Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains</h2>



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rainbow-mountains">The Rainbow Mountains</h2>



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. 



The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "colorful mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance.&nbsp;They are also known as the Rainbow Mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Wildlife of the Aladaghlar Mountains </h2>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-ecosystems-are-in-urgent-need-of-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. 



The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a>.



Among the larger mammals, the mountains host species such as brown bears, Persian leopards, and wild goats. The Aladaghlar Mountains also support smaller mammals, including foxes, hares, and various rodent species.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-influence-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birdlife</a> is abundant, including eagles, falcons, and a variety of songbirds. Reptiles like lizards and snakes are commonly found in the more humid areas, as well as amphibians.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-region">Cultural significance of the region</h2>



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. 



Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geology-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains-nbsp">Geology of the Aladaghlar Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The geological history of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is a fascinating tale of millions of years of natural processes.



The Aladaghlar Mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years. These sediments include sandstones, siltstones, shales, and conglomerates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mineral-deposition-nbsp">Mineral deposition&nbsp;</h3>



The varying colors of the Aladaghlar Mountains are largely due to the presence of different minerals in the sedimentary layers. For example, red and orange hues are typically due to iron oxides, while greens can result from copper compounds.



These minerals were deposited in the sedimentary rocks through processes such as chemical precipitation, biological activity, and the weathering of parent rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



The region has experienced significant tectonic activity due to its location near the convergent boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This tectonic activity has caused the uplift and folding of the sedimentary layers, creating the mountain range.



The compression and folding associated with tectonic movements have also contributed to the exposure of the colorful strata that were originally deposited horizontally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-and-weathering">Erosion and weathering</h3>



Over time, erosion and weathering processes have played a crucial role in shaping the Aladaghlar Mountains. 



Wind, water, and temperature variations have eroded the softer rock layers more quickly than the harder ones, creating the distinctive ridges and valleys seen today.



These erosive processes have also helped to expose the underlying layers, revealing the vibrant colors and intricate patterns that attract tourists and geologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tales and legends</h2>



One of the most famous tales associated with the Aladaghlar Mountains is that of a hidden treasure buried deep within the mountains by an ancient Persian king.&nbsp;



According to legend, the treasure is guarded by mystical creatures and can only be found by someone pure of heart and brave enough to face the challenges of the mountain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The shepherd and the fairy</h3>



Another local legend tells the story of a young shepherd who fell in love with a fairy he encountered in the Aladaghlar Mountains. The fairy granted the shepherd three wishes, but warned him that the wishes would come with consequences.&nbsp;



Despite the warning, the shepherd made his wishes, which ultimately led to his downfall, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The healing springs</h3>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are also said to be home to a spring with magical healing properties. According to folklore, those who bathe in the spring or drink its water are cured of all ailments.&nbsp;



However, the location of the spring is a closely guarded secret, known only to a few wise elders in the nearby villages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The spirit of the mountain&nbsp;</h3>



Some locals believe that the Aladaghlar Mountains are inhabited by a protective spirit, who watches over the land and its people.&nbsp;



This spirit is said to bring good fortune to those who respect the mountain and its natural beauty, but misfortune to those who exploit or harm it.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Klinaklini Glacier, located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.



Klinaklini Glacier is notable for its size and the role it plays in the regional environment. It is part of a larger system of glaciers and ice fields in the area, which are critical for their contribution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> resources and their influence on local climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-klinaklini-glacier-and-climate-change">Klinaklini Glacier and climate change</h2>



Klinaklini is particularly interesting due to its dynamics and response to climate change. Like many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> around the world, it is being closely monitored for changes in its size, flow, and overall health. 



Glaciers in the Coast Mountains, including Klinaklini, have been studied for their response to global warming, with many showing signs of retreat and reduced ice mass.



"Decades of satellite images of western Canada make it clear that the region’s glaciers are shrinking and that the rate of ice loss is accelerating," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In 1984, there were 14,329 glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta that were large enough to detect with sensors on the Landsat 5 satellite."



"By 2020, nearly 8 percent of them - 1,141 glaciers - had shrunk so much that newer Landsat sensors could no longer distinguish them, according to research conducted by University of Northern British Columbia glaciologists Alexandre Bevington and Brian Menounos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-the-klinaklini-glacier">Ecological role of the Klinaklini Glacier </h2>



Klinaklini Glacier also plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. It feeds into the Klinaklini River, which is an important waterway for the region. 



The river supports a variety of wildlife, including salmon populations that are vital both ecologically and economically for local communities.



Studies conducted on and around the Klinaklini Glacier contribute to the understanding of glaciology, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, and hydrology. 



This research is essential for predicting future changes in the glacier and for understanding the broader impacts of climate change on glacial systems globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coast-mountains-of-british-columbia">Coast Mountains of British Columbia </h2>



The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are a striking and expansive mountain range forming part of the Pacific Coast Ranges in western North America. 



Stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers from the Fraser River near Vancouver in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north, the range is known for its rugged beauty and significant ecological and cultural importance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-of-the-mountains">Geography of the mountains</h3>



Geographically, the Coast Mountains are positioned between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Interior Plateau to the east.



They are divided into three main sections: the Pacific Ranges in the south, the Kitimat Ranges in the central region, and the Boundary Ranges in the north, which extend into Alaska and Yukon. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-processes">Geological processes</h3>



The range's dramatic landscapes include steep peaks, fjords, and valleys carved by ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, highlighting the lasting influence of glaciation on the region.



Geologically, the Coast Mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, formed by volcanic and tectonic activity. 



Their granitic composition is a result of millions of years of geological processes. Mount Waddington, the highest peak in the range at 4,019 meters, stands as a notable landmark in the Pacific Ranges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife">Climate and wildlife</h3>



The climate of the Coast Mountains varies significantly depending on location. The western slopes are characterized by a temperate rainforest climate, with high levels of precipitation brought by moist Pacific air. 



In contrast, the eastern slopes are drier, with semi-arid conditions in some areas. This climatic diversity supports a wide range of ecosystems, from lush coastal rainforests to alpine tundra. 



The region is home to diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-recreation-noise-triggers-fear-response-in-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, including black bears, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and numerous bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreation-and-culture">Recreation and culture</h3>



The Coast Mountains are a popular destination for recreation and tourism. Activities such as hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering draw visitors from around the world - particularly to destinations like Whistler, a renowned resort town in the Pacific Ranges. 



The fjords and valleys of the range provide opportunities for kayaking, fishing, and scenic exploration.



Indigenous peoples, including the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, and Squamish, have lived in and around the Coast Mountains for millennia. 



These groups maintain a deep connection to the land, reflected in their stories, traditions, and art. The mountains are not only a physical presence but also a vital cultural and spiritual landscape.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Klinaklini Glacier in British Columbia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Messier 78 (M78), a reflection nebula located in the constellation Orion about 1,350 light-years away from Earth. 



This image was released as part of the initial series of observations from ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a>.&nbsp;



All data collected during these early observations, including a series of incredible <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid/Euclid_s_first_images_the_dazzling_edge_of_darkness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new views</a> of the nearby universe, is available to the public. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-messier-78">Image of Messier 78</h2>



Featured here is a high-resolution, detailed segment of a larger image showcasing Messier 78, a dynamic region of star formation obscured by cosmic dust.&nbsp;



This specific view highlights how young stars generate winds of charged particles, carving out “cavities” in the molecular clouds around them.&nbsp;



The blue hues in the image represent ionized atomic hydrogen, which is a primary component of the cloud, while the red indicates the absorption and scattering of light by dust particles.



The image captures hundreds of stars varying in brightness, illuminating their nebulous, purple surroundings. A dark, arch-like structure stretches from the upper left to the bottom right of the frame, merging into the densest, darkest clouds at the image’s base.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-site-of-star-formation-nbsp">Active site of star formation&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is not just a single nebula but part of a larger complex of stars and nebulous regions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a>, which includes various other objects like dark nebulae that are visible as patches blocking light from behind.



This region is an active site of star formation, featuring many young stars and protostars, which are stars in the early stages of formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-messier-78">Viewing Messier 78</h2>



M78 is easily observable with small telescopes, and it appears as a hazy patch of light with two prominent stars near its center, which illuminate the surrounding dust.&nbsp;



The nebula is also a favorite among amateur astronomers for its beauty and relatively bright appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subject-of-scientific-interest-nbsp">Subject of scientific interest&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is fascinating not only for its visual beauty but also for its scientific interest, particularly in the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> and interstellar matter.&nbsp;



The nebula consists of dense, cold gas and dust, which are essential ingredients for the birth of new stars.&nbsp;



The intense blue light that characterizes M78 is due to the reflection of starlight off these dust particles, a process known as scattering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-region-surrounding-messier-78-nbsp">Region surrounding Messier 78&nbsp;</h2>



The region surrounding M78 includes several other interesting features. For instance, there are Herbig-Haro objects within it, which are small patches of nebulosity associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">newly born stars</a>.&nbsp;



These objects are formed when gas ejected by young stars collides with clouds of gas and dust at high speeds, creating shock waves that glow brightly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earliest-stages-of-star-development-nbsp">Earliest stages of star development&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, infrared observations of M78 have revealed much about the dust and colder objects in the area, which are not visible in optical light.&nbsp;



The observations have helped astronomers identify numerous young stars and brown dwarfs (objects that are too large to be planets and too small to be stars) within the nebula. 



This makes M78 a critical area for studying the earliest stages of star development and the properties of the interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp-0">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-batch-of-brilliant-images-from-the-euclid-mission-live-up-to-the-hype/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a> is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission designed to study the dark universe, particularly focusing on dark energy and dark matter, which are fundamental components that are believed to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe and shape its large-scale structure.&nbsp;



The mission aims to map the geometry of the dark universe and better understand the physics of the cosmos.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-billions-of-galaxies-nbsp">Observing billions of galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Euclid uses two primary scientific instruments: a visible light camera (VIS) and a near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP).&nbsp;



These instruments will allow Euclid to measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies at distances of up to 10 billion light-years. By surveying more than a third of the sky, the mission is expected to observe several billion galaxies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-dark-universe-nbsp">Studying the dark universe&nbsp;</h3>



The data collected will help astronomers in studying the effects of dark matter and dark energy in depth, testing cosmological models, and exploring new theories about the nature of the universe.&nbsp;



The mission, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, seeks to address key questions related to the structure of the universe and the fundamental laws of physics governing its evolution and expansion.



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Messier 78: Young stars shine through dense dust

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

Luna actually started digging a second den. Whether she was making up for lost time or simply trying to create her dream bedroom, the result was the same. She now had two choices for her hibernation location! Photo Credit: Four Paws

Plan B Den

Plants constantly juggle their energy between growth and defense against harmful bacteria. While the specifics of how they maintain this balance have long been unclear, researchers at Princeton University have discovered that certain soil bacteria play a crucial role in modulating plant immune responses, and allowing them to grow more efficiently.



“This is trying to get at a really big biological question where there are not good answers - about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiomes</a> interface with host immune systems,” said Jonathan Conway, senior author of the study and an assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering at <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a>.&nbsp;



The research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115063" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a>, highlights how specific microbes produce enzymes that can suppress plant immune activity, thus enabling healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autophagy-what-makes-plant-roots-grow-faster-stronger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">root growth</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-immune-responses-with-model-plants">Testing immune responses with model plants</h2>



To investigate the interaction between plants and microbes, the researchers focused on Arabidopsis, a small plant commonly used in scientific studies. They genetically engineered Arabidopsis plants to have heightened immune sensitivity to flagellin, a bacterial protein that triggers immune responses.&nbsp;



This modification caused the plant’s roots to grow shorter, as its energy was diverted to immune defenses rather than root development.



The team introduced 165 bacterial species isolated from soil-grown Arabidopsis to the plants. Remarkably, 68 of these isolates, or about 41%, reduced the stunted root growth by suppressing the plant’s immune response.&nbsp;



One standout species, Dyella japonica, demonstrated exceptional ability in allowing the roots to grow longer by modulating immune activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-role-of-a-key-enzyme">Unveiling the role of a key enzyme</h2>



Further investigation into D. japonica revealed a gene encoding a subtilase enzyme. This enzyme had the potential to degrade the specific part of flagellin responsible for triggering the plant’s immune response.&nbsp;



Using genetic and biochemical tools, the researchers confirmed that the subtilase enzyme effectively broke down the flagellin fragment, thereby reducing the immune response and promoting root growth.



However, purifying the subtilase enzyme presented significant challenges. During a conference, postdoctoral researcher and co-first author Samuel Eastman connected with <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> chemist Todd Naumann, who suggested purifying the enzyme using yeast cells instead of bacteria.&nbsp;



Within months, Naumann successfully purified the enzyme and sent it to Princeton. “Now we can do chemistry with it, and we can actually look at this in vitro,” Eastman explained. This collaboration allowed the team to conduct more detailed studies of the enzyme’s function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-study-of-plants-and-soil-bacteria">Extensive study of plants and soil bacteria </h2>



The study was a team effort involving contributions from several researchers and students. Screening 165 bacterial isolates and verifying their immune-modulating effects required extensive work.&nbsp;



“We’re able to achieve a level of investigation into this protein that wouldn’t have been possible without that collaboration,” said Eastman.



Students played a significant role in the project, including Princeton graduate Britley Jones, who contributed to screening the bacterial isolates for her senior thesis.&nbsp;



Co-first author Kaeli Ficco, now a Ph.D. student at Cornell University, engineered mutant bacterial strains to confirm the genetic requirement of the subtilase gene for immune suppression.&nbsp;



“I really liked how discovery-based the project was,” Ficco said, reflecting on how the work influenced her research trajectory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-plant-immune-health">Broader implications for plant immune health </h2>



Beyond studying the subtilase enzyme in D. japonica, the researchers identified similar genes in many other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-bacteria-help-plants-balance-growth-and-immunity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil bacteria</a>. Their assays showed that dozens of bacterial isolates could suppress flagellin-induced immunity in plants. This suggests that this mechanism may be widespread in the plant microbiome.



The team is now exploring why this enzyme may benefit both plants and bacteria. One hypothesis is that degrading pathogenic flagella reduces the ability of harmful bacteria to invade plant roots.&nbsp;



“So, in that way it could be suppressing pathogens as well as the plant immune system,” said Eastman. Alternatively, the enzyme might allow certain bacteria to bypass plant defenses, potentially making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diseases-flourish-in-city-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> more vulnerable to disease.



This dual possibility raises questions about applying these findings in agriculture.&nbsp;



“We don’t want to compromise the immune system, but we also want plants to save that immune response for when it matters,” Eastman emphasized.&nbsp;



The ultimate goal is to help plants “keep calm and keep growing.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Further studies are needed to understand better how these enzymes can be leveraged in agricultural settings without increasing the plants’ susceptibility to pathogens.&nbsp;



By elucidating the relationship between soil microbes and plant immunity, this research offers promising avenues for optimizing crop growth while maintaining disease resistance.



This work marks a significant step toward uncovering the intricate dynamics between plant hosts and their microbiomes, and sheds light on how these interactions can be harnessed to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-footprint-a-new-frontier-in-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable agriculture</a>.



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Soil bacteria help plants stay calm and keep growing

Plants constantly juggle their energy between growth and defense against...

In 2024, global warming propelled Earth to its hottest year on record. This is not just another statistic; it marks a defining moment in our struggle to curb rising temperatures.



This turning point, confirmed by the Copernicus Climate Change Service, signals the first time the world has breached the 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 F) warming limit established by the 2015 Paris Agreement.



The global treaty seeks to curb the escalating impacts of climate change, but nature seems to be racing ahead and ignoring our best-laid plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-continues-the-warming-trend">2024 continues the warming trend</h2>



The year 2023 was already somewhat hotter - by about 0.3 degrees Celsius to be precise - than its predecessor, 2022.



"And 2024 continued that trend of being warmer than the previous year," said Kevin Grise, associate professor of environmental sciences at the <a href="https://www.virginia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Virginia</a>,



Professor Grise teaches courses such as Atmosphere and Weather, Introduction to Climatology, and Atmospheric Dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-weather-events">Predicting future weather events</h2>



Professor Grise's research is fueled by an ambitious goal – to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict future weather</a> events with greater precision.



This pursuit involves the use of intricate computer models that are designed to project the track of climate change based on current estimations. These models hold a mirror to the future, and reflect the potential consequences of a warming planet.



"A key focus is trying to understand whether we can confidently say these models are capturing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-influences-us-weather-patterns-ai-machine-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather pattern</a> changes experts say are going to happen in our changing climate," noted Professor Grise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-relief-from-heat-at-night">Less relief from heat at night</h2>



Over his 11-year tenure at UVA, Grise has witnessed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperature</a> tick upwards by approximately 0.5 degrees Celsius or about 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit.



His research highlights a shift in atmospheric dynamics and wind circulation patterns, altered by natural cycles and climate change.



For Virginia, the future may hold more heat waves as the climate continues its relentless change.



Professor Grise pointed out an often overlooked aspect of global warming - the nights are not as cool as they used to be.



"If people don't have access to air conditioning, it becomes even harder for them to cool off on very warm nights," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chaotic-symphony-of-weather-patterns">Chaotic symphony of weather patterns</h2>



The global warming footprint is manifested in the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-causes-the-rapid-intensification-of-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stronger hurricanes</a>, extreme rainfall events, and fluctuating weather patterns.



For instance, Hurricane Beryl emerged as the earliest Category 5 storm in Atlantic history and the strongest to develop in June. 



Meanwhile, the U.S. city of Phoenix endured 113 consecutive days with a temperature hovering at or above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.



The year 2024 was also marked by 24 weather/climate disasters in the U.S., each causing losses exceeding $1 billion. 



This calamitous lineup included 17 severe storms, four tropical cyclones, one wildfire, and two winter storms - which collectively caused at least 418 deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-heat-waves-and-coastal-challenges">Ocean heat waves and coastal challenges </h2>



Professor Grise has been keeping an eye on another side effect of climate change as well - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-are-persisting-in-the-u-s-even-in-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean heat waves</a>. These anomalies are disrupting marine habitats and fueling extreme weather events with unparalleled intensity.



"We've seen some unusual events that have huge impacts on ecosystems in the ocean and tropical systems. We saw the first ever Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin in June, and we saw [Hurricane] Milton hit Florida, which rapidly intensified within 24 hours - an almost 95 mph intensification," said Professor Grise. 



In coastal regions like Hampton Roads, rising sea levels and the potential for stronger hurricanes remain pressing concerns. 



"The hurricanes that do form have the potential to get stronger than we would expect because the water temperature is warmer," said Professor Grise. "The warmer air can have more water vapor in it, more humidity, and create even more extreme rainfall events."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-a-warmer-world">Consequences of a warmer world</h2>



Warmer temperatures and standing water also create ideal conditions for mosquitoes to breed, potentially expanding habitats for insect-borne diseases.



This could lead to the spread of illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, and chikungunya into new areas.



This year's United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, in November, focused heavily on climate finance. 



Developed nations pledged to mobilize at least $300 billion per year by 2035, tripling the previous goal of $100 billion.



"From a policy perspective, the choices now are to focus climate mitigation and working to stop the emissions that are causing climate change or developing ways to adapt to a warmer world. Or a combination of the two," concluded Professor Grise.



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2024 confirmed as Earth's hottest year in recorded history

In 2024, global warming propelled Earth to its hottest year...

In a stunning new discovery, a team of researchers from the Universities of Oxford and Birmingham have unearthed a massive expanse of quarry floor filled with hundreds of different dinosaur footprints, creating a variety of enormous trackways.&nbsp;



These footprints, located at Dewars Farm Quarry in Oxfordshire, date back to the Middle Jurassic Period, approximately 166 million years ago.&nbsp;



According to the scientists, these trackways form part of a huge “dinosaur highway” and include footprints from the nine-meter predator Megalosaurus, as well as from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isle-of-wight-fossils-suggest-that-europe-had-unique-plant-eating-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivorous dinosaurs</a> that were up to twice that size.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-trackways-on-the-dinosaur-highway">Extensive trackways on the dinosaur highway</h2>



The excavation uncovered five main trackways, with indications of additional footprints in the surrounding area. One trackway spans over 150 meters. Four of the trackways were traced to gigantic, long-necked sauropods, likely Cetiosaurus, reaching up to 18 meters in length.&nbsp;



The fifth belonged to a carnivorous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-theropod-dinosaurs-thrived-in-polar-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theropod</a> dinosaur, Megalosaurus, recognized by its large, three-toed footprints. In one section, sauropod footprints and Megalosaurus tracks intersect, hinting at the possibility of these dinosaurs encountering each other in this prehistoric setting.



“Scientists have known about and been studying Megalosaurus for longer than any other dinosaur on Earth, and yet these recent discoveries prove there is still new evidence of these animals out there, waiting to be found,” said Emma Nicholls, a vertebrate paleontologist at the <a href="https://www.oumnh.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a> (OUMNH).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-sparked-by-keen-observations">Discovery sparked by keen observations</h2>



The footprints lay hidden under mud until quarry worker Gary Johnson noticed “unusual bumps” while clearing clay to expose the quarry floor. At that point, experts were brought in to investigate the site more closely.&nbsp;



Supported by Quarry Manager Mark Stanway and his staff, a large research team from the Universities of <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford</a> and <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birmingham</a> spent a week in June 2024 carefully revealing around 200 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matching-dinosaur-footprints-on-different-continents-trace-their-global-travels-gondwana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">footprints</a>. 



They used aerial drone photography to build highly detailed 3D models, ensuring the footprints are documented for future scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-link-to-previous-finds">A link to previous finds</h2>



These new trackways connect with discoveries made in the same area in 1997. Past limestone quarrying had then revealed over 40 sets of footprints, some stretching 180 meters.&nbsp;



The earlier finds provided crucial insight into the types of dinosaurs that roamed the United Kingdom during the Middle Jurassic and helped establish the location as a “Site of Special Scientific Interest.”



Nevertheless, technology at that time did not allow for extensive digital or drone-based documentation. Modern techniques permit much more thorough recording of footprints, yielding a deeper understanding of dinosaur biology and behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-ancient-environments">A window into ancient environments</h2>



“These footprints offer an extraordinary window into the lives of dinosaurs, revealing details about their movements, interactions, and the tropical environment they inhabited,” said Kirsty Edgar, a micropaleontologist at the University of Birmingham.&nbsp;



More than 20,000 images were taken of the prints, forming a valuable resource for further study. Scientists hope this archive will help them reconstruct details about how dinosaurs moved, their potential speeds, and whether and how they may have interacted.



Beyond footprints, the site’s rich geological context can offer insight into its ancient environment, a muddy lagoon where these creatures walked millennia ago.&nbsp;



“The preservation is so detailed that we can see how the mud was deformed as the dinosaur’s feet squelched in and out. Along with other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a> like burrows, shells and plants, we can bring to life the muddy lagoon environment the dinosaurs walked through,” said Duncan Murdock, an Earth scientist at OUMNH.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-fossils-from-the-dinosaur-highway">Viewing fossils from the dinosaur highway</h2>



BBC’s Digging for Britain covered the excavation as part of a new series, set to be shown on iPlayer from January 7 and on BBC2 on January 8, 2025. Hosted by Professor Alice Roberts, the program delves into the significance of the trackways and how they inform modern dinosaur research.



The discovery will also appear in the upcoming “Breaking Ground” exhibition at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, illustrating major turning points in our knowledge of Earth’s and life’s history.&nbsp;



Visitors can view original Megalosaurus fossils alongside images and video from the site, learning about cutting-edge paleontological tools and techniques.



These extensive trackways in Oxfordshire not only deepen our view of the Middle Jurassic but also demonstrate the power of modern technology to transform and enrich our understanding of the distant past.



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Hundreds of new footprints found on what's being called the "dinosaur highway"

In a stunning new discovery, a team of researchers from...

Every person has a story to tell. Whether it's a daily mishap at the grocery store or a life-changing adventure abroad, our experiences shape the narratives we share. 



But here's the fascinating part - the way we engage in storytelling might actually influence how meaningful and fulfilling our lives feel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storytelling-and-a-person-s-quality-of-life">Storytelling and a person's quality of life</h2>



A remarkable study, published in&nbsp;The Journal of Positive Psychology, reveals a direct link between storytelling ability and a person’s sense of purpose, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experiences-not-things-are-key-to-deeper-social-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quality of life</a>, and capacity to see the bigger picture. 



Conducted in Israel and the United States, the research evaluated participants’ storytelling abilities through self-assessments, peer feedback, stranger ratings, and expert analysis of story recordings.



The findings? Better storytelling skills predict a stronger sense of meaning, a clearer understanding of life’s direction, and an enhanced ability to see beyond details.



This connection holds true even after accounting for personality traits, with introverts particularly benefiting from storytelling as a means of self-expression and personal growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storytelling-key-to-personal-fulfillment">Storytelling: Key to personal fulfillment</h2>



The study confirms that storytelling isn’t just about entertainment; it’s a gateway to a more fulfilling life. Those who excel at storytelling report <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-rejection-teaches-us-valuable-lessons-about-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greater life satisfaction</a> and clarity.



“The ability to tell a story effectively and compellingly allows people to enjoy a more fulfilling life,” noted Professor Ron Shachar from <a href="https://www.runi.ac.il/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reichman University</a>.



Introverts, often perceived as reserved, benefit in particular from honing their storytelling skills. Through storytelling, they gain confidence, express themselves more effectively, and connect with others on a deeper level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storytelling-at-work-the-secret-to-success">Storytelling at work: The secret to success</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond the realms of personal growth.



In today’s fast-paced workplace, storytelling is a powerful tool for promoting engagement, collaboration, and innovation. Managers and organizations can leverage storytelling to:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>build stronger teams,</li>



<li>enhance communication, and</li>



<li>cultivate a culture of purpose and inclusion.</li>
</ul>



Storytelling workshops and training programs can unlock creativity and productivity. They also empower employees - especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-isolation-and-loneliness-trigger-changes-in-blood-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">introverts</a> - to express their unique strengths, thus contributing to a more cohesive and innovative work environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-strategic-edge-of-storytelling-for-life">A strategic edge of storytelling for life</h2>



As artificial intelligence reshapes industries, uniquely human skills like storytelling grow in value. The ability to craft compelling narratives is closely tied to strategic thinking and vision - qualities essential for leaders and employees alike.



By investing in storytelling training, organizations equip their teams to adapt, innovate, and thrive in a rapidly evolving landscape.



“Storytelling is not only a tool for personal improvement but also a key to organizational success,” Professor Shachar emphasized.



From enhancing individual well-being to promoting a sense of inclusion and belonging, storytelling has the power to transform lives and workplaces alike.



In a world increasingly driven by data and technology, storytelling reminds us of what makes us human: our ability to connect, inspire, and find meaning in the stories we share.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-improve-your-storytelling-skills">Tips to improve your storytelling skills</h2>



Mastering storytelling takes time, but the following steps will make your stories more engaging and memorable:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Know your audience Tailor your story to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-friendships-improve-your-health-as-you-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">people</a> listening. Consider their interests, values, and what will resonate most with them. </li>



<li>Start strong Grab attention from the beginning with a compelling hook. Start with a surprising fact, a vivid description, or a relatable anecdote to draw listeners in. </li>



<li>Be clear and concise Keep your story focused. Avoid unnecessary details that might confuse or bore your audience. Stick to the core message you want to convey. </li>



<li>Use emotion Great stories make people feel something. Whether it’s humor, suspense, or inspiration, emotions create a connection with your audience. </li>



<li>Structure matters Follow a simple structure: beginning, middle, and end. Introduce the characters, set up the conflict, and provide a satisfying resolution. </li>



<li>Practice active voice Speak or write directly. Active voice makes your storytelling vivid and engaging. </li>



<li>Incorporate personal elements Share personal experiences or observations to make your story authentic and relatable. </li>



<li>Practice regularly Like any life skill, storytelling improves with practice. Share stories in casual settings to build confidence. </li>



<li>Observe great storytellers Learn from books, podcasts, or speakers. Analyze how they capture and hold attention. </li>



<li>Engage your audience Ask questions or pause for reactions. This interaction makes your storytelling more engaging and brings life to your narrative.</li>
</ol>



The study is published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17439760.2024.2431684" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Positive Psychology</a>.



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Want a happier life? Improving this particular skillset can help

Every person has a story to tell. Whether it's a...

The question of how to handle wastewater has been an environmental concern for several decades. Yearly, billions of gallons of untreated or inadequately treated wastewater are released into rivers, lakes, and oceans. This water contaminates ecosystems and severely endangers public health.



Traditional methods of wastewater treatment usually involve energy-intensive processes and chemical additions, which are neither environmentally sustainable nor economically viable in the long run.



These issues are even more severe in arid regions, where limited water resources compound the difficulty of treating and reusing wastewater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-based-solution-for-wastewater-management">Nature-based solution for wastewater management</h2>



Reed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetlands-are-caught-in-a-battle-between-co2-and-rising-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a>, or sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs), offer a breakthrough alternative. By leveraging nature to treat wastewater, STRBs minimize environmental harm while maximizing efficiency.



In a recent study, experts have investigated this promising solution. The team demonstrated that reed beds use natural processes to degrade pollutants and reduce sludge - a hazardous byproduct of conventional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteriophages-could-revolutionize-fracking-wastewater-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater treatment</a>.



As nations grapple with increasing water and climate challenges, STRBs represent a critical step toward achieving global sustainability goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-scientific-breakthrough">A scientific breakthrough </h2>



The research was conducted by scientists at <a href="https://www.squ.edu.om/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sultan Qaboos University</a> and published in the journal Soil &amp; Environmental Health.



The experts have made progress in fine-tuning solutions for sludge management, particularly for arid climates.



The team utilized advanced 16S rRNA sequencing to identify the microbial players responsible for nutrient removal and organic matter stabilization.



Pilot-scale reed beds were tested under varying sludge loading rates. While the higher sludge loads led to increased bacterial diversity, they also resulted in lower community evenness.



Reeds, which are vital to the process, help shape microbial populations and promote the growth of nitrifying bacteria and methanogens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-reed-beds">The science behind reed beds</h2>



Several bacteria were found to have prominent roles in the process. Proteobacteria were the main drivers of critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sequestering-carbon-in-soil-is-dependent-upon-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> and nitrogen cycles. 



Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria played significant roles in organic matter degradation and nutrient removal.



Reeds planted in the sludge created aerobic niches and released root exudates, which enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-activities-underground-revealed-by-new-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial activity</a> and promoted the development of specialized rhizosphere communities.



With their contribution, STRBs achieved an impressive 98% reduction in sludge volume. The optimal performance for this was observed at a sludge loading rate of 100 kg/m2/year.



"These findings highlight the transformative potential of STRBs in sustainable wastewater management. By leveraging natural processes, STRBs offer an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods," noted Daniel Menezes Blackburn, the study's lead researcher.



"By harnessing natural processes, STRBs provide an effective, eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods, offering valuable insights for real-world applications."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-wastewater-management">Revolutionizing wastewater management</h2>



As it stands, reed beds have proven to be a viable solution for sustainable sludge management. Through minimizing chemical and energy use, these systems contribute to climate resilience and environmental conservation.



The next stage of research will explore diversifying plant species, optimizing sludge load capacities, and assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.



The breakthrough findings of this study highlight the potential of reed beds to revolutionize wastewater management.



By marrying ecological integrity with practical wastewater treatment solutions, STRBs are paving the way to global sustainability targets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-in-wastewater-reuse">Innovations in wastewater reuse</h2>



Whereas the treatment of wastewater is important, finding ways to reuse treated water sustainably is equally crucial - especially in regions that face scarcity of water.



Recent advances in wastewater reuse technologies have opened up new avenues to tackle this challenge.



One promising approach involves coupling sludge treatment reed beds (STRBs) with advanced filtration systems. The goal is to further purify treated water for non-potable applications such as irrigation, industrial cooling, and groundwater recharge.



This integrated method not only reduces the strain on freshwater resources but also provides an eco-friendly way to manage water cycles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-resilient-water-management-systems">Building resilient water management systems</h2>



Additionally, emerging membrane technologies, such as forward osmosis and nanofiltration, are being explored to enhance the quality of treated wastewater. 



These systems can remove residual contaminants that traditional treatments might leave behind, ensuring that reused water meets the strictest safety standards.



As global water demand continues to rise, innovations in wastewater reuse will be crucial for building resilient and sustainable water management systems. 



Technologies such as STRBs can offer a solution that is in line with these new ways of thinking about the treatment and utilization of wastewater, thus turning a pressing challenge into an opportunity for conservation and sustainability.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949919424000268?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Soil &amp; Environmental Health</a>.



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Reed beds: A sustainable revolution in wastewater management

The question of how to handle wastewater has been an...

A new report has revealed that 2024 was yet another year of record-breaking temperatures, which are driving the global water cycle to unprecedented climate extremes and are contributing to massive floods and crippling droughts.&nbsp;



According to the experts, this intense warming is pushing worldwide water systems to their limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformations-in-the-global-water-cycle">Transformations in the global water cycle</h2>



According to the 2024 Global Water Monitor Report, an international collaboration led by <a href="http://anu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANU</a> Professor Albert van Dijk, rising temperatures are significantly changing the way water moves around the planet, “wreaking havoc” on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a>. 



With the planet growing steadily hotter, water evaporates more quickly, amplifying severe events like storms and droughts.



“Rising sea surface temperatures intensified tropical cyclones and droughts in the Amazon Basin and southern Africa. Global warming also contributed to heavier downpours and slower-moving storms, as evidenced by deadly flash floods in Europe, Asia and Brazil,” reported van Dijk.&nbsp;



The report notes that, in 2024, about four billion people across 111 countries experienced their hottest year to date, and that air temperatures over land have climbed 1.2 degrees Celsius since the start of the 21st century, roughly 2.2 degrees Celsius higher than the pre-industrial era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-water-related-disasters">Harsh water-related disasters</h2>



“In 2024, Earth experienced its hottest year on record, for the fourth year in a row. Water systems across the globe bore the brunt,” van Dijk said.



He emphasized that 2024 was a year of extremes but was not an isolated occurrence. “It is part of a worsening trend of more intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">floods</a>, prolonged droughts, and record-breaking extremes.”



Major water-driven calamities - flash floods, river floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, and landslides - resulted in more than 8,700 deaths and displaced 40 million people worldwide, incurring economic losses exceeding US $550 billion.&nbsp;



“From historic droughts to catastrophic floods, these extreme events impact lives, livelihoods, and entire ecosystems. Separate, heavy rainfall events caused widespread flash flooding in Afghanistan and Pakistan, killing more than 1,000 people,” van Dijk said.&nbsp;



“Catastrophic flooding in Brazil caused more than 80 deaths, with the region recording more than 300 millimetres of rainfall.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensified-rainfall-extremes-and-flash-floods">Intensified rainfall extremes and flash floods</h2>



One of the report’s key findings is the increased frequency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-increases-as-a-direct-result-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme rainfall</a>. 



“We found rainfall records are being broken with increasing regularity,” said van Dijk.



“For example, record-high monthly rainfall totals were achieved 27 percent more frequently in 2024 than at the start of this century, whereas daily rainfall records were achieved 52 percent more frequently. Record-lows were 38 percent more frequent, so we are seeing worse extremes on both sides.”



Van Dijk noted that in southern China, the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers flooded cities and towns, displacing tens of thousands of people and causing hundreds of millions of dollars in crop damages. In August, heavy monsoon rains and dam releases in Bangladesh caused widespread river flooding.&nbsp;



“More than 5.8 million people were affected and at least one million tons of rice was destroyed. In Spain, more than 500 millimetres of rain fell within eight hours in late October, causing deadly flash floods,” said van Dijk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-droughts-a-parallel-threat">Droughts: A parallel threat</h2>



While many regions contended with floods, others faced punishing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-now-the-driving-force-behind-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>. 



“In the Amazon Basin, one of the Earth’s most important ecosystems, record low river levels cut off transport routes and disrupted hydropower generation.”&nbsp;



“Wildfires driven by the hot and dry weather burned through more than 52,000 square kilometres in September alone, releasing vast amounts of greenhouse gases,” van Dijk added.



“In southern Africa, a severe drought reduced maize production by more than 50 percent, leaving 30 million people facing food shortages. Farmers were forced to cull livestock as pastures dried up. The drought also reduced hydropower output, leading to widespread blackouts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-more-extreme-events">Preparing for more extreme events</h2>



Van Dijk warned of the growing necessity to prepare for more intense extremes.&nbsp;



“We need to prepare and adapt to inevitably more severe extreme events. That can mean stronger flood defences, developing more drought-resilient food production and water supplies, and better early warning systems.”&nbsp;



“Water is our most critical resource, and its extremes - both floods and droughts - are among the greatest threats we face.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warmer-conditions-and-a-turbulent-water-cycle">Warmer conditions and a turbulent water cycle</h2>



The research team gathered data from ground stations and satellites to track variables such as rainfall, soil moisture, and river flows. This extensive data collection offers near real-time insights into water-related disasters, clarifying how climatic shifts and water events intertwine on a global scale.



The 2024 findings confirm that warmer conditions push the water cycle into turbulent territory, with extreme rainfall and severe droughts becoming more frequent and intense.&nbsp;



In facing these challenges, the combination of well-informed science and rapid adaptation strategies will be key to safeguarding communities and ecosystems for years to come.



The report can be found <a href="https://www.globalwater.online/globalwater.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



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Rising temperatures are ‘wreaking havoc’ on the global water cycle

A new report has revealed that 2024 was yet another...

The skies above America's heartland have been getting increasingly volatile. Massive thunderstorms and extreme summer rainfalls have been dumping unprecedented amounts of rain across the central and eastern United States.



Backed by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), recent research sheds light on the link between prolonged thunderstorms and these intense downpours. The study offers critical insights into one of the most dangerous weather phenomena: flooding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-patterns-of-extreme-summer-rainfall">Patterns of extreme summer rainfall</h2>



A team led by meteorologist Jason Chiappa analyzed high-resolution rain data that spanned 21 years, from 2003 to 2023.



The researchers identified instances where the rainfall within 12 hours exceeded the 10-year average for the area. The scientists termed these occurrences "extreme events." 



The analysis revealed a clear pattern: thunderstorms that linger for hours over the same region tend to produce extreme rainfall events that are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasting-the-floods-new-clues-about-extreme-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">responsible for many floods</a>.



“This research will help improve daily and seasonal forecasts to help us understand health and safety concerns related to one of the deadliest consequences from extreme rainfall events - flooding,” said Chungu Lu, an <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a> program manager who supported the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-long-term-rainfall-patterns">Complexity of long-term rainfall patterns </h2>



Chiappa’s analysis showed that while extreme rainfall events have generally increased over the years, they also exhibit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-increases-as-a-direct-result-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">annual variations</a>.



"It is important for us to identify changes in the nature and frequency of these events and explore why some years have so many more extreme events than others," Chiappa explained. This variability adds complexity to understanding long-term patterns and preparing for future risks.



Thunderstorms at the heart of these extreme rainfalls don’t follow a simple playbook. These storms often unleash their fury at night, a time when weather models struggle to predict them accurately. Convective rainfall, marked by its sudden and localized nature, poses a particular challenge. 



Current global weather and climate models lack the resolution and timing precision to capture reliably such small-scale but high-impact events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-prediction-of-extreme-rainfall">Challenges in prediction of extreme rainfall</h2>



Nighttime thunderstorms are a meteorological puzzle. Weather models, which excel during the day, falter when predicting nocturnal convective storms. 



This limitation hampers our ability to forecast extreme rainfall events effectively. Understanding the mechanisms behind these storms and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improving model accuracy</a> remain key areas for future research.



The study doesn’t just stop at understanding the past; it opens doors to a safer future. By identifying trends and patterns in extreme rainfall, the findings can help enhance weather forecasting tools. 



Accurate predictions can mitigate the devastating effects of flooding, and provide communities with the information they need to prepare and respond.



Flooding, already one of the deadliest consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a>, could become more frequent and severe in a warming climate. The implications of the study extend beyond meteorology to public safety, infrastructure planning, and emergency response.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-extreme-rainfall-patterns">Future research on extreme rainfall patterns</h2>



While the study offers valuable insights, it also raises important questions. Why do some years witness significantly more extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall events</a> than others? What roles do broader climate patterns play in shaping these variations? Chiappa and his team hope future research will uncover these answers.



As the climate continues to change, understanding localized extreme weather events becomes increasingly important. 



The relationship between global warming and extreme rainfall isn’t straightforward, but studies like this one highlight the urgent need to explore these connections further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foundation-for-meaningful-action">Foundation for meaningful action</h2>



Extreme rainfall isn’t just a weather story - it’s a societal challenge. Floods devastate communities, disrupt lives, and strain infrastructure.



Recognizing trends and patterns in these events can provide policymakers and planners with the tools to build more resilient communities.



By improving our understanding of the forces that drive these storms, we can better prepare for what lies ahead. Whether through more accurate weather forecasts, improved infrastructure, or public awareness campaigns, this research provides a foundation for meaningful action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-wake-up-call">A wake up call</h2>



The increase in extreme summer rainfalls over the past 21 years is a wake-up call. As scientists like Jason Chiappa and programs like the NSF continue to examine these phenomena, they remind us of the power of knowledge in facing the challenges of a changing climate.



The next time thunderclouds gather on the horizon, consider the layers of science and effort behind predicting their behavior. 



While we can’t control the weather, understanding it better brings us one step closer to safeguarding our communities from its most extreme expressions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL110424" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Extreme summer rainfall events have increased in the U.S.

The skies above America's heartland have been getting increasingly volatile....

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Luna&#8217;s massive paws made quick work of the dirt and, before long, she had dug out a perfect den. But the bear wasn&#8217;t satisfied. There was still more work to be done!

Finishing Touches

Since this was such an important moment, Luna decided that she couldn't sleep in just any cave. She was going to build her own den! She found the right spot and started digging... Photo Credit: Four Paws