Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Messak Settafet, a rocky plateau located in the central Sahara Desert. It is part of the greater Messak Plateau, which stretches between the Erg Uan Kasa and the Murzuq Sand Sea.&nbsp;



The plateau's surface is characterized by blackened sandstone, sculpted by thousands of years of wind erosion. This dark patina, often referred to as "desert varnish," adds to its distinctive appearance. The region is starkly beautiful but harsh, with extreme temperatures and minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-messak-settafet">Image of the Messak Settafet</h2>



“Towering over the desert in southwestern Libya, the Messak Settafet plateau resembles the wall of a giant fortress, with its dark, erosion-resistant sandstone separating the Ubari Sand Sea to the north and the Marzūq Sand Sea to the south,” noted NASA.



“The large outcrop of Cretaceous rock features a sharp escarpment on its north side. The cliff, some 300 meters (1,000 feet) high in places, is lined with a thin dark shadow.”&nbsp;



“Dark debris from rockfalls is visible to the north. Note that an optical illusion called relief inversion can make high-elevation areas appear low and vice versa when shadows appear on the northern side of a feature.”



Archaeological significance of the plateau&nbsp;



Messak Settafet is often referred to as the "land of stone tools" because it is one of the world's largest sites for prehistoric tools.&nbsp;



The area is littered with countless <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fstone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a> and artifacts dating back to various prehistoric periods, including the Acheulean and Neolithic. These tools offer insights into early human technology and adaptation to desert environments.



“Signs of ancient tool making cover much of the plateau’s surface,” said <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “According to one archaeological survey, people discarded so many stone tools and rock fragments on the plateau over hundreds of thousands of years that roughly 75 artifacts per square meter now carpet the surface.” 



“That makes this one of the earliest known examples of hominins modifying an entire landscape, according to the University of Cambridge archaeologists who conducted the survey.”



“Other signs of ancient activity include the bright spots that dot the image. These areas were likely quarrying pits where people dug up rocks and crafted them into tools, the archaeologists reported.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-art-on-the-plateau-nbsp">Rock art on the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



The plateau is home to numerous petroglyphs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negev-petroglyphs-ancient-art-rock-carvings-face-erosion-fungi-lichens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carvings</a>. These engravings depict animals, humans, and symbolic designs, providing valuable clues about the lives, beliefs, and environments of the region's ancient inhabitants. 



“For instance, Wadi Mathendous, a prehistoric archaeological site located in the southern part of the plateau, contains engravings of rhinoceroses, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, fighting cats, giraffes, long-horned buffaloes, and elephants. The art is thought to be about 8,000 years old,” said NASA.



Some of the animals depicted, such as giraffes and elephants, indicate that the Sahara was once a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fa-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much wetter</a> and more hospitable environment.



Cultural significance of the Messak Settafet



Messak Settafet forms part of the Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. This designation highlights the area's importance for understanding early human culture and environmental changes in the Sahara.



The plateau has been a critical area for studying the migration and adaptation of early humans. Its archaeological richness offers a glimpse into how humans thrived in this region during periods when the climate was wetter.



“Although the plateau now receives less than 0.4 inches of rain annually, clues in the landscape make clear it was once much wetter,” noted NASA.



“Deeply incised dried stream valleys, or wadis, crisscross the plateau, indicating significant past water flow. The small, bright features scattered across the plateau are sand and silt deposits left where water once pooled.”



The Messak Settafet, like many remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a> regions, faces challenges such as erosion, vandalism of ancient rock art, and the potential impacts of development. Efforts to preserve its archaeological treasures are vital for protecting its cultural and scientific significance.



The image was captured November 17, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Messak Settafet plateau in the Sahara Desert

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the western part of Grand Bahama, the northernmost island in the Bahamas, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite system.&nbsp;



Grand Bahama is known for its beautiful beaches, clear turquoise waters, and vibrant tourism industry. The island is the fourth largest in the Bahamas and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-main-cities-of-grand-bahama-nbsp">Main cities of Grand Bahama&nbsp;</h2>



“Grand Bahama’s two main cities are both visible in the image: West End on the northwestern tip of the island and Freeport on the southern shore,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“West End is the oldest city on the island, and the capital. The runway of West End airport, the smaller of the two airports serving Grand Bahama, can be spotted west of the city.”



Freeport serves as a hub for tourism, trade, and commerce. It was developed as a free trade zone in the 1950s, which has helped drive its growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-and-climate">Geography and climate</h2>



Grand Bahama is situated about 55 miles off the coast of Florida, making it one of the closest islands in the Bahamas to the United States.



The island has a tropical climate, with warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> year-round. It experiences a wet season from May to October and a dry season from November to April.



The rainy season is from May to October, with the wettest months being August and September. Thunderstorms are common during this period, and the island can experience heavy rainfall, especially during hurricane season.



The humidity level is consistently high due to the tropical location, often exceeding 70 percent. It peaks during the rainy season, making it feel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hotter</a> than the actual temperature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurricanes-on-grand-bahama">Hurricanes on Grand Bahama</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-propose-adding-a-category-6-to-the-current-hurricane-intensity-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hurricanes</a> have left a lasting impact on the infrastructure, economy, and environment of Grand Bahama.&nbsp;



Recovery efforts from such destructive storms often take years, and the island's experience with hurricanes has highlighted the vulnerability of coastal communities in the face of increasingly severe weather events.



Dorian was one of the most devastating hurricanes to hit Grand Bahama. It was a Category 5 storm with maximum sustained winds of 185 miles per hour.&nbsp;



The hurricane caused catastrophic damage, including widespread flooding, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of life. Dorian stalled over the island, leading to prolonged and intense damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism-nbsp-on-grand-bahama">Tourism&nbsp;on Grand Bahama</h2>



Grand Bahama is known for its stunning beaches, such as Lucaya Beach, Xanadu Beach, and Taino Beach. The island offers various water activities, including snorkeling, scuba diving, and boating.



The Lucayan National Park is a popular natural attraction, featuring one of the world's longest underwater cave systems, as well as beautiful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mangroves-and-saltmarshes-are-much-better-at-storing-carbon-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mangroves</a> and wetlands.



Port Lucaya Marketplace is a vibrant area with shops, restaurants, and entertainment, often considered the heart of Grand Bahama’s tourist activity.



Grand Bahama has been working on revitalizing its tourism industry, especially after facing challenges like hurricanes and the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts include upgrading infrastructure, improving facilities, and promoting sustainable tourism practices. 



The island offers various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/travelers-are-ready-for-more-affordable-eco-friendly-options/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> activities, including kayaking through mangroves, bird watching, and exploring its unique ecosystems, which attract visitors interested in environmental conservation and sustainable travel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grand-bahama-folklore">Grand Bahama folklore</h2>



On Grand Bahama Island, folklore and supernatural tales have been passed down through generations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-chickcharney">The Chickcharney</h3>



The Chickcharney is a legendary creature believed to inhabit the forests of the Bahamas, including Grand Bahama. Described as a large, bird-like creature with red eyes and three-toed feet, it is said to bring good luck to those who encounter it and treat it with respect.&nbsp;



However, those who mock or disrespect it might find themselves cursed with bad luck. The Chickcharney is deeply rooted in Bahamian folklore and is often depicted as a guardian of the forests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ghost-of-rand-nature-center">The ghost of Rand Nature Center</h3>



The Rand Nature Center in Freeport is rumored to be haunted by the ghost of a former caretaker. Visitors and staff have reported strange occurrences, such as unexplained footsteps, cold spots, and the feeling of being watched.&nbsp;



Some believe the caretaker's spirit lingers to ensure the park is well-maintained and respected by those who visit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lost-city-of-atlantis">The lost city of Atlantis</h3>



While not unique to Grand Bahama, the legend of Atlantis has a connection to the Bahamas. Some believe that parts of the lost city lie submerged off the coast of the island.&nbsp;



There are tales of divers encountering mysterious underwater structures and strange phenomena, leading to speculation that these ruins could be remnants of the ancient civilization.



These stories are an integral part of the island's cultural heritage, blending history, myth, and the supernatural. Whether one believes in the supernatural or not, the tales continue to capture the imagination of both locals and visitors to Grand Bahama.



Image Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by ESA



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Grand Bahama: A blend of beauty and resilience 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains</h2>



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rainbow-mountains">The Rainbow Mountains</h2>



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. 



The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "colorful mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance.&nbsp;They are also known as the Rainbow Mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Wildlife of the Aladaghlar Mountains </h2>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-ecosystems-are-in-urgent-need-of-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. 



The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a>.



Among the larger mammals, the mountains host species such as brown bears, Persian leopards, and wild goats. The Aladaghlar Mountains also support smaller mammals, including foxes, hares, and various rodent species.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-influence-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birdlife</a> is abundant, including eagles, falcons, and a variety of songbirds. Reptiles like lizards and snakes are commonly found in the more humid areas, as well as amphibians.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-region">Cultural significance of the region</h2>



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. 



Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geology-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains-nbsp">Geology of the Aladaghlar Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The geological history of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is a fascinating tale of millions of years of natural processes.



The Aladaghlar Mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years. These sediments include sandstones, siltstones, shales, and conglomerates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mineral-deposition-nbsp">Mineral deposition&nbsp;</h3>



The varying colors of the Aladaghlar Mountains are largely due to the presence of different minerals in the sedimentary layers. For example, red and orange hues are typically due to iron oxides, while greens can result from copper compounds.



These minerals were deposited in the sedimentary rocks through processes such as chemical precipitation, biological activity, and the weathering of parent rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



The region has experienced significant tectonic activity due to its location near the convergent boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This tectonic activity has caused the uplift and folding of the sedimentary layers, creating the mountain range.



The compression and folding associated with tectonic movements have also contributed to the exposure of the colorful strata that were originally deposited horizontally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-and-weathering">Erosion and weathering</h3>



Over time, erosion and weathering processes have played a crucial role in shaping the Aladaghlar Mountains. 



Wind, water, and temperature variations have eroded the softer rock layers more quickly than the harder ones, creating the distinctive ridges and valleys seen today.



These erosive processes have also helped to expose the underlying layers, revealing the vibrant colors and intricate patterns that attract tourists and geologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tales and legends</h2>



One of the most famous tales associated with the Aladaghlar Mountains is that of a hidden treasure buried deep within the mountains by an ancient Persian king.&nbsp;



According to legend, the treasure is guarded by mystical creatures and can only be found by someone pure of heart and brave enough to face the challenges of the mountain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The shepherd and the fairy</h3>



Another local legend tells the story of a young shepherd who fell in love with a fairy he encountered in the Aladaghlar Mountains. The fairy granted the shepherd three wishes, but warned him that the wishes would come with consequences.&nbsp;



Despite the warning, the shepherd made his wishes, which ultimately led to his downfall, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The healing springs</h3>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are also said to be home to a spring with magical healing properties. According to folklore, those who bathe in the spring or drink its water are cured of all ailments.&nbsp;



However, the location of the spring is a closely guarded secret, known only to a few wise elders in the nearby villages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The spirit of the mountain&nbsp;</h3>



Some locals believe that the Aladaghlar Mountains are inhabited by a protective spirit, who watches over the land and its people.&nbsp;



This spirit is said to bring good fortune to those who respect the mountain and its natural beauty, but misfortune to those who exploit or harm it.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.



Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020.&nbsp;



Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.



"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."



When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;



"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. 



"This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.



Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.



“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-features-of-the-corbassiere-glacier">Features of the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. 



The glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.



A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. 



One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. 



This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe.&nbsp;



Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.



The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. 



The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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The Corbassière glacier in the Swiss Alps

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured on March 16, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-fire-season-in-mexico-is-part-of-a-worldwide-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fire activity</a> continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." 



According to NASA, the haze contains mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.



"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.



James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.



“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-the-haze">Causes of the haze</h3>



The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. 



The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. 



Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. 



Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.



This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. 



With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.



The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features an extraordinary view of Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system.&nbsp;



The photo reveals the rings, moons, and extreme seasons of the ice giant Uranus in unprecedented detail.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-north-polar-cap-nbsp">Dynamic north polar cap&nbsp;</h2>



“The Webb image exquisitely captures Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap, including the bright, white, inner cap and the dark lane in the bottom of the polar cap,” noted NASA.



Unlike Earth, where polar ice caps are formed by the freezing of water, Uranus's polar caps are thought to be primarily composed of a dense concentration of haze in the atmosphere.&nbsp;



The polar cap's haze is likely composed of methane particles. Methane in Uranus's atmosphere condenses into ice particles, which then create a thick haze that scatters sunlight, giving the polar cap its distinct bright appearance in visible and infrared light.



The polar cap is dynamic and changes over time. It becomes more prominent during the summer season of each pole. 



As Uranus moves along its orbit, the cap's appearance transforms, with the haze becoming thicker and brighter when the pole is in continuous sunlight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-zeta-ring-nbsp">The Zeta ring&nbsp;</h2>



The inner and outer rings of Uranus are visible in the image, including Zeta - the innermost ring which is the faintest and most difficult to observe.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rings of Uranus</a> are primarily composed of narrow bands of particles, likely made of water ice mixed with a dark material. These rings are distinct from those of Saturn in that they are much darker and narrower.



The faintness and characteristics of the Zeta ring make it a subject of interest in studies related to the dynamics and composition of planetary ring systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons-of-uranus-nbsp">Moons of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/multimedia/images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb</a> photo also features nine of the planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-four-uranus-moons-may-have-oceans-that-are-miles-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>, which appear as blue dots surrounding the rings.&nbsp;



“Clockwise starting at 2 o’clock, they are: Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet, and Perdita. The orbits of these moons share the 98-degree tilt of their parent planet relative to the plane of the solar system,” noted NASA.



Uranus has 27 known moons, and they are divided into three main groups based on their orbits: the inner moons, the major moons, and the irregular moons.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a> of Uranus are unique because they are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, rather than being named after figures from classical mythology, as is common for the moons of other planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-giant-uranus-nbsp">The ice giant Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus is classified as an "ice giant" because, unlike the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, which are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, Uranus has a significant proportion of "ices" in its composition.&nbsp;



In astronomical terms, ices refer to volatile substances like water, ammonia, and methane, which exist in solid or liquid forms at the low temperatures found in the outer solar system.



Uranus has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, but beneath that, it contains a large, dense mantle composed of these ices, along with rock and other heavier elements.&nbsp;



The term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-rain-may-be-common-on-giant-icy-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice giant</a> differentiates Uranus (and Neptune, the other ice giant) from the larger gas giants, emphasizing the different chemical compositions and internal structures of these planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-uranus-nbsp">Climate of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus has a unique and extreme climate, largely influenced by its unusual tilt, which causes the planet to rotate almost on its side. This tilt leads to extreme seasonal variations, with each pole experiencing 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness.&nbsp;



Even though it is closer to the sun than Neptune, Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, with temperatures plunging to as low as -224°C (-371°F). The reason for this is not fully understood, but it might be due to an internal heat distribution anomaly.



Despite these frigid conditions, Uranus experiences intense weather patterns, including powerful storms and winds that can reach speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour. These winds blow in the same direction as the planet’s rotation and are some of the fastest in the solar system.



Storms on Uranus are driven by its internal heat and the interaction of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric gases</a>. Observations have shown that these storms can be quite large, sometimes comparable in size to the Earth, and can last for several years.&nbsp;



The planet’s extreme axial tilt also means that the storms and weather patterns are highly variable, depending on the season. During equinoxes, when the Sun is directly over the equator, Uranus exhibits more storm activity compared to when the poles are pointed towards the Sun or away from it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-uranus">Observations of Uranus</h2>



“One day on Uranus is about 17 hours, so the planet’s rotation is relatively quick. This makes it supremely difficult for observatories with a sharp eye like Webb to capture one simple image of the entire planet - storms and other atmospheric features, and the planet’s moons, move visibly within minutes,” explained NASA.



“This image combines several longer and shorter exposures of this dynamic system to correct for those slight changes throughout the observing time.”



The first recorded observations of Uranus were made by John Flamsteed on December 13, 1690. However, Flamsteed mistakenly identified the planet as a star, which he named “34 Tauri."&nbsp;



It wasn't until March 13, 1781, that Uranus was officially identified as a planet by William Herschel. He initially thought he had discovered a comet, but further observations and calculations by other astronomers confirmed that it was a new planet, making Uranus the first planet discovered in modern history with the aid of a telescope.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI



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The ice giant Uranus in stunning detail

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features...

Big Bog Hawaii is the wettest place in Hawaii is on the island of Maui and is a popular tourist destination even though access to the island requires either a helicopter ride or two days of hiking. Annual rainfall averages 10,272 mm. The Big Bog has a <a title="Tropical rainforest climate" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate">Tropical rainforest climate,</a> with no observable dry season and nearly constant torrential <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/rainfall-transforms-the-landscape-of-namibia/">rainfall.</a> Prior to the establishment of the station there in 1992, rainfall for Big Bog was estimated at around 4,600 millimeters (180 in) per year.

Big Bog Hawaii

Climate change is no longer a future threat -- it is the reality we are now living in. The hustle and bustle of human activities has caused carbon dioxide (CO2) levels to surge in our atmosphere, triggering a notable increase in the global average surface temperature.



This isn't just an issue for scientists and environmentalists to address - climate change is something everyone needs to understand because it directly threatens our crops and food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crop-yields-and-climate-change">Crop yields and climate change</h2>



A recent study was carried out by a group of researchers at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in India. Driven by concerns about the impact of environmental factors on global food security, the team set out to investigate this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex problem</a>.



The goal was to predict how climate variables influence the crop yields that feed our expanding population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-model-to-capture-nonlinear-relationships">Model to capture nonlinear relationships </h2>



The researchers didn't just base their work on assumptions or approximations. 



Instead, they meticulously crafted a mathematical model to capture the nonlinear relationships between CO2, temperature, human population, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plant-diversity-can-help-combat-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop growth</a>.



Why the emphasis on "nonlinear" relationships? Because our natural world doesn't play by straight-line rules. 



Complex and often chaotic, ecological systems dance in a pattern that's more of a spiral than a straight line - another factor the researchers took into account when designing their model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-limits-crop-growth">Climate change limits crop growth</h2>



"We've considered how the rising CO2 levels will initially boost crop growth through the 'CO2 fertilization effect,’ but once temperatures exceed a critical threshold, the heat stress will reduce yields," said A.K. Misra, one of the scientists on the project from <a href="https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/Home/1_2_16_Main-Site" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BHU</a>.



"A non-autonomous system with seasonal variations reveals complex behaviors like periodic oscillations and chaos - and highlights the unpredictability of crop responses to rising temperatures."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-double-edged-sword-of-rising-co-2-levels">Double-edged sword of rising CO2 levels</h2>



While it's true that an abundance of CO2 can initially boost crop growth, the broader picture isn't as optimistic.



As Misra mentioned, the challenge lies in the rising temperatures that accompany the elevation in atmospheric CO2 levels.



So, while we might see a short-term win for crops, the long-term outlook is decidedly more concerning. The takeaway? We need to understand when to say "when" in terms of CO2 emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarm-bells-for-crop-survival">Alarm bells for crop survival</h2>



It turns out that individual crop varieties <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-happening-too-fast-for-some-species-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">react differently</a> to these changing climatic conditions.



"Our findings reveal a critical threshold for anthropogenic CO2 emission, beyond which crop yield starts to decrease significantly. It depends on the cultivated crop varieties - different varieties exhibit varying responses, so the results may not apply uniformly across all crops," Misra explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-tolerant-crops-to-tackle-climate-change">Heat-tolerant crops to tackle climate change</h2>



However, it's not all doom and gloom. The researchers also unveiled a promising strategy to combat these climate-change-induced crop losses - the development of crop varieties with higher temperature tolerance.



By creating crops that can withstand warmer temperatures, farmers can better adapt to changing environmental conditions, thus protecting the crop yield and ensuring food security.



Perhaps the most shocking revelation from the study was how minute increases in temperature could have sweeping impacts on crop yields. It’s a stark reminder that the issue of climate change cannot be taken lightly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chaotic-behavior-of-crop-systems">Chaotic behavior of crop systems</h2>



"By identifying critical temperature thresholds, we get insights into when crop yields may begin to decline, which will guide policymakers in making more beneficial strategies," Misra noted. 



He further suggested that breeding or using crops with increased temperature tolerance should be considered as a strategy to maintain productivity under elevated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-destabilizing-ant-plant-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 levels</a>.



Misra and his team believe that understanding the chaotic behavior of crop systems will help improve yield predictions and inform adaptive farming practices. This knowledge will be pivotal in managing seasonal and climatic variability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The team plans to refine their model to include more variables like insect population sizes, water availability, soil quality, and nutrient levels, which also impact crop yields under climate change.



"Further experimental validation with real-world data will help calibrate our model more accurately, while the development of region-specific models will enable localized predictions and strategies," concluded Misra.



The study is published in <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip/cha/article-abstract/34/11/113134/3322281/Impact-of-elevated-carbon-dioxide-and-temperature?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science</a>.



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Predicting the response of crops to climate change is crucial, but can we do it?

Climate change is no longer a future threat -- it...

Regulations imposed to protect the environment can continue to influence behaviors even after they are repealed -- and sometimes in ways that counteract the original goals of the policies. 



This is the conclusion of a study co-authored by <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> (UCR) marketing professor Hai Che.



The researchers examined policies aimed at reducing the use of single-use plastic bags in Austin and Dallas, Texas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes-after-plastic-bag-ban">Behavioral changes after plastic bag ban</h2>



Significantly, the study revealed that the behaviors prompted by the plastic bag regulations persisted even after the rules were no longer in place. 



However, some of these lingering impacts were not beneficial to the environment. 



Che and his co-authors discovered an increase in sales of plastic trash bags after the cities prohibited stores from giving away free plastic bags for carrying groceries. 



They quantified this by analyzing barcode scanner data on consumer purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-increase-in-plastic-consumption">Unintended increase in plastic consumption</h2>



“We were hoping for positive spillover effects, like customers will be more environmentally conscious and consume less one-time use plastic or paper products,” said Che, an associate professor at UCR's School of Business.&nbsp;



“But that's not what happened in the data. People wound up buying more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a>.” He added that customers had been repurposing the free grocery bags as liners for household trash bins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-big-deal-about-plastic-bags">What's the big deal about plastic bags?</h2>



Plastic bag use by grocery stores has a major environmental impact. These bags often end up as litter in our streets, parks, and especially in waterways, where they can take hundreds of years to break down. 



Wildlife mistake them for food, leading to ingestion that can harm or even kill animals like sea turtles, birds, and marine life. 



Additionally, producing plastic bags relies heavily on fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. 



The sheer volume of single-use plastic bags also overwhelms recycling systems, making it difficult to manage waste effectively and increasing pollution levels.



Beyond the environment, plastic bags from grocery stores influence consumer behavior and community cleanliness. 



Many people rely on these bags for their convenience, but their widespread use encourages a throwaway culture that overlooks the importance of sustainability. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-changes-in-consumer-habits">Positive changes in consumer habits</h2>



Despite the unintended increase in plastic bag purchases, the bag rules likely changed consumer behavior in positive ways as well. 



People might have gotten into the habit of using reusable canvas or burlap bags for everyday shopping, although such data wasn't available to the researchers. 



The study also found that the longer a policy is in place, the longer the behaviors it encourages linger after the policy is repealed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ban-on-free-plastic-bags-nbsp">Ban on free plastic bags&nbsp;</h2>



In Dallas, the City Council imposed a five-cent fee for single-use bags for five months in 2015 before repealing it due to lawsuits from plastic bag manufacturers.&nbsp;



When free bags became available again, plastic bag sales initially declined sharply but returned to pre-policy levels after 13 months.



The Austin City Council banned single-use carryout bags in 2013, and the policy remained in place for five years until 2018 when the Texas Supreme Court struck down such bans statewide.&nbsp;



After the repeal, the increase in plastic bag purchases declined gradually and did not revert to the pre-policy baseline even after 18 months, which was the end of the researchers' analysis period. In fact, the carryover effect remained 38.6% above the baseline at the end of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-environmental-impact">Analyzing the environmental impact</h2>



To evaluate the overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-dietary-choices-have-enormous-environmental-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, the research team conducted a “break-even analysis” to determine if the plastic bag policies ultimately reduced plastic waste despite the negative spillover effects.&nbsp;



They calculated how many fewer single-use grocery bags consumers would need to use to offset the additional trash bags purchased due to the policies.



The analysis revealed that in Dallas, consumers would need to use one less grocery bag every seven trips, while in Austin, it would be one less bag every five trips to break even in terms of environmental impact.&nbsp;



“Interestingly, even a slight reduction in grocery bag use can offset the increased plastic consumption from trash bags. This suggests that these policies might still benefit the environment overall, even when repealed,” Che said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-environmental-policies">Broader implications for environmental policies</h2>



The study contributes to a growing body of knowledge on the unintended consequences of environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-decades-of-climate-policy-what-works-and-what-doesnt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policies</a> and offers insights applicable beyond plastic bag usage.&nbsp;



“While our study focused on plastic bags, similar spillover effects have been documented in policies targeting sugary drinks, energy efficiency, and health incentives,” Che said.&nbsp;



“In each case, behaviors that weren't directly targeted by the policy - like purchasing more sugary snacks when soda is taxed - can offset or even undermine the policy's primary goals.”



This research highlights the complexity of designing environmental regulations that achieve their intended outcomes without unintended side effects.&nbsp;



It underscores the importance of considering how policies might influence a range of consumer behaviors, both directly and indirectly, to ensure that environmental goals are met effectively.



The study is published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437241290157" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing Research</a>.



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Environmental policies like plastic bag bans at grocery stores can often backfire

Regulations imposed to protect the environment can continue to influence...

A group of scientists has given us a view into the radiation environment around Mars, which will be crucial for future astronauts as they explore the Red Planet.



They have pieced together the first comprehensive energy spectrum of protons during a recent solar eruption event.



This accomplishment significantly deepens our understanding of the radiation conditions around Mars -- a crucial step in ensuring the safety of astronauts on future exploration missions to the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-radiation-s-impact-on-space-travel">Solar radiation's impact on space travel</h2>



Solar radiation poses significant challenges for astronauts venturing into deep space, which is why it's important to understand the radiation levels the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-kidneys-may-not-survive-a-roundtrip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first Mars astronauts</a> will be dealing with.



Without the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetic field, astronauts are directly exposed to high-energy particles and harmful ultraviolet rays. 



This exposure can increase the risk of cancer, damage the central nervous system, and cause acute radiation sickness, making long-duration missions especially risky. 



Even short-term exposure can lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-space-travel-affect-eye-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eye problems like cataracts</a>, which have been a concern for many space travelers.



To combat these dangers, space missions incorporate various shielding techniques and develop advanced materials to protect crew members. 



Scientists are also researching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-weakens-astronauts-immune-system-similar-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pharmaceutical countermeasures</a> that could help mitigate the effects of radiation on the body. 



Additionally, mission planners carefully monitor solar activity to schedule spacewalks and other extravehicular activities during periods of lower solar radiation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-radiation-storms-on-mars">Impact of solar radiation storms on Mars</h2>



Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are caused by solar eruptions and are among the most destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-missions-prepare-intense-solar-storms-coming-red-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather phenomena</a>. 



During these events, charged particles, including protons, that are emitted by the Sun, become accelerated and may fly through space and enter the atmospheres of planets.



The flux of high-energy, charged particles in space may thus suddenly increase during these solar radiation storms, imposing significant threats to spacecraft safety, technological equipment and, of course, the well-being of astronauts.



In contrast to our blue planet, Mars lacks a robust protective magnetic field and only boasts a very thin atmosphere. This renders its surface more susceptible to these high-energy particles and to other, secondary particles.



Studying the impact of SEP events on Mars is, thus, critical for radiation protection in future Mars explorations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-presence-of-high-energy-protons">Monitoring the presence of high-energy protons</h2>



Back in November 2021, China’s Tianwen-1 orbiter stepped into its science mission orbit around Mars. Its onboard device, the Mars Energy Particle Analyzer (MEPA), began its job by measuring particle flux. 



With the MEPA's capacity to measure a wide energy range from 2–100 MeV, it is highly suitable for monitoring the presence of high-energy protons, both on the planet and in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-storm-auroras-strikes-mars-nasa-spacecraft-record-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian space</a>. This provided critical data for the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-radiation-on-and-around-mars">Detecting radiation on and around Mars</h2>



On February 15th, 2022, an exciting incident occurred. MEPA registered a solar energetic particle event that had remarkable intensity and energy.



The accelerated protons in this event had energies that were high enough to penetrate the Martian atmosphere and induce radiation enhancement on the surface.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mars_SEP-event_observations_solar-radiation-measured_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/mars_SEP-event_observations_solar-radiation-measured_1s.webp" alt="The SEP particle event on February 15, 2022 was simultaneously detected by the Chinese Tianwen-1 orbiter, TGO, MAVEN, and the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars. Credit: Geophysical Research Letters" class="wp-image-1951687"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The SEP particle event on February 15, 2022 was simultaneously detected by the Chinese Tianwen-1 orbiter, TGO, MAVEN, and the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars. Credit: Geophysical Research Letters</figcaption></figure>



The event was simultaneously detected by the European Space Agency’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Orbiter (MAVEN), and the Curiosity rover on the Martian surface.



This marked the first time an SEP event was observed by so many different radiation and particle detectors focused on Martian conditions. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constructing-the-proton-energy-spectrum">Constructing the proton energy spectrum</h2>



Harnessing data from these multiple detectors, the researchers painted a full picture of the proton energy spectrum during the SEP event.



The low- and medium-energy proton spectra were obtained by Tianwen-1 and MAVEN. The high-energy proton flux was deduced by merging observations from Curiosity with simulations of particle transport in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian atmosphere</a>.



By fitting the observed and derived fluxes at different energies, the researchers made a breakthrough. They successfully constructed the complete proton energy spectrum of the SEP event, ranging from 1 to 1000 MeV.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-path-for-future-research">A path for future research </h2>



Taking their findings a step further, these scientists used this spectrum to compute the radiation dose caused by the event, both in Martian orbit and on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-and-severe-solar-storms-will-continue-through-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian surface</a>.



This calculation aligns with actual dose measurements, thus validating the reliability of the Tianwen-1 MEPA data and the accuracy of the Martian radiation transport model.



Beyond the immediate discovery, this study paves a path for future research on similar space weather phenomena. 



The research highlights the necessity for continuous and coordinated radiation monitoring on Mars. After all, the more we know about our neighboring planet's radiation environment, the safer that our future explorers will be.



-----



This significant research was supported by the Key Research Program and Strategic Priority Program of CAS, along with the National Natural Science Foundation of China.



This study was conducted jointly by researchers from the <a href="https://en.ustc.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Science and Technology of China</a>, the Institute of Modern Physics (<a href="https://english.imp.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IMP</a>) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAS</a>), the Lanzhou Institute of Physics (<a href="https://www.cast.cn/english/channel/1809" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LIP</a>), and the University of <a href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kiel</a> in Germany.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL111775" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Mars radiation levels are measured for the first time and will help astronauts prepare

A group of scientists has given us a view into...

Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot has captivated observers for centuries. Now, astronomers at UC Berkeley have identified equally intriguing Earth-sized spots at Jupiter’s poles. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-ovals-appear-at-jupiter-s-poles-nbsp">Unpredictable ovals appear at Jupiter's poles&nbsp;</h2>



Unlike the Great Red Spot, these polar ovals appear and vanish unpredictably and are only visible at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths.What is causing the mysterious haze at Jupiter’s poles?&nbsp;



These dark UV ovals, embedded in the stratospheric haze at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-great-red-spot-may-not-be-as-old-as-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a>’s north and south poles, were observed just below the bright auroral zones - regions similar to Earth’s northern and southern lights.&nbsp;



Absorbing more UV light than the surrounding areas, the ovals stand out in images captured by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.&nbsp;



A recent systematic study of Hubble’s observations from 2015 to 2022 revealed that these southern UV-dark ovals (SUDO) appear 75% of the time at the south pole, while their northern counterparts (NUDO) were spotted only twice in 25 global maps of Jupiter’s north pole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery-at-jupiter-s-poles">Unraveling the mystery at Jupiter's poles</h2>



The discovery of these UV spots has led researchers to suspect that they are linked to Jupiter’s powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a>, which influences processes extending deep into the planet's atmosphere. These phenomena go far beyond the surface-level magnetic interactions responsible for auroras on Earth.



The findings, led by <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a> undergraduate researcher Troy Tsubota and senior astronomer Michael Wong, were recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02419-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.&nbsp;



Their analysis builds on observations that date back to the late 1990s when Hubble first detected dark UV ovals at both poles.&nbsp;



The north pole ovals were also observed by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft during its flyby of Jupiter in 2000, but these features received little attention until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-systematic-study-of-the-polar-spots-nbsp">Systematic study of the polar spots&nbsp;</h2>



Tsubota’s systematic analysis of Hubble data revealed eight distinct southern UV-dark ovals between 1994 and 2022. However, similar features at the north pole were far less common, appearing only twice in 25 maps.&nbsp;



Most of the Hubble images used for this research were part of the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) project, directed by Amy Simon at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.&nbsp;



OPAL captures yearly snapshots of the outer planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - to study their atmospheric dynamics and evolution. Tsubota’s innovative approach to analyzing OPAL data proved fruitful.&nbsp;



“In the first two months, we realized these OPAL images were like a gold mine,” said Tsubota. “I quickly constructed an analysis pipeline to process all the images and see what insights we could gain.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-causes-the-mysterious-ovals">What causes the mysterious ovals?</h2>



Collaborating with planetary atmospheric experts Tom Stallard of <a href="https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northumbria University</a> and Xi Zhang of <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Cruz</a>, the researchers developed a theory to explain these dense haze spots.&nbsp;



Stallard proposed that the ovals are the result of swirling vortex dynamics originating in Jupiter’s ionosphere.&nbsp;



The vortex may be driven by friction between Jupiter’s magnetic field lines and the sheet of ionized plasma surrounding the planet, which is influenced by volcanic activity on Jupiter’s moon Io.



The vortex spins most rapidly in the ionosphere, weakening as it descends into the atmosphere. At its deepest point, it stirs up the stratospheric haze, creating the dense, UV-dark ovals observed by Hubble.&nbsp;



“The haze in the dark ovals is 50 times thicker than the typical concentration, which suggests it likely forms due to swirling vortex dynamics rather than chemical reactions triggered by high-energy particles from the upper atmosphere,” said Zhang.&nbsp;



“Our observations showed that the timing and location of these energetic particles do not correlate with the appearance of the dark ovals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jupiter-s-complex-atmospheric-system">Jupiter’s complex atmospheric system</h2>



The research team estimates that these ovals take about a month to form and dissipate within a few weeks. This rapid lifecycle highlights the dynamic nature of Jupiter’s atmosphere and the complex interplay of forces that shape its features.



Wong emphasized that the UV ovals offer valuable insights into the connections between different atmospheric layers.&nbsp;



“Studying connections between different atmospheric layers is very important for all planets, whether it’s an exoplanet, Jupiter, or Earth,” Wong said.&nbsp;



“We see evidence for a process connecting everything in the entire Jupiter system, from the interior dynamo to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-could-support-life-on-jupiters-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satellites</a> and their plasma torii to the ionosphere to the stratospheric hazes. Finding these examples helps us to understand the planet as a whole.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-planetary-evolution">A window into planetary evolution</h2>



The discovery of these polar UV-dark ovals underscores the importance of long-term observational projects like OPAL.&nbsp;



By systematically analyzing decades of data, researchers can uncover subtle but significant atmospheric features that were previously overlooked.



The findings not only enhance our understanding of Jupiter but also contribute to broader studies of planetary evolution. Similar atmospheric dynamics may exist on other gas giants in our solar system or even on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-discovery-nasa-identifies-over-5500-distant-worlds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a> beyond it.



As researchers continue to study these enigmatic spots, their work will shed light on the mechanisms that drive atmospheric phenomena across a variety of planets, offering a richer understanding of the complexities within our solar system and beyond.



Image Credit: Troy Tsubota and Michael Wong, UC Berkeley



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What is causing the mysterious haze at Jupiter’s poles?

Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot has captivated observers for centuries....

Two hundred and thirty million years ago, in what is now Wyoming, dramatic seasonal changes dominated the climate. Torrential monsoons drenched the region for months, followed by extreme dry spells. Such harsh conditions posed significant challenges for amphibians, which rely on moist environments for survival. 



However, a group of salamander-like creatures developed a unique adaptation to endure these extremes, as evidenced by their unusual fossils discovered recently.



A recent study describes a new species of fossil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-40-of-amphibians-face-extinction-due-to-escalating-climate-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibian</a> preserved in torpedo-shaped burrows. These ancient creatures apparently used these burrows to wait out the dry seasons, showcasing an early form of estivation - a state of dormancy similar to hibernation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-survival-strategies-of-amphibians-nbsp">Seasonal survival strategies of amphibians&nbsp;</h2>



Lead author Cal So, an incoming postdoctoral scientist at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum in Chicago</a>, explains that Wyoming during the Triassic period experienced some of the most drastic seasonal effects due to the mega-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-land-conditions-affect-the-asian-monsoon-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monsoon</a> impacting the supercontinent Pangea.



“How did these animals stay moist and prevent themselves from drying out during the hot and dry season that lasted several months?” So asked. “We find these fossils inside these cylindrical structures up to 12 inches long, which we’ve interpreted as burrows."



The discovery traces back to 2014 when David Lovelace, a research scientist at the <a href="https://museum.geoscience.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin Geology Museum</a>, was searching for fossils in a rock layer he named the Serendipity Beds. 



Lovelace noticed cylindrical structures resembling infilled burrows and collected several for analysis. Upon examining one of the preserved burrows in the lab, he found a tiny, toothy skull.



“I saw sharp, pointy teeth, and my first thought was that it was a baby crocodile,” Lovelace recalled. “But when we put it all together and prepared it, we realized it was some sort of amphibian.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-reveal-a-new-amphibian-species">Fossils reveal a new amphibian species</h2>



Collaborating with Jason Pardo, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum specializing in fossil amphibians, the team conducted high-resolution CT scans of the burrows, revealing more skeletal remains.&nbsp;



Recognizing the significance of their find, the researchers continued excavations and ultimately collected around 80 fossil burrows, most containing skulls and bones.



The partial remains suggest that these amphibians were about a foot long with tiny, underdeveloped arms. Their skulls had a scoop-like shape, indicating they likely used their heads to dig burrows into the muddy riverbeds during dry seasons.



“They spent the dry season underground, in a state somewhat similar to hibernation, until the monsoon returned a few months later,” So explained.&nbsp;



Unfortunately, some of these creatures never emerged, possibly due to changes in river paths that left their burrows dry, leading to their demise.



The amphibians have been given a Shoshone name: Ninumbeehan dookoodukah, meaning “Little People’s flesh eater.” This name honors the Eastern Shoshone people and references the creature's sharp teeth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eastern-shoshone-community-engagement">Eastern Shoshone community engagement </h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a> were discovered on lands stewarded by the <a href="https://www.blm.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bureau of Land Management</a>, within the ancestral territories of the Eastern Shoshone people. The research team established an ongoing collaborative relationship with the local community.



“Our interest is in education, so we met with the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer for the Eastern Shoshone, and he connected us with the schools,” Lovelace said.&nbsp;



Middle school students from Fort Washakie School, along with their teachers and elders, joined the researchers in the field. The elders shared their knowledge of the land, while the students assisted in finding burrows and bones.



Amanda LeClair-Diaz, Office of Indian Education Coordinator and a co-author of the paper, highlighted the importance of this collaboration.



“This process of scientists, community members, educators, middle school students, and Eastern Shoshone elders coming together to learn about these fossils and choosing a Shoshone name for the fossil, Ninumbeehan dookoodukah, solidifies the intergenerational connection we as Shoshone people have to our homeland and the beings that exist within this environment,” said LeClair-Diaz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-amphibian-survival">Insights into amphibian survival</h2>



The discovery of Ninumbeehan dookoodukah offers valuable insights into life during the Triassic period. Small amphibians from this era are rare in the fossil record, making this find particularly significant.



“We find some big ones, but these small ones are really quite challenging to find,” Pardo said. The survival strategy of these amphibians - burrowing to escape extreme weather - mirrors behaviors seen in some modern species.



Understanding how ancient creatures adapted to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-climate-shift-sheds-light-on-future-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> extremes can inform current studies on how modern amphibians might cope with the changing climate.&nbsp;



“The way that Ninumbeehan could slow down its metabolism to wait out the dry weather indicates that some lineages of modern amphibians that have similar seasonal behavior might allow for greater survivorship than some of the models suggest,” Pardo said. “It’s a little glimmer of hope.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-to-the-past-in-hope-for-the-future">Looking to the past in hope for the future</h2>



The research not only uncovers a new species but also strengthens the connection between science and indigenous knowledge. 



By integrating paleontology with community collaboration, the study enriches our understanding of Earth's history and fosters appreciation for the intricate relationships between ancient creatures and their environments.



As climate change poses new challenges, the resilience strategies of Ninumbeehan dookoodukah may inspire hope and guide conservation efforts for present-day amphibians facing similar environmental pressures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.1041" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>.



Image Credit: Copyright: Gabriel N. Ugueto



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Amphibian fossils found in burrows reveal ancient survival strategies 

Two hundred and thirty million years ago, in what is...

The cells in our bodies function like bustling cities. They run on an iron-powered system that uses hydrogen peroxide, not merely as a cleaning agent, but as a conduit for crucial signals that involve carbon dioxide (CO2) and help protect the DNA.



It's an efficient system under normal circumstances, but becomes a cause for concern when cells experience stress, such as during inflammation or a sudden surge in energy usage.



Under such strain, oxidative stress can inflict damage to cells at the genetic level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-bicarbonate">Role of bicarbonate</h2>



There is a chemical reaction within our cells that goes by the name of the Fenton reaction. In this reaction, iron and hydrogen peroxide mix, producing destructive hydroxyl radicals that indiscriminately attack DNA and RNA. 



However, these cells manage to turn what seems to be an adversary -- CO2 -- into an ally. 



Carbon dioxide, infamous for its impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a>, provides our DNA and cells with bicarbonate, which helps maintain pH balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bicarbonate-s-overlooked-function">Bicarbonate's overlooked function</h2>



According to a study conducted by a team of chemists from the University of Utah, bicarbonate's function extends beyond being a simple pH buffer.



The research showed that bicarbonate can alter the Fenton reaction in our cells, thereby reducing the formation of chaotic hydroxyl radicals. Instead, the reaction produces carbonate radicals which pose a lesser threat to DNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxidative-stress-and-diseases">Oxidative stress and diseases</h2>



<a href="https://www.chem.utah.edu/directory/burrows/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cynthia Burrows</a>, a distinguished professor of chemistry, and senior author of the study, talked about the implications of this discovery, particularly in understanding diseases where oxidative stress plays a substantial role.



“So many diseases, so many conditions have oxidative stress as a component of disease. That would include many cancers, effectively all age-related diseases, a lot of neurological diseases,” said Burrows. 



“We’re trying to understand cells’ fundamental chemistry under oxidative stress. We have learned something about the protective effect of CO₂ that I think is really profound.”



Burrows' team included research associate professor, Aaron Fleming, and doctoral candidate, Justin Dingman, both of whom are members of the Burrows Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-impact-of-co-2-on-dna">Real impact of CO2 on DNA</h2>



Through their study, the researchers discerned the significant role of bicarbonate in our cells when they are confronted with oxidative stress.



Without bicarbonate, or CO2 being present during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-secret-code-called-spatial-grammar-may-rewrite-genetics-textbooks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> oxidation reactions, the free radical species generated - the hydroxyl radical - is extremely reactive and severely damages DNA.



However, the presence of bicarbonate from dissolved CO2 changes the reaction, resulting in a less damaging radical that targets only guanine, a constituent of our genetic code.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bicarbonate-the-new-game-changer">Bicarbonate, the new game-changer</h2>



The discovery by Burrows and her team suggests that cells are far more intelligent than previously believed.



This could reshape our understanding of oxidative stress and its link to diseases, such as cancer, and aging.



More importantly, their findings suggest that many scientists studying cell damage might have been conducting lab experiments in ways that don't reflect real conditions, which could cast doubt on their findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-question-of-proper-lab-conditions">Question of proper lab conditions</h2>



Scientists grow cells in a tissue culture in an incubator set to body temperature, where carbon dioxide levels are raised to 5%. 



This environment replicates the cells' natural habitat as they metabolize nutrients. However, this environment changes when researchers begin their experiments outside the incubator.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-co-2-beyond-dna">Importance of CO2 beyond DNA</h2>



According to Burrows, bicarbonate must be included in experiments to ensure reliable results. 



“Most people leave out bicarbonate/CO₂ when studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> oxidation because it is difficult to deal with the constant outgassing of CO₂,” Burrows explained.



“These studies suggest that to get an accurate picture of DNA damage that occurs from normal cellular processes like metabolism, researchers need to be careful to mimic the proper conditions of the cell and add bicarbonate, i.e., baking powder!”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-positive-outcomes">Potential positive outcomes</h2>



Burrows conjectures that her study could have unexpected benefits that may someday advance research in other areas. 



Her lab is currently seeking new funding from NASA to study the effect of CO2 on people confined to enclosed spaces, such as those inside space capsules and submarines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-2-s-protective-properties-on-dna">CO2's protective properties on DNA</h2>



Research into the protective effect of CO2 could be vital for astronauts working in enclosed environments where elevated CO2 levels are commonplace.



A slightly higher concentration of CO2 might offer a protective shield against radiation, which generates hydroxyl radicals. Such findings could drastically change the way we look at carbon dioxide and its role within our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-molecular-orientation-new-discovery-deepens-the-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cells</a>.



Ultimately, this study sheds light on how cells smartly defend DNA and maintain balance. The discovery of bicarbonate's role in this process is bound to stir the realms of scientific research, shattering misconceptions and reshaping future studies.



The research was funded by the NIH/National Institute of General Medical Sciences.



The study is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.26.609766v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioRxiv</a>.



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<pre class="wp-block-code"><code> </code></pre>

CO2 is actually good for our DNA, even though it's wreaking havoc on Earth's climate

The cells in our bodies function like bustling cities. They...

How do you tell if a plant is doing well or poorly? Is there a way to increase agricultural productivity in our world of climate change and overpopulation? The answers to these pressing questions may be found in a tiny yet powerful plant sensor created by researchers from Japan's Tohoku University.



This is more than just a tale of innovation; it's the story of how we're transforming the way we monitor our planet's green life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-old-methods-new-problems">Old methods, new problems</h2>



The adverse impacts of climate change are not news. Harsh weather conditions such as heatwaves, intense rainfall, and prolonged droughts stress our plants and crops, reducing yields and endangering the long-term health of our farms, forests, and biodiversity.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tracking plant responses</a> has always been challenging, and while drones and aircraft offer a bird's eye view of our greenery, they capture only surface-level information.



Moreover, these high-tech solutions need constant adjustments to track plants accurately over time. On the other hand, smaller, ground-level sensors that can monitor individual plants require manual checks, which become impractical for larger fields or forests.



"The traditional methods may work well for some purposes, but they are difficult to operate and quite expensive. In order to continuously monitor small changes, we needed a new solution," said Kaori Kohzuma, a member of the research team at <a href="https://www.tohoku.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tohoku University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-step-towards-smarter-agriculture">Step towards smarter agriculture</h2>



Addressing these challenges, the researchers developed a unique sensor that can be attached directly to the underside of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-secret-breathing-strategy-in-response-to-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> leaves. Framed in its small body is a powerful spectroscopic sensor and light source that can measure leaf color over time without blocking sunlight.



Easy to use and durable, the sensor is powered by a battery and equipped with Wi-Fi for data transfer. Thanks to its waterproof design, it can work outdoors for over a month, ensuring extended data collection.



"Smart agriculture is a huge time-saver," said Ko-ichiro Miyamoto, a researcher at Tohoku University.



"Farmers don't have time to manually check every single plant. This sensor is able to provide fine-tuned readings for what's going on in real time. Then, they can react accordingly to areas where plants are experiencing high levels of stress."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-putting-the-plant-sensor-to-test">Putting the plant sensor to test</h2>



The sensor was put through stringent tests where it had to take on a commercial spectrometer across about 90 leaves from 30 different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-diverse-crops-traps-carbon-and-boosts-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>. 



In the face-off, the sensor distinguished colors accurately across seven out of its eight detectable wavelengths. It also showed similar readings to commercial chlorophyll meters at 620 nm.



An outdoor trial was conducted to test the sensor under real-world, changing conditions. Attached to birch leaves, it tracked changes in leaf color during autumn, leaf fall, and aging over a span of two weeks.



The sensor recorded a decrease in chlorophyll - often an indication of plant stress - and documented how the plant's response shifted with sunlight intensity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-smart-agriculture">Future of smart agriculture</h2>



"This affordable sensor is a promising tool for accurately monitoring plant health and stress through leaf color and light reflection data," said Kohzuma.



"Its low cost makes it possible to place multiple sensors across various locations, creating a network for simultaneous monitoring in many spots."



Indeed, the future of agriculture looks bright, and this smart sensor technology could well be the forerunner in a new wave of precision farming. 



Farmers, forest rangers, and researchers alike could benefit from the granular data provided by these sensors, and use it to ensure the health and productivity of our plant life in a challenging environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-plant-sensors">Significance of plant sensors</h2>



Smart farming is more than a buzzword; it's an essential part of our initiatives to sustain life on Earth. 



"The plant sensor can be a powerful tool in the field of agriculture and ecological study by realizing simultaneous, multi-point and remote monitoring at a low cost," noted the researchers.



As we continue to battle against climate change and overpopulation, innovative solutions like the plant sensor offer a beacon of hope for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaccinating-plants-could-boost-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green world</a>. It's time to embrace technology that will help plants thrive in a changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180424000709?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research</a>.



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New sensor remotely tracks plant health in real time

How do you tell if a plant is doing well...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

This village of Debundscha Africa in the southwestern region of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon">Republic of Cameroon</a> lies at the foot of Mount Cameroon––the highest peak in Africa, and faces the south <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/phytoplankton-blooms-persist-in-the-north-atlantic-ocean/">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The weather there is in stark contrast to the dry weather affecting of most of the continent and rainfall averages 10,299 mm a year.

Debundscha Africa

San Antonio de Ureca Equatorial Guinea This region on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioko">Bioko Island</a> is the wettest place on the African continent. During the brief dry season from November to March, tourists flock to see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-turtles-spread-their-eggs-out-for-reproductive-success/">turtles</a> come ashore and lay eggs. Annual rainfall averages 10,450 mm.