Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a satellite view of retreating glaciers in Alaska, where meltwater is rapidly expanding glacial lakes. The image was captured on August 4, 2024 by the Landsat 8 satellite.



“In parts of Alaska, water is replacing ice. As glaciers thin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreat</a>, meltwater collects at their fronts, forming proglacial lakes. According to an analysis by Mauri Pelto, a glaciologist at Nichols College, three such lakes in the southeastern part of the state have grown rapidly in recent decades,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-glaciers-in-alaska">Retreating glaciers in Alaska</h2>



“A trio of glaciers - Yakutat, Alsek, and Grand Plateau - descend from inland mountains and flow onto the coastal plain southeast of Yakutat borough, ending at Harlequin Lake, Alsek Lake, and Grand Plateau Lake,” noted NASA.&nbsp;



The retreat of the glaciers, as well as the growth of the lakes, are visible in the image. When compared to an <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/153000/153638/fastestlake_tm5_19840705_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> captured by Landsat 5 in the summer of 1984, the changes are even more evident.



NASA elaborated on the extent of the glacier retreat from 1984 to 2024. “During this period, Yakutat Glacier’s main arm retreated 4.3 miles, while Alsek Glacier’s northern and southern arms retreated 3.3 miles and 3.4 miles, respectively. Grand Plateau Glacier’s northern arm lost the most, retreating 4.8 miles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes-doubled-in-size-nbsp">Glacial lakes doubled in size&nbsp;</h2>



“Collectively, the three lakes more than doubled in size over 40 years. In 1984, they covered about 50 square miles. By 2024, they spanned 90 square miles. That’s an area larger than Seneca Lake (67 square miles) - one of the Finger Lakes in New York, which also have a glacial origin,” said NASA.



Pelto noted that the lakes forming in this region are immense - starting at the mountains and spreading toward the coast - making this a new lake district that is unique in our nation.



“Millions of other lakes, named and unnamed, dot the state. But this system has grown fast, so much so that Pelto thinks it might represent the fastest lake growth in the United States this century,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacier-retreat-nbsp">Understanding glacier retreat&nbsp;</h2>



Glacier retreat is a significant phenomenon driven primarily by global warming the results from rising greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>.&nbsp;



As temperatures rise, glaciers lose more ice during the summer melt than they can regain in winter snowfall, causing them to shrink over time. This process has profound implications for ecosystems, water resources, and global sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



When glaciers retreat, they often leave behind depressions in the landscape that can fill with meltwater, forming glacial lakes. These lakes are typically bounded by natural dams made of rock, ice, or moraine - accumulations of debris left behind by the glacier's movement.&nbsp;



Over the past century, the number and size of glacial lakes worldwide have increased significantly due to the accelerating pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-glaciers-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-harsh-climate-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat. This trend is especially evident in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, as well as in polar areas such as Alaska and Greenland.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-and-negative-impacts-nbsp">Positive and negative impacts&nbsp;</h3>



Glacial lakes can have both positive and negative impacts. They provide critical water sources for downstream communities, support biodiversity, and sometimes offer opportunities for hydropower development or tourism.&nbsp;



However, they also pose serious risks. The dams holding back these lakes can fail suddenly, causing glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These catastrophic events can devastate downstream areas, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and habitats while endangering human lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes">Monitoring changes</h3>



Understanding glacier retreat and glacial lake formation requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining climate science, hydrology, and geology.&nbsp;



Monitoring these changes is essential to mitigate associated risks and adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-retreat-worldwide">Glacier retreat worldwide</h2>



Studies and satellite observations show that most glaciers in almost all regions of the world are shrinking.&nbsp;



Melting glaciers contribute significantly to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>, which threatens coastal communities and ecosystems.



The retreat of glaciers is considered one of the clearest indicators of climate change.&nbsp;Some glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates, indicating accelerating climate impacts.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Retreating glaciers and expanding meltwater lakes in Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. 



The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters, annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters.”&nbsp;



According to NASA, the climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. "Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food.&nbsp;



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community.&nbsp;



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders.&nbsp;



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, which has mastered the art of navigating rocky terrains. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter.&nbsp;



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations.&nbsp;



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1559, located around 35 million light-years away in the southern constellation Reticulum. The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuel-for-star-formation">Fuel for star formation </h2>



"The data featured in this portrait make use of two of Webb’s instruments: the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) and Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam)," noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Here MIRI captures the glow of interstellar dust grains, which trace out the interstellar medium, the fuel for future star formation. NIRCam shows the light from stars, even young stars hidden behind prodigious amounts of dust. NIRCam also captures emission from ionised nebulae around young stars."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-reveals-galaxies-in-new-light">Webb reveals galaxies in new light</h2>



According to ESA, the data was collected by the <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/phangs/home">PHANGS team</a> as part of a program in which Webb will observe 55 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> that have also been mapped by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, and more.&nbsp;



"By combining Webb’s unprecedented view of the dust and stars with data from these other facilities, the team aims to obtain a new, highly detailed view of how stars are born, live, and die in galaxies across the Universe."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-1559-a-loner-in-space">NGC 1559: A loner in space</h2>



Although NGC 1559 appears to sit close to one of our nearest neighbors in the sky - the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) - this is just a trick of perspective, noted ESA.



While it is part of the Reticulum constellation, NGC 1559 is not part of the Local Group of galaxies but instead resides in a more distant region of space.



"In reality, NGC 1559 is physically nowhere near the LMC in space; in fact it truly is a loner, lacking the company of any nearby galaxies or membership of any galaxy cluster."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1559">Star formation in NGC 1559</h2>



NGC 1559 is notable for its active star formation and strong magnetic fields. It has also been the site of several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, making it of particular interest to astronomers studying stellar evolution and the lifecycle of stars.



The structure of NGC 1559 includes well-defined spiral arms that are rich in young, hot stars and regions of ionized gas, indicative of ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>.



The galaxy’s central bar is believed to play a role in driving gas towards the core, fueling both the star formation and the activity around its nucleus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-extragalactic-wonder">An extragalactic wonder</h2>



Despite being relatively small compared to larger galaxies like the Milky Way, NGC 1559 is an important object for understanding how barred spiral galaxies evolve and the processes that trigger supernovae.



The galaxy’s remote location and active nature make it a fascinating subject of study in the field of extragalactic astronomy. The isolation of NGC 1559 allows for a clearer view of its structure without much interference from neighboring galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies">Barred spiral galaxies</h2>



Barred spiral galaxies are a type of spiral galaxy characterized by a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. This bar extends out from the core and connects to the galaxy's spiral arms, which swirl outward in a graceful pattern.



Scientists believe that the bar plays a crucial role in the evolution of the galaxy, funneling gas towards the core and potentially triggering star formation or feeding a central black hole. 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our own galaxy, is an example of a barred spiral. These galaxies are quite common in the universe, making up about two-thirds of all observed spiral galaxies.



The bar itself is thought to be a temporary feature, developing as the galaxy matures and possibly disappearing over time as the dynamics of the stars change. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reticulum-constellation">The Reticulum constellation</h2>



The Reticulum constellation is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky. Its name means "the reticle" in Latin, which refers to the crosshairs in an eyepiece of a telescope. 



The constellation was named in the 18th century by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille to honor the reticle he used in his scientific instruments. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, A. Leroy, J. Lee and the PHANGS Team



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Spiral galaxy NGC 1559 is a loner in outer space

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. 



NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



The star is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.



HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. 



Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-blue-giants">Significance of blue giants</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. 



The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.



The galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.



According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a&nbsp;Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.



“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.



The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.



Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. 



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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Luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Cyclone Chido, an intense tropical cyclone that caused unprecedented devastation across Southeast Africa in December 2024.



On December 14, Chido struck the islands of Mayotte with wind speeds exceeding 200 km/h (124 mph) and gusts over 225 km/h (140 mph), marking it as the most powerful storm to hit the French territory in at least 90 years.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-moving-tropical-cyclones-are-becoming-more-powerful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyclone</a> ultimately made three landfalls - all with winds equivalent to those of a Category 4 tropical cyclone. According to media reports, authorities in Mayotte fear that hundreds and possibly thousands of people have died.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-intensification-of-chido">Rapid intensification of Chido</h2>



“Chido formed in the southeastern Indian Ocean on December 5, 2024. The disturbance rapidly intensified before hitting the Mauritian islands of Agaléga on December 11. The next day, the cyclone peaked in intensity, with sustained winds of about 250 kilometers (155 miles) per hour - equivalent to a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson wind scale,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153708/cyclone-chido-pummels-mayotte" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Cyclone Chido continued to move west in an environment favorable for sustaining storms. That included warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> of up to 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees Fahrenheit) and low vertical wind shear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastation-of-cyclone-chido-nbsp">Devastation of Cyclone Chido&nbsp;</h2>



The cyclone obliterated entire neighborhoods, particularly in hillside shantytowns inhabited by undocumented migrants. Official reports confirm at least 31 fatalities and thousands of injuries - though the actual death toll may be significantly higher.&nbsp;



The destruction in Mayotte's capital, Mamoudzou, has left approximately 100,000 people homeless. The aftermath has been characterized by a lack of visible assistance from authorities, with residents relying on community support amid concerns over hunger, disease outbreaks, and lawlessness.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landfall-in-mozambique-nbsp">Landfall in Mozambique&nbsp;</h2>



Following its impact on Mayotte, Chido continued westward, making landfall in Mozambique on December 15 near the city of Pemba as a strong Category 4-equivalent intense tropical cyclone.&nbsp;



The storm resulted in at least 34 deaths and 43 injuries across three northern provinces. In neighboring Malawi, Chido claimed two lives.&nbsp;



The cyclone's ferocity, fueled by warmer ocean temperatures attributed to climate change, has raised concerns about the increasing frequency and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensity</a> of such storms in the region.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-efforts-and-vulnerable-communities-nbsp">Recovery efforts and vulnerable communities&nbsp;</h2>



The crisis has highlighted the vulnerabilities of affected regions, particularly Mayotte, which faces challenges of poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure.&nbsp;



The lack of preparedness and insufficient emergency response have drawn criticism, highlighting the need for improved disaster management and investment in resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of future climate-induced disasters.&nbsp;



In response to the disaster, French President Emmanuel Macron is scheduled to visit Mayotte, and relief efforts are underway, including the arrival of a ship carrying 180 tons of aid.&nbsp;



However, the scale of destruction and ongoing challenges in delivering assistance to remote and inaccessible areas continue to impede recovery efforts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-fueled-intensification-of-cyclones-nbsp">Climate-fueled intensification of cyclones&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rising-impact-of-tropical-cyclones-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensification of cyclones</a> due to climate change is a significant and concerning phenomenon. As global temperatures rise, warmer ocean waters provide the energy that fuels tropical cyclones, making them stronger and more destructive.&nbsp;



Higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface temperatures</a> lead to increased evaporation, which adds more moisture to the atmosphere. This moisture can enhance the rainfall associated with cyclones, increasing the risk of flooding.&nbsp;



Additionally, rising sea levels, driven by the melting of polar ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater, exacerbate storm surge impacts, causing more extensive and severe coastal flooding during cyclonic events.



Changes in atmospheric conditions also play a role. While climate change may not increase the overall frequency of cyclones, it is likely to shift the distribution and intensity of these storms. For instance, studies suggest that a larger proportion of cyclones are reaching the most intense categories.&nbsp;



Furthermore, slower-moving cyclones, a trend linked to weakened steering currents, can linger longer over vulnerable areas, compounding the damage with prolonged heavy rainfall and strong winds.



These changes in cyclone behavior present challenges for disaster preparedness and response. Coastal communities, particularly in low-lying regions, are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the compounded impacts of more powerful storms, highlighting the urgent need for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies.



The image was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite, about three hours after the storm made landfall.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Cyclone Chido’s path of destruction: A climate wake-up call

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Cat Island in the Bahamas. 

Though the Commonwealth of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-matthew-moves-through-the-bahamas/">Bahamas</a> contains 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets, Cat Island is the one considered by many to be the mostly likely candidate for where Christopher Columbus may have first landed.

The island, formerly known as San Salvador, also contains Mount Alvernia, the highest point in all of the Bahamas. The mountain is located on the southeastern side of the island and measures approximately 206 feet above sea level.

--

By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a>

Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=49743&amp;eocn=image&amp;eoci=related_image">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Cat Island in the Bahamas

For many decades, scientists have documented how burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases that trap heat near Earth’s surface, driving a gradual - but consistent - warming trend.&nbsp;



Recently, however, the world has experienced an extraordinary surge in temperatures, catapulting the climate system into uncharted territory and confounding some of the best climate models available.&nbsp;



This abrupt, persistent streak of unprecedented warmth over the past two years has shattered temperature records, raising urgent questions: Why is it so much hotter than expected right now, and does it signal a more profound transformation underway?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-remarkable-and-persistent-heat-surge">A remarkable and persistent heat surge</h2>



After decades of steadily rising temperatures, 2023 saw a dramatic jump in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-2024s-record-heat-unveiling-earths-climate-danger-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global heat</a> - enough for it to become the hottest year in recorded history. But the extraordinary nature of this uptick did not stop there.&nbsp;



By 2024, average sea-surface and air temperatures had shot up again, setting new records that far exceeded previous benchmarks.&nbsp;



According to the <a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a>, the temperature anomalies between June 2023 and September 2024 were so far beyond typical year-to-year variability that experts called it an “unprecedented streak,” with 2024 now on track to be the warmest year ever documented.



“Warming in 2023 was head-and-shoulders above any other year, and 2024 will be as well,” said Gavin Schmidt, director of the <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>. "I wish I knew why, but I don’t. We’re still in the process of assessing what happened and if we are seeing a shift in how the climate system operates.”



While all scientists agree that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> from fossil fuel use remain the primary driver of Earth’s overall warming trend, they are still debating how to explain this short-term explosion in global temperatures.&nbsp;



Changes in cloud patterns, air pollution, and the planet’s capacity to store carbon are among the suspected contributors, but experts believe it may take at least another year or two to fully untangle the puzzle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncharted-territory-in-climate-records">“Uncharted territory” in climate records</h2>



Climate specialists characterize the past two years as pushing the planet “well into uncharted territory,” a phrase used by Richard Allan, a climate scientist from the University of Reading in the UK.&nbsp;



The magnitude of recent warming has tested established climate models, placing it, according to climatologist Sonia Seneviratne at ETH Zurich, “at the limit of what we would expect based on existing climate models.”&nbsp;



At the same time, Seneviratne emphasized that rising fossil fuel emissions make long-term warming trends wholly unsurprising.



So how is it that temperatures became so anomalous? Early theories focus on how natural climate variability has intersected with human-driven warming.&nbsp;



One factor is the unusually strong shift from a rare, three-year La Niña - which generally cools the planet by sending additional heat into the deep oceans - to a warming El Niño event that started in mid-2023, releasing stored energy back into the atmosphere.&nbsp;



While this helps explain some portion of the spike, temperatures remained persistently high even after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> peaked in January.



“It is difficult to explain this at the moment,” said Robert Vautard, a member of the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC). “We lack a bit of perspective. If temperatures do not drop more sharply in 2025, we will really have to ask ourselves questions about the cause.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-the-heat-surge">Factors contributing to the heat surge</h2>



Amid these extraordinary conditions, scientists have zeroed in on multiple theories that go beyond El Niño.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifts-in-airborne-pollution">Shifts in airborne pollution</h3>



A global shift to cleaner shipping fuels around 2020 might have slashed emissions of sulfur compounds that ordinarily create reflective, mirror-like clouds in shipping lanes.&nbsp;



With fewer sulfur aerosols, more sunlight could be reaching the Earth’s surface, potentially accelerating warming.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduction-in-low-lying-clouds-nbsp">Reduction in low-lying clouds&nbsp;</h3>



A peer-reviewed study proposed that a global decline in low-lying clouds might have allowed extra solar radiation to heat the surface, but establishing consistent data across the planet remains challenging.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weakening-of-carbon-sinks-nbsp">Weakening of carbon sinks&nbsp;</h3>



Forests and oceans, traditionally known to absorb much of humanity’s carbon emissions, showed signs of stress in 2023. Scientists described this as an “unprecedented weakening” of Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sinks</a>, suggesting the planet’s ability to store CO₂ might be faltering.&nbsp;



If sinks become less effective at capturing carbon, warming could speed up beyond current estimates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-tundra-emissions-nbsp">Arctic tundra emissions&nbsp;</h3>



In December, the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> reported that Arctic tundra, which has locked away carbon dioxide for millennia, has begun releasing more CO₂ than it captures.&nbsp;



Such a shift, scientists warn, might tip the balance of the global carbon cycle, further feeding into accelerated warming.



None of these hypotheses alone fully accounts for the heat surge, prompting climate experts to suspect the convergence of multiple factors.&nbsp;



“We cannot exclude that some other factors also further amplified the temperatures... the verdict is still out,” said Seneviratne.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-at-odds-with-climate-models">At odds with climate models</h2>



Climate models, which have reliably simulated broad, decades-long warming trends, appear to have underestimated just how extreme and enduring this recent heat streak would be.&nbsp;



“What occurred was at the limit of what we would expect based on existing climate models,” Seneviratne said. Some experts worry that if any key feedbacks or phenomena were missing from these models, the planet could be approaching a threshold of more profound, potentially less reversible changes.



Johan Rockström, director of the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a>, voiced concerns about rapidly warming oceans, which have long served as massive heat and carbon sinks.&nbsp;



“Oceans are warming at a rate scientists cannot fully explain,” he said last month. “Could this be a first sign of a planet starting to show a loss of resilience? We cannot exclude it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-warning-for-what-may-lie-ahead">A warning for what may lie ahead</h2>



Record-high temperatures in 2023 and 2024 offer a stark reminder of the fragility of Earth’s climate system.&nbsp;



Although some interplay of El Niño, cloud cover, and carbon sink changes may explain part of the observed heat, the fundamental driver remains human emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels.&nbsp;



Even if the dramatic peak fades in coming months, the possibility persists that Earth’s temperature baseline has permanently ratcheted up, edging us closer to thresholds that portend more dangerous extremes.



For many climate experts, these heat surges serve as yet another clarion call to reduce emissions swiftly, to develop robust adaptation strategies, and to keep monitoring the climate system’s every nuance. 



If the current anomalies hint at hidden processes at work - like a weakening Arctic tundra sink or oceanic shifts - policy decisions made now to cut emissions and preserve resilience could become all the more consequential.



Vautard emphasized that if the climate doesn’t cool off more sharply in 2025, it would prompt scientists to reevaluate their assumptions about the interplay of natural and human-driven factors - perhaps indicating a more profound shift in how our climate operates.&nbsp;



In this uncertain scenario, building deeper scientific understanding becomes ever more urgent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-resilience-against-future-heat-surges">Building resilience against future heat surges</h2>



Although the short-term temperature surge has challenged existing forecasts, the broader climate consensus remains intact: Earth is warming at an alarming rate, primarily due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.&nbsp;



This abrupt heat wave may be a harbinger of future extremes, or possibly just a short-lived but jarring deviation from expected patterns.&nbsp;



Determining which is the case will likely require another year or two of data, plus renewed efforts to bolster climate observation networks, refine models, and capture nuanced processes in the oceans, atmosphere, and polar regions.



No matter the final explanation, the world’s experience over the last two years underscores the climate’s capacity to surprise - sometimes by margins that drastically shift our sense of what is “normal.”&nbsp;



For policymakers, this event highlights both the urgency of emission cuts and the importance of resilience-building measures against more frequent or severe heat surges.&nbsp;



For scientists, the anomaly reveals how much is still left to learn about the planet’s complex interplay of feedbacks and stresses.



“We’re still in the process of assessing what happened and if we are seeing a shift in how the climate system operates,” Schmidt said.&nbsp;



Whether this remarkable episode proves to be a short detour or a glimpse of a new reality, it adds fresh impetus to the effort to better predict, manage, and mitigate the precarious path Earth is on.



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Puzzling heat surge pushes Earth’s climate to new extremes

For many decades, scientists have documented how burning fossil fuels...

Honey, often described as “liquid gold,” has captivated civilizations for millennia. Long prized for its sweetness, it has also been used in diverse cultures and traditions to soothe sore throats, support wound healing, and even address infections.&nbsp;



While honey’s anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties have earned it a place in both kitchens and home remedies, questions remain about the science behind these claims.&nbsp;



What exactly gives honey its therapeutic potential, and how do the microorganisms within it influence its benefits and safety?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-microbiology-of-honey">The microbiology of honey</h2>



When people think of honey, they usually picture a sticky, golden sweetener ready to drizzle on toast or stir into tea. Yet behind this simplicity lies a rich microbial community.&nbsp;



Honey carries a variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microorganisms</a> that together create a microscopic ecosystem. This local microbiome in honey prompts inquiries about its safety, particularly regarding how honey is produced, whether it’s consumed raw or pasteurized, and the risks it may pose for certain individuals, such as infants.



Honey primarily consists of sugars (mainly fructose and glucose), water, and organic compounds produced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-are-making-less-honey-and-five-decades-of-data-reveals-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>. While the western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is the dominant species in large-scale honey production, at least eight other bee species - including Apis cerana and Apis nigrocincta - are also known to produce honey.&nbsp;



Each species, along with environmental and floral variations, can influence the composition of the honey they create.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-microbes">The role of microbes</h2>



Bees generate honey through a multifaceted process involving the collection of nectar and honeydew from flowers and subsequent enzymatic transformations within the hive.&nbsp;



During this process, microorganisms - such as Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus - are introduced to the honey via the bees’ digestive tracts and from external sources like air, soil, and plant matter.



Some microbes, particularly lactic acid bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, are beneficial. They can contribute to honey’s acidity and preserve it against spoilage.&nbsp;



Conversely, certain yeasts, such as Candida and Saccharomyces, may thrive in honey that has excessive moisture, potentially causing fermentation or spoilage. Thus, honey’s microbial profile is shaped by the floral environment, geographic location, bee health, and other situational elements.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybee</a> gut microbiome itself plays a critical part in shaping honey’s characteristics. In addition to lactic acid bacteria, microbes like Enterobacter and Klebsiella help maintain bee health.&nbsp;



If this beneficial microbial community becomes unbalanced - due to factors such as disease or environmental stress - bees can become susceptible to infections, including fungal pathogens like Aspergillus fumigatus.&nbsp;



This fungus can harm both immunocompromised humans and bee larvae, emphasizing the shared health interests of bees and humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-s-remarkable-self-preservation-abilities">Honey’s remarkable self-preservation abilities</h2>



Despite harboring an assortment of microbes, honey naturally resists spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. One central reason lies in the enzyme glucose oxidase, which worker bees secrete from their hypopharyngeal glands.&nbsp;



When bees combine this enzyme with glucose in the nectar, it produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and water. The resulting hydrogen peroxide remains encased in the honey, helping lower its pH to levels unfavorable for bacterial growth.



Additionally, honey’s high sugar content and minimal water availability (i.e., low moisture) create an osmotic environment hostile to many microorganisms. These traits together form a potent natural defense that helps honey avoid quick spoilage, even when stored at room temperature for extended periods.



Still, honey’s acidity can vary according to seasonal flora and the particular flowers the bees visit. More than 300 honey varieties exist around the world, each uniquely shaped by local botanical and environmental factors.&nbsp;



In the United States alone, one can find distinct honeys like buckwheat honey in the Midwest or citrus blossom honey in Florida and southern California.&nbsp;



Globally, the famed Manuka honey originates from Leptospermum scoparium flowers in New Zealand and Australia and is celebrated for its heightened antibacterial effects, often attributed to methylglyoxal (MGO).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medicinal-properties-of-honey">Medicinal properties of honey</h2>



Manuka honey is one of the most researched types, largely due to the presence of MGO, which is formed from dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in Manuka flower nectar.&nbsp;



Studies suggest that Manuka honey is more potent against certain bacteria, like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, than generic honeys. However, evidence shows that various constituents of Manuka honey, including hydrogen peroxide and an osmotic effect, work together to amplify its antimicrobial strength.



While Manuka honey has garnered attention for wound care and infection control, clinical research on its effectiveness for broader health issues - such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tool-detects-changes-in-gut-health-to-help-prevent-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut health</a>, diabetes, or cancer - remains limited.&nbsp;



A few clinical trials point to Manuka honey’s potential to ease throat discomfort in chemotherapy patients, but these studies have not conclusively shown that honey surpasses existing treatments.&nbsp;



Further investigations are needed to determine whether honey’s properties can be harnessed reliably in mainstream healthcare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-benefits-and-safety">Balancing benefits and safety</h2>



One key distinction in honey is whether it’s raw or pasteurized. Raw honey undergoes minimal filtration and retains more of its natural microbes, including pollen particles and other hive components.&nbsp;



Some argue this confers extra health advantages, like enhanced antioxidant and probiotic qualities. However, raw honey also poses allergy risks to individuals sensitive to pollen or bee-derived proteins.



Pasteurized honey, processed at high temperatures to lower its microbial load, can be safer in terms of minimizing fermentation or spoilage. Yet pasteurization may also reduce honey’s beneficial enzymes and microbes, potentially lessening any therapeutic qualities.&nbsp;



Regardless of processing, improper honey storage - especially exposure to moisture, heat, or air - can trigger spoilage or microbial growth, underscoring the need for careful handling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-consumption-risks">Honey consumption risks</h2>



While honey is generally considered safe, one well-known concern is the presence of Clostridium botulinum spores. Though relatively rare, these spores can produce a potent neurotoxin that induces botulism, a serious condition marked by muscle weakness and possible paralysis.&nbsp;



Infants under one year old are particularly vulnerable because their developing digestive tracts are ill-equipped to counteract C. botulinum spores. Consequently, pediatric and public health guidelines strongly advise against giving honey to infants less than 12 months of age.&nbsp;



Although botulism risk in older children and adults is minimal, the possibility of contamination underscores the importance of following storage and processing recommendations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-s-role-in-health-and-research">Honey’s role in health and research</h2>



As scientists deepen their understanding of honey’s chemistry and the interplay of its microbial inhabitants, possibilities emerge for broader applications.&nbsp;



Honey’s mix of sugars, enzymes, and natural compounds could prove relevant in addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-viruses-to-combat-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic-resistant</a> infections, improving wound healing, and perhaps even aiding in metabolic or gastrointestinal disorders. However, robust, large-scale clinical trials remain necessary to confirm many of these potential benefits.



Still, anecdotal evidence and limited studies already support honey’s use in alleviating mild conditions, like sore throats or minor cuts. Traditional medicine in many cultures has leveraged honey’s soothing properties for centuries.&nbsp;



Modern science is now trying to define these uses more precisely, distinguishing home remedies from evidence-based healthcare solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-spectrum-of-varieties">A spectrum of varieties</h2>



Honey is incredibly diverse, owing to factors like bee species, local flora, and environmental conditions. Orange blossom honey from Florida, for example, differs not only in taste from avocado honey in California or buckwheat honey in New York, but also in antioxidant capacity and potential microbial composition.&nbsp;



Globally, Manuka honey remains the most studied, but dozens of specialty honeys in various regions hold cultural and medicinal significance, reflecting how nature’s subtleties shape each batch.



Understanding this variety can guide consumers seeking specific flavors or purported health benefits. It can also inform researchers studying how different nectar sources yield distinct antimicrobial or antioxidant properties in honey, potentially expanding its role in food science and medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead-honey-s-future-as-a-resource">Looking ahead: Honey’s future as a resource</h2>



Honey stands as an intriguing intersection of biology, chemistry, ecology, and culinary art. While marketed primarily as a sweetener, its composition reveals a wealth of complex interactions among sugars, enzymes, microbes, and floral compounds.&nbsp;



These interactions contribute to honey’s distinctive flavor profiles, antimicrobial resilience, and prospective therapeutic potential.



Ongoing research into honey’s properties - including how it fights certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intestinal-bacteria-could-help-you-live-a-very-long-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, whether it can bolster wound healing, and its broader impact on human health - reflects a growing recognition of nature’s capacity to inspire and innovate.&nbsp;



As studies become more rigorous, honey’s status in modern integrative medicine and food science may continue to rise, provided that researchers address the gaps and ensure consumer safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-as-a-natural-marvel-nbsp">Honey as a natural marvel&nbsp;</h2>



Honey’s enduring popularity stems not only from its sweet taste but also from the remarkable benefits attributed to it over centuries of traditional use.&nbsp;



Contemporary investigations highlight how honey’s microbial makeup, enzymatic processes, and sugar chemistry coalesce to create a product that is both delicious and potentially health-affirming.&nbsp;



Although definitive scientific consensus on many of honey’s medical applications remains elusive, its low-risk nature and storied past suggest that honey will continue to delight and possibly heal.



By bridging knowledge from microbiology, beekeeping, environmental science, and clinical research, scientists stand poised to uncover additional facets of honey’s significance.&nbsp;



Whether stirred into tea or considered for more formal therapeutic roles, honey’s multifaceted profile ensures that it remains a subject of fascination in culinary, cultural, and medical contexts.



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Nature's sweet remedy: Honey is a microbial marvel

Honey, often described as “liquid gold,” has captivated civilizations for...

Tea,Bag,Pulled,From,Hot,Tea,Cup

You might think of tea as a comforting, soothing ritual. But, scientists at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) have made a startling discovery -- infusing tea through commercial tea bags might be releasing billions of nanoplastics and microplastics into your cup.



Recent research from the Mutagenesis Group in the UAB Department of Genetics and Microbiology highlights how polymer-based tea bags release microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs) during brewing.



For the first time, the study has shown that these particles can be absorbed by human intestinal cells, potentially entering the bloodstream and spreading throughout the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-source-of-plastics-in-tea-bags">Source of plastics in tea bags</h2>



Food packaging is a leading contributor to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-steadily-increasing-in-freshwater-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micro and nanoplastic pollution</a>. Humans are primarily exposed to these particles through inhalation and ingestion. 



This new study focuses on the significant release of MNPLs from commercially available tea bags when used to prepare an infusion.



The researchers discovered alarming levels of contamination:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Polypropylene released around 1.2 billion particles per milliliter, with an average size of 136.7 nanometers. </li>



<li>Cellulose released 135 million particles per milliliter, averaging 244 nanometers. </li>



<li>Nylon-6&nbsp;released&nbsp;8.18 million particles per milliliter, averaging 138.4 nanometers.</li>
</ul>



These findings underline the importance of identifying and reducing plastic exposure through everyday items, like tea bags.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-plastic-particles-in-tea-bags">Analyzing plastic particles in tea bags</h2>



To characterize these particles, the researchers employed advanced analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-nanotechnology-is-fighting-microplastic-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoparticle</a> tracking analysis (NTA).



These methods allowed the team to examine the structure, size, and behavior of the particles in detail.



"We have managed to innovatively characterize these pollutants with a set of cutting-edge techniques, which is a very important tool to advance research on their possible impacts on human health," explained <a href="https://www.uab.cat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAB</a> researcher Alba Garcia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-tea">Health benefits of tea</h2>



For starters, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea is packed with antioxidants</a>, which help your body fight off harmful free radicals. These antioxidants can reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and certain cancers. 



Plus, different types of tea, like green, black, and oolong, have unique compounds that support brain health, potentially improving focus and reducing the chances of developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-a-brain-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions like Alzheimer's</a>. 



Sipping on a cup of tea can be a simple way to boost your overall health and keep your mind sharp.



Another great perk of drinking tea is that it can help with relaxation and stress relief. Herbal teas like chamomile and peppermint are well-known for their calming effects, making them perfect for unwinding after a long day. 



Even caffeinated teas, when enjoyed in moderation, can provide a gentle energy boost without the jitters that coffee might cause. 



Additionally, tea can aid in digestion and promote a healthy metabolism, which is beneficial if you're looking to maintain or lose weight. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-risks-from-plastics-in-tea">Human risks from plastics in tea</h2>



For the first time, the team explored how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-infiltrating-the-human-body-even-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MNPLs</a> interact with human intestinal cells. To achieve this, they stained the particles to track their movement and exposed them to various types of intestinal cells in the lab. 



The study revealed that mucus-producing intestinal cells absorbed the highest amount of these plastic particles from tea bags.



This was a significant finding because these cells play a protective role in the gut. Even more alarming was the observation that some particles managed to penetrate the cell nucleus, the part of the cell where genetic material is stored and regulated.



This discovery raises serious concerns about the long-term health effects of MNPL exposure. If these particles can reach the nucleus, they may interfere with cellular functions or genetic processes, potentially causing harmful outcomes over time.



The researchers also noted that intestinal mucus played a key role in helping the particles enter the cells. This finding suggests that individuals with frequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-trigger-cloud-formation-and-alter-weather-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exposure to MNPLs</a> - such as those from food or drink packaging - could face cumulative risks.



Chronic exposure might lead to widespread impacts on health, emphasizing the need for further research and preventive measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calls-for-regulation-and-policy-changes">Calls for regulation and policy changes</h2>



The findings emphasize the urgent need for regulatory measures to minimize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-is-everywhere-even-in-newborns-and-getting-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MNPL contamination</a> in food packaging. 



"It is critical to develop standardized test methods to assess MNPLs contamination released from plastic food contact materials and to formulate regulatory policies to effectively mitigate and minimize this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-the-tissue-and-skeletons-of-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contamination</a>," noted Alba Garcia and her team.



"As the use of plastic in food packaging continues to increase, it is vital to address MNPLs contamination to ensure food safety and protect public health."



This research on contamination in tea bags highlights the pressing need to prioritize food safety in the face of rising plastic use. 



By understanding and addressing microplastic and nanoplastic contamination, we can work toward protecting public health and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-informed-choices-about-products">Making informed choices about products</h2>



This study sheds light on a hidden source of plastic pollution that affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hotspots-of-microplastic-pollution-found-in-the-north-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">everyday life</a>. As tea drinkers worldwide sip from polymer-based tea bags, they may unknowingly expose themselves to billions of plastic particles.



The implications for human health are alarming, but this research offers a critical foundation for future studies and regulations.



Making informed choices about the products we use and supporting policies aimed at reducing plastic pollution are essential steps toward ensuring a safer, healthier future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653524026377?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chemosphere</a>.



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Tea bags release millions of plastic particles during brewing

You might think of tea as a comforting, soothing ritual....

Plastic waste continues to stress communities worldwide. Many people watch the steady build-up of plastic litter and worry about what the future may hold. 



Scientists are now looking at advanced materials that may turn this problems into opportunities.



Recent research, published in the Chemical Engineering Journal, highlights a special catalyst that helps transform plastic into useful products and releases hydrogen as a bonus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-catalyst-material">Refining the catalyst material</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/">Plastic pollution</a> is a stubborn challenge that refuses to go away. Transforming waste plastic into hydrogen and other useful things may seem out of reach, but a group of researchers has now shown that it does not have to be this way.



They have worked on a cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocatalyst that, through a careful process, can break down plastic and also boost hydrogen production. These findings come from research led by <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=R_L1j9MAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Kaveh Edalati</a> at <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyushu University</a> in Japan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-cadmium-sulfide-for-bigger-results">Shaping cadmium sulfide for bigger results</h2>



The CdS photocatalyst in this study is an important new invention. The team introduced sulfur vacancies, small gaps that serve as active sites, and guided the CdS structure into a stable hexagonal phase. This led to a strong increase in hydrogen output.



According to the authors, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-hydrogen-energy-production-just-got-a-lot-easier/">hydrogen production</a> increased 23 fold when compared with what is seen using standard CdS. 



By managing these sulfur vacancies, the catalyst gains more places where reactions can occur. This makes it work harder and produce more hydrogen without the need for other chemical helpers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-trash-to-treasure">From trash to treasure</h2>



The idea of turning plastic bottles or other everyday plastic items into a source of hydrogen might seem odd, but these researchers have now shown that it can be done. 



This new CdS catalyst not only encourages hydrogen production, it can also break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common plastic, into something more valuable.



PET is found in countless bottles and containers, and getting rid of it responsibly has proved difficult. Now, there is a sense that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/">unwanted plastic</a> can become a resource instead of ending up in landfills or oceans.



By building on this understanding, researchers hint at the power of materials science to affect broader environmental issues. 



They show that small changes in a catalyst’s design can mean big changes in its performance. This might inspire other ideas, including materials that make recycling more productive and less complicated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facing-global-plastic-pollution-head-on">Facing global plastic pollution head-on</h2>



Plastic production has increased at a staggering rate over the past several decades. 



<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Studies</a> show that more than 8 billion metric tons of plastic have been produced since large-scale manufacturing took off in the mid-20th century, and most of it still lingers in our environment.



Vast amounts of waste float in the oceans, wash up on shorelines, and break down into microplastics that can enter food chains. 



This accumulation threatens wildlife, contaminates ecosystems, and undermines the health of communities worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-human-side-of-the-plastic-problem">The human side of the plastic problem</h2>



People sometimes think that plastic pollution is just about large pieces of litter. Yet microplastics, tiny fragments that form when plastic breaks down, have been found nearly everywhere.



Researchers have identified them in Arctic ice, in remote mountain ranges, and even <a href="https://www.aamc.org/news/microplastics-are-inside-us-all-what-does-mean-our-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in the human body</a>. 



Their presence stirs unease because their effects on human health remain unclear, and no one wants to find out the hard way. The sheer scale of plastic contamination makes this a truly global concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-cleaning-up-the-mess">Who is cleaning up the mess?</h2>



Many organizations have stepped in to address plastic pollution. One well-known example is <a href="https://theoceancleanup.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ocean Cleanup</a>, which aims to rid the oceans of floating plastic using large-scale cleaning systems.



Others, like the <a href="https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastic Pollution Coalition</a>, bring together nonprofits, businesses, and individuals to push for systemic change. 



Local groups organize beach cleanups and recycling drives, raising awareness and inspiring positive action. These efforts underscore that people are not powerless, even though the problem is vast.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-policy-and-responsibility-on-a-global-scale">Policy and responsibility on a global scale</h2>



Not all countries respond to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-plants-endangered-by-plastic-pollution-and-flooding/">plastic pollution</a> in the same way. Some lead the charge by banning single-use plastics, encouraging circular economies, or imposing hefty fees for plastic bags.



Nations like Kenya enforce strict bans on the use of plastic bags, significantly reducing pollution on their streets and in their fields.



Meanwhile, some other regions lag behind, with weak regulations or poor waste management systems that allow plastic trash to accumulate. Different approaches highlight that change is possible, but not everyone pulls their weight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examples-of-positive-moves">Examples of positive moves</h2>



The European Union has introduced policies to cut plastic waste by banning certain single-use plastics and setting ambitious recycling targets.



In Southeast Asia, countries like Vietnam and Thailand are exploring new laws to cut back on the use of plastic bags and containers. 



Such steps reflect a growing acknowledgment that the world needs to move away from the throwaway culture and toward more sustainable, long-term solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-missed-opportunities">Challenges and missed opportunities</h2>



In some places, lack of enforcement, corruption, or limited infrastructure frustrates progress. Even where good laws exist, poor implementation can leave them toothless.



A few global economic powers continue to export their plastic waste to developing countries that are ill-equipped to handle it, thereby shifting the burden rather than dealing with the problem. 



This approach can worsen pollution in vulnerable areas and breed resentment among communities struggling to protect their environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-toward-a-cleaner-future">Looking toward a cleaner future</h2>



Solving plastic pollution will likely require a combination of smarter product design, better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tidal-wave-of-trash-waste-leakage-is-an-environmental-disaster/">waste management</a>, and more responsible consumer behavior. 



Innovations like the CdS catalyst can help nudge societies in a productive direction, turning plastic into something more useful.



People can support organizations working on the ground, encourage their leaders to adopt stricter policies, and pressure companies to use greener materials.



“We’re basically living in a plastic world,” said <a href="https://engineering.uga.edu/jenna-jambeck-named-2024-sec-professor-of-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Jenna Jambeck</a>, an environmental engineer at the University of Georgia and co-author of a widely-cited study on plastic waste. If that world is going to clean itself up, everyone has to play a part.



The full study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894724102215" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chemical Engineering Journal</a>.



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Could this breakthrough finally solve the plastic crisis?

Plastic waste continues to stress communities worldwide. Many people watch...

Think about the energy involved each time you turn a doorknob, open your fridge, or flip a light switch each day.



What if these simple actions could do more than just open doors or turn on lights? What if they could help power your home and reduce your reliance on traditional energy sources?



Dr. Jeeeun Kim, an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, is working on this idea.



Supported by the National Science Foundation's Faculty Early Career Development award, Dr. Kim is looking at innovative ways to capture and reuse energy from our everyday movements.



In particular, the research is focused on transforming passive household objects into smart, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-technology-is-a-modern-solution-for-clean-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable tools</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-hidden-energy-in-the-home">Unlocking hidden energy in the home</h2>



The traditional objects in our homes - like doorknobs and window slides - are what scientists call "passive interfaces." They store energy, but that energy typically goes nowhere.



Dr. Kim's research aims to change this by adding smart features to these everyday items.



"Daily design issues are hard to attend if prior experiences are used as a baseline," explained Dr. Kim.



"Even to those with known personal goals, like reducing utility bills, adopting the latest scientific advances in real life demands expertise because tools to support end-users, like you and me, are lacking."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3d-printing-the-key-to-smart-updates">3D printing: The key to smart updates</h2>



Instead of replacing everything in your home with expensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-smart-home-devices-spying-on-us-a-new-study-says-yes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smart devices</a>, Dr. Kim's team is using 3D printing to create attachments for existing objects.



Picture this: a small device attached to your fridge's hinges could capture the energy from opening the door and use it to power a display showing what's inside.



The possibilities don't stop there. This same idea could turn a doorknob's rotation into power for a security system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-what-computers-can-see">Looking beyond what computers can see</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-technology-can-visually-depict-what-we-are-imagining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current technology</a> has its limits, according to Dr. Kim.



"Unfortunately, recent advances in AI research of today only focuses on object, instance level detection from millions of images and videos such as a toilet, microwave, not the human interactions, lifting a toilet lid and tapping on microwave's button panels, where all human-centered computing challenges actually occur."



To address this gap, Dr. Kim developed new tools. One is a system that helps describe how humans interact with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-robots-can-help-you-find-objects-that-youve-lost-or-misplaced/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">everyday objects</a>. Another is a smartphone app that uses augmented reality to spot accessibility issues in buildings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-buildings-smarter-one-step-at-a-time">Making buildings smarter, one step at a time</h2>



This research isn't just about making homes more high-tech. It's about making them work better for everyone.



"My research is not limited to accessibility solely," said Dr. Kim. "I hope my toolkit for end-users can scan the multi-residential buildings and interactions at multiple dimensions, so residents also can notice how inaccessible their common physical environments are, how much energy is being wasted and how they can make changes toward smart, sustainable buildings by themselves."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-path-forward-for-energy-smart-homes">A path forward for energy-smart homes</h2>



Replacing every device in our homes with smart versions isn't realistic - it would be expensive and create unnecessary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-waste-is-growing-five-times-faster-than-recycling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electronic waste</a>. 



Instead, Dr. Kim's approach offers a middle ground: adding smart features to existing objects through simple attachments.



"By tackling multifaceted, interdisciplinary approaches across digital fabrication, end-user programming, deep learning, robotics, and design, this project lays the foundation for a future where every individual creates daily innovations in assistive computing devices, smart homes, and green buildings," Dr. Kim explained.



These small changes could add up to make our homes more energy-efficient, easier to use, and better suited to everyone's needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-home-energy-usage-and-a-greener-planet">Home energy usage and a greener planet</h2>



Dr. Kim’s research not only focuses on making homes smarter but also emphasizes sustainability. By leveraging energy captured from everyday movements, this approach could significantly reduce reliance on traditional power sources.



Imagine a world where the simple act of opening a fridge or closing a door contributes to a greener planet. This method also minimizes waste by retrofitting existing objects instead of discarding them, aligning with global efforts to promote circular economies.



These advances have the potential to redefine how we think about energy usage in our daily lives, and can bridge the gap between innovation and sustainability.



Details of this research were published by <a href="https://engineering.tamu.edu/news/2024/11/smart-as-a-doorknob-augmenting-passive-interfaces-into-adaptive-interfaces.html">Texas A&amp;M University.</a> 



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Smart energy: How everyday objects could power your home

Think about the energy involved each time you turn a...

The narrative of life on Earth has been built upon billions of years of existence, with therapsids playing a crucial role in this evolutionary story.



These ancient creatures are the direct predecessors of one remarkable group: the mammals.



Mammals, relatively recent additions to the evolutionary timeline, trace their inception to nearly 200 million years ago, amidst the prolific era of dinosaurs.



However, even mammals have antecedents, all categorized under the collective term "therapsids."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-therapsids-the-basics">Understanding therapsids -- the basics</h2>



Therapsids thrived during the Permian period, which was over 250 million years ago. They came in all shapes and sizes, from small, nimble hunters to larger, plant-eating giants. 



What made therapsids special was their mix of reptile-like and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-will-happen-if-modern-large-mammals-become-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammal-like features</a>, such as differentiated teeth and more advanced jaw structures, which set the stage for the evolution of true mammals later on.



For instance, therapsids had openings on the sides of their skulls to anchor jaw muscles, as well as structures in their jawbones that eventually evolved into the distinct middle ear bones found in mammals.



As time went on, therapsids started to dominate the land, filling niches that today’s mammals occupy. 



Some therapsids even showed early signs of having warm-blooded metabolisms and better ways to regulate their body temperatures, which are key traits of mammals. 



Unfortunately, most therapsids didn’t make it past the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saber-toothed-predator-was-king-prior-to-the-great-dying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a>, the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history. 



However, a few lineages survived and eventually evolved into the diverse mammals we see today. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gorgonopsians-and-saber-teeth">Gorgonopsians and saber teeth</h2>



In a recently published paper, scientists are buzzing about the find of a lifetime -- an ancient therapsid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gordonia-traquairi-pig-like-creature-discovered-roamed-earth-250-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a>, potentially the most ancient of its kind, that hails from an era perhaps far older than any therapsid discovery thus far.



This fossil belongs to a group known as the "gorgonopsians," and its features suggest something akin to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mummified-baby-saber-toothed-cat-found-with-fur-and-toes-intact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saber-toothed</a> predator with a slightly canine touch.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/gorgonopsian_oldest-mammal-ancestor_saber-tooth-fossil_credit-Anna-Sole_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/gorgonopsian_oldest-mammal-ancestor_saber-tooth-fossil_credit-_1s.webp" alt="Saber tooth of the therapsids gorgonopsian (cast). Credit: Anna Solé / Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont" class="wp-image-1954542"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Saber tooth of the therapsids gorgonopsian (cast). Credit: Anna Solé / Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont</figcaption></figure>



The newly found fossil, yet to receive a species name, introduces an exciting anomaly into the therapsid fold.



Gorgonopsians, according to Ken Angielczyk, MacArthur Curator of Paleomammalogy at the Field Museum's <a href="https://nirc.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Negaunee Integrative Research Center</a>, are closer relatives to mammals than any other living species we are aware of.



"They don't have any modern descendants and, while they're not our direct ancestors, they're related to species that were our direct ancestors."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-age-records">Breaking age records</h2>



Prior to this discovery, the record for the oldest known gorgonopsian was set at approximately 265 million years. 



The new fossil, however, has potentially pushed this benchmark back even further, dating back to somewhere between 270 and 280 million years ago.



"It is most likely the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saber-toothed-predator-was-king-prior-to-the-great-dying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gorgonopsian</a> on the planet," proclaims Josep Fortuny, a senior author of the study and head of the Computational Biomechanics and Evolution of Life History group at Spain's Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (<a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICP</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-amount-of-bones">Surprising amount of bones</h2>



The surprising find was unearthed on the Mediterranean island of Mallorca, which is part of modern-day Spain.



During the age of the gorgonopsians, however, Mallorca was a strip of land nestled within the supercontinent of Pangea. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/gorgonopsian_oldest-mammal-ancestor_fossil-fragment-outline_credit-Nat-Commun_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/gorgonopsian_oldest-mammal-ancestor_fossil-fragment-outline_credit-Nat-Commun_1s.webp" alt="The silhouette of the described animal showing the different anatomical elements recovered during the excavation. Credit: Eudald Mujal / SMNS" class="wp-image-1954540"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The silhouette of the described animal showing the different anatomical elements recovered during the excavation. Credit: Eudald Mujal / SMNS</figcaption></figure>



“The large number of bone remains is surprising. We have found everything from fragments of skull, vertebrae, and ribs to a very well-preserved femur," explains Rafel Matamales, curator of the Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals (MUCBO | MBCN), research associate at the ICP, and first author of the study.



"In fact, when we started this excavation, we never thought we would find so many remains of an animal of this type in Mallorca.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-the-past">A glimpse into the past</h2>



These skeletal remnants have allowed scientists to piece together what this ancient beast might have looked like. 



"If you saw this animal walking down the street, it would look a little bit like a medium-sized dog, maybe about the size of a husky, but it wouldn't be quite right," detailed Angielczyk.



"It didn't have any fur, and it wouldn't have had dog-like ears," "But it’s the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-of-earths-earliest-animals-found-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oldest animal</a> scientists have ever found with long, blade-like canine teeth."



The elongated, blade-like canine teeth were a distinct feature, suggesting it was likely a top predator in its ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapsids-and-mammal-evolution">Therapsids and mammal evolution</h2>



The existence of this ancient gorgonopsian that predates its closest relatives by tens of millions of years, redefines when scientists believe therapsids first evolved.



This significant milestone also alters our understanding of the eventual emergence of mammals, shedding light on our own evolutionary history. 



"Before the time of dinosaurs, there was an age of ancient mammal relatives. Most of those ancient mammal relatives looked really different from what we think of mammals looking like today," acknowledges Angielczyk. 



"But they were really diverse and played lots of different ecological roles. The discovery of this new fossil is another piece of the puzzle for how mammals evolved."



---



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54425-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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World's oldest mammal ancestor ever discovered had 'saber teeth'

The narrative of life on Earth has been built upon...

Extreme rainfall events, defined as the heaviest 5% of rain occurrences in a specific area, are increasing globally. 



As air temperatures rise, scientists expect such events to intensify because warmer air holds more moisture. Recent years have provided alarming examples, with more extreme rainfall fueling widespread flooding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-extreme-rainfall">What is extreme rainfall?</h2>



Extreme rainfall refers to precipitation events significantly heavier than average for a specific region or period. These events, often defined as the heaviest 5% or 10% of recorded rainfall, vary by location and are influenced by unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climatic conditions</a>.



Several meteorological factors drive extreme rainfall. Atmospheric rivers, narrow bands of concentrated moisture, often cause intense downpours. 



Tropical cyclones and convective storms - driven by rising warm, moist air - also contribute to heavy rainfall over localized or widespread areas.



Global warming intensifies these events, as the atmosphere can hold approximately 7% more moisture for every 1°C (1.8°F) rise in temperature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-extreme-rainfall">Impact of extreme rainfall</h2>



The frequency and severity of extreme rainfall have increased in recent decades, with significant impacts on ecosystems and communities. 



Beyond flooding, these events cause soil erosion, reduce agricultural productivity, contaminate water supplies through runoff, and increase the risk of landslides in vulnerable regions. 



Notable instances include Hurricane Harvey in 2017, which brought record rainfall to Texas, and the 2018 Kerala floods in India.



Predicting and mitigating the effects of extreme rainfall require advanced climate models, early warning systems, and sustainable infrastructure. 



Measures such as improved urban drainage systems and adaptive urban planning can help reduce damage and protect communities from the growing risks of extreme rainfall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-pattern-in-extreme-rainfall">Unexpected pattern in extreme rainfall</h2>



When scientists studied the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rainfall</a> and local temperatures in different regions, they discovered an unexpected trend. 



In tropical and mid-latitude areas, they observed that extreme rainfall events became less intense when the mean daily temperature exceeded 23°C–25°C (73.4°F–77°F).



This finding was surprising because the prevailing theory suggests that global warming should lead to more intense rainfall events due to increased evaporation and atmospheric moisture. 



Instead of aligning with this theory, the data showed a decline in rainfall intensity at higher temperatures, raising questions about the factors influencing these regional patterns. This result highlights the complex and region-specific nature of climate dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-effect-of-clouds">Cooling effect of clouds</h2>



Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry identified clouds as the key reason behind this puzzling discrepancy.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rain</a> forms from clouds, which not only produce precipitation but also block sunlight, cooling the ground beneath them. 



This cooling effect alters the recorded air temperature, creating a bias in the observed link between rainfall intensity and temperature. 



The phenomenon is especially noticeable in tropical regions, where clouds reflect large amounts of sunlight back into space. This reflection amplifies the cooling effect, further complicating the interpretation of temperature and rainfall data in these areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-behind-extreme-rainfall">Factors behind extreme rainfall </h2>



In a study published in&nbsp;Nature Communications, the researchers devised a method to remove the cooling effect of clouds from mean air temperature data. 



The experts utilized satellite-derived radiation datasets to refine their analysis. Once they corrected for the cloud-induced bias, the relationship between extreme rainfall rates and rising temperatures aligned closely with theoretical predictions and climate model projections.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"This confirms what is widely expected: Extreme rainfall intensifies in a globally warmer climate," noted Dr. Sarosh Alam Ghausi, lead author and PostDoc at the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/institutes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a>. 



"While heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/september-2024-was-the-second-hottest-month-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> increases mostly everywhere, we found the largest increases in high temperature-driven heavy rainfall events in tropical humid areas such as in India, Northern Australia, and the Amazon."
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-threat-of-flooding">Growing threat of flooding</h2>



As temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, extreme rainfall events are likely to become even more intense. 



Without proactive measures, the risk of devastating floods increases significantly. The findings highlight the need for adaptive strategies to address these heightened risks.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"These results support the physical expectations that the whole hydrological cycle becomes more intense and extreme with warmer temperatures," noted Dr. Axel Kleidon, senior author and group leader at the Max Planck Institute.



"We will not only see more extreme rainfall rates, but also more intense and longer dry spells in the future."
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-warming-on-extreme-rainfall">Impact of warming on extreme rainfall </h2>



This study resolves a key uncertainty in understanding how extreme rainfall responds to warming temperatures. 



By accounting for and removing the biases caused by cloud-induced cooling, the researchers confirmed that extreme rainfall patterns align with established <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate predictions</a>. 



The results highlight a crucial reality: as global warming intensifies, the hydrological cycle becomes more extreme. This means heavier rainfall events in some regions, alongside longer and more severe droughts in others. 



With climate change progressing rapidly, these findings emphasize the urgent need for societies to adapt and prepare for increasingly volatile and extreme weather conditions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55143-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Extreme rainfall increases as a direct result of global warming

Extreme rainfall events, defined as the heaviest 5% of rain...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The Apostle Islands of Lake Superior Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at the Apostle Islands of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/map-phczs-great-lakes/">Lake Superior</a>.
The National Lakeshore consists of 21 different islands in Lake Superior off the northern tip of Wisconsin. 
This photo was captured by the <a href="http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=5447">Operational Land Imager</a> (OLI) on board <a href="http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?page_id=4071">Landsat 8</a>. 
The Apostle Islands are also known for their famous lighthouses. “Within the boundaries of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is the largest and finest single collection of lighthouses in the country,” author F. Ross Holland wrote in Great American Lighthouses.The Apostle Islands are a group of 22 islands in Lake Superior, off the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Bayfield+Peninsula&amp;filters=sid%3a385c9461-2eb7-d2d9-c280-a323e4eac0e6&amp;form=ENTLNK">Bayfield Peninsula</a> in northern Wisconsin. The majority of the islands are located in <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Ashland+County&amp;filters=sid%3ade37d2dc-43fb-c060-ec0f-0fce003ed851&amp;form=ENTLNK">Ashland County</a>—only Sand, York, Eagle, and Raspberry Islands are located in <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Bayfield+County&amp;filters=sid%3af7120377-5e08-9b6c-eac9-d1f2543703a4&amp;form=ENTLNK">Bayfield County</a>.
&#8211;The Islands National Lakeshore is a U.S. national lakeshore consisting of 21 islands and shoreline encompassing 69,372 acres on the northern tip of Wisconsin on the shore of Lake Superior. It is known for its collection of historic lighthouses, sandstone sea caves, a few old-growth remnant forests, and natural animal habitats. It is featured on the America the Beautiful Quarters series.
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a>
Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88639">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

The Apostle Islands of Lake Superior

Cape Cod, Massachusetts Stretches into the Atlantic Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 

This photo was taken by an astronaut on board the International Space Station and shows the northern tip of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sharks-cape-cod-rising/">Cape Cod</a>. 
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Cape Cod, Massachusetts Stretches into the Atlantic Featured here are 8.5 miles of its full 65-mile length. Cape Cod is one the the largest barrier islands in the world, protecting harbor cities like Provincetown, as well as the southeastern Massachusetts coast.

The beige-colored areas that line the bottom of the cape are sand dunes that have been blown up by westerly winds.

Cape Cod is a <a title="Cape (geography)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_(geography)">geographic cape</a> extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland <a title="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months.

As defined by the <a title="Cape Cod Commission" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Commission">Cape Cod Commission</a>'s enabling legislation, Cape Cod is conterminous with <a title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts">Barnstable County, Massachusetts</a>. It extends from <a title="Provincetown, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts">Provincetown</a> in the northeast to <a title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts">Woods Hole</a> in the southwest, and is bordered by <a title="Plymouth, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts">Plymouth</a> to the northwest.

Since 1914, most of Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the <a title="Cape Cod Canal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Canal">Cape Cod Canal</a>. The canal cuts 7 miles (11 km) roughly across the base of the peninsula, though small portions of the Cape Cod towns of <a title="Bourne, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne,_Massachusetts">Bourne</a> and <a title="Sandwich, Massachusetts" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich,_Massachusetts">Sandwich</a> lie on the mainland side of the canal. Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal: the <a title="Sagamore Bridge" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore_Bridge">Sagamore Bridge</a> and the <a title="Bourne Bridge" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_Bridge">Bourne Bridge</a>. In addition, the <a title="Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Canal_Railroad_Bridge">Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge</a> carries <a class="mw-redirect" title="Railway freight car" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_freight_car">railway freight</a> and provides limited passenger service onto the Cape. The Cape is divided into fifteen <a title="New England town" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town">towns</a>, several of which are in turn made up of multiple named villages.

--

By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a>

Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86504&amp;eocn=image&amp;eoci=related_image">NASA Earth Observatory</a>
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