Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of Fayzabad, a culturally diverse city in the Kokcha River valley of northern Afghanistan.



The photo was captured as the International Space Station passed over central Asia.



Fayzabad is the capital of the Badakhshan Province. It is located in a mountainous part of northeastern Afghanistan at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.



“The city is situated along the Kokcha River, which flows northward within a deep river valley surrounded by the Hindu Kush Mountains and eventually discharges into the Amu Darya River,” noted NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-fayzabad-nbsp">Climate of Fayzabad&nbsp;</h2>



According to NASA, the climate of Fayzabad varies from cold semi-arid to Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental.



The summer months are warm, with average high temperatures ranging from 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The winter months are cold, with average low temperatures often dropping below freezing - sometimes reaching as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The region receives moderate precipitation, mostly during the spring and winter. Snowfall is common in winter, adding to the mountainous region's picturesque landscape.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fayzabad-culture">Fayzabad culture</h2>



Historically, Fayzabad has been a center of learning and culture, though its development has been hampered by years of conflict.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-started-cumulative-culture-around-600000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> remains a vital component of the region, which is known for its traditional crafts including weaving and embroidery.



Cultural life in Fayzabad is influenced by its predominantly Tajik population, along with other ethnic groups such as Uzbeks and Hazaras. The local cuisine is a blend of traditional Afghan flavors, incorporating ingredients like rice, meat, and a variety of spices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-nbsp">Land use changes&nbsp;</h2>



“This territory has experienced notable changes in its land use in recent decades, especially with commercial and administrative growth near the airport,” noted NASA.



“Among the changes: a new airstrip built west of the Kokcha River. However, mountains hem in the city and limit how much development is possible.”



“Despite these topographical barriers, some development has spread into hilly areas south of Fayzabad. Green vegetation is mostly confined to mountain valleys, stream channels, and the Kokcha River floodplain.”&nbsp;



“The Kokcha River meanders through the valley, providing a vital water resource for the region. Fields of predominantly wheat and rice cover much of the floodplain, though these flat areas are mixed with residential, industrial, and commercial activity as well.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kokcha-river-nbsp">Kokcha River&nbsp;</h2>



The Kokcha River originates in the Hindu Kush mountains. It stretches approximately 360 kilometers before joining the Amu Darya, one of Central Asia's major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>. 



The Kokcha River traverses rugged terrain, providing vital irrigation for agriculture in the region and supporting local communities' livelihoods.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> basin features diverse landscapes that include mountainous areas and fertile valleys. 



Throughout history, the Kokcha River has played a crucial role in the region's cultural and economic development, serving as a natural resource for the inhabitants and influencing settlement patterns.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Fayzabad and the Kokcha River valley 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said NASA. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters (4,100 feet), annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters (13,000 feet).”&nbsp;



“The climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food. 



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community. 



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders. 



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, adept at navigating rocky terrains. The Siberian roe deer thrives across various habitats, showcasing the adaptability of Mongolia’s wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter. 



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations. 



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Makran coast along the Arabian Sea.



“Several capes and bays appear along the Makran coast - a strip of land along the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. Nicknamed ‘hammerhead’ capes because of their elongated forms and narrow necks, the headlands are shaped by the region’s plate tectonics, primarily uplift,” said NASA.



“The long curves of the bays’ shorelines show accumulations of sandy sediment. This buildup appears as numerous semi-parallel lines that reveal the locations of past shorelines. These features, known as beach ridges, appear particularly well developed on the north shore of Chabahar Bay at the top of the image.”



NASA noted that scientists recently investigated the vulnerability of the bays to the effects of climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.



“The research was conducted in part because the Makran coast experiences high rates of tectonic uplift. The researchers concluded that the harder rocks of the headlands were less vulnerable to wave erosion than the more erodible rocks where the neighboring bays formed. These bays are expected to change shape as waves and currents move sediment.”&nbsp;



“The bays’ coastlines might move farther inland as sea level rises and shorelines erode. Or, the coastlines may advance seaward as coastal sediment accumulates over time.”



The Makran coast is known for its rugged terrain, dramatic cliffs, and sandy beaches. The coastal waters support vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/">marine life</a>.



The beaches serve as nesting grounds for green and olive ridley turtles, highlighting their ecological significance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/">Mangrove</a> forests are prevalent around estuaries and river deltas, offering critical habitats for numerous fish species and birds.



The region is a hotspot for bird watching, including migratory and resident birds like herons, egrets, and flamingos.



Despite the arid, desert-like inland areas, resilient species such as the Arabian Oryx and various reptiles thrive.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Makran coast in southeastern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Culebra Island, located about 17 miles east of Puerto Rico.&nbsp;



The unique marine ecosystems of Culebra include extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-discover-huge-expanse-of-earths-coral-reefs-that-were-previously-unknown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> safeguarded by the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge and the Luis Peña Channel Natural Reserve.&nbsp;



Known as the "rainforests of the sea," coral reefs host a diverse array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. They are formed from the calcium carbonate excreted by tiny organisms called polyps. 



Although coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the ocean floor, they are crucial habitats for nearly 25% of ocean species at some stage of their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landsat-image-of-culebra-nbsp">Landsat image of Culebra&nbsp;</h2>



This Landsat 8 image - captured on February 10, 2024 - illustrates Culebra’s varied landscapes, ranging from the dry forests covering its hills to the stunning sandy beaches along its northern shore. 



“Deeper (dark blue) waters surround the island and nearby cays, while shallower (light blue) waters line the shores and lagoons. The green areas in shallow water are likely coral reefs, though seagrass meadows and seaweed patches can look similar,” noted NASA.



“You can absolutely see patch reefs east of Culebra in this image. But know that many of its reefs are located near the shore and are not easy to distinguish in Landsat imagery, depending on the depth of the water and the type of coral,” said Juan Torres-Pérez, a research scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fringing-and-patch-reefs-nbsp">Fringing and patch reefs&nbsp;</h2>



NOAA's detailed benthic habitat maps reveal that fringing and patch reefs are prevalent around Culebra, particularly to the north and east, with seagrass and seaweed meadows more common in the southern shallows.&nbsp;



Fringing reefs are the most common type of coral reef. They are directly attached to a shore or border a landmass with little to no lagoon between the shore and the main reef body. Fringing reefs grow seaward directly from the coastline.



Patch reefs are small, isolated platforms of coral that can occur independently or within a larger system of reefs, such as a barrier reef. They often appear as "patches" dispersed throughout a lagoon, separated by areas of sand or sea grass.&nbsp;



The reefs of Culebra feature key species such as branching staghorn and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/favorable-conditions-offer-hope-for-endangered-elkhorn-coral/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elkhorn corals</a>, as well as mound-shaped and brain corals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-threats">Environmental threats</h2>



Environmental threats such as coastal development, overfishing, and warming, acidic waters challenge reefs worldwide, including those around Culebra.&nbsp;



Local issues, like increased runoff from development, also threaten these delicate ecosystems by introducing harmful pollutants.&nbsp;



Furthermore, record-high global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> in 2023 have led to a significant coral bleaching event, affecting reefs across 62 countries and territories.



The ongoing marine heat wave poses an added risk, especially with higher starting sea surface temperatures this summer compared to last.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceanos-program-nbsp">OCEANOS program&nbsp;</h2>



NASA’s OCEANOS program is actively involved in studying and conserving these reefs. This program, designed for Hispanic/Latino high school graduates and first-generation college students in Puerto Rico, offers training in remote sensing, coral reef ecology, and other marine sciences.



In partnership with Sociedad Ambiente Marino, NASA’s efforts include planting over 160,000 coral pieces around Culebra to strengthen the reefs.&nbsp;



This summer, OCEANOS students will also learn about coral farming, beach profiling, reef ecology, 3D printing of coral colonies, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass conservation</a>, further contributing to the health and resilience of Culebra's marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culebra-island-nbsp">Culebra Island&nbsp;</h2>



Culebra Island is renowned for its stunning natural beauty and laid-back atmosphere. This small island is part of the Spanish Virgin Islands and is less commercialized than its neighbor, Vieques, or the main island of Puerto Rico.&nbsp;



It's especially famous for Flamenco Beach, often ranked among the most beautiful beaches in the world with its white sands and clear, turquoise waters.



Culebra has a protected wildlife refuge that covers approximately one-third of the island, providing shelter to a variety of wildlife, including sea turtles and seabirds. 



The surrounding coral reefs are vibrant and full of marine life, making it a popular spot for snorkeling and diving. Despite its small size, the island has a rich history, having been used as a naval gunnery and bombing practice site until 1975.



Today, Culebra is a favorite destination for those seeking a peaceful retreat in nature. The island's emphasis on conservation and its community's commitment to preserving its natural environment make it a unique place for eco-tourism.&nbsp;



Visitors can also enjoy hiking, kayaking, and fishing alongside the local population, which is known for its warmth and hospitality.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Protecting the coral reefs of Culebra

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Clear Lake Northern California, which is one of the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater lakes</a> in the United States. 



In mid-May 2024, the waters of Clear Lake were transformed into a vivid tapestry of bright green swirls, as seen in this image captured on May 15, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on the Landsat 9 satellite.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-lake-algal-bloom-is-visible-from-space">Clear Lake algal bloom is visible from space </h2>



The algal bloom, potentially comprised of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and other phytoplankton, was documented from space. Direct sampling is needed to precisely identify the algal organisms present in the lake.



Cyanobacteria, single-celled photosynthetic organisms, are notorious for some species' ability to produce microcystin, a toxin harmful to the skin, liver, and kidneys.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-algal-blooms-in-clear-lake-nbsp">Large algal blooms in Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Clear Lake, about 60 miles north of San Francisco Bay, is a naturally nutrient-rich body of water that has historically supported large algal populations dating back to the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, based on sediment core studies.



Recent human activities have exacerbated nutrient levels in the lake, leading to a rise in harmful algal blooms.&nbsp;



Out of over 130 algal species that have been identified in the lake, three types of blue-green algae pose health risks under certain conditions. These blooms typically appear in the spring and late summer, as reported by Lake County officials.



Nutrient influx from agriculture, vineyards, inadequate septic systems, gravel mining, and an abandoned mercury mine, along with natural factors such as lakebed sediment disturbances caused by waves and fish, have contributed to the lake's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a> decline. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorophyll-a-and-cyanobacteria-nbsp">Chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria&nbsp;</h2>



This year, data from a satellite-based ocean color instrument on Sentinel-3, processed further by the NOAA National Ocean Service, showed increased concentrations of chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria leading up to May 15.



As of May 25, local monitors have not reported microcystin levels for the current bloom. Nonetheless, the high algal density poses risks to aquatic ecosystems, as decomposing phytoplankton deplete oxygen, potentially leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypoxic conditions</a> and aquatic dead zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-clear-lake-nbsp">More about Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Clear Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake wholly within the state of California. Geological estimates suggest that it formed about 2.5 million years ago.&nbsp;



The lake is a popular destination for fishing, particularly for largemouth bass, and its scenic beauty attracts many visitors for boating, bird watching, and other recreational activities.&nbsp;



Clear Lake's ecosystem supports a diverse range of wildlife, but it also faces environmental challenges such as water quality issues, partly due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-quality-threatened-by-nutrient-pollution-in-40-u-s-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural runoff</a> and other human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freshwater-lakes-and-climate-change-nbsp">Freshwater lakes and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



Freshwater lakes are significantly impacted by climate change, which manifests in various ways, affecting both their ecological balance and their roles in local environments.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-lake-water">Warming lake water</h3>



As global temperatures rise, lakes experience changes in water temperature and ice cover. Warmer water tends to hold less oxygen, which can harm fish and other aquatic life; it can also encourage the growth of harmful algal blooms that further deplete oxygen and release toxins into the water.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cover">Ice cover</h3>



Reduced ice cover during winter changes the seasonal rhythms of lakes, affecting species that rely on ice cover for part of their life cycle, like some cold-water fish and plants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-level-fluctuations-nbsp">Water level fluctuations&nbsp;</h3>



Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to higher temperatures can alter water levels. These fluctuations not only impact the aquatic habitats but also affect water availability for human use, agriculture, and hydroelectric power generation.&nbsp;



The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, like storms and droughts, leads to more pronounced cycles of flooding and low water levels, creating challenges for managing water resources and preserving lake ecosystems.&nbsp;



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-some-lakes-resist-the-heat-of-atmospheric-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> are integral to their local climates, biodiversity, and economies, these changes can have widespread implications for the communities and ecosystems that depend on them.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Clear Lake turns green with algal growth

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features record-breaking water levels in the Big Sioux River which overtopped its banks on June 24, 2024. The false-color image highlights the presence of water, appearing dark blue. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-torrential-rainfall-across-the-midwest-nbsp">Torrential rainfall across the Midwest&nbsp;</h2>



In late June, more than a foot of rain fell on parts of South Dakota and Iowa in the Midwest, causing rivers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-rivers-always-recover-from-floods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overflow</a> and resulting in significant destruction. The overflowing rivers demolished homes and bridges and inundated farmlands.



The areas of the Midwest that were hit hardest by excessive rain were south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 



“A front of dense moisture, drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico, parked over southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 20 and 21, unleashing torrential rainfall. Mitchell and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, recorded 6.5 and 7.7 inches of cumulative rain, respectively,” said NASA.



“It was the wettest two-day period for these cities in the National Weather Service’s (NWS) climate record, dating back to 1893. In Canton, South Dakota, near Iowa’s border, about 15 inches of rain fell on those days, according to NWS estimates.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saturated-soils-in-the-great-plains-nbsp">Saturated soils in the Great Plains&nbsp;</h2>



The National Water Center noted that the front brought rain to already saturated soils, as the Great Plains region had received 150-200 percent of its normal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> from mid-May to mid-June. 



Using soil moisture data from NASA’s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) center, the NWS forecasted that the ground could not absorb more water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-sioux-river-nbsp">Big Sioux River&nbsp;</h2>



The Big Sioux River, which borders Iowa and South Dakota, reached record heights following the consecutive days of heavy rainfall.&nbsp;



On June 23, the river level in Sioux City, Iowa, rose to nearly 45 feet, 7 feet higher than the previous record. That evening, a steel railroad bridge connecting North Sioux City, South Dakota, with Sioux City, Iowa, collapsed into the Big Sioux River.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-valley-flooding">Rock Valley flooding</h2>



In northwestern Iowa, about a foot of rain fell over two days near Rock Valley, 50 miles southeast of Sioux Falls.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excessive rain</a> brought the Rock River to an all-time high of 27 feet (major flooding stage is 19 feet). On the morning of June 22, the river broke a levee in Rock Valley, flooding the town and forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-earth-river">Blue Earth River </h2>



Subsequently, the front moved over southern Minnesota, causing water levels to rise along several rivers in the state. Rising waters on the Blue Earth River washed out a portion of the Rapidan Dam near Mankato, according to news reports.



As of June 25, water levels of many rivers in the Great Plains had begun to fall but remained at major flooding stage, according to the NWS.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Torrential rain caused catastrophic flooding in the Midwest

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina, where fires have been burning since late December 2022. The photograph shows smoke rising from fires on the northwest side of Iberá National Park in the Corrientes province on February 19, 2023.&nbsp;



"Iberá National Park is a protected area of wetlands and grasslands established in 2018 with land acquired by conservation groups and then donated to the government of Argentina. Encompassing 1,370 square kilometers (530 square miles) of the Corrientes region, the park is part of a 'rewilding' program which aims to reintroduce keystone species to the oasis such as jaguars and capybaras that have previously been driven away by hunting, ranching, and other human activities," says NASA.



"This area of Argentina is no stranger to fires. Last year more than 520,000 hectares (1.3 million acres) were burned in the Corrientes region and surrounding provinces. In 2022 and so far in 2023, fire activity has been unusually high in the region, according to Mark Parrington, senior scientist at the Copernicus <a href="http://atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> Monitoring Service (CAMS)."



Parrington said that, for the second year in a row, Corrientes province is experiencing much higher fire activity than experienced over the last two decades. “So far this year, the fires seem to be much more localized around the Iberá wetlands compared to more widespread fires across northern Argentina and southern Paraguay in 2022.”



While the exact cause of the fire outbreak is not known, intense heat and drought are keeping the fires burning. On February 13, Argentina’s National Meteorological Service issued warnings when temperatures exceeded 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The agency reports that this is the eighth heatwave in the country this summer.



The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on the Landsat 9 satellite.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ Lauren Dauphin



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Summer heat fuels fires in Argentina’s Iberá National Park

Concrete forms the backbone of human civilization's most impressive structures. Ancient Romans built aqueducts with it. We use it for modern highways. 



This versatile material builds our cities, roads, and bridges. It enables societal progress and urban development. Concrete is the second most consumed material globally, after water.



But <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rise-of-self-heating-concrete-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete production</a> has a big downside. It significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The cement industry accounts for about 8% of world CO2 emissions. This fact highlights the need for innovative solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teaching-concrete-to-capture-co2">Teaching concrete to capture CO2</h2>



The good news? A <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>-led team of engineers has discovered an innovative method of carbon sequestration that could revolutionize the concrete industry and potentially curb these CO2 emissions. 



This breakthrough could mark a turning point in our efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of concrete production.



The process, led by Alessandro Rotta Loria from Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering, is surprisingly simple: use carbonated water in concrete manufacturing instead of still water. 



Not only does the end product possess uncompromised strength and durability, but it also efficiently stores carbon dioxide. The team found that almost half of the CO2 introduced during the manufacturing process was captured and stored. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-carbon-source-to-carbon-sink">From carbon source to carbon sink</h2>



This is a significant leap in the field of carbon sequestration in concrete production that could change the industry's future and pave the way for more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mycocrete-new-material-made-of-fungi-hopes-to-replace-concrete-in-construction-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable construction practices</a>.



Rotta Loria, the Louis Berger Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, is working on innovative solutions. 



He explains, "We are trying to develop approaches that lower CO2 emissions." His team aims to transform cement and concrete industries. They want to turn these sectors into large carbon sinks.



Loria's team has made progress. They've found a way to reuse CO2 from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycled-cement-is-an-absolute-miracle-to-lower-concrete-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete manufacturing</a> in the material itself. He notes, "Our solution is so simple technologically that it should be relatively easy for the industry to implement."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cemex-to-the-rescue">CEMEX to the rescue</h2>



Many industry experts share Loria's optimism. They believe this method could be widely adopted. It offers a practical way to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete production.



The fascinating research was a result of a partnership between Rotta Loria's laboratory and <a href="https://www.cemex.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CEMEX</a>, a global building materials company dedicated to sustainable construction. 



On this new method, Davide Zampini, vice president of global research and development at CEMEX and co-author of the study, noted that the approach provides an opportunity to engineer new clinker-based products where CO2 becomes a key ingredient. 



This collaboration demonstrates the power of industry-academic partnerships in driving forward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/making-concrete-more-environmentally-friendly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable innovations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refreshing-approach-to-carbon-sequestration">Refreshing approach to carbon sequestration</h2>



The team at Northwestern didn't merely decide to put some fizz in their concrete. They meticulously built upon previous research that explored various ways to store CO2 inside concrete. 



Their approach involves injecting CO2 gas into water mixed with a little cement powder before mixing this carbonated suspension with the rest of the cement and aggregates. 



This method ensures that the CO2 is efficiently integrated into the concrete mix, maximizing the amount of gas sequestered.



The result? A game-changing concrete that actually absorbs CO2 during its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-melts-steel-concrete-1800-degrees-heat-solar-power-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manufacturing process</a>. Rotta Loria compared it to current methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concrete-carbonation-and-co2">Concrete, carbonation, and CO2</h2>



“The cement suspension carbonated in our approach is a much <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concrete-pavement-will-degrade-faster-as-the-climate-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lower viscosity fluid</a> compared to the mix of water, cement, and aggregates that is customarily employed in present approaches to carbonate fresh concrete," Loria explained.



This lower viscosity makes the new method easier to work with and potentially more effective in sequestering CO2.



On the strength of this carbonated concrete, the researchers found it to be no weaker than regular concrete. 



"Based on our experiments, we show the strength might actually be even higher. We still need to test this further, but, at the very least, we can say that it's uncompromised," Loria enthused. 



"Because the strength is unchanged, the applications also don't change. It could be used in beams, slabs, columns, foundations -- everything we currently use concrete for."



This ensures that the new method can be easily adopted without requiring significant changes to existing construction practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-to-a-sustainable-future">Paving the way to a sustainable future</h2>



The Northwestern team's innovative solution brings hope to an industry grappling to reduce its carbon emissions. If widely adopted, this could be a game-changer in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-crack-resistant-cement-material-inspired-by-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battle against climate change</a>. 



According to Davide Zampini, it underscores the fact that there's always room for optimizing CO2 uptake and understanding the mechanisms tied to materials processing. 



This research serves as a reminder that sustainable solutions are within our reach, and with continued research and collaboration, we can significantly reduce the environmental impact of critical industries.



In a world urgently seeking solutions to environmental issues, this revolutionary approach to concrete production leveraging carbonation could have a profound impact. It offers a sustainable pathway for the industry, increasing the material's strength while decreasing its carbon footprint. 



The potential is immense, and we look forward to the transformation this will bring to industrial practices and the future of sustainable construction. 



The implications of this research extend far beyond the concrete industry, serving as a beacon of hope for other sectors seeking to reduce their carbon emissions and achieve greater sustainability.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-024-00546-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Materials</a>.



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Concrete is quickly becoming a great carbon sink with high-tech advances

Concrete forms the backbone of human civilization's most impressive structures....

The,Maw,Of,Infinity:,A,Stellar,Black,Hole

For nearly the last seventy years, the corridors of astrophysics have been echoing with the murmur of an exciting theory: the existence of 'kugelblitze'. 



These are not your average black holes. They are born not from the collapse of matter, but conceived through incredibly dense concentrations of light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-light-becomes-matter">When light becomes matter</h2>



Kugelblitze have been speculated as the potential key to unlocking mysteries of the universe, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, and perhaps more enticingly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faster-than-light-warp-speed-drive-interstellar-travel-now-believed-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">powering spaceships</a> of the future.



However, this extraordinary theory has just hit a roadblock. 



A formidable team of researchers from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> and <a href="https://www.ucm.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</a>, led by the brilliant Eduardo Martín-Martínez, a professor of applied mathematics and mathematical physics, has established that kugelblitz might not be a reality in our universe. 



Their compelling research, conveniently titled "No black holes from light," is soon to be published in the Physical Review Letters after a preprint on arXiv.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-holes-and-the-quantum-realm">Black holes and the quantum realm</h2>



The quantum realm and black holes share intriguing connections. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum mechanics</a> governs the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. Black holes represent extreme gravity at cosmic scales. 



Scientists believe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum effects</a> become important near a black hole's center. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-jets-are-like-million-light-year-long-jedi-lightsabers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hawking radiation</a>, a quantum phenomenon, causes black holes to slowly evaporate. 



The black hole information paradox arises from conflicts between quantum theory and general relativity. 



Researchers study black holes to better understand quantum gravity. Some theories propose black holes as gateways to other universes via quantum effects. 



The relationship between these realms remains an active area of research in theoretical physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kugelblitze-bites-the-dust">Kugelblitze bites the dust</h2>



"The most commonly known black holes are those caused by enormous concentrations of regular matter collapsing under its own gravity," said Prof. Martín-Martínez, who is also affiliated with the <a href="https://perimeterinstitute.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics</a>. "However, this prediction was made without considering quantum effects."



Trying to shed light on the matter, the team built a mathematical model, incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-tunneling-allow-particles-break-light-speed-barrier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum effects</a>. 



They found that the concentration of light needed to spawn a kugelblitz outpaces the light intensity found in quasars, the brightest objects in our cosmos, by tens of orders of magnitude.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-quirks-and-light-limits">Quantum quirks and light limits</h2>



"Long before you could reach that intensity of light, certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bose-einstein-condensate-bec-rare-form-quantum-matter-created-with-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum effects</a> would occur first," José Polo-Gómez, a Ph.D. candidate in applied mathematics and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a>, remarked. 



"That strong of a concentration of light would lead to the spontaneous creation of particles like electron-positron pairs, which would move very quickly away from the area."



Though testing such effects on Earth isn't possible with current technologies, the team's confidence in their findings stems from the rock-solid principles of mathematics and science, that also power positron emission tomography (PET) scans.



"Electrons, and their antiparticles (positrons) can annihilate each other and disintegrate into pairs of photons, or light 'particles'," Martín-Martínez explained. 



"When there is a large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-vortex-created-lab-mimic-black-hole-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concentration of photons</a> they can disintegrate into electron-positron pairs, which are quickly scattered away taking the energy with them and preventing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matter-spacetime-gravitational-waves-fabric-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational collapse</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fundamental-physics-strikes-again">Fundamental physics strikes again</h2>



While the sprint towards kugelblitze might've hit an unexpected speed breaker, the research is a massive victory for fundamental physics. 



This collaborative effort between applied mathematics, the Perimeter Institute, and the Institute for Quantum Computing at Waterloo is laying the foundation for future significant scientific breakthroughs.



"While these discoveries may not have known applications right now, we are laying the groundwork for our descendants' technological innovations," Polo-Gómez ambitiously outlines. 



"The science behind PET scan machines was once just as theoretical, and now there's one in every hospital."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kugelblitze-pushed-boundaries-but-fell-short">Kugelblitze pushed boundaries but fell short</h2>



As we conclude this enlightening journey, let's remember science is not just about confirming theories but also about disproving them. Today's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gluons-quarks-and-mystery-what-makes-proton-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum quirks</a> are the stepping stones for tomorrow's path-breaking technologies. 



While kugelblitze may not have panned out the way they were imagined, they've undoubtedly illuminated a new direction for further exploration. 



Whether it's understanding the universe or developing technologies for future generations, every 'eureka' moment counts, including those that remind us of what is not possible. 



And in this vast expanse of what we know and what remains unknown, one fact remains resolute - on the journey of scientific discovery, there's never a dull moment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.02389" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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What is a ‘kugelblitze’ and why should you care?

For nearly the last seventy years, the corridors of astrophysics...

In a noteworthy revelation, astronomers have made a game-changing discovery in the quest to understand the enigmatic nature of the Cygnus X-3 binary system that has baffled scientists for years. 



Recently published in the prestigious Nature Astronomy journal, it turns out that this well-known X-ray binary system is actually a hidden ultraluminous X-ray source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-an-x-ray-binary-star-system">What is an X-ray binary star system?</h2>



X-ray binaries are a stellar ballet between two cosmic dancers: a normal star and a compact object such as a neutron star or a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>. 



As these entities coalesce in mutual gravitational interaction, the compact object, with its immense gravity, begins to siphon material from its companion star. 



This astronomical larceny results in the accretion of the donor star's material onto the compact object.



The diabolical beauty of this process lies in the sheer efficiency of energy conversion. As the stolen material spirals inward, it heats up because of friction and gravitational compression, getting so hot that it emits X-rays. 



These X-rays can be spotted by specialized telescopes and satellites, making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-black-hole-disrupts-a-bigger-one-causing-cosmic-hiccups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray binaries</a> important beacons in the cosmos.



X-ray binaries are vital for understanding fundamental physics and astrophysics. They help scientists figure out how matter behaves under extreme conditions, explore the secrets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/cosmic-cannibalism-and-stellar-winds-unveiling-the-secrets-of-messier-76/" rel="sponsored nofollow">stellar evolution</a>, and understand the dynamics of gravitational interactions. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-the-cygnus-x-3-system">Enigma of the Cygnus X-3 system</h2>



Cygnus X-3 is one of the first X-ray binary systems observed in the cosmos. It has a reputation for its ability to flare up as one of the most intense radio sources for brief periods before dimming or vanishing altogether within days. 



This erratic behavior, which contrasted with its otherwise "normal" nature, inspired early coordinated global astronomical observations.



In 1973, because of its peculiar behavior, R.M. Hjellming coined it the "astronomical puzzle Cygnus X-3." Since then, the exploration to understand this astronomical puzzle has been a core focus of numerous scientific communities.



But, the mystery has finally started to unravel thanks to the study by Alexandra Veledina, an Academy Research Fellow from the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> in Finland, and her team, who analyzed Cygnus X-3 using the satellite Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/imaging-x-ray-polarimetry-explorer-ixpe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IXPE</a>) -- a NASA initiative launched in December 2021.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-hidden-ulx">Unveiling the hidden ULX</h2>



Through the application of X-ray polarized vision, Veledina and her team gained crucial insights into the configuration of matter surrounding the compact object nearest to the black hole. 



"We discovered that the compact object is enveloped by a layer of dense, opaque matter. The light we observe reflects off the inner funnel walls formed by the surrounding gas, resembling a cup with a mirrored interior," Veledina explains.



This revelation identified Cygnus X-3 as a member of the ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) class, which are known for consuming matter at a colossal rate. 



The consumption is so immense that a significant portion of the material doesn't fit inside the event horizon but instead is ejected away from the system.



"ULXs usually appear as bright spots in images of far-off galaxies. Their emissions are amplified by the compact object's surrounding funnel, acting as a megaphone," adds Professor Juri Poutanen, a co-author of the research.



What makes this revelation even more extraordinary is that despite these sources being thousands of times beyond the span of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, they appear relatively faint to X-ray telescopes. 



This discovery has now revealed a bright counterpart of these distant ULXs residing within our own galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-cygnus-x-3">Broader implications of Cygnus X-3</h2>



This significant development in deciphering the astronomical puzzle Cygnus X-3 marks the beginning of a new chapter in our exploration of this remarkable cosmic source. 



It will open avenues for researchers to delve deeper into the enigma, providing an opportunity for a thorough investigation of extreme matter consumption.



Indeed, there is still much to learn and understand about our vast universe, but as this breakthrough has shown, every intriguing puzzle holds the potential for a remarkable revelation that may challenge our understanding of the cosmos.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02294-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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Truth behind the ultrabright X-ray source of Cygnus X-3 revealed

In a noteworthy revelation, astronomers have made a game-changing discovery...

In the symphony of nature, ephemeral streams might seem like obscure players. However, these unassuming waterways, which flow only briefly after precipitation events, pack a punch. 



Notably, they play a crucial role in the transfer of water - and all that it carries - from land surfaces to larger bodies of water.



A recent study has revealed the surprising extent of the importance of ephemeral streams, particularly regarding U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lasting-impact-of-ephemeral-streams">The lasting impact of ephemeral streams</h2>



Though they might be out of sight, ephemeral streams leave a lasting impact on the nation's waterscape.



Essentially, these temporary watercourses serve as transportation channels. They carry water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-quality-threatened-by-nutrient-pollution-in-40-u-s-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollutants</a>, sediments, and nutrients from land to rivers, lakes, reservoirs and even to the oceans.



The reach of these streams is unexpectedly vast. According to the researchers, they influence a considerable portion of the water output from U.S. rivers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-loopholes-in-waterway-protection">Legal loopholes in waterway protection</h2>



The importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stream-quality-is-strongly-correlated-with-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">streams</a> is in sharp contrast with their legal status in the United States.



Following a 2023 Supreme Court decision, these streams no longer fall under the jurisdiction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-actually-protected-by-the-clean-water-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA). This ruling, brought forth in Sackett v EPA, redefined the scope of the Clean Water Act.



The "waters of the United States" (WOTUS) now only encapsulate "relatively permanent, standing, or continuously flowing bodies of water" - a definition that conveniently sidesteps ephemeral streams.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shedding-light-on-the-invisible-streams">Shedding light on the invisible streams</h2>



The research was conducted by scientists from the <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale School of the Environment</a> and the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. The study was led by Craig Brinkerhoff, an incoming Yale postdoctoral fellow.



The team modeled ephemeral stream contributions to a colossal U.S. network of more than 20 million rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, and ditches.



The researchers found that ephemeral streams accounted for over 50 percent of the water in some of the nation's largest rivers, like the Mississippi and Columbia. In some instances, the water contribution of ephemeral streams reached up to a staggering 90 percent.



Regardless of river basin size, ephemeral streams made up an average of 59 percent of drainage networks by length. Through these streams, pollutants such as nitrogen and pesticides are channeled into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iconic-american-rivers-are-threatened-by-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>, mirroring the streams' water input magnitude.



“Our findings show that ephemeral streams are likely a substantial pathway through which pollution may influence downstream water quality, a finding that can inform evaluation of the consequences of limiting U.S. federal jurisdiction over ephemeral streams under the CWA,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legal-oversight-of-ephemeral-streams">The legal oversight of ephemeral streams</h2>



Critics of the Supreme Court's decision argue that it overlooked scientific findings. Instead, the decision hinged on dictionary definitions, resulting in a ruling that lifted protection on more than half of the annual discharge from U.S. drainage networks under the Clean Water Act.



“When the Supreme Court narrowed the scope of the federal Clean Water Act, it did so by referring to abstract dictionary definitions rather than science," said study co-author Doug Kysar, a professor at Yale Law School. 



"This research underscores the impact of that approach since, by our estimate, over half of annual discharge from U.S. drainage networks will no longer be protected by the Act."



By documenting the significance of ephemeral stream flow to downstream water quality, the results provide a basis for Congress to amend the Clean Water Act to expressly include ephemeral streams as an exercise of its power over interstate commerce, noted Professor Kysar. He said that the findings also point to the need for enhanced regulation by state and local governments.



“The chemistry of water is dependent on how you manage the entire watershed, not just pieces of it,” said study co-author Peter Raymond. “These streams are a critical source of water and pollutants and have to be regulated.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-all-things-are-connected">All things are connected</h2>



Despite their unassuming nature, ephemeral streams have an influence that extends far beyond their immediate surroundings.



Brinkerhoff said the research shows the vast impacts of waterways that were once considered to influence only their immediate areas. “Our study provides more concrete evidence that all of these things are connected."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg9430" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Ephemeral streams have an overlooked impact on water quality

In the symphony of nature, ephemeral streams might seem like...

Earth’s geological history is written in layers of dirt and stone - evidence of climatic shifts, ancient cultures, and celestial impacts. The Younger Dryas period is one of the most widely studied examples of extreme environmental change. 



The significant climatic shift abruptly ended a warming trend and ushered in a near-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clues-from-the-last-ice-age-help-predict-oceans-response-to-continued-warming/">glacial</a> period. The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis suggests this cooling event was triggered by a cosmic airburst, a fragmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-comet-impact-triggered-the-invention-of-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet</a> crashing into Earth's atmosphere approximately 12,800 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-a-younger-dryas-airburst">Evidence of a Younger Dryas airburst</h2>



Recently, scientists have unveiled more evidence supporting this hypothesis. Traces of cosmic airbursts were found scattered across several sites in the eastern United States (New Jersey, Maryland, and South Carolina).



The new evidence includes materials indicative of the force and temperature involved in such an event - like platinum, microspherules, meltglass, and shock-fractured quartz.



"What we've found is that the pressures and temperatures were not characteristic of major crater-forming impacts but were consistent with so-called 'touchdown' airbursts that don't form much in the way of craters," said <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> Professor James Kennett, who led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-younger-dryas-period">Understanding the Younger Dryas period</h2>



The Younger Dryas holds great importance for climate researchers. It offers valuable insights into the sensitivity and potential for rapid changes in Earth's climate system. This period perfectly illustrates the interconnectedness of our oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial systems.



As we move towards the conclusion of our journey through the Younger Dryas, it is worthwhile noting the significance of understanding this past climatic event. 



The Younger Dryas signifies a sudden return to icy conditions, disrupting the gentle warming of the Earth's climate following the last Ice Age. This chilly phase spanned roughly from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-causes">Potential causes</h3>



Scientists have suggested various reasons that could have led to the Younger Dryas. For instance, a large pool of freshwater entering the North Atlantic could have messed with the customary flow of ocean currents.



Shifting solar activity might have had an effect on the global climate. Even a comet or asteroid's impact could have sparked a cooling effect all over the world.



The Younger Dryas ushered in a swift drop in temperature, down by 10°C in some places. Ice caps and glaciers grew in size, while many regions saw their moisture levels drop. Wind routes and ocean currents underwent major shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abrupt-ending">Abrupt ending</h3>



This abrupt transformation also influenced the global vegetation layouts. It led to the extinction of several large animal species and nudged human societies to tweak their hunting and gathering maneuvers.



As suddenly as it had started, the Younger Dryas period ended, with temperatures in Greenland shooting up by 10°C in just ten years. This swift rise in temperature marked the advent of the Holocene epoch, the geological period we find ourselves in today.



Recognizing and learning from the dramatic changes that occurred during this relatively short period can offer us valuable insights into the workings of our planet. It underscores the fact that our climate system is sensitive and can change rapidly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-impacts-on-earth">Cosmic impacts on Earth</h2>



Earth is showered daily by tons of celestial debris, from minuscule dust particles to cataclysmic impacts such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-chicxulub-disaster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chicxulub</a> event that caused the extinction of dinosaurs about 65 million years ago.



While the former hardly leaves a trace on our planet, the latter leaves massive craters, like the 150-kilometer-wide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-impact-crater-dates-back-to-the-end-of-the-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact crater</a> on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.



Somewhere in between are impacts that, while not forming craters, still create significant destruction. 



An example is the 1908 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-large-asteroids-will-pass-near-earth-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tunguska event</a>, which flattened a hefty 2,150 square-kilometer swath of Siberian forest despite the asteroid being only 40 meters diameter and disintegrating almost 10 kilometers above ground.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-younger-dryas-culprit">Tracing the Younger Dryas culprit</h2>



The comet that supposedly triggered the Younger Dryas cooling episode was significantly larger. It is estimated to have been 100 kilometers wide before fragmenting into thousands of pieces.



It scattered a sediment layer that stretches across much of the northern hemisphere and even some locations south of the equator. 



This layer contains high levels of rare materials associated with cosmic impacts, such as iridium and platinum, and materials formed under high temperatures and pressures, like microspherules, meltglass, and nanodiamonds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocked-quartz-a-clue-from-the-past">Shocked quartz: A clue from the past</h2>



One type of evidence that is particularly interesting to the researchers is shocked quartz. This form of quartz contains a pattern of lines that represent exposure to intense pressure - great enough to deform the crystalline structure of the quartz.



Shocked quartz grains are commonly found in impact craters but associating them with cosmic airbursts has been challenging.



The researchers noted that these quartz grains did not always present the "traditional" shocked quartz with parallel fractures. 



Instead, they discovered grains with an irregular, web-like pattern of intersecting, meandering lines and surface and subsurface fissures.



The research suggests that these deformations are due to the relatively lower pressures caused by explosions that take place above the ground, as opposed to impacts that make contact with the Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cataclysmic-event-with-far-reaching-effects">Cataclysmic event with far-reaching effects</h2>



These insights, coupled with other findings, strengthen the case for a fragmented comet that not only caused widespread burning but also triggered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-tipping-points-where-the-climate-changed-abruptly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climatic change</a> resulting in the extinction of 35 genera of megafauna in North America and the collapse of the flourishing Clovis human culture.



As scientists continue to unearth new clues about our planet's geological history, we are given a more in-depth understanding of the celestial events that shaped our world and the life that inhabits it.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14293/ACI.2024.0003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Airbursts and Cratering Impacts</a>.



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Atmospheric comet explosion may have set Earth on fire 12,800 years ago

Earth’s geological history is written in layers of dirt and...

From Jurassic Park to school textbooks, dinosaurs have always been a hot topic. But how often do we hear about the unseen impact of their extinction, such as the spread of a universally loved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-have-astonishing-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fruit</a> – the grape? Fascinating new research gives us insight into this unexpected connection.



Study lead author Fabiany Herrera is an assistant curator of paleobotany at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> in Chicago’s Negaunee Integrative Research Center.



Herrera and his team have stumbled upon a discovery that shifts our understanding of how the humble grape became a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-lower-bad-cholesterol-and-protect-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superstar</a> in the fruit world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nine-new-fossil-grape-species">Nine new fossil grape species</h2>



The researchers have identified nine new species of fossil grapes, some aging up to 60 million years.



The seeds were unearthed in Colombia, Panama, and Peru. One of these ancient seeds represents the oldest known plant from the grape family on our side of the planet.



“These are the oldest grapes ever found in this part of the world, and they’re a few million years younger than the oldest ones ever found on the other side of the planet,” said Herrera.



“This discovery is important because it shows that after the extinction of the dinosaurs, grapes really started to spread across the world.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaurs-and-their-botanical-impact">Dinosaurs and their botanical impact</h2>



While we often think of T-rex and his brethren when discussing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/violent-volcanic-eruptions-likely-caused-dinosaur-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur extinction</a>, we overlook the colossal botanical changes that were set in motion.&nbsp;



“The forest reset itself, in a way that changed the composition of the plants,” explained Herrera.



This means that the dinosaur's departure may have reshaped the forest, thus creating a more favorable environment for grapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-denser-forests-after-dinosaur-departure-nbsp">Denser forests after dinosaur departure&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Mónica Carvalho, an assistant curator at the University of Michigan’s Museum of Paleontology, shed light on this relationship.&nbsp;



“Large animals, such as dinosaurs, are known to alter their surrounding ecosystems. They likely maintained forests more open by knocking down trees.”&nbsp;



Once these “lumberjacks” disappeared, some forests, especially in South America, became denser - a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-first-domesticated-in-israel-11000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grapevine</a> dream come true.



”In the fossil record, we start to see more plants that use vines to climb up trees, like grapes, around this time,” said Herrera.



The study throws in a side note: the diversification of birds and mammals after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-winter-dinosaurs-were-likely-killed-by-dust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> of dinosaurs could have also aided grapes by spreading their seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-elusive-south-american-grape-fossil">The elusive South American grape fossil</h2>



Back in 2013, Herrera's PhD advisor, Steven Manchester, had published a paper describing the oldest known grape seed fossil from India.&nbsp;



Herrera, driven by his insatiable curiosity, went on a quest for the elusive South American grape fossil. In 2022, he and Carvalho stumbled upon a 60-million-year-old grape fossil in the Colombian Andes.



Their discovery of the fossil seed is as enchanting as the seed itself. "She looked at me and said, 'Fabiany, a grape!' And then I looked at it, I was like, 'Oh my God.' It was so exciting,” said Herrera.



It turns out this tiny fossil was not just the first South American grape fossil, but also one of the world's oldest. This was confirmed with the help of CT scans.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lithouva-susmanii-nbsp">Lithouva susmanii&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers named the fossil Lithouva susmanii, "Susman's stone grape," paying tribute to Arthur T. Susman - a supporter of South American paleobotany at the Field Museum.



“This new species is also important because it supports a South American origin of the group in which the common grape vine Vitis evolved,” said study co-author Gregory Stull of the National Museum of Natural History.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-journey-back-in-time">A journey back in time</h2>



The team's relentless fieldwork in South and Central America led them to a discovery of nine new species of fossil grapes.&nbsp;



These age-old seeds chronicle the story of the grape family's migration across the Western Hemisphere amid a series of extinctions and dispersals.



“The fossil record tells us that grapes are a very resilient order. They're a group that has suffered a lot of extinction in the Central and South American region, but they also managed to adapt and survive in other parts of the world,” said Herrera.



In an era of ongoing and impending mass extinctions, discoveries like this provide invaluable insights into the patterns of biodiversity crises.&nbsp;



“But the other thing I like about these fossils is that these little tiny, humble seeds can tell us so much about the evolution of the forest,” concluded Herrera.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-024-01717-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>.



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Death of the dinosaurs helped grapes conquer the world

From Jurassic Park to school textbooks, dinosaurs have always been...

A team of researchers at <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a> has recently discovered that children’s frequent exposure to cold <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> and bacteria may have protected them from severe disease caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-cells-protect-children-against-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a>. 



According to the experts, common types of infections improve innate nasal immunity of young children so they can better confront the new coronavirus in earlier stages of infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-nasal-innate-immunity-nbsp">Heightened nasal innate immunity&nbsp;</h2>



Children are often more susceptible to various respiratory infections than adults, but during the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 generally caused milder symptoms in children leading to fewer hospitalizations and deaths.&nbsp;



The first line of defense, known as the innate immune system, appears to be more active in the nasal passages of children, thus hindering the early stage of coronavirus infection. Yet, the reasons behind this increased activity were previously unclear.



Study senior author Ellen F. Foxman is an associate professor of laboratory medicine and immunobiology at Yale.&nbsp;



“Prior work suggested that heightened nasal innate immunity in children was due to intrinsic biological mechanisms inherent to their age,” said Professor Foxman.&nbsp;



“But we thought it could also be due to the high burden of respiratory viruses and bacterial infections in children.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-colds-and-innate-immunity-in-children">Common colds and innate immunity in children </h2>



To assess whether frequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-respiratory-infections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">respiratory infections</a> elevate nasal innate immunity in children, the experts re-screened over 600 nasal swabs collected during the pandemic from pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or emergency room evaluations to test them for 19 different respiratory viruses and bacteria. 



During this process, they measured the levels of antiviral and inflammatory proteins produced by children’s innate immune systems.



The analyses revealed that many children - even those without symptoms - were infected with other respiratory pathogens. This was especially common among younger children, with around 50% of asymptomatic patients under five years old harboring various viruses or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-method-for-classification-of-bacteria-includes-all-strains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>. 



Regardless of age though, children with higher levels of respiratory pathogens exhibited increased nasal innate immune activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activation-of-viral-defenses">Activation of viral defenses</h2>



To further understand the relationship between respiratory infections and nasal innate immunity, the experts compared nasal swabs from healthy one-year-olds at routine checkups and follow-up appointments one to two weeks later.&nbsp;



Over half of the children tested positive for a respiratory virus during one of their two visits, indicating they had either acquired or cleared an infection in that period. Nearly every time, the child's innate immune activity was higher during infection and lower when virus-free.



“This reveals that nasal antiviral defenses are not continually on high alert in young children but are activated in response to acquisition of a respiratory virus, even when that virus is not causing symptoms,” Foxman explained.



The innate immune system in children's nasal passages is frequently activated due to frequent infections with pathogens such as rhinoviruses, which cause <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-common-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common colds</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-seasonal-respiratory-viruses-nbsp">The role of seasonal respiratory viruses&nbsp;</h2>



According to Foxman, children have more infections with such seasonal viruses than adults because they lack immunological protection from prior exposures.&nbsp;



During the COVID-19 pandemic, neither adults nor children had prior protection against the new coronavirus. Thus, the activation of generalized antiviral defenses in children by other infections may have helped them fight off early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in milder outcomes compared to adults.



“We have identified respiratory viruses and bacteria as key drivers of the enhanced nasal innate immunity in children. Our results compel further study of how seasonal respiratory viruses and nasal bacteria impact disease severity of COVID-19 and pediatric immune responses in general,” Foxman concluded.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20230911" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Medicine</a>.



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Common colds boost children’s immunity against severe COVID

A team of researchers at Yale University has recently discovered...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Lake Paiku, a deep lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The photograph is part of a series of wintertime images captured by astronauts on the International Space Station



&#8220;Thousands of lakes dot the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—the planet’s largest and highest alpine lake system. Sometimes called the &#8216;world’s largest water tower,&#8217; the plateau supplies freshwater for billions of people living downstream. Changes in lake levels can affect this important water resource, as well as influence precipitation and temperature patterns in the region,&#8221; says NASA.



Lake Paiku has been shrinking in recent years, declining by about four meters since 1972. When this photo of Paiku was taken, ice had formed on shallower parts of the lake.&nbsp;



The image was captured on February 19, 2022.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Paiku on the Tibetan Plateau

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Orontes River in Syria, which flooded in the days following 7.8 and 7.5 magnitude earthquakes in the region.&nbsp;



The photo, captured by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9, shows flooded farmland and communities along the river on February 14, 2023.&nbsp;



According to NASA, much of the flooding occurred about 60 miles south of the epicenter of the quake in the Idlib governorate of Syria.



"Observations collected daily by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites indicate that floodwaters likely covered the most area on February 8-12. Significantly less floodwater was visible by February 20," says NASA.



"News outlets reported damage to some bean and wheat crops in the area, and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that thousands of people were forced to evacuate their homes. Communities affected by the flooding include Et Tloul, Jisr al Maksūr, Al Mashrafīyah, Jakara, and Hamzīyah."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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