Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features UGC 5460, a spiral galaxy that is located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



“This image combines four different wavelengths of light to reveal UGC 5460’s central bar of stars, winding spiral arms and bright blue star clusters. Also captured in the upper left-hand corner of this image is a far closer object: a star just 577 light-years away in our own galaxy,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“UGC 5460 has hosted two recent supernovae named SN 2011ht and SN 2015as. It’s because of these two stellar explosions that Hubble targeted this galaxy, collecting data for three observing programmes that aim to study various kinds of supernovae.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-core-collapse-supernova-nbsp">A core-collapse supernova&nbsp;</h2>



SN 2015as is an example of a core-collapse supernova. This type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> occurs when the core of a massive star - typically with more than 8 times the mass of the sun - can no longer support its own gravity after exhausting its nuclear fuel. 



This causes the core to collapse under its own weight, leading to an extremely violent explosion. The collapse triggers the release of an enormous amount of energy, expelling the outer layers of the star into space.



In the aftermath of the explosion, a dense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shockingly-bright-carbon-monoxide-detected-in-supernova-remnant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remnant</a> is created. This is often a neutron star or black hole, depending on the mass of the original star. Core-collapse supernovae are some of the most powerful events in the universe.



According to ESA, Hubble observations of SN 2015as will help researchers understand what happens when the expanding shockwave of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-dandelion-year-1181-leaves-behind-zombie-star-defying-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> collides with the gas that surrounds the exploded star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-stars-with-large-eruptions-nbsp">Rare stars with large eruptions&nbsp;</h2>



“SN 2011ht might have been a core-collapse supernova as well, but it could also be an impostor called a luminous blue variable. Luminous blue variables are rare stars that experience eruptions so large that they can mimic supernovae,” noted ESA.



“Crucially, luminous blue variables emerge from these eruptions unscathed, while stars that go supernova do not. Hubble will search for a stellar survivor at SN 2011ht’s location, and the explosion’s identity may be revealed at last.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-spiral-galaxy">What is a spiral galaxy?</h2>



Spiral galaxies are some of the most recognizable and beautiful structures in the universe. They are known for their distinctive arms that spiral outward from a central bulge.&nbsp;



These galaxies are typically composed of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter. The arms are often sites of intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fluffy-molecular-clouds-may-change-our-understanding-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>, where clouds of gas collapse to form new stars. 



In the center of a spiral galaxy lies a dense concentration of older stars and, often, a supermassive black hole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-a-spiral-galaxy-nbsp">Structure of a spiral galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



The structure of a spiral galaxy is generally divided into three main components: the disk, the bulge, and the halo.&nbsp;



The disk is where the spiral arms are located and contains most of the galaxy's visible stars and interstellar medium.&nbsp;



The bulge is a tightly packed region of older stars at the core, and the halo consists of a sparse collection of stars and globular clusters that surround the galaxy.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies can be classified into different types based on the tightness and number of their spiral arms, as well as the size of their central bulge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-milky-way-galaxy">The Milky Way galaxy</h2>



Our solar system is located within a large spiral galaxy known as the Milky Way. The name refers to its appearance as a dim, milky band of light stretching across the night sky.&nbsp;



The term "Milky Way" comes from ancient Greek mythology, where it was associated the goddess Hera's milk spilling into the sky. In Greek, it was called "Galaxias Kyklos," meaning "milky circle."&nbsp;



Spanning about 100,000 light-years in diameter, the Milky Way is composed of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter. The galaxy has a distinct disk shape with spiral arms that wind outward from a central bulge, which houses a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-black-hole-unleashes-mysterious-flares/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>. 



Our sun is located in one of the spiral arms - known as the Orion Arm - positioned roughly halfway from the center to the outer edge.&nbsp;



The Milky Way is part of a small group of galaxies called the Local Group, which includes the Andromeda Galaxy and several smaller galaxies.



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Hubble views a spiral galaxy with stellar explosions

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which is located 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



“A prominent bar of stars stretches across the center of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disk takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye,” said <a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-hubble-spies-spiral-galaxy-ngc.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“As NGC 2566 appears to gaze at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy's star clusters and star-forming regions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-appearance-of-ngc-2566">Complex appearance of NGC 2566</h2>



NGC 2566 lies at a considerable distance from Earth, making it a challenging object for amateur astronomers to observe in detail without powerful telescopes.&nbsp;



It can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere sky and is better observed from locations with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-light-pollution-influences-interest-in-astronomy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxy's arms are populated with young, bright stars, regions of active star formation, and interstellar gas and dust - giving it a dynamic and complex appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-ages-of-stars">Measuring the ages of stars</h2>



According to NASA, data from Hubble is especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old. “These stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive.”



“Using these data, researchers can measure the ages of NGC 2566's stars, which helps piece together the timeline of the galaxy's star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and the stars themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-galaxies">Star formation in galaxies</h2>



Star formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> is a fascinating and complex process that unfolds over millions of years. It begins in vast clouds of gas and dust, known as molecular clouds, which are often found in the spiral arms of galaxies or in regions of irregular or starburst galaxies.&nbsp;



These clouds provide the raw material for star formation, consisting primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements.



As the molecular clouds collapse under their own gravity, regions within them begin to condense and fragment, forming dense clumps. Within these clumps, protostars emerge. Their formation is driven by the gravitational pull drawing in surrounding gas.&nbsp;



During this process, the gas heats up due to increasing pressure, eventually igniting nuclear fusion in the core, signaling the birth of a new star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-star-formation-nbsp-across-galaxies">Rate of star formation&nbsp;across galaxies</h2>



The rate of star formation varies across galaxies is influenced by numerous factors. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, star formation is most active in the spiral arms, where density waves compress gas and dust, triggering the collapse of molecular clouds.&nbsp;



Elliptical galaxies, which often have little cold gas and dust, typically exhibit low rates of star formation or none at all.



Starburst galaxies, on the other hand, experience episodes of exceptionally high star formation, often triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/">galactic collisions</a> or interactions. 



These events can funnel large amounts of gas into central regions, leading to intense star-forming activity. However, such bursts are usually short-lived on cosmic timescales, exhausting the available gas quickly.



The environment within a galaxy also plays a significant role. Stellar winds and supernova explosions from existing stars can both inhibit and promote star formation. They may disperse gas, preventing further collapse, or compress nearby clouds, triggering new star formation.&nbsp;



Over time, as galaxies evolve, the availability of gas diminishes, leading to a gradual decline in star formation activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puppis-constellation-nbsp">The Puppis constellation&nbsp;</h2>



The Puppis constellation in the southern sky represents the stern of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation known as Argo Navis, which depicted the mythical ship of Jason and the Argonauts.&nbsp;



However, Argo Navis was later divided into three separate constellations: Puppis, Carina (the keel), and Vela (the sails). Puppis is the largest of these three and contains many notable celestial objects.



This constellation is home to several bright stars, including Naos (Zeta Puppis), a hot, massive star that emits intense ultraviolet radiation. Puppis also hosts a wide variety of deep-sky objects, such as open <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-star-clusters-captured-in-the-extreme-outskirts-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and nebulae.&nbsp;



Among these, Messier 46 and Messier 47 stand out. Both are beautiful star clusters that are visible through binoculars or small telescopes. The region is dense with stars because it lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, making it a prime area for stargazing and astrophotography. 



Image Credit: NASA



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A cosmic eye in the Puppis constellation

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of retreating glaciers in Alaska, where meltwater is rapidly expanding glacial lakes. 



“In parts of Alaska, water is replacing ice. As glaciers thin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreat</a>, meltwater collects at their fronts, forming proglacial lakes. According to an analysis by Mauri Pelto, a glaciologist at Nichols College, three such lakes in the southeastern part of the state have grown rapidly in recent decades,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-glaciers-in-alaska">Retreating glaciers in Alaska</h2>



“A trio of glaciers - Yakutat, Alsek, and Grand Plateau - descend from inland mountains and flow onto the coastal plain southeast of Yakutat borough, ending at Harlequin Lake, Alsek Lake, and Grand Plateau Lake,” noted NASA.&nbsp;



The retreat of the glaciers, as well as the growth of the lakes, are visible in the image. When compared to an <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/153000/153638/fastestlake_tm5_19840705_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> captured by Landsat 5 in the summer of 1984, the changes are even more evident.



NASA elaborated on the extent of the glacier retreat from 1984 to 2024. “During this period, Yakutat Glacier’s main arm retreated 4.3 miles, while Alsek Glacier’s northern and southern arms retreated 3.3 miles and 3.4 miles, respectively. Grand Plateau Glacier’s northern arm lost the most, retreating 4.8 miles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes-doubled-in-size-nbsp">Glacial lakes doubled in size&nbsp;</h2>



“Collectively, the three lakes more than doubled in size over 40 years. In 1984, they covered about 50 square miles. By 2024, they spanned 90 square miles. That’s an area larger than Seneca Lake (67 square miles) - one of the Finger Lakes in New York, which also have a glacial origin,” said NASA.



Pelto noted that the lakes forming in this region are immense - starting at the mountains and spreading toward the coast - making this a new lake district that is unique in our nation.



“Millions of other lakes, named and unnamed, dot the state. But this system has grown fast, so much so that Pelto thinks it might represent the fastest lake growth in the United States this century,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacier-retreat-nbsp">Understanding glacier retreat&nbsp;</h2>



Glacier retreat is a significant phenomenon driven primarily by global warming the results from rising greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>.&nbsp;



As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice during the summer melt than they can regain in winter snowfall, causing them to shrink over time. This process has profound implications for ecosystems, water resources, and global sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



When glaciers retreat, they often leave behind depressions in the landscape that can fill with meltwater, forming glacial lakes. These lakes are typically bounded by natural dams made of rock, ice, or moraine - accumulations of debris left behind by the glacier's movement.&nbsp;



Over the past century, the number and size of glacial lakes worldwide have increased significantly due to the accelerating pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-glaciers-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-harsh-climate-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat. This trend is especially evident in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, as well as in polar areas such as Alaska and Greenland.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-and-negative-impacts-nbsp">Positive and negative impacts&nbsp;</h3>



Glacial lakes can have both positive and negative impacts. They provide critical water sources for downstream communities, support biodiversity, and sometimes offer opportunities for hydropower development or tourism.&nbsp;



However, they also pose serious risks. The dams holding back these lakes can fail suddenly, causing glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These catastrophic events can devastate downstream areas, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and habitats while endangering human lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes">Monitoring changes</h3>



Understanding glacier retreat and glacial lake formation requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining climate science, hydrology, and geology.&nbsp;



Monitoring these changes is essential to mitigate associated risks and adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-retreat-worldwide">Glacier retreat worldwide</h2>



Studies and satellite observations show that most glaciers in almost all regions of the world are shrinking.&nbsp;



Melting glaciers contribute significantly to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.



The retreat of glaciers is considered one of the clearest indicators of climate change.&nbsp;Some glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates, indicating accelerating climate impacts.



The image was captured on August 4, 2024 by the Landsat 8 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Retreating glaciers and expanding meltwater lakes in Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Costa Atlántica Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast in Argentina.



“At the far southern reaches of South America, a stretch of tidal flats, shoals, and beaches serves as a refuge for migratory shorebirds and copious aquatic life,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina extends for 220 kilometers (140 miles) along the eastern shore of Tierra del Fuego. The area was designated a Ramsar site in 1995 and a provincial nature reserve in 1998." 



According to NASA, the reserve is the southernmost site both on the Ramsar list and in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-costa-atlantica-reserve">Significance of the Costa Atlántica Reserve</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is an important conservation site that signifies Argentina's commitment to preserving its rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal biodiversity</a>.&nbsp;



This vast expanse of protected area serves as a sanctuary for many species, ranging from migratory birds to marine mammals and diverse plant life.



“Tidal habitats along the coast support some 135 species of birds, while crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and cetaceans feed in the productive coastal waters,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The topography inland of Costa Atlántica, stretching into Chile to the west, is blanketed in shrubs and grassland vegetation adapted to dry conditions - part of a semiarid ecosystem known as the Fuegian steppe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-ecological-balance-nbsp">Maintaining ecological balance&nbsp;</h2>



Established to safeguard the delicate ecosystems of dunes, estuaries, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-lagoons-have-high-loads-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal lagoons</a>, the reserve plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.&nbsp;



The Costa Atlántica Reserve provides critical habitats for numerous threatened species, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-right-whales-have-shifted-their-foraging-grounds/">Southern Right Whale</a>, which finds refuge in these waters during its breeding season. 



The reserve’s sheltered bays and nutrient-rich waters create an ideal environment for mothers to nurse their calves before embarking on long migrations. 



In addition to whales, the reserve supports populations of sea lions and Magellanic penguins. Its protection is vital for the long-term survival of these species in the face of climate change and human activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costa-atlantica-reserve-a-living-laboratory-nbsp">Costa Atlántica Reserve: A living laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is not only a refuge for wildlife but also a living laboratory for scientific research. 



Conservationists and researchers work within its bounds to monitor ecosystems, study species behaviors, and develop strategies for sustainable management. 



This ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the impacts of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-river-deltas-face-major-threats-beyond-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal environments</a> and in devising measures to mitigate these effects.



Furthermore, the reserve illustrates the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts. Local communities are engaged in sustainable tourism and educational programs.&nbsp;



Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bird-photographers-improve-nesting-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> initiatives, visitors can experience the natural beauty of the reserve while contributing to its preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tierra-del-fuego-archipelago">Tierra del Fuego archipelago</h2>



According to NASA, the broader landscape of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was shaped by glaciers.&nbsp;



“Ice advanced over the mountains and lowlands during cold climatic periods between the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago. San Sebastián Bay formed in a tectonic depression that was deepened by glacial erosion," noted NASA.&nbsp;



“Further evidence of glaciation, including hummocky moraines and fields of glacial erratics, appears around the bay, though it is too small to be visible in this image.”



“Partially enclosed by a long, sandy peninsula, San Sebastián Bay attracts copious migratory birds, some of which shuttle seasonally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”



“Large populations of the Hudsonian godwit, white-rumped sandpiper, and other long-distance flyers congregate in the vast intertidal zones. This part of the reserve, however, is vulnerable to the impact of oil and gas extraction from onshore and offshore deposits.”



The image was captured on February 20, 2024 by the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a> (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an explosive eruption of Mount Etna, the most active volcano in Europe. The photo was captured on February 13 by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on the Landsat 8 satellite.



<a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153962/river-of-fire-on-mount-etna" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> noted that the natural-color scene is overlaid with an infrared signal to distinguish the lava’s heat signature on the mountain's snowy slopes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-unrest">Signs of unrest</h2>



“On February 8, 2025, Italy’s National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) reported that Mount Etna had begun exhibiting ‘signs of unrest above its background level,’”&nbsp;said NASA.



“That’s unsurprising for the frequently unruly Sicilian peak, one of the most active stratovolcanoes in the world. But the fiery explosions, disruptive ash clouds, and long lava flows that ensued stood out as being unusually spectacular to many Etna watchers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensifying-eruptions-on-mount-etna">Intensifying eruptions on Mount Etna </h2>



The activity intensified on February 10th, with lava flowing from the Bocca Nuova crater at an altitude of approximately 3,000 meters above sea level.&nbsp;



According to news reports, the eruption created a striking visual as molten lava traversed the snow-covered slopes, producing rivers of lava up to 3 kilometers long and emitting ash plumes visible from several kilometers away.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> attracted thousands of tourists eager to witness the spectacle. However, the influx of visitors led to traffic congestion, obstructing emergency services and prompting warnings from local authorities about the potential dangers of approaching the active volcano.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-mount-etna-eruptions">Impacts of Mount Etna eruptions </h2>



Despite the dramatic displays, there were no reports of injuries or significant property damage, though experts continue to closely monitor the situation.



Satellite imagery has provided detailed views of the active lava flow cutting through the snow-covered slopes, with ash plumes dispersing from the summit.



“The presence of ash prompted authorities to raise the aviation color code to orange on February 13. On other days during this eruption, it was elevated to red, the highest level of concern. The airport in nearby Catania diverted flights amid hazardous conditions, according to news reports,” said NASA.



“Since Etna stirred to life this time around, crowds of hikers and even some skiers flocked to its slopes to witness the fiery displays and lava flows melting through snow. The eruption was ongoing as of February 18, with weak ash emissions and decreasing explosive activity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-volcano-with-a-long-history">A volcano with a long history </h2>



Mount Etna has a history stretching back hundreds of thousands of years. Located on the east coast of Sicily, near Catania, the volcano has shaped the landscape and influenced human civilization.



The volcano’s activity dates back at least 500,000 years, with its earliest eruptions occurring beneath the sea before the landmass emerged. Over time, lava flows, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>, and collapses have sculpted the towering stratovolcano seen today.



Ancient civilizations were well aware of Etna’s power. Greek mythology depicted it as the forge of Hephaestus, the god of fire, while the poet Pindar described its violent eruptions. The philosopher Empedocles was even said to have perished in its fiery depths.&nbsp;



Etna’s eruptions were documented throughout Roman history, including a major event in 122 BC that devastated Catania.



During the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, Etna continued its eruptions, frequently altering its landscape and affecting nearby settlements.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-activity-of-mount-etna">Monitoring the activity of Mount Etna </h2>



One of the most devastating eruptions occurred in 1669, when lava flows destroyed several villages and overwhelmed parts of Catania’s city walls. Despite these dangers, people continued to live and farm on Etna’s fertile slopes, taking advantage of its rich volcanic soil.



Scientific study of Mount Etna began in the 19th and 20th centuries, as researchers sought to understand its behavior and mitigate its risks. Advances in monitoring technology have since helped track its activity, though eruptions remain unpredictable.&nbsp;



In modern times, Etna continues to be one of the most closely watched <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> in the world, with frequent eruptions, ash clouds, and lava flows affecting air travel and local communities.



Mount Etna was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013 due to its geological significance and cultural history.&nbsp;



Today, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-next-big-volcano-eruption-will-cause-global-chaos-climate-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> attracts tourists, scientists, and locals alike, serving as both a reminder of nature’s power and a source of economic and scientific interest.



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Fiery eruption of Mount Etna captured from space

The pygmy rabbit, also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_rabbit">Brachylagus idahoensis</a>, is a rabbit species native to the United States. It is also the only native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/washingtons-pygmy-rabbits-challenges/">rabbit</a> species in North America to dig its own burrow. The pygmy rabbit is the world's smallest leporid, with adults weighing between 375 and 500 grams (0.827 and 1.102 lb).

Pymgy rabbit

Our planet is full of life, and among its tiniest inhabitants, nematode worms play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance.



A recent study has shed light on the surface chemistry of these worms, providing us with an image of how these creatures interact with their environment and each other.



The research could potentially lead to a better understanding of evolutionary adaptations. The study may also be instrumental in countering parasitic infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nematodes-at-the-molecular-level">Nematodes at the molecular level</h2>



Scientists in the School of Pharmacy at the <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nottingham</a> have taken a closer look at nematodes under the magnifying glass.



Using a powerful new mass spectrometry imaging system, they focused on Caenorhabditis elegans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-worms-can-make-complex-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pristionchus pacificus</a>, two species of nematode worms.



The researchers sought to analyze the worm's distinctive surface chemistry and evaluate how its skin influences its physiology and behavior.



The results showed that nematode surfaces are primarily oily or lipid-based, and form a complex chemical landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-creatures-with-big-scientific-value">Tiny creatures with big scientific value</h2>



Nematode <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-discovered-worms-that-kill-tarantulas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms</a>, as unsightly as they might seem to some, inhabit almost every environment known to us, from soil and water to plants, seeds, and even humans and other animals.



Nematode infections can lead to severe cases with serious health complications.



“Nematodes are an excellent model for human biology and are considered to be some of the most completely understood animals on the planet – especially in terms of genetics, neurology and developmental biology," said Dr. Veeren Chauhan, the lead researcher for this study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-biology">Implications for human biology</h2>



Dr. Chauhan noted that we share around 60-70% of our DNA with these worms, so any new discoveries about them can significantly enhance our understanding of human biology and can contribute towards solving global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-fossils-could-inspire-advancements-in-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human health</a> challenges.



"Using world-leading mass spectrometry facilities, we studied the surface chemical properties of nematodes throughout their development," said Dr. Chauhan.



"This allowed us to track molecular changes in detail and observe how surface chemistry differs during development, varies between species, and, importantly, influences their interactions with one another."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-in-chemical-imaging">Breakthrough in chemical imaging</h2>



The 3D-OrbiSIMS instrument was critical in this research because it provided an unprecedented level of molecular detail.



As one of the most advanced tools for high-resolution chemical imaging, it enables scientists to analyze biological surfaces with extraordinary precision.



The University of Nottingham was one of the first institutions in the world to obtain a 3D-OrbiSIMS instrument, solidifying its role in pioneering molecular imaging research. 



This cutting-edge technology allows mass spectral molecular analysis across a wide range of materials, including both hard and soft matter, biological cells, and tissues.



By combining high surface sensitivity, mass resolution, and spatial precision with a depth profiling sputtering beam, 3D-OrbiSIMS has transformed our ability to study microscopic organisms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-composition-of-nematode-skin">Composition of nematode skin</h2>



The study revealed that lipids make up approximately 70-80% of the molecular composition of nematode surface skin.



Furthermore, the researchers found that nematode surface chemistry changes over time, as the worms go through different life stages.



These findings offer new insights into nematode biology and the interactions of these worms with their environment. The results would not have been possible without the power of advanced chemical imaging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-lipids">The power of lipids</h2>



Beyond their structural role, the surface lipids of nematodes are proving to be central to their survival and interactions. 



“Discovering that these worms have a predominantly oily, or lipid-based, surface is a significant step in understanding their biology. These lipid surfaces help maintain hydration and provide a barrier against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, which are essential for their survival," noted Dr. Chauhan.



"What is also very interesting is that these lipids appear to serve as chemical cues that influence interspecies interactions, such as predation." 



"For example, the predatory behavior of Pristionchus pacificus is guided by physical contact with the surface lipids of its prey, Caenorhabditis elegans, and alterations in these lipids can increase the susceptibility of the prey to predation."



Dr. Chauhan noted that gaining this level of understanding of the surface chemistries of these worms and how they influence interaction and survival opens up new areas of scientific discovery and could ultimately help in developing strategies to fight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/declining-moose-populations-linked-to-brain-eating-parasitic-worms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parasitic worms</a> and the diseases that they cause.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The findings extend beyond fundamental biology, opening new avenues for applied research in parasitology, agriculture, and medicine.



Understanding the chemical makeup of nematode surfaces could lead to innovative strategies for disrupting parasitic life cycles, protecting crops from harmful nematodes, and even developing biomimetic materials that replicate their lipid-based defenses. 



As scientists continue to explore these microscopic yet complex organisms, their unique surface chemistry may hold the key to addressing significant challenges in human and environmental health.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.4c12519" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JACS</a>.



Image Credit: University of Nottingham - Veered Chauhan



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Nematodes use chemistry to survive and communicate

Our planet is full of life, and among its tiniest...

Crown shyness is an intriguing occurrence where the tops of certain trees form graceful gaps instead of merging into a continuous canopy. This sight has fascinated forest visitors for decades, leaving many amazed at the patterns that appear carefully carved in the foliage overhead.



While it's often assumed that a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilient-trees-can-help-safeguard-cities-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> canopy is densely packed with leaves, the channel-like gaps between branches challenge this notion and raise intriguing questions.



In a recent study, Dr. Emily Osterloff from the Natural History Museum in London has shared new insights into why some crowns seem reluctant to meet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tree-canopy-puzzle">The tree canopy puzzle</h2>



Experts began documenting this striking leaf separation in the 1920s, noting it in some eucalypts, black mangroves, and Japanese larches, though not all forests display such airy spacing. 



They wondered whether these tall giants were simply responding to environmental factors or whether something deeper was at play.



Researchers proposed that wind might have a role by making branches collide, trimming sensitive shoots and maintaining small corridors overhead. Over time, even gentle rubbing can shape how upper limbs expand, effectively sculpting unique outlines around the tree’s perimeter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-sensing-and-canopy-growth">Light sensing and canopy growth</h2>



In addition to physical contact, scientists suspect that trees sense nearby foliage by detecting certain wavelengths of light. 



They rely on <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3268501/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytochrome</a>, a light-sensitive protein that shifts its activity under red and far-red spectra, allowing each canopy to gauge the presence of neighbors.



Under these cues, some trees may slow outward expansion to avoid deep shade or excessive bumping. By regulating branch development, they possibly cut down on energy losses caused by repeated collisions or overshadowing from taller growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-jigsaw-of-twigs-and-branches">A jigsaw of twigs and branches</h2>



In Costa Rica, observers described branches behaving “like loosely fitting pieces of a jigsaw puzzle,” explained Dr. Francis E. Putz from The University of Florida and colleagues in 1984.



Broken twigs often clustered at places where swaying boughs touched, suggesting an ongoing pattern of tip damage.



Some of those areas lacked vigorous new growth, hinting that contact points become natural pruning zones. Gradually, each crown forms neat boundaries along its edges, letting slivers of sky peek through.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tree-canopy-gaps-help">How tree canopy gaps help </h2>



A few theories propose that these gaps reduce the spread of certain pests, since leaf-chewing insects may struggle to jump across open channels. Lowering direct contact between foliage might also curb disease transmission, giving each tree extra defense in a crowded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>.



Some investigators suggest that the openings allow more sunlight to filter down the trunk, providing undergrowth a better shot at photosynthesis. 



This extra light can support a wider range of plants, insects, and other creatures, potentially strengthening the overall health of the forest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-a-tree-canopy">Shaping a tree canopy </h2>



Research in a Japanese mixed forest found that broad-leaved canopies often left wider channels than conifers. This could stem from differences in crown shape, wood flexibility, or simply how each species copes with frequent breezes overhead.



Slender trunks are known to sway more, increasing contact with neighboring boughs and thus boosting tip breakage. With each passing season, repeated impacts shape a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drones-reveal-hidden-biodiversity-in-rainforest-canopies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canopy</a> that appears to politely step back from the stand next door.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lingering-mysteries-and-fresh-frontiers">Lingering mysteries and fresh frontiers</h2>



A study using three-dimensional scanning confirmed that spindly forms are more likely to display these distinct boundary gaps. 



Such findings highlight the interaction between mechanical forces, photoreceptors, and the tree’s genetic makeup.



One cloud forest <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388326">study</a> found that wind-exposed areas did not always produce more open gaps, challenging the assumption that rough weather is the main driver. 



In contrast, certain experts propose that hormones or chemical cues nudge branches apart even in calmer settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



Observations from multiple continents indicate that crown shyness arises under a variety of conditions. Some stands exhibit subtle gaps, while others create a well-defined patchwork pattern across the canopy.



Future research might focus on how younger saplings begin to express this phenomenon, or if it becomes more pronounced as trees age. Questions also linger about whether partial crowding yields the same structural adjustments when compared to dense stands.



Although the exact reasons behind crown shyness remain open to interpretation, the patterns they form captivate onlookers and spark wonder about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cities-lack-sufficient-canopy-cover-despite-visible-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature’s complexity</a>. 



Insights so far suggest a delicate dance of light, wind, and growth strategies that keeps certain branches close but never fully touching. Researchers continue searching for the missing puzzle piece that completes this botanical mystery.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8557382/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Botany</a>.



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Why some trees never touch each other in the canopy

Crown shyness is an intriguing occurrence where the tops of...

Titanium leads the way in Japan’s most recent leap into renewable energy. The country has now unveiled the first solar panel that makes use of titanium - a technology that could potentially be 1000 times more powerful than traditional cells.



By harnessing the unique properties of titanium dioxide and selenium, this innovative approach not only boosts efficiency dramatically but also has the potential to transform the entire solar power generation sector. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-titanium-solar-panels-are-cheaper">Titanium solar panels are cheaper</h2>



Conventional solar panels use silicon-based materials whereas the new Japanese technology involves panels that use layers of titanium and selenium in the photovoltaic cells. 



The researchers found that they could enhance the adhesion between the layers of titanium oxide and selenium, which improved the energy conversion efficiency and allowed more electricity to be generated from the same amount of sunlight. 



They introduced this technology to the world in a publication in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092702482400432X">Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.</a>



Titanium is a metal with exceptional strength and resistance to corrosion, making it useful for many engineering applications. However, its energy-intensive extraction process has always made it too costly to use extensively. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-energy-and-titanium">Solar energy and titanium</h2>



Scientists from the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> have now designed a process of extraction that may finally break down the cost barrier of titanium and render it more accessible for numerous applications, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harnessing-solar-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar energy</a>. 



The results of this research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49085-4">Nature Communications</a>, have far-reaching implications, not just for the renewable energy industry, but also for other fields that make use of titanium, such as the aerospace industry and medical technologies.



“Industry mass-produces iron and aluminum metal - but not titanium metal, because of the expense of removing the oxygen from the ore,” explained Toru H. Okabe, lead author of the study. 



“We use an innovative technology based on rare-earth metals that removes oxygen from titanium to 0.02% on a per-mass basis.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-titanium-cost-no-longer-a-problem">Titanium cost no longer a problem </h2>



In order to remove oxygen from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanium-is-a-promising-and-abundant-resource-for-carbon-capture/">titanium</a> ore and generate a purer metal, high energy input is needed. This has made titanium prohibitively expensive for many industrial applications. 



However, the new Japanese extraction process makes use of another rare element, namely yttrium. This metal is commonly used in a range of technologies, including LED screens and superconductors. 



The researchers reacted molten titanium with yttrium metal to produce a low-cost, solid, de-oxygenated titanium alloy.



Despite the fact that the new process is far more cost-effective, yttrium also comes with its drawbacks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yttrium-is-a-blessing-and-a-curse">Yttrium is a blessing and a curse</h2>



Yttrium is clearly a huge asset when used to purify titanium, but a problem arises because the resulting product contains up to 1% yttrium, which could potentially affect the titanium's durability and resistance to corrosion.



These effects could pose a significant challenge to sectors like electronics and aerospace. 



Nonetheless, efforts are underway to resolve these issues and reduce the contamination by yttrium while still preserving the cost-saving benefits. In this way, countless additional applications for cheaper titanium could be unlocked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-solar-energy">The future of solar energy</h2>



This remarkable journey of scientific innovation doesn't just end here. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> sector is poised for a dramatic transformation as we strive to harness greener resources even more effectively. 



Though the yttrium problem needs to be addressed, the overall outlook is upbeat. 



This is indeed a fertile terrain for future investments as continued research and development could lead to enhanced scalability and efficiency.



The key to realizing this technology's full potential lies in continuous investment and global cooperation. Success in this venture could herald a new age of solar power, making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clean energy</a> more potent, more accessible, and more affordable. 



With the advent of next-gen solar panels and more affordable titanium, the future of renewable energy has never been more exciting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charting-the-course-ahead">Charting the course ahead</h2>



Japan's titanium solar panel breakthrough marks not just an evolution in solar technology, but a potential paradigm shift across multiple industries. 



As the world increasingly turns toward sustainable energy solutions, these innovation signal an era where advanced materials and smart engineering converge to redefine what's possible.



Beyond renewable energy, the success of titanium-based panels could catalyze the adoption of titanium innovations in other sectors, ranging from electronics to aerospace, while also driving down production costs and spurring economic growth.



Policymakers and industry leaders now have a unique opportunity to support these advances and pave the way for widespread implementation and further research investments.



In essence, this pioneering work is more than a scientific achievement; it represents a collective leap toward a future where clean, efficient energy is accessible to all. 



Details of this research were published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092702482400432X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells</a>, and in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49085-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Solar panels are 1000 times more powerful with new tech breakthrough

Titanium leads the way in Japan’s most recent leap into...

We all dread the arrival of mosquito season, with their buzzing antennae heralding the irritating prick and maddening itch that haunt countless nights. Yet, could this much-maligned insect hold the key to a major advance in disaster response?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-signals-pioneer-disaster-detection">Mosquito signals pioneer disaster detection</h2>



A multidisciplinary team of scientists from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a> is now turning the tables on our understanding of mosquitoes.



Specifically, the team is conducting an in-depth look at the tiny creature's antennae and their sensitivity to vibrations, which may prove pivotal in predicting natural disasters such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tsunamis-are-preceded-by-changes-in-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tsunamis</a>.



"We’re still in the early stages but we’re pretty optimistic that we’ll at least learn a great deal," says Professor Pablo Zavattieri from Purdue's College of Engineering who conducted the investigation along with Jerry M. and Lynda T. Engelhardt.



"Taking inspiration from nature and using it to advance scientific research has been a core feature of engineering since the very beginning," he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code-of-mosquito-hearing">Cracking the code of mosquito hearing</h2>



Mosquitoes, most of which are without traditional ears, rely heavily on their antennae to "hear" their way through life. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-device-identifies-mosquitoes-using-only-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antennae</a> help them locate critical sounds, even amid the distracting noises of their own wingbeats.



The research has focused on the arrangement, morphology, and sensory hairs on these antennae. These adaptations are thought to enhance a mosquito's auditory sensitivity and selective response to environmental cues.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/mosquito-antennae_ct-scan_credit-Purdue_1s.webp" alt="This CT scan is a close-up of the structural features of a male mosquito's antennae. Purdue University researchers are studying these features to see if they could inform the design of acoustic sensors. Credit: Purdue University / Phani Saketh Dasika" class="wp-image-1960778"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This CT scan is a close-up of the structural features of a male mosquito's antennae. Purdue University researchers are studying these features to see if they could inform the design of acoustic sensors. Credit: Purdue University / Phani Saketh Dasika</figcaption></figure>



“Using advanced micro-CT imaging to create high-fidelity CAD models for finite element analysis, we found that the architectural features of mosquito antennae enable species- and sex-specific acoustic target detection, even amid nontarget signals like their own wingbeats,” researcher Phani Saketh Dasika said.



“Our findings also suggest that mosquito antennae are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-use-thermal-infrared-vision-to-track-and-bite-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capable of detecting</a> a broader range of frequencies than previously thought, though not all of these may be actively utilized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-big-ears-of-the-urban-jungle">The big ears of the urban jungle</h2>



The team’s efforts to mimic the responses of antennae from different mosquito species to varying sounds have led to more revealing discoveries.



"By modeling and contrasting the response of the antenna of species of mosquito using sound for different purposes - hearing mates or eavesdropping on frogs - we were able to tease apart features modulating hearing sensitivity and tuning," explained Professor Bernal of Purdue's College of Science. 



"Understanding how these structures work is the first step toward developing acoustic sensors inspired by their sensitive antennae," she added. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mosquito-antennae-sensors-matter">Why mosquito antennae sensors matter</h2>



But it's not just about acoustic sensors. The research has a broader societal impact. 



Professor Zavattieri believes that the insights gained from examining mosquito antennae could inform the development of smart noise-canceling materials. 



These could range from soundproofing panels for buildings to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-artificial-intelligence-noise-canceling-headphones-listen-one-voice-crowd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise-canceling headphones</a>, and even acoustic cloaking devices.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/mosquito-antennae_mosquito-head-antennae_3d-printed_credit-Purdue_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/mosquito-antennae_mosquito-head-antennae_3d-printed_credit-Purdue_1s.webp" alt="Purdue University professor Pablo Zavattieri holds a 3D-printed mosquito head. His team is recreating mosquito antennae to better study their sensitivity to vibrations, which may improve how natural disasters are monitored and detected. Credit: Purdue University / Drew Stone" class="wp-image-1960780"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Purdue University professor Pablo Zavattieri holds a 3D-printed mosquito head. His team is recreating mosquito antennae to better study their sensitivity to vibrations, which may improve how natural disasters are monitored and detected. Credit: Purdue University / Drew Stone</figcaption></figure>



“Imagine urban environments equipped with bio-inspired sensors, akin to ‘big ears,’ capable of discerning specific sounds amid the hustle and bustle of city life,” said Zavattieri.



“In times of crisis - such as earthquakes or other disasters - these sensors become invaluable, swiftly detecting faint signals of distress and guiding rescue efforts to those in need.”



The team currently focuses on developing antennae through 3D printing, using a range of materials and sizes for frequency testing. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-antennae-and-the-future">Mosquito antennae and the future</h2>



Building on these groundbreaking insights, the research team is taking the next steps in transforming laboratory discoveries into practical, life-saving technologies. 



Their innovative approach may not only enhance existing earthquake and tsunami detection methods but also transform crisis response in densely populated areas.



The vision is to equip urban buildings and public spaces with sensors that are modeled after mosquito antennae, and are capable of continuously monitoring subtle vibrations and detecting potential disaster events well before conventional methods.



Collaborations with technology developers and urban planners would be necessary to prototype these sensor networks under controlled conditions. 



Moreover, the insights derived from studying mosquito acoustics hold promise for advancing noise-cancellation technology and acoustic cloaking devices, thus broadening the impact of this research even further.



As the project moves forward, the humble mosquito is set to evolve from a common nuisance into a symbol of innovative progress and resilience, offering new hope for disaster preparedness and urban safety.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1742706124007414?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Acta Biomaterialia</a>.



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Mosquito antennae inspire next-gen natural disaster sensors

We all dread the arrival of mosquito season, with their...

Honeybees are renowned for their intricate waggle dance, a specialized form of communication that directs nestmates to valuable food sources.&nbsp;



The basic idea is simple: after returning to the hive, a forager bee performs a dance in which the angle of movement indicates the direction of food, and the duration of the “waggle run” conveys the distance.&nbsp;



If the display succeeds, observer bees become recruits, flying out to locate the advertised resources.&nbsp;



However, despite millions of years of evolutionary refinement, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-perform-waggle-dance-to-share-the-location-of-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waggle dance</a> does not always work. Researchers have long been puzzled by why some recruited bees fail to find the food their nestmates enthusiastically promote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-honeybee-dance-nbsp">Studying the honeybee dance&nbsp;</h2>



In a recent study, a team led by associate professor Margaret Couvillon from <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a>’s Department of Entomology set out to investigate what drives waggle dance success or failure. 



Working with co-researcher and former PhD student Laura McHenry, they uncovered new insights into the role that individuality plays in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-cause-of-honeybee-mortality-can-be-easily-reduced/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybee</a> communication. 



By analyzing how unique dance styles can affect the outcome of foraging missions, the scientists found that variety - not uniformity - often leads to better recruitment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-waggle-dances-fall-short">Why some waggle dances fall short</h2>



Although the waggle dance has been studied for over 80 years, many facets of it remain mysterious. Bees move through the hive with excitement, shaking their abdomens and buzzing their wings to “tell” others where to go.&nbsp;



Yet the precision of this communication can sometimes leave much to be desired. Even if the directions appear clear, it is common for newly recruited foragers to miss the target. What might be causing these failures?



“Although the waggle dance itself is fascinating, my lab has additionally been intrigued about waggle dance miscommunication, or the hows and whys behind the failure of the dance recruitment,” Couvillon said.&nbsp;



This line of inquiry motivated her and McHenry to design experiments that tracked individual bees, their dance styles, and how these styles translated into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-foraging-behavior-changing-climate-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraging</a> success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-up-the-experiment">Setting up the experiment</h2>



To unravel the secrets of honeybee miscommunication, Couvillon and McHenry devised a controlled setup using clear-walled observation hives.&nbsp;



By making the hive walls transparent, the researchers could capture high-definition video of the dance floor. Individual bees were tagged so the team could monitor which foragers arrived at the food source, watched a dance, and later performed their own version of the waggle dance for others.



First, certain bees were trained to gather from an artificial feeder placed at a known distance and direction from the hive. These trained bees returned to share their discovery, dancing in front of others to highlight precisely where the recruits should fly.&nbsp;



If a new, tagged bee reached the feeder after viewing a dance, the researchers examined the video footage to identify which dancer had successfully recruited them. Step by step, the investigators could pinpoint the specific waggle run that led to a forager’s triumph.



Initially, Couvillon hypothesized that bees whose dance styles closely matched each other might generate more consistent, accurate directions.&nbsp;



Under that scenario, recruits would easily interpret similar movements and glean an unambiguous sense of distance. But what the data revealed was something else entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overshooting-the-mark">Overshooting the mark</h2>



When the team reviewed the footage, they discovered that successful foraging recruits often came from dances that overshot the true distance.&nbsp;



Instead of telling nestmates to stop exactly where the food was located, these dances had slightly lengthier waggle runs.&nbsp;



The result? Recruits traveled past the feeder, then had a second opportunity to notice it on the way back. This “double chance” approach appeared to boost the overall likelihood of success.



By contrast, bees that performed dances describing the precise distance did not always see such robust success.&nbsp;



The research suggests that in a dynamic and unpredictable environment, a little extra distance in the waggle run might be an advantage, increasing the chance that bees will encounter the resource eventually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honeybee-dance-diversity">Honeybee dance diversity</h2>



Overall, these findings highlight how unique individual styles benefit the colony. Far from undermining communication, variation in waggle dance expression may improve group outcomes.&nbsp;



If every bee performed the dance identically, the success rate might drop, as foragers would rely on one strict formula. But with multiple interpretations and slight “errors” in distance, recruits gain repeated opportunities to locate the food.



“We’ve known for a while that behavioral and genetic diversity benefit honeybees, allowing for superior thermoregulation, disease resistance, growth, and foraging,” said Couvillon. “Now we have also seen that diverse communication enhances recruitment success.”



This discovery adds another layer to the importance of individual variation in social insects. Much like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-asexual-ants-maintain-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a> provides resilience against disease, communication diversity can enhance how effectively colonies exploit their environment. 



In the end, a colony filled with slightly different dance styles stands a better chance of finding the best resources consistently - and ensures fewer bees come back empty-handed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The results open new avenues of investigation into honeybee communication and social organization. Future research could examine exactly which factors lead some bees to overshoot the target, or how colonies adjust dance strategies under changing conditions, such as resource scarcity. 



Could environmental stressors push bees toward more conservative or more exaggerated dances? Do certain hive conditions encourage either uniformity or diversity in waggle dance expression?



Whatever scientists uncover, one thing seems clear: the honeybee waggle dance remains a marvel of collective intelligence.&nbsp;



By embracing the quirks and individualities of each dancer, honeybee colonies harness the power of distinct signals to enhance foraging success.&nbsp;



Through dance, they build resilience and adaptability, ensuring that the next generation can keep the colony humming along - one step, one waggle at a time.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224017159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>. 



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Honeybees use creative dance moves to help others find food

Honeybees are renowned for their intricate waggle dance, a specialized...

Abstract,System,Of,Quantum,Computing,,The,Future,Supercomputer,Technology,,3d

Majorana 1 has emerged as a bold stride in quantum computing. It arrives at a time when many researchers are exploring faster, smaller, and more dependable ways to handle quantum information.



<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/cnayak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chetan Nayak</a>, Microsoft technical fellow and Corporate Vice President of Quantum Hardware at Microsoft, has highlighted the significance of creating a stable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-claims-commercial-quantum-computing-is-just-five-years-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum system</a> that can adapt to large-scale needs. 



His team has worked on a new “topoconductor,” a special class of material that supports unique behaviors not seen in ordinary matter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-majorana-1-qubits-reduce-errors">Majorana 1 qubits reduce errors</h2>



Majorana 1 is built around <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/npjqi20151">Majorana zero modes</a>, which store data through electric charge parity. 



Developers say these modes offer a path to lower error rates, since the system can effectively hide and protect the information.



Each qubit in this design operates with digital pulses instead of delicate analog control. This lets engineers run error correction more directly, which is critical for tasks that involve many qubits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-sets-topoconductors-apart">What sets 'topoconductors' apart</h2>



Scientists at Microsoft discovered a way to fuse <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08445-2">superconductors with semiconductors</a> in a design involving <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Indium-arsenide">indium arsenide</a> and aluminum. 



Their approach relies on extremely low temperatures to form stable wires.



These wires enable a new state of matter known as a topological superconductor. It gives the system extra resilience, which helps sustain quantum states for more reliable operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-majorana-1-s-improves-scalability">Majorana 1’s improves scalability</h2>



Engineers aim to move <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-cold-molecules-poised-to-revolutionize-quantum-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing beyond small demonstrations. Microsoft’s topological strategy addresses that by integrating error protection directly into hardware.



Some existing qubits require fine-tuned signals that are hard to scale. By shifting to measurements for computation, developers reduce overhead and open the door to running many qubits at once.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-path-to-fewer-errors">One path to fewer errors</h2>



A common hurdle in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-gates-teleported-a-leap-toward-scalable-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing is noise that throws off sensitive qubit states. With topological qubits, the physical structure naturally guards them, so fewer corrections are needed in software.



Researchers say their design might handle trillions of operations on a million qubits without overwhelming control complexity. 



Simpler signals mean less hardware per qubit, which could shrink the size of future machines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acknowledgment-from-defense-agencies">Acknowledgment from defense agencies</h2>



Microsoft’s approach drew attention from <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/">DARPA</a>. That agency runs programs like the <a href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/13104/1310459/National-defense-quantum-tech-deployment-analysis-and-future-prospects/10.1117/12.3023663.short">Underexplored Systems for Utility-Scale Quantum Computing</a>, which looks for promising hardware that might solve tasks beyond the ability of regular machines.



Microsoft is now among a select group advancing in DARPA’s evaluation. This backing sends a strong sign of confidence in a system that merges academic theory with commercial viability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digital-pulses-for-measurements">Digital pulses for measurements</h2>



The Majorana 1 processor merges measurement-based methods with data readout using a <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408430208500496">quantum dot</a>, a tiny component that tracks electron charges. 



This <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12252">design</a> has shown it can detect a difference of one extra electron with high reliability. 



Microsoft suggests this technique allows qubits to switch on and off through voltage adjustments. It avoids the frequent recalibration that can slow systems relying on analog drives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-practical-uses">Glimpse into practical uses</h2>



When quantum systems can handle vast numbers of qubits, they might shed light on puzzling chemistry questions. 



This includes analyzing how different bonds form or how materials break down, which could speed up research into new forms of construction or pollution control.



Experts see potential applications in fields like medicine and agriculture, particularly when joined with artificial intelligence. 



Machine learning models could pair with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> to explore better enzyme designs and faster drug discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-goal-here">What's the goal here?</h2>



Engineers often face trade-offs with qubit size and stability. A qubit must be small enough for speedy switching but large enough for stable control wires.



Researchers indicate that a finely tuned shape, sometimes called a sweet spot, helps achieve a scalable device. 



The ultimate aim is to fill a chip with many qubits that can be operated within standard data center environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-lab">Beyond the lab</h2>



Although certain steps remain before consumers notice quantum advantages in daily life, the progress seems brisk. 



Engineers must finalize cooling methods and expand the software environment that coordinates qubit operations.



All of this occurs at subzero temperatures. Still, the push to bring these solutions into mainstream data centers suggests that we may see real impacts sooner than many once predicted.



“We took a step back and said ‘OK, let’s invent the transistor for the quantum age’” said Chetan Nayak. His statement underscores how they looked for a long-term approach rather than a quick fix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-majorana-1-and-existing-tools">Majorana 1 and existing tools</h2>



The Majorana 1 chip functions as part of a larger toolkit that includes a dilution refrigerator and specialized control logic. 



Each piece plays a role in running quantum algorithms, which are programs that leverage quantum phenomena to tackle problems regular computers cannot handle efficiently.



Engineers must continue refining the material layers to minimize defects. Their success may pave the way for the next phase of computing, where topological hardware handles specialized tasks more efficiently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-solving-with-majorana-1">Problem solving with Majorana 1</h2>



With eight topological qubits already placed on a single device, the vision of a large-scale quantum machine seems more tangible. 



One reason for optimism is the built-in error protection that underpins each step, which might reduce overhead in future expansions.



Developers plan to create robust prototypes that solve real-world challenges without indefinite years of waiting. 



They also highlight a focus on industrial-scale impact, hinting that this technology could address large, complex simulations.



Researchers have long searched for stable platforms to run quantum operations. By anchoring the system in strong materials science, teams hope to turn topological qubits into practical tools.



Those behind Majorana 1 emphasize that scalability is key for solving meaningful problems. The ability to coordinate many qubits is poised to unlock scenarios previously confined to theoretical speculation.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08445-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Microsoft announces giant leap in quantum computing

Majorana 1 has emerged as a bold stride in quantum...

The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has been increasing rapidly, leading to severe climate consequences. 



However, researchers at <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University</a> have identified an unexpected benefit of rising CO2 levels: tropical trees have become more efficient at photosynthesis over the past century.



"Tropical forests substantially influence the terrestrial carbon sink. Their contributions to the forest carbon sink may increase due to the stimulation of photosynthesis by rising atmospheric CO2; however, the magnitude of this effect is poorly quantified for tropical canopy trees," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-photosynthesis-and-rising-co2">Tree photosynthesis and rising CO2</h2>



The study revealed that the increase in CO2 concentrations has enabled <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-with-thick-leaves-may-thrive-in-higher-co2-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical trees</a> to enhance their carbon-absorbing capabilities.



The results are based on a new method which allowed the researchers to examine the influence of CO2 on trees over the last 100 years. Using wood samples, the team investigated how tree photosynthesis has responded to rising levels of carbon.



The experts collected wood samples from red cedar trees in Australia, Thailand, and Bangladesh. Using a hollow drill, they extracted thin cylindrical pieces of wood that reveal the tree's growth rings.



"From such a sample, you can not only tell how much the tree has grown, but it also acts as a kind of time capsule, showing how the tree functioned in a particular year," explained study lead author Sophie Zwartsenberg. 



"That information is encoded in the chemical composition of the wood, which we analyzed in detail."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-production-in-trees">Sugar production in trees</h2>



Sugars are essential for trees, playing a crucial role in their growth and survival. Without sugars, a tree cannot sustain itself. From the analysis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree rings</a>, scientists can determine how well trees have produced sugars through photosynthesis over the last century.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a> is affected by the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Low levels cause the enzyme that traps CO2 to make more errors. Rather than bind with CO2, it can bind with oxygen (O₂), resulting in wasted energy. This process is called photorespiration.



"You can compare it to a bag of marbles," said Zwartsenberg. "If there are many CO2 balls mixed in with the oxygen, the enzyme is more likely to pick CO2. But if it fails and grabs oxygen instead, the tree wastes energy without producing any sugar. This process is called photorespiration and is different from photosynthesis."



Since higher CO2 levels reduce the occurrence of photorespiration, trees can use more energy for growth and maintenance. This is not only beneficial for trees but also for humans, as increased photosynthesis means that trees absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increase-in-photosynthetic-efficiency">Increase in photosynthetic efficiency</h2>



To analyze these changes, the scientists used a chemical method developed at a Swedish university. This technique examines sugar molecules, which form differently depending on whether they result from photosynthesis (CO2 capture) or photorespiration (O2 capture).



The analysis is conducted with a specialized device that uses magnetic fields to examine tiny wood samples. "It's like a giant MRI machine," noted Zwartsenberg.



By measuring sugar molecules in tree rings, the researchers found a consistent increase in photosynthetic efficiency over the past century. Interestingly, smaller trees showed greater improvements in efficiency compared to larger ones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extra-co2-in-trees">Extra CO2 in trees</h2>



"This is the first time we have been able to demonstrate the effect of extra CO2 in mature trees that have grown under natural conditions," said study co-author Professor Pieter Zuidema.



"Positive CO2 effects on photosynthesis have long been known from greenhouse studies on small plants. The fact that the balance between photosynthesis and photorespiration has shifted toward photosynthesis means that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-have-strategies-to-survive-in-nutrient-poor-soils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical forests</a> have been producing more sugars for a century."



"The question remains, however, where the trees have invested those extra sugars. Other research suggests that, in most cases, they do not form wider tree rings. This would be a next step."



Though the research points to a possible advantage of increasing CO2 levels, the overall risks of climate change remain. The most important action to mitigate these risks is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by transitioning away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.20358" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>.



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Rising CO2 levels have made tropical trees more efficient

The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The Dwarf lantern shark, also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_lanternshark">Etmopterus perryi</a>, is a little-known species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-survived-the-dinosaur-extinction/">dogfish shark</a> in the family Etmopteridae and is the smallest shark in the world. The dwarf lantern shark reaches a maximum known length of 20 cm (7.9 in).

Dwarf lantern shark

Vaquita dolphin, also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaquita">Phocoena sinus</a>, is a species of porpoise endemic to the northern end of the Gulf of California in <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-coastline-of-baja-california-from-space/">Baja California, Mexico</a>. The smallest living cetacean, this one measures 150 cm (4.9 ft) (females) or 140 cm (4.6 ft) (males).

Dwarf lantern shark

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