Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.



The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. 



The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the world's longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.&nbsp;



“An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photo of glaciers in the high-elevation valleys of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia. The upper portion of Fedchenko Glacier crosses the center of the scene.”



NASA noted that most of the larger glaciers in the image show a prominent pattern of light- and dark-brown parallel lines.&nbsp;



“The darker ‘streamlines,’ known as medial moraines, give a sense of the direction of flow of the ice down the valleys. These are concentrations of debris that has been eroded by the glacier from the adjacent mountainsides or a rocky outcrop,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fedchenko-a-high-altitude-glacier">Fedchenko: A high-altitude glacier</h2>



Fedchenko Glacier stretches for approximately 48 miles and covers an area of around 270 square miles. This massive glacier is a critical source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a>, feeding several rivers and influencing the region's hydrology.



Fedchenko Glacier lies at high altitudes, with its origins in the high peaks of the Pamirs, where snow accumulates heavily. Despite being situated in a relatively arid region, the glacier's significant size and volume are maintained by substantial snowfall.&nbsp;



Named after Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, a Russian explorer and naturalist, the glacier was first surveyed in 1928 during Soviet-era expeditions. It plays a crucial role in climate studies, as changes in its length and mass provide insights into the effects of global warming in Central Asia.&nbsp;



The glacier is also part of a spectacular and remote landscape, surrounded by towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-preferred-the-mountains-and-it-changed-our-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and rugged terrain, making it a key feature of the Pamirs' natural beauty.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-glaciers-worldwide">Threats to glaciers worldwide</h2>



Like many glaciers worldwide, Fedchenko faces the threat of retreat due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, raising concerns about water availability and ecosystem changes in the region.



Rising global temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissions are the primary driver of glacier melting. Warmer temperatures not only melt glacier surfaces but also increase the flow of meltwater beneath them, accelerating their disintegration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-pollution-nbsp">Human activities and pollution&nbsp;</h3>



Deforestation and urbanization exacerbate these effects by reducing reflective snow cover and increasing heat absorption in nearby areas.&nbsp;



Airborne pollutants like soot and black carbon darken glacier surfaces, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight and speeding up the rate of melting. 



Industrial activities and tourism in glacier regions add physical stress and pollution, further degrading these fragile ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-supplies">Water supplies</h3>



The loss of glaciers has far-reaching consequences. It disrupts freshwater supplies for millions of people who depend on glacial runoff for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-levels">Rising sea levels</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melting glaciers</a> contribute to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, the loss of glaciers impacts biodiversity, as many species rely on cold, glacial habitats for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-glaciers">Protecting glaciers</h3>



Efforts to mitigate these threats focus on reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-hidden-sources-of-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> emissions, protecting glacier regions from industrial exploitation, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.&nbsp;



However, without urgent action, the continued decline of glaciers will have profound implications for the planet's climate, water systems, and ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pamir-mountains-nbsp">The Pamir Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The Pamir Mountains, often called the "Roof of the World," are a vast and rugged mountain range located in Central Asia.&nbsp;



They span across Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan, forming a vital part of the junction where the Himalayas, the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, and the Hindu Kush converge.&nbsp;



With peaks soaring over 7,000 meters, including Ismoil Somoni Peak, the range is home to some of the highest altitudes on Earth.



The Pamir Mountains have been central to trade and cultural exchange for centuries, serving as a critical segment of the ancient Silk Road.&nbsp;



Today, the mountains are a popular destination for trekkers and explorers drawn by their breathtaking beauty and challenging terrain.



The Pamirs are not only a natural wonder but also a biological treasure trove, supporting unique wildlife that is adapted to extreme altitudes.&nbsp;



Culturally, the mountains are home to diverse communities, each with its unique traditions and ways of life, shaped by the harsh but majestic environment.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is located roughly 40 million light-years away in the constellation Lupus.&nbsp;



NGC 5643 belongs to the Hubble classification SBc, indicating that it is a barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms.&nbsp;



Its orientation, nearly face-on to Earth, provides astronomers with an exceptional view of its detailed spiral structure and central bar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-5643-a-grand-design-spiral-nbsp">NGC 5643: A grand design spiral&nbsp;</h2>



“NGC 5643 is what’s known as a grand design spiral, referring to how the galaxy’s two large, winding spiral arms are clear to see,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images">ESA</a>. “The spiral arms are defined by bright blue stars, lacy reddish-brown dust clouds and pink star-forming regions.”



“As fascinating as the galaxy appears at visible wavelengths, some of NGC 5643’s most interesting features are invisible to the human eye.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-activity-in-ngc-5643">Intense activity in NGC 5643</h2>



This galaxy is notable for its Seyfert 2 nucleus, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). The intense activity in its core is powered by a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/">black hole</a> that accretes surrounding material, emitting energy across a wide range of wavelengths.&nbsp;



“When a supermassive black hole ensnares gas from its surroundings, the gas collects in a disc that heats up to hundreds of thousands of degrees. The superheated gas shines brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, but especially at X-ray wavelengths,” said ESA.



Observations have revealed jets and outflows of material emanating from the nucleus, likely driven by the black hole’s activity.&nbsp;



NGC 5643’s AGN has been studied extensively for its role in galactic evolution, particularly in how its energetic processes interact with the galaxy’s interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-ngc-5643-x-1">The mystery of NGC 5643 X-1</h2>



However, ESA pointed out that NGC 5643’s active galactic nucleus isn’t the brightest source of X-rays in the galaxy.&nbsp;



“Researchers using ESA’s XMM-Newton discovered an even brighter X-ray-emitting object, called NGC 5643 X-1, on the galaxy’s outskirts. What could be a more powerful source of X-rays than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/">supermassive black hole</a>?”&nbsp;



“Surprisingly, the answer appears to be a much smaller black hole! While the exact identity of NGC 5643 X-1 is not yet known, evidence points to a black hole that is about 30 times more massive than the Sun.”&nbsp;



“Locked in an orbital dance with a companion star, the black hole ensnares gas from its stellar companion, creating a superheated disc that outshines the galactic center,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-5643">Star formation in NGC 5643</h2>



NGC 5643 also exhibits prominent regions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/">star formation</a> within its spiral arms. These areas are rich in gas and dust - the raw materials for birthing new stars - and glow brightly in ultraviolet and infrared light.&nbsp;



Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) have helped uncover the complex interplay between star formation and the galaxy's central activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-ionized-gas-regions-nbsp">Extended ionized gas regions&nbsp;</h2>



A defining feature of NGC 5643 is the presence of its extended ionized gas regions, which are shaped by the galaxy's AGN activity and star-forming regions.&nbsp;



These structures have been mapped through optical spectroscopy, revealing intricate patterns that help astronomers understand the physical conditions of the gas, such as density, temperature, and composition.



The galaxy also has a dust lane that crosses its nucleus, partially obscuring direct observations of the central region in visible light.&nbsp;



Overall, NGC 5643 offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of barred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/">spiral galaxies</a> with active nuclei, serving as a valuable resource for studying the interactions between supermassive black holes, star formation, and galactic evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-lupus">The constellation Lupus</h2>



Lupus is a constellation located in the southern sky, its name meaning "wolf" in Latin. It has been known since antiquity and was cataloged by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy.&nbsp;



Once part of the larger constellation Centaurus, Lupus was later recognized as a distinct constellation. It is relatively faint but holds historical significance in mythology, often associated with a sacrificial wolf in ancient stories.



Lupus is bordered by other constellations like Scorpius, Centaurus, and Libra. Its stars do not form a particularly striking pattern, but it contains a variety of interesting astronomical features. Among them are numerous double stars, globular clusters, and other deep-sky objects, visible through telescopes.&nbsp;



For observers in the Southern Hemisphere, Lupus is best seen in the winter and spring months, while it appears closer to the horizon for those in northern latitudes.



This constellation also lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/">Milky Way</a>, offering a rich field of stars and nebulae for stargazers. Despite its modest brightness, Lupus holds a special place in the science of astronomy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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NGC 5643: Secrets of a spiraling galactic powerhouse

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) features the Dark Wolf Nebula, located around 5,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius.



According to ESO, this image of the dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-ring-nebula-as-it-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> creates the illusion of a wolf-like silhouette against a colorful cosmic backdrop.&nbsp;



“This image takes up an area in the sky equivalent to four full Moons, but is actually part of an even larger nebula called Gum 55. If you look closely, the wolf could even be a werewolf, its hands ready to grab unsuspecting bystanders,” noted <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-dark-nebulae">Observing dark nebulae </h2>



Dark nebulae are dense regions in space filled with gas and dust that absorb visible light, making them appear as dark patches against brighter backgrounds.&nbsp;



Unlike emission or reflection nebulae, dark nebulae do not glow on their own. Instead, they obstruct and obscure the light from stars and other objects lying behind them.&nbsp;



This characteristic makes them challenging to observe using visible-light telescopes, as they absorb and scatter light rather than reflecting or emitting it.&nbsp;



However, when viewed in infrared, where their obscuring effect is reduced, dark nebulae reveal intricate details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-the-perseus-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular clouds</a> they contain.



According to ESO, astronomers study these clouds of frozen dust because they often contain new stars in the making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-wolf-nebula-nbsp">Dark Wolf Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Dark Wolf Nebula is part of a larger complex known as the Lupus Molecular Cloud, one of several significant star-forming regions close to Earth.&nbsp;



Inside of dark nebulae, the conditions are prime for star formation. The dense gas and dust clump together under gravitational forces. As these clouds contract, they heat up, eventually igniting nuclear fusion and forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new stars</a>.



The Dark Wolf Nebula is known for revealing young, low-mass stars - or T Tauri stars - which are in the early stages of their evolution. These stars are still surrounded by disks of material that may eventually form new planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-scorpius-nbsp">The constellation Scorpius&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpius is one of the most recognizable constellations in the sky. It resembles a scorpion with a long, curved tail and stinger.&nbsp;



Located in the southern sky, Scorpius is especially visible during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere and during the winter months in the Southern Hemisphere. 



The constellation is often associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. According to legend, the scorpion was sent by the goddess Artemis to kill Orion, the great hunter, either as punishment for his arrogance or to protect her animals, depending on the version of the tale.&nbsp;



The gods later placed both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a> and Scorpius in the sky, but in opposite parts of the heavens so they would never be seen together - as Scorpius rises in the east and Orion sets in the west.



Scorpius contains several notable stars and deep-sky objects. Its brightest star, Antares, is a red supergiant often referred to as the "heart of the scorpion" due to its reddish hue and central position. 



Antares is one of the largest visible stars in the sky and has a luminosity that is tens of thousands of times greater than that of our Sun. 



Scorpius is located close to the core of the Milky Way, making it a rich region for star clusters and nebulae. Among these are the Butterfly Cluster and the Ptolemy Cluster - both of which are visible to the naked eye under dark skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-dark-wolf-nebula">Image of the Dark Wolf Nebula </h2>



“This image shows in spectacular detail how the dark wolf stands out against the glowing star-forming clouds behind it,” noted ESO.



“The colorful clouds are built up mostly of hydrogen gas and glow in reddish tones excited by the intense UV radiation from the newborn stars within them.”



The picture was created from images taken at different times. Each of the images has a filter that makes a different color of light visible.&nbsp;



Observations of the Dark Wolf Nebula provide astronomers with valuable information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of stars</a> and the environments in which they form.



The image was captured by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile.



Image Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team



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Dark Wolf Nebula in the constellation Scorpius

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

Parrotlet flight reveals faults in flight research. Today we get a bird's eye view of the intrepid explorer Obi. This parrotlet helps scientists understand more about how birds fly and what we can learn from our feathered friends to further develop flying robots and drones.

Stanford mechanical engineer David Lentink and aerospace engineer Eric Gutierrez published their findings in the Bioinformatics and Biomimetics journal today. They made parrotlet-sized goggles using lenses from human laser safety goggles, 3D-printed sockets and veterinary tape. The goggles also had reflective markers so the researchers could track the bird's velocity. Then Obi was trained to wear the goggles and fly from perch to perch. 

Once Obi had been trained, he flew through a laser sheet that illuminated nontoxic, micron-sized aerosol particles. As he flew through the seeded laser sheet, his wing motion disturbed the particles, generating a detailed record of the vortices created by the flight.

Those particles created the clearest picture to date of the wake left by a flying animal. 

—

Source: <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a>

Parrotlet flight reveals faults in flight research, Stanford study shows

Have you ever wondered how our brain stores memories? For two decades, it has been acknowledged that electrical waves in our brains during deep sleep have a crucial role in memory formation. However, the details of this process have remained a mystery. 



Following an extensive study, a team of researchers from <a href="https://www.charite.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin</a> has proposed a compelling explanation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sleep-and-memory-formation">Deep sleep and memory formation </h2>



How do memories become permanent? Most experts agree that while we are immersed in the land of dreams, our brains have a quick recap of the day's happenings. Here's how it works.



The short-term memory info in the hippocampus is transferred to the long-term memory in the neocortex. 



The unsung heroes of this operation are "slow waves." These are slow, synchronous oscillations of electrical voltage in the cortex that occur during our deepest sleep phase.



"We’ve known for many years that these slow waves contribute to the formation of memory. When slow-wave sleep is artificially augmented from outside, memory improves," explained Professor Jörg Geiger.



But there's been a lingering question - what exactly is happening inside our heads when this process occurs?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-waves-and-brain-connectivity">Slow waves and brain connectivity </h2>



"Synaptic mechanisms that contribute to human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-our-brain-form-long-term-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory consolidation</a> remain largely unexplored. Consolidation critically relies on sleep," noted the researchers.



"During slow wave sleep, neurons exhibit characteristic membrane potential oscillations known as UP and DOWN states. Coupling of memory reactivation to these slow oscillations promotes consolidation, though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive."



To put it simply, these slow electrical waves influence the strength of synaptic connections between the neurons in the neocortex, and thus their receptivity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-mechanisms-of-memory-formation">Mysterious mechanisms of memory formation </h2>



With the use of unique, intact human brain tissue, the team has been able to uncover some of the processes that are linked to memory formation during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sleep-improves-memory-formation-and-recall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep sleep</a>.



The study was focused on tissue samples from 45 patients who had undergone treatment for epilepsy or a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-antidepressants-could-help-treat-brain-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain tumor</a> at Charité, the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel (EvKB) hospital, or the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE).



The experts managed to simulate the voltage fluctuations of slow waves during deep sleep in this tissue, then gauged the response of the nerve cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-timing-of-long-term-memory-storage">The timing of long-term memory storage</h2>



The researchers discovered that synaptic connections between neurons in the neocortex peak at a very specific moment during the voltage fluctuations. They found that the synapses function most efficiently right after the voltage swings from low to high.



"During that brief time window, the cortex can be thought of as having been placed in a state of elevated readiness. If the brain plays back a memory at exactly this time, it is transferred to long-term memory especially effectively,” explained Franz Xaver Mittermaier, lead author of the study.



Worldwide, research groups are exploring ways to use electrical impulses or auditory signals to influence slow waves during sleep. Current stimulation approaches are optimized through the trial-and-error method, which is time-consuming and laborious.



This new understanding of the "perfect timing" could aid in devising methods to boost memory formation more efficiently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-memory-through-sleep">Enhancing memory through sleep</h2>



The insights from this study open the door to new applications for memory enhancement. By understanding the exact timing when synaptic connections are most effective, researchers can refine techniques to influence slow-wave activity.



This could revolutionize treatments for memory-related conditions, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-why-some-brains-resist-alzheimers-disease-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a> or age-related cognitive decline.



Beyond clinical applications, optimizing memory during sleep could benefit learning and performance, offering new possibilities for education and skill acquisition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-applications-of-the-findings">Broader applications of the findings</h2>



The findings of this research extend beyond memory formation and cognitive impairment. By deepening our understanding of how the brain operates during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, scientists can explore innovative applications in various fields.



For instance, optimizing sleep-related brain activity could aid in treating sleep disorders or managing stress-related conditions. 



Additionally, this knowledge might inspire advances in technology, such as brain-computer interfaces designed to enhance cognitive performance. The findings may even lead to memory retention training programs that are tailored to individual sleep patterns.



Ultimately, the potential to harness the power of deep sleep could transform how we approach mental health and neurological well-being.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53901-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Experts pinpoint the exact timing of memory formation during sleep

Have you ever wondered how our brain stores memories? For...

Deep meditative states are often described as “pure consciousness experiences,” where individuals feel alert but do not perceive anything other than “awareness itself.” These states of meditation are frequently characterized as "timeless," with no sense of past, future, or any other temporal features. 



Yet, a paradox emerges: if one is consciously aware and alert, wouldn’t one also be aware of the passage of time? Can these profound meditative states genuinely be devoid of any temporal dimension?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-timeless-meditation">Understanding timeless meditation</h2>



In an article published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqae081" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Philosophical Quarterly</a>, Professor Akiko Frischhut from <a href="https://www.sophia.ac.jp/eng/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sophia University</a> in Japan examines this intriguing contradiction.



“My paper aims to give a coherent conceptualization of deep meditative states, focusing in particular on phenomenal temporality during meditation,” she explained. 



“The central question is whether it is possible to have an experience that is completely timeless, without any temporal feature whatsoever.”



Thomas Metzinger, a prominent philosopher, has argued that first-person accounts of deep meditation from diverse cultures and eras consistently describe these states in strikingly similar terms. 



A common theme is that such states of meditation feel both “completely timeless” and “continuously ongoing.”



However, if something is described as “ongoing,” it implies the presence of duration, meaning that it cannot be entirely timeless. 



This contradiction forms the basis of Frischhut’s investigation. She argues that deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meditative states</a> must inherently involve at least one minimal temporal quality: duration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timeless-meditation-no-beginning-or-end">Timeless meditation: No beginning or end</h2>



To resolve this paradox, Frischhut introduces the “Extended Now Interpretation (ENI).” This concept identifies a critical ambiguity in the term “timeless.”&nbsp;



While some use the word to mean entirely devoid of any temporal features, others apply it to describe a state with an indeterminate duration that lacks specific temporal structures such as change, order, succession, beginning, or end.&nbsp;



Meditators may describe their experience as “timeless” because they perceive no temporal structure, even though they experience a sense of ongoing duration.



Frischhut’s argument suggests that deep meditative states occur within what can be described as an extended present. 



During these states, meditators perceive no change or progression of moments, yet they are immersed in an experience with duration. 



According to the ENI, “timelessness” refers not to the absence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-experiences-alter-time-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">time</a> entirely but rather to the absence of any discernible temporal framework within the experienced duration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alertness-in-deep-meditative-states">Alertness in deep meditative states</h2>



Frischhut delves deeper into the role of sustained <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-light-instantly-enhances-brain-function-alertness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alertness</a> in providing meditators with an implicit awareness of duration, even in the absence of explicit temporal markers.&nbsp;



This form of alertness, found in deep meditative states, can be thought of as a poised state of attention. Over time, meditators either maintain this alert state or slip into less attentive conditions.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/meditation_awareness_time-perception_graphic_credit-Sophia-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/meditation_awareness_time-perception_graphic_credit-Sophia-University_1s.webp" alt="In this study, a researcher from Sophia University presents an in-depth analysis of how and why deep meditative states are often described as &quot;atemporal&quot; or &quot;timeless.&quot; Credit: Akiko Frischhut from Sophia University, Japan" class="wp-image-1953771"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">In this study, a researcher from Sophia University presents an in-depth analysis of how and why deep meditative states are often described as "atemporal" or "timeless." Credit: Akiko Frischhut from Sophia University, Japan</figcaption></figure>



The choice to remain alert -- or the potential to lose alertness -- provides a subtle sense of time’s passage, Frischhut argues. This awareness does not require meditators to consciously track successive moments. 



Instead, the very act of maintaining attention creates an awareness of duration, even without recognizing the progression of one moment to the next.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-lack-of-memory">Addressing the lack of memory</h2>



A significant challenge to Frischhut’s argument lies in the fact that meditators often report an absence of memory during these deep states.&nbsp;



Without <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/">memory</a>, how can one perceive any sense of time? To address this, Frischhut posits that the experience of alertness itself carries a unique phenomenological quality that distinguishes it from a lack of alertness.



She draws an analogy to hearing two consecutive knocks on a door: the second knock feels different because it follows the first. 



Similarly, even without conscious memory, the flow of alertness from one moment to the next provides meditators with an implicit awareness of duration. 



This seamless continuity of momentary alertness allows meditators to experience a sense of ongoing presence, even without actively recalling or recognizing previous moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-this-is-cool-but-why-does-it-matter">This is cool, but why does it matter?</h2>



This analysis sheds new light on the nature of deep meditative states and helps clarify reports that have emerged consistently throughout human history.&nbsp;



Frischhut, whose academic focus includes unusual states of consciousness, hopes her findings will spark further discussion in this relatively underexplored area.



“In my opinion, non-ordinary states of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consciousness-may-stem-from-unseen-dimensions-beyond-our-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consciousness</a> such as deep meditative states, dreams, and psychedelic states have not been sufficiently investigated in contemporary philosophy,” Frischhut said.



She emphasizes that exploring how time is perceived in these altered states could offer profound insights into human cognition and the workings of the mind.&nbsp;



By examining the subtle dynamics of phenomenal temporality, Frischhut’s work paves the way for a deeper understanding of how we experience time across both ordinary and extraordinary states of consciousness.



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No past, no future: Why deep meditation experiences feel 'timeless'

Deep meditative states are often described as “pure consciousness experiences,”...

Concerns about TikTok’s influence on youth are common, but a new study led by Emilie Owens provides a more nuanced view.&nbsp;



Published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2024.0562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Research in Children's Literature</a>, the study explores how TikTok shapes teenagers' lives and behaviors, offering insights that challenge the platform’s negative reputation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teenagers-and-their-phones">Teenagers and their phones</h2>



Owens, a doctoral student in media studies at the <a href="https://www.uio.no/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oslo</a>, set out to better understand the relationship between teenagers and their phones. “My goal has been to get to know teenagers and their phones. I wanted to be in the room with them,” she explained.&nbsp;



Her curiosity was driven by the often critical attitudes adults hold toward TikTok.&nbsp;



While acknowledging its commercial downsides, Owens emphasizes the positive role the platform can play for teens. “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/internet-addiction-impairs-brain-function-in-teenagers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Teenagers</a> in my research say that TikTok makes them happy and provides comfort. They also see it as a social activity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-teenagers-use-of-tiktok">Exploring teenagers’ use of TikTok</h2>



Over seven months, Owens conducted her study in an international high school in Oslo.&nbsp;



To capture authentic teenage behavior, she encouraged students to interact with TikTok as they normally would, occasionally assigning tasks such as finding or creating content.&nbsp;



By observing them in action, she gained a deeper understanding of their relationship with the platform.



Owens initially expected significant gender differences in TikTok use, but her findings painted a more complex picture.&nbsp;



While a small group of boys gravitated toward sarcastic, political, and controversial content, the majority of students - regardless of gender - focused on humorous memes, quirky videos, and educational material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teenagers-learning-through-tiktok">Teenagers learning through TikTok</h2>



One surprising outcome of the study was how much teenagers claimed to learn from TikTok. A 16-year-old girl noted that TikTok often provided clear explanations of current events or academic topics.&nbsp;



“All of these controversies going on? There's always someone explaining it there. Or I have actually seen Russian ladies, like, describe math to me, and I understand it,” she said.&nbsp;



Similarly, a 17-year-old boy praised the platform’s short videos for getting “straight to the point without any explanation,” which he found particularly effective.



TikTok, Owens observed, often acts as a lens through which teenagers view the world. They use it in various contexts, from passing time while waiting for the bus to engaging socially by sharing videos with friends.&nbsp;



“In such cases, TikTok becomes a social focal point, a kind of lens through which they can see the world together,” Owens explained.&nbsp;



This shared experience can bridge cultural divides, particularly in international classrooms where students come from different backgrounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-the-good-and-the-bad">Balancing the good and the bad</h2>



Despite TikTok’s positive aspects, teenagers are aware of its potential downsides. Some prefer YouTube, feeling it offers more substantial educational value. Others temporarily delete TikTok to focus on schoolwork.&nbsp;



One teenager mentioned the physical strain of prolonged use, noting that “after twelve hours, your eyes get sore.” While this may not be literal, it reflects the platform’s potential to consume significant amounts of time.



The content on TikTok also elicited mixed reactions. Teenagers recognized that the type of accounts they follow could influence their mood and motivation.&nbsp;



As one 16-year-old boy put it:&nbsp; “If you follow a certain type of people, it can be motivating. But if you follow a certain group, it can be very demotivating as well.”&nbsp;



The term “brain rot” was humorously used by the teens to describe the sillier, less meaningful content, though they didn’t take this label too seriously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-customized-digital-world">A customized digital world</h2>



Owens reflects on what it means for today’s teenagers to grow up with TikTok. The platform offers a highly customized experience, where users can easily move on to something else if they don’t like what they see.&nbsp;



“It certainly gives them a more customized world. They learn to expect things to be the way they want them,” Owens noted.&nbsp;



While the long-term implications remain unclear, she suggests this tailored digital environment could shape their expectations and interactions in significant ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-relationship-between-teenagers-and-tiktok-nbsp">Complex relationship between teenagers and TikTok&nbsp;</h2>



For parents, Owens points to the work of University of Oslo professor Elisabeth Staksrud, who emphasizes the importance of parental involvement in teenagers’ digital lives.&nbsp;



Owens echoes this advice: “It’s probably wise to be realistic. Young people use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a> now, and it’s an important part of their lives. Approach it as you would any other issue in a teenager’s life. Ask them what’s happening and show that you care.”



Owens’ study reveals a nuanced relationship between teenagers and TikTok. While the platform poses challenges, it also offers opportunities for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>, social connection, and entertainment.&nbsp;



By understanding this balance, parents, educators, and researchers can better navigate the evolving digital landscape and support teenagers in making the most of their online experiences.



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Growing up in a digital world: TikTok makes teenagers happy

Concerns about TikTok’s influence on youth are common, but a...

Proper food intake is essential for pregnant humpback whales to complete their extraordinary annual migration between Hawaii and Alaska.&nbsp;



Researchers with the <a href="https://www.mmrphawaii.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Mammal Research Program</a> (MMRP) at the <a href="https://www.himb.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mānoa Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology</a> (HIMB) have revealed the energetic demands and vulnerabilities of these migratory mothers-to-be.&nbsp;



The findings, published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/JP287304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Physiology</a>, show that while the initial stages of pregnancy are relatively low in energy cost, the final trimester dramatically increases the mother’s energetic needs - just when she must fast and cover great distances without feeding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whales-astonishing-migrations">Humpback whales’ astonishing migrations</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-felt-less-stressed-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humpback whales</a> feed in polar waters and then embark on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-travels-farther-than-any-mammal-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migrations</a> reaching up to 5,000 kilometers to the tropical regions where they mate and give birth.&nbsp;



During pregnancy, which lasts about 10 months, these females must travel and fast, relying solely on the energy reserves built up in feeding grounds.&nbsp;



By examining a combination of recent and historical data, the researchers found a direct correlation between maternal size and fetal growth: larger mothers carry larger fetuses that grow at faster rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-demands-of-pregnant-whales">Energy demands of pregnant whales</h2>



These findings allowed the team to estimate the energy demands for different stages of pregnancy. The first two-thirds of the pregnancy required only minimal extra energy, accounting for just 0.01–1.08% of the mother’s energy expenditure.&nbsp;



The most significant strain came in the final 100 days, when energy needs soared to 98.2% of the pregnancy’s total metabolic cost.



“It was surprising to see how the peak of energy requirements coincided with the onset of fasting in pregnant females, ultimately highlighting how crucial those final 100 days of pregnancy are for this migratory species,” said lead author Martin van Aswegen, a PhD student at MMRP.



“Females that are late in the pregnancy are therefore particularly vulnerable to disruptions in energy balance, given periods of greatest energetic stress coincide with fasting and migration to sub-tropical breeding grounds.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-period-for-pregnant-whales">Vulnerable period for pregnant whales</h2>



According to van Aswegen, the study highlights a particularly vulnerable period for pregnant humpback whales.&nbsp;



“This is important, because once these whales leave their high-latitude feeding grounds, they have a finite amount of energy available to invest in their offspring over a 3–5 month fasting period, with energy requirements being even higher after calf birth.”



Humpback whales depend on abundant feeding during summer months in high-latitude regions to gather the energy reserves necessary for migration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproduction</a>.&nbsp;



The new data highlights how critical it is for these whales to have access to sufficient prey before beginning their long journeys southward to deliver calves in warmer, predator-scarce waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-calf-production-raises-concerns">Declining calf production raises concerns</h2>



Recent observations have shown a worrying trend: there has been a 75.6% decline in the number of humpback whale mothers with calves off Hawaiʻi between 2013 and 2018.&nbsp;



In Southeast Alaska, a recent study documented that calf production between 2015 and 2019 was about six times lower than in pre-2015 years, while midsummer calf mortality increased tenfold from 2014 to 2019.&nbsp;



These declines coincided with significant, extended changes in the marine food web, leading to poor feeding conditions for humpback whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-lives-of-humpback-whales">Complex lives of humpback whales</h2>



“This research underpins future studies on humpback whale energy demands,” said Lars Bejder, co-author of the study and director of MMRP.&nbsp;



“Our drone-collected whale health database, developed in partnership with the <a href="https://www.alaskawhalefoundation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska Whale Foundation</a>, includes over 11,000 measurements from 8,500 individual North Pacific whales. Its extensive temporal and spatial scale offers invaluable insights into the effects of large-scale climatic events on this iconic sentinel species.”&nbsp;



Bejder noted that sustaining such long-term, wide-scale studies is crucial for understanding these impacts within the context of natural variability in whale health.”



“This research underscores the value of collaboration in tackling complex questions about the lives of humpback whales,” added Jens Currie, co-author and chief scientist at <a href="https://www.pacificwhale.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pacific Whale Foundation</a>.&nbsp;



“Through large-scale collaborations, we're able to gain critical insights into the challenges migratory whales face during pregnancy to better inform conservation strategies. Together, we can address large-scale ecological challenges that no single institution could achieve alone.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pressure-faced-by-pregnant-whales">The pressure faced by pregnant whales</h2>



By analyzing the whales’ energy use and nutritional demands, this study sheds light on key factors influencing whale reproductive success.&nbsp;



Understanding the energetic pressures faced by pregnant females can guide future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts aimed at safeguarding feeding grounds and migration routes.&nbsp;



In a warming ocean where prey availability and distribution are changing, such science-based insights will prove essential for ensuring that humpback whales continue to complete their life cycle and thrive for generations to come.



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The hidden struggles of pregnant humpback whales

Proper food intake is essential for pregnant humpback whales to...

Dog owners often have strong opinions about what to feed their pets. From kibble to raw food, the options are diverse. But what actually influences these choices?



A new study from the Dog Aging Project (DAP) uncovers surprising trends, showing that an owner's age plays a bigger role than their income or education.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-aging-impacts-dogs">Studying how aging impacts dogs </h2>



The <a href="https://dogagingproject.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dog Aging Project</a>, a unique research effort at <a href="https://www.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, focuses on understanding how aging impacts dogs. 



With over 50,000 dogs enrolled across the U.S., it’s a community-driven initiative that aims to promote healthier and longer lives for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-healthcare-needs-change-as-they-enter-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our furry friends</a>. Not only does the research help dogs, but it also provides insights into human health and aging.



In their latest study, published in the&nbsp;Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, the researchers gathered data from more than 40,000 dog owners.



The team analyzed how factors like owner age, income, education, and living environment influence dietary decisions for dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-owners-and-pet-food">Dog owners and pet food </h2>



The study revealed that who you are as an owner plays a huge role in what you feed your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chernobyl-dogs-are-rapidly-evolving-in-strange-ways-due-to-nuclear-radiation-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a>.



“We found that owner demographics play a much more important role in the selection of dog diets than previously thought,” explained Dr. Katie Tolbert, a veterinary nutritionist and associate professor at Texas A&amp;M.



For instance, older dog owners are more likely to opt for canned or home-cooked diets. At first glance, you might think this has to do with the dog’s age. But Dr. Tolbert pointed out that it’s more about the owner’s age and their beliefs about what’s healthiest.



“Without considering the owner, we might assume that this choice is a result of dog age,” said Dr. Tolbert.



“But now we have data suggesting that it might be that older dogs are more likely to have older owners, and they are making decisions based on what they believe are healthier choices for their dog that have nothing to do with the dog’s age.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-dog-owner-s-lifestyle">Impact of dog owner's lifestyle</h2>



The study also uncovered how a dog’s lifestyle and location influence diet choices. Active and working dogs in rural areas are often fed home-prepared raw or cooked diets, while urban and less active dogs are more likely to eat canned or commercial raw food.



“Although the majority of dogs are fed a kibble diet, regardless of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-use-soundboards-to-express-their-needs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> size or geographic location, we found that highly active dogs, working dogs, and those living in rural environments were more likely to be fed home-prepared raw or cooked diets when fed something other than kibble,” noted Dr. Tolbert.



“In contrast, sedentary dogs and dogs living in urban areas were more likely to be fed canned, commercial raw, or home-cooked diets when fed something other than kibble.”



The findings emphasize the importance of considering both the dog’s traits and the owner’s lifestyle when analyzing dietary decisions.



“The point of this study was to show that we need to consider information about both the dog and their owner when assessing why a dog is fed a particular diet,” said Dr. Tolbert. “This will make sure that we continue to support canine health with the most accurate information possible.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-dog-owners-choose-pet-food">How dog owners choose pet food</h2>



This research provides valuable insights for veterinarians and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-feel-our-emotions-through-our-heart-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet</a> food companies to better understand how owners decide what to feed their dogs. 



By looking at both the dog and the owner, experts can offer more tailored recommendations to keep dogs healthy and happy.



The Dog Aging Project continues to welcome new participants from across the United States. They’re inviting dogs of all breeds, ages, and health conditions to join this remarkable effort.



By studying canine aging, they hope to improve the lives of dogs and their humans alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationships-of-dogs-and-their-owners">Relationships of dogs and their owners</h2>



The bond between dogs and their owners goes far beyond food choices. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-simple-technique-instantly-reduces-heat-stress-in-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dogs</a> often mirror their owners’ lifestyles and emotional states, creating a unique dynamic that impacts both parties. 



Studies have shown that dogs can sense human emotions, respond to stress, and even adopt similar activity levels to their owners. This close relationship makes it imperative to understand both a dog’s needs and also how the owner’s habits and beliefs shape their pet’s overall well-being.



For example, owners who value fitness may encourage their dogs to stay active, leading to healthier lifestyles for both. On the other hand, sedentary owners might unintentionally promote less activity in their pets. 



This interplay highlights how deeply interconnected the lives of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friends-family-members-and-guardians-dogs-are-more-than-just-pets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> and owners are, and emphasizes the need for holistic approaches to pet care that consider the human-canine bond.



The study is published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/262/12/javma.24.05.0358.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</a>. 



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Dog owners' ages and beliefs influence their pet food choices

Dog owners often have strong opinions about what to feed...

As the holiday season unfolds, shopping reaches its peak. This year, a staggering 197 million people shopped from Black Friday to Cyber Monday, and spent a record $33.6 billion on Black Friday alone. 



Behind the shopping frenzy lies a fascinating intersection of brain activity, neuroscience, and economics, as explored by Dr. Uma Karmarkar, a leading expert in neuroeconomics.



Karmarkar investigated the psychological and physical factors that drive consumer behavior, offering insights into why we buy - and how we can make more intentional choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-science-and-shopping-behavior">Brain science and shopping behavior</h2>



"Neuroeconomics is a field of study that uses theories and methods from neuroscience, psychology, and economics to better understand how people make real-world decisions," said Dr. Karmarkar, an associate professor at <a href="https://ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC San Diego</a>.



With a PhD in neuroscience, as well as a PhD in consumer behavior, Dr. Karmarkar bridges the gap between basic brain science and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">everyday human actions</a>, such as shopping.



Her journey into neuroeconomics began with studying how brain cells process information for tasks like memory and learning. She found that the decision-making process is complex and engaging.



"I found it very exciting that we could build models from brain to behavior on how we make choices about health or career or finances, or even shop for groceries," said Dr. Karmarkar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-processes-involved-in-shopping">Brain processes involved in shopping </h2>



When shopping, our brains engage in multiple processes. The ventral striatum, a key brain region, evaluates how much we like an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fashion-industrys-plastic-waste-is-a-major-environmental-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">item</a>, even when we're not actively shopping. 



If we consider making a purchase, additional brain regions help weigh the price, willingness to pay, and overall decision.



Interestingly, these processes remain consistent between in-person and online shopping. However, environmental factors like interacting with physical products or being surrounded by other shoppers can create subtle differences in how decisions are made.



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-brands-in-decision-making">Role of brands in decision-making</h2>



Brands play a powerful role in consumer decisions, offering familiarity and confidence. This sense of assurance activates reward centers in the brain. 



"These relationships to brands are strong and multi-faceted, but they’re not the same relationships that we have with people," noted Dr. Karmarkar.



Understanding these distinctions can help consumers recognize how brand loyalty shapes their choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-companies-trick-our-brains-into-shopping">How companies trick our brains into shopping</h2>



Businesses leverage insights from neuroeconomics to fine-tune marketing strategies. For instance, Dr. Karmarkar's eye-tracking research highlights how product recommendations can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mortality-salience-fear-of-death-main-driver-early-halloween-shopping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence purchases</a>.



"I've also done some work with eye-tracking - that is, measuring what people look at, and for how long - to help know what information they paid attention to or found useful," said Dr. Karmarkar.



She found that consumers are more likely to buy an item if it is advertised or displayed among other, similar and recommended items on a page.



Dr. Karmarkar used the example of a person <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">searching online</a> for a sweater to purchase. "The presence of matched products on the page helps you feel more engaged with a 'sweater-specific' decision," she explained.



On the other hand, mismatched recommendations, such as unrelated items like earrings or home goods, can distract consumers and make them less likely to buy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternatives-for-more-sustainable-joy">Alternatives for more sustainable joy</h2>



The same brain regions that respond to the rewards of shopping also react to other pleasures, suggesting alternatives for more sustainable joy.



"It doesn’t have to be a sacrifice," said Dr. Karmarkar. Activities like massages or finding "new-to-me" items through secondhand shopping can provide similar satisfaction without the environmental cost of buying new products.



Our craving for novelty often drives the impulse to shop, as the reward from new items can feel more intense than the ongoing enjoyment of what we already own. Recognizing this tendency can help consumers find rewarding alternatives that align with their values.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-becoming-a-conscious-consumer">Becoming a conscious consumer</h2>



Dr. Karmarkar emphasizes the importance of intentional shopping, and highlights how the brain plays a key role in making conscious choices.



"To be a more conscious consumer, think about what your goals are before you get into shopping situations," she advised. Making a list or setting a budget can help curb impulsive buying, as it’s harder to make deliberate choices in the moment.



The research also suggests expanding your "consideration set" - thinking about other ways to spend your money and time. If a product still feels worthwhile after weighing other options, it might be the right choice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-shopping">New perspective on shopping</h2>



Dr. Karmarkar’s work reveals the intricate interplay between our brains and shopping behaviors. By understanding the science behind our choices, we can navigate the holiday season - and everyday shopping - with greater awareness.



Whether it’s embracing sustainable habits or rethinking our relationship with brands, the journey toward intentional consumption starts with a deeper understanding of ourselves.



This information is published in a <a href="https://rady.ucsd.edu/why/news/2024/12-09-the-science-of-shopping.html">report</a> by the Rady School of Management.



Video Credit: Patagonia 



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Shopping mania: Part of your brain is always browsing

As the holiday season unfolds, shopping reaches its peak. This...

Astronomers have uncovered a mysterious phenomenon involving a jet from a supermassive black hole that collided with an unidentified object in its path.



This discovery, made using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, comes from observations of the galaxy Centaurus A (Cen A), which is located about 12 million light-years from Earth. 



The findings offer a fascinating glimpse into the powerful interactions that happen around black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-centaurus-a-and-its-black-hole">Centaurus A and its black hole</h2>



Centaurus A has long been the subject of intrigue for astronomers due to supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-gamma-ray-flare-unleashed-from-a-supermassive-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> at its center.



This black hole produces jets of high-energy particles, which extend across the galaxy. The jets are not emitted from within the black hole itself but are generated by the intense gravitational and magnetic fields that surround it.



In a composite image of Cen A, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/chandra-x-ray-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chandra</a>'s data reveals different X-ray energy levels. Low-energy X-rays appear in pink, medium-energy in purple, and high-energy in blue. This visual distinction helps researchers pinpoint specific phenomena within the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-an-unusual-x-ray-feature">Mystery of an unusual X-ray feature</h2>



The highlight of this study is an unusual X-ray feature called C4. This source appears near the jet’s path and exhibits a distinct V-shaped emission that is connected to a bright X-ray source.



The arms of the "V" stretch at least 700 light-years long, emphasizing the scale of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-took-the-closest-ever-image-of-a-quasar-and-captured-some-weird-things/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic event</a>. For comparison, the nearest star to Earth is only about 4 light-years away.



Astronomers believe the X-rays from C4 result from the jet’s particles colliding with gas from stellar wind. This collision generated turbulence, which increased gas density in the jet and sparked the observed X-ray emission.



However, the exact identity of the object that caused this interaction remains elusive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-unique-black-hole-jet-collision">A unique black hole jet collision </h2>



While Cen A hosts other examples of jet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-spots-two-supermassive-black-holes-spiraling-on-collision-course/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions</a> with objects - such as massive stars or gas clouds - C4 stands apart. Unlike the elliptical blobs seen in previous cases, C4’s V-shape is unique.



"This is not the first time astronomers have seen a black hole jet running into other objects in Cen A. However, C4 stands out from these by having the V-shape in X-rays," explained David Bogensberger, lead author of the study.



The differing post-collision appearances could be linked to the nature of the object struck by the jet or the angle of the impact. 



The bottom arm of the "V" aligns roughly with the jet’s path, supporting the idea of turbulence. The top arm, however, poses more questions due to its large angle relative to the jet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigmatic-behavior-of-black-holes">Enigmatic behavior of black holes</h2>



Chandra’s unique X-ray capabilities make it the only observatory capable of capturing such features in the distant cosmos. 



Researchers aim to decipher why C4’s interaction diverges from others in Cen A. This may unlock insights into how jets behave when encountering different types of obstacles.



The study has been detailed in a recent issue of&nbsp;The Astrophysical Journal, authored by David Bogensberger and a team of international researchers. The findings contribute to the broader understanding of black hole jets and their dynamic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-capture-magnetic-fields-from-collapsing-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interactions with the cosmos</a>.



As astronomers continue to study these celestial phenomena, mysteries like C4 remind us of the complexity and wonder of the universe. 



Each discovery brings us closer to understanding the enigmatic behavior of black holes and their far-reaching influence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-centaurus-a-and-galaxy-mergers">Centaurus A and galaxy mergers</h2>



Centaurus A is one of the brightest radio sources in the sky, making it a key target for astronomers who are studying active galaxies.



Its distinct appearance, featuring a warped dust lane and a surrounding halo of stars, suggests it underwent a collision with another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-captured-redirecting-jets-beams-like-death-star-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> in the past. This galactic merger may have contributed to its active central black hole and the formation of its spectacular jets.



Additionally, Cen A is known for its high star formation rate, particularly in regions affected by jets. These jets compress surrounding gas, triggering the birth of new stars. The jets’ influence on gas density plays a key role in the formation of new stars.



The way the black hole's energy affects the surrounding environment can help astronomers understand the broader processes of galaxy formation and growth over time. It provides insight into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> mergers and black hole activity shape the evolution of galaxies.



The full study is recently published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad73a1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.&nbsp; 



Image Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/N. Wolk



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Black hole jet crashes into an unidentified object

Astronomers have uncovered a mysterious phenomenon involving a jet from...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Today&#8217;s Image of the Day shows dust from Iran and Pakistan streaming over the Arabian Sea in late November 2016. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this true-color image of the event on November 22.
Multiple light tan plumes rose from the coast of Iran (west) and Pakistan (east) and blew to the southwest over the blue waters of the Arabian Sea. The plumes thinned and spread out before reaching the shores of Oman.
Specific source points for the dust plumes are not easily determined from this image. However, southwestern Pakistan and southeastern Iran both contain sandy deserts. Also, impermanent lakes sit along the borders between Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Deserts and dry lakebeds often provide rich sources for sand and dust storms.
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Credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank">NASA</a>

Dust from Iran and Pakistan streams over the Arabian Sea

Today’s Image of the Day is a close-up look at a tiger beetle and its funky metallic coat. Tiger beetles are known as aggressive predators that can run as fast as 5.6 miles per hour, which turns out to be 125 body lengths per second! While they have sharp vision, tiger beetles can run so fast that they temporarily blind themselves because their eyes don’t have enough time to form an image of their surroundings. Tiger beetles typically live in the dry parts of southern Africa.

Tiger beetles have been in the news recently as scientists have learned that neonicotinoids - a popular insecticide - are much more harmful to predatory insects than previously thought. When neonicotinoids coatings are added to corn and soybean seeds, they have been seen to drastically reduce the number of predatory insects like the tiger beetle.

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