heat flow from the thick crust also supported stable underground water reservoirs, or aquifers, beneath a frozen surface layer. These aquifers extended several kilometers below the surface, retaining liquid due to the sustained warmth in the thick crustal regions.



Occasionally, volcanic eruptions or asteroid impacts may have disrupted these underground reservoirs, causing water to emerge onto the surface in episodic flooding events. 



The interplay between heat, crust dynamics, and water highlights a much more geologically active and hydrologically dynamic Mars than previously believed. The findings have major implications for the planet’s potential habitability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-granite-on-mars">Significance of granite on Mars</h2>



The research debunks the assumption that granites are unique to Earth’s plate tectonics and water recycling processes. 



“Granites aren’t just rocks; they’re geological archives that tell us about a planet’s thermal and chemical evolution,” said Rajdeep Dasgupta. 



“On Earth, granites are tied to tectonics and water recycling. The fact that we see evidence for similar magmas on Mars through deep crustal remelting underscores the planet’s complexity and its potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mars-became-uninhabitable-after-being-life-supporting-ocean-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hosting life in the past</a>.”



Hidden beneath basaltic flows in the southern highlands, these granites offer crucial insights into Mars’s geological history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-water-and-implications-for-habitability">Ancient water and implications for habitability</h2>



The study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-curiosity-rover-makes-surprising-find-under-martian-rock-sulfur-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>’s southern highlands may have been more hospitable to life in the past than scientists once believed.



Granitic magmas formed in these regions of the Martian crust are known to contain elements essential for life, such as potassium and phosphorus.



Additionally, the presence of stable underground water reservoirs beneath the highlands adds another layer when considering potential habitability. These liquid water aquifers, protected beneath a frozen surface layer, could have provided a stable environment for microbial life to exist.



The combination of these factors significantly changes how we view Mars’s potential to support life, offering new insights into the planet’s past environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roadmap-for-future-exploration">Roadmap for future exploration</h2>



The southern highlands present a promising target for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marss-space-debris-should-be-regarded-as-historical-artifacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> missions. Large craters and fractures in this region could expose hidden granitic rocks or ancient water reservoirs. 



“Every insight into Mars’s crustal processes brings us closer to answering some of the most profound questions in planetary science, including how Mars evolved and how it may have supported life,” noted study co-author Kirsten Siebach.



”Our research provides a roadmap for where to look and what to look for as we search for these answers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-more-complex-red-planet">A more complex Red Planet</h2>



This study paints a picture of Mars as a more dynamic and complex planet than previously imagined. 



The interplay of thick crustal regions, granitic magmas, and underground aquifers highlights a planet rich in geological and hydrological processes.



These discoveries could reshape our approach to studying Mars and our assessment of whether it could have hosted life in the distant past.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X24005879?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>.



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Mars has granite that contains the elements essential for life

A recent study sheds light on Mars's ancient past, revealing...

Like parents passing down their distinctive nose or eye color to their children, young planets were thought to be formed after inheriting their chemical makeup directly from the swirling disks of gas and dust that gave birth to them. But nature, it seems, had other plans.



A remarkable study led by Chih-Chun "Dino" Hsu, a postdoctoral associate at Northwestern University's Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), suggests that we still have alot to learn about how planets form.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-front-row-seat-to-planet-formation">Front row seat to planet formation</h2>



Most planets that we find outside of our solar system are already <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-planets-formed-in-the-harsh-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fully formed</a>, with their birth materials long since scattered to the cosmic winds.



That's what makes the PDS 70 system so special. Located 366 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus, this stellar nursery gives scientists a "front-row seat" to planet formation in action.



The system features two baby gas giants, similar to Jupiter, that are still in their formative years. At just 5 million years old, these planetary toddlers - named PDS 70b and PDS 70c - are still surrounded by their natal disks, the very materials from which they are forming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-surprise-in-a-forming-planet">Chemical surprise in a forming planet </h2>



When the research team studied PDS 70b's atmosphere, they found something unexpected. The ratio of carbon to oxygen didn't match what they saw in the surrounding disk of gas and dust.



"For observational astrophysicists, one widely accepted picture of planet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation</a> was likely too simplified," said Hsu.



"According to that simplified picture, the ratio of carbon and oxygen gases in a planet's atmosphere should match the ratio of carbon and oxygen gases in its natal disk - assuming the planet accretes materials through gases in its disk. Instead, we found a planet with a carbon and oxygen ratio that is much lower compared to its disk."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faint-planets-next-to-bright-stars">Faint planets next to bright stars </h2>



Studying a planet that is forming next to its bright parent star is no small feat. It's like trying to spot a firefly next to a spotlight.



Jason Wang is an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> who co-developed the technology used in the study.



"These new tools make it possible to take really detailed spectra of faint objects next to really bright objects. Because the challenge here is there's a really faint planet next to a really bright star. It's hard to isolate the light of the planet in order to analyze its atmosphere," explained Wang.



The experts used specialized photonics technologies to capture the planet's spectrum - which is essentially its chemical fingerprint. This allowed the team to measure the amount of carbon monoxide and water in the atmosphere of PDS 70b, and calculate the ratio of carbon to oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-explanations-for-the-mismatch">Possible explanations for the mismatch</h2>



The mismatch between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-giant-planets-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's</a> composition and that of its natal disk poses an interesting puzzle. The research team proposes two possible explanations.



First, the planet might have formed before its disk became enriched with carbon. Think of it like baking a cake. The finished product's ingredients depend on what was available in your kitchen when you started baking - not what you added to your pantry later.



The second possibility involves solid materials. The planet might have grown by absorbing large amounts of ice and dust, not just gas. When these solid materials evaporated, they could have altered the final ratio of carbon to oxygen in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vega-star-system-discovery-forces-us-to-rethink-planet-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's atmosphere.</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-better-understanding-of-planet-formation">A better understanding of planet formation </h2>



This study marks the first time scientists have been able to compare information from an exoplanet, its natal disk, and host star. But it's just the beginning. The team plans to study PDS 70c next, hoping to understand better how this entire system formed.



"By studying these two planets together, we can understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newborn-planet-is-still-glowing-from-the-heat-of-its-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">system's formation</a> history even better," said Hsu. "But, also, this is just one system. Ideally, we need to identify more of them to better understand how planets form."



This discovery reminds us that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-of-water-vapor-may-be-involved-in-planet-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a> often defies our expectations. As we continue to peer deeper into space, we are likely to find more surprises that challenge our understanding of how planetary systems come into existence.



The research was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation, the Simons Foundation, and the National Science Foundation. The findings are published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad95e8">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



Image Credit: ESO/A. Müller et al.



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How planets form: It's much more complicated than we thought

Like parents passing down their distinctive nose or eye color...

Our teeth, the essential guardians of our oral health, are constantly subjected to the demands of chewing and grinding.



Their outer layer, enamel, is an exceptionally hard substance and the most durable material in the human body. While it provides vital protection, enamel lacks the ability to regenerate or self-repair, unlike other tissues in the body.



Unfortunately, this enamel isn't immune to the ravages of time. A team of researchers has recently explored how enamel morphs with age.



The ultimate goal of the research is to devise ways to maintain the strength and vigor of our teeth for as long as possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teeth-contain-more-fluoride-with-age">Teeth contain more fluoride with age</h2>



The study, led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> and the <a href="https://www.pnnl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a>, scrutinized the atomic makeup of enamel samples taken from the teeth of a 22-year-old and a 56-year-old.



Interestingly, the older tooth harbored increased levels of ion fluoride - an element often added to our drinking water and toothpaste as a protective measure for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tooth-enamel-holds-a-record-of-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enamel</a>.



The researchers investigated how fluoride integrates into enamel as we journey through life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-teeth-cracks-begin">Where teeth cracks begin</h2>



Study lead author Jack Grimm is a UW doctoral student in materials science and engineering and a doctoral intern at PNNL.



"We know that teeth get more brittle as people age, especially near the very outer surface, which is where cracks start. There are a number of factors behind this - one of which is the composition of the mineral content," said Grimm.



"We're interested in understanding exactly how the mineral content is changing. And if you want to see that, you have to look at the scale of atoms."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microscopic-structure-of-enamel">Microscopic structure of enamel</h2>



Enamel is composed mostly of minerals arranged in microscopic structures ten thousand times tinier than the width of a human hair, which makes it a challenge to study.



Earlier studies were conducted on a larger scale - about a tenth of the size of a human hair - which made it impossible to discern the relative distribution of minerals and organic portions in enamel's crystalline structure.



To investigate the microscopic structure of enamel more deeply, Grimm collaborated with Arun Devaraj, a materials scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Together, they used a sophisticated technique called "atom probe tomography."



This cutting-edge method enabled them to create a 3D map of each atom within a sample, revealing differences in element compositions across three key areas: the nanocrystal core, the shell coating the core, and the space between the shells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-fluoride-as-teeth-age">The role of fluoride as teeth age</h2>



The team found that samples from the older tooth had enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/too-much-fluoride-in-tap-water-supply-might-lower-kids-iq-by-few-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fluoride</a> levels, predominantly in the shell regions.



Study co-author Cameron Renteria is a postdoctoral researcher in oral health sciences at the University of Washington.



"We are getting exposed to fluoride through our toothpaste and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a>, and no one has been able to track that in an actual tooth at this scale," said Renteria. "Is that fluoride actually being incorporated over time? Now we're starting to be able to paint that picture."



According to the researchers, the strength of their work lies in its interdisciplinary nature. By combining the expertise of different scientific fields, they were able to uncover fascinating insights.



Going forward, the team plans to investigate how the protein composition of enamel evolves over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-enamel-changes-over-time">How enamel changes over time</h2>



Enamel, though resilient, undergoes subtle but impactful transformations as we age. The study revealed that the mineral composition in older enamel is more compact but also more brittle.



Over the years, cycles of demineralization and remineralization, influenced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-teeth-discovery-highlight-the-evolution-of-the-human-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> and exposure to fluoride, lead to structural shifts.



Interestingly, these processes primarily affect the outermost shell of enamel’s nanocrystals, where increased fluoride levels were most evident in older teeth. This outer layer, while stronger against acid attacks, becomes more prone to cracks due to its rigid nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-the-strength-of-teeth">Preserving the strength of teeth </h2>



Such changes highlight the delicate balance between strengthening enamel and preserving its flexibility - a challenge that future dental treatments aim to address.



Dentistry offers a clear recommendation: fluoride and fluoridated products are effective in preventing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-water-fluoridation-still-effective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tooth decay</a>. But when it comes to how aging influences teeth overall, it seems the jury is still out.



The research highlights a key consideration as we grow older - our teeth may become more brittle, requiring us to chew with greater care.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-024-00709-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Materials</a>.



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What happens to our teeth as we age? New details have emerged

Our teeth, the essential guardians of our oral health, are...

The gentle murmurs of a baby's first sounds are much more than adorable expressions of joy. These early vocalizations signal the synchronization of an infant's heart and emerging speech abilities.



Research led by Jeremy I. Borjon, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Houston, reveals a fascinating link between heart rate fluctuations and the development of language in infants. 



The findings shed light on the complex relationship between physical and cognitive growth in early life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heartbeats-and-infant-speech">Heartbeats and infant speech</h2>



Borjon’s research indicates that a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-hear-far-more-speech-at-home-than-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baby's earliest sounds</a> - those sweet coos, babbles, and even laughs - are directly tied to the rhythm of their heart.



These findings not only deepen our understanding of language development but also provide potential insights into early detection of speech and communication disorders.



“Heart rate naturally fluctuates in all mammals, steadily increasing then decreasing in a rhythmic pattern,” explained Borjon.



The study revealed that infants are most likely to vocalize when their heart rate reaches a local peak (maximum) or trough (minimum). The timing of these vocalizations appears to have specific outcomes:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Vocalizations at the peak: Longer than expected by chance.</li>



<li>Vocalizations before the trough: More likely to be recognized as words by naïve listeners.</li>
</ul>



This rhythm-driven coordination between heart and speech highlights the role of the autonomic nervous system in early language development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-as-a-motor-skill">Language as a motor skill</h2>



While we often think of speech as a cognitive ability, it also depends heavily on motor skills. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-to-babies-in-parentese-boosts-their-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Babies</a> must learn to coordinate a complex interplay of muscles across their body to produce recognizable sounds. Borjon’s study emphasizes how heart rate dynamics directly influence this coordination.



"Every sound an infant makes helps their brain and body learn how to coordinate with each other, eventually leading to speech," Borjon said. 



By observing 34 infants aged 18 to 27 months, his team measured 2,708 vocalizations, including laughs, babbles, and coos. Despite their limited vocabulary, some of these sounds were recognized as words by listeners, illustrating the early building blocks of language.



Notably, only 10.3% of the vocalizations were reliably identified as words, highlighting the gradual process of language acquisition. Yet every sound, whether or not it forms a word, plays a crucial role in helping infants align their physiological and neurological systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infant-speech-development">Infant speech development</h2>



The autonomic nervous system (ANS), responsible for regulating involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing, undergoes rapid growth during a baby’s first few years. 



The research from <a href="https://uh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Houston</a> suggests that this development directly impacts an infant's ability to produce recognizable speech.



“The relationship between recognizable vocalizations and decelerating heart rate may imply that the successful development of speech partially depends on infants experiencing predictable ranges of autonomic activity through development,” explained Borjon.



The interplay between predictable heart rate patterns and vocalizations highlights a foundational aspect of speech development. As infants grow, their ability to coordinate autonomic functions and vocalizations improves, eventually leading to the production of more complex speech.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-and-implications">Future research and implications</h2>



Borjon emphasizes the need for continued research to better understand how the autonomic nervous system shapes speech development in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-talk-sets-the-stage-for-speech-production-in-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



“Understanding how the autonomic nervous system relates to infant vocalizations over development is a critical avenue of future research for understanding how language emerges, as well as risk factors for atypical language development,” he said.



The findings also hold promise for early intervention strategies. By identifying patterns in heart rate and vocalization timing, researchers could potentially detect speech or communication disorders earlier than current methods allow. 



This proactive approach could help provide timely support for children at risk of language delays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-first-sounds">Beyond the first sounds</h2>



Borjon’s work highlights the intricate connection between physical and cognitive growth during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-talk-more-when-interacting-with-artificial-objects-than-with-things-made-by-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infancy</a>. 



Speech development involves more than just learning words - it requires a harmonious interplay between the infants brain, body, and environment.



By studying the subtle rhythms of heartbeats and vocalizations, researchers are uncovering the remarkable processes that enable humans to communicate.



In the end, every <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-need-quick-responses-to-their-babbling-to-learn-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babble</a> represents more than just a moment of cuteness. These early sounds serve as vital steps in the journey toward mastering language - a journey powered by the steady rhythm of a tiny heart.



The study is published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2419650121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Infant speech is driven by heart rate activity

The gentle murmurs of a baby's first sounds are much...

Those massive storms that drench the West Coast aren't going to stay the same. Recent research shows that climate change will reshape atmospheric rivers - but not in the way you might expect. 



While these storms will pack more punch everywhere, their evolution will look quite different in Seattle compared to San Diego.



The findings come from a team at the U.S. National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR), led by scientists Christine Shields and Hui Li. 



Their work reveals how these sky-high rivers of moisture will respond differently to warming, depending on where they make landfall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contrasting-impacts-of-atmospheric-rivers">Contrasting impacts of atmospheric rivers</h2>



The changes split the West Coast into two distinct stories. 



In Southern California, increasing ocean evaporation will drive the transformation of atmospheric rivers. Head north to Seattle and Portland, and it's a different ball game - there, warmer temperatures in both the ocean and air will call the shots.



These differences matter. By 2100, storms hitting the Pacific Northwest could push ocean waters three times higher than today's storms do. Southern California will see higher storm surges too, but not nearly as dramatic as their northern neighbors.



"On the ground, people will see a different response between the Southern California coast and the Pacific Northwest," said Shields. "It's not a one-size-fits-all situation. You have these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-rivers-are-shifting-with-global-climate-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regional responses</a> that can be quite different."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-split">Science behind the split</h2>



The research team relied on advanced computing to understand how climate change will reshape atmospheric rivers. 



Using the powerful Derecho supercomputer at the NSF NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center, they ran detailed climate simulations. 



The simulations captured atmospheric changes every 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consecutive-atmospheric-rivers-cause-far-more-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean changes</a> every 10 kilometers (6.2 miles), offering high-resolution insights into the behavior of these storms.



The results were surprising. In Southern California, the well-known "Pineapple Express" storms, which transport moisture from Hawaii, are expected to intensify due to increased evaporation from the ocean in a warmer climate. This added evaporation provides more fuel for the storms, making them more powerful.



In the Pacific Northwest, however, the dynamics are different. The storms there will strengthen due to a combination of rising air and ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-flow-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>. These warming effects will amplify the storms' intensity and lead to more dramatic impacts, such as higher sea levels and increased flooding. 



This regional variation highlights how atmospheric rivers respond differently to climate change, depending on their location.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-difference-matters">Why the difference matters</h2>



These aren't just academic distinctions. Communities along the entire West Coast need to prepare for stronger storms, but their specific challenges will vary by location. The stakes are high - atmospheric rivers already pack a serious punch.



"Atmospheric rivers are like tropical cyclones in that they pack powerful winds and carry enormous amounts of water that can devastate local infrastructure," noted Shields.



"Communities need to understand how they will change in the future so they can adapt and plan."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-atmospheric-rivers">Additional impacts of atmospheric rivers</h2>



The impacts don't stop when the rain does. These atmospheric rivers leave their mark on the ocean too, stirring up waters and potentially affecting marine ecosystems long after the storms pass.



"The strong winds and precipitation linked to atmospheric rivers can significantly impact the upper ocean, potentially impacting ocean dynamics and ecosystems over larger spatial scales and longer timescales than the present," said Li.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-future">Preparing for the future</h2>



This research gives coastal communities crucial information for planning their future. While all regions need to prepare for more intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/projected-atmospheric-rivers-could-drench-east-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a>, their specific challenges will depend on location. 



Southern California needs to ready itself for storms supercharged by ocean evaporation, while the Pacific Northwest must prepare for even more dramatic changes driven by warming air and seas.



The study was conducted by researchers from <a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF NCAR</a>, <a href="https://www.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, and <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a>, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and NSF.



For West Coast residents, the message is clear: the atmospheric rivers they know today won't be the same ones their children will face. But now, at least, they have a better idea of what's coming their way.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01774-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Atmospheric rivers will become more intense as temperatures rise

Those massive storms that drench the West Coast aren't going...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Laura will strengthen into major hurricane as it reaches Gulf Coast. Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> shows Tropical Storm Marco and Tropical Storm Laura racing toward the Gulf Coast on August 23, 2020.
Tropical.Storm Laura is set to become the first major hurricane of the year by the time it makes landfall somewhere in Texas or Louisiana. The impacts of the hurricane will be felt far inland &#8211; potentially several hundred miles &#8211; over many states. 
Life-threatening storm surge is a serious concern across much of the Gulf Coast, with warnings in place from San Luis Pass, Texas to Ocean Springs, Mississippi. 
Louisiana Governor John Bel Edward said that today will be the last full day to prepare for this &#8220;very large, very powerful storm,&#8221; which is expected to gain strength up until it makes landfall early Thursday.
After being downgraded to a tropical depression, Marco made landfall on Monday near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Laura will strengthen into major hurricane as it reaches Gulf Coast. Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory shows Tropical Storm Marco and Tropical Storm Laura racing toward the Gulf Coast on August 23, 2020.
The image was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on NOAA-20.
Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 
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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
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Laura will strengthen into major hurricane as it reaches Gulf Coast

Typhoon Bavi makes landfall in North Korea. Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> shows the eighth tropical storm of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Typhoon Bavi, heading north toward the Korean Peninsula.

The photo was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite on August 25, 2020. By August 26, the storm had maximum sustained winds of 110 miles per hour. Typhoon Bavi makes landfall in North Korea

Warm water temperatures fueled Typhoon Bavi as it moved across the Yellow Sea, and the storm grazed the South Korean island of Jeju with powerful winds and waves and torrential rainfall. 

Bavi made landfall in a western coastal region of North Korea early Thursday morning with maximum wind speeds of 83 miles per hour. In 1910, <a title="Korean Empire" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire">Korea</a> was <a title="Korea under Japanese rule" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule">annexed</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. At the <a title="Surrender of Japan" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan">Japanese surrender</a> at the <a title="End of World War II in Asia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia">end of World War II</a> in 1945, Korea was <a title="Division of Korea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea">divided into two zones</a>, with the <a title="Soviet Civil Administration" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration">north occupied by the Soviet Union</a> and the <a title="United States Army Military Government in Korea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea">south occupied by the United States</a>. Negotiations on <a title="Korean reunification" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_reunification">reunification</a> failed, and in 1948, separate governments were formed: the socialist Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the capitalist <a title="First Republic of Korea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea">Republic of Korea</a> in the south

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

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