Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said NASA. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters (4,100 feet), annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters (13,000 feet).”&nbsp;



“The climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food. 



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community. 



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders. 



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, adept at navigating rocky terrains. The Siberian roe deer thrives across various habitats, showcasing the adaptability of Mongolia’s wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter. 



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations. 



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Makran coast along the Arabian Sea.



“Several capes and bays appear along the Makran coast - a strip of land along the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. Nicknamed ‘hammerhead’ capes because of their elongated forms and narrow necks, the headlands are shaped by the region’s plate tectonics, primarily uplift,” said NASA.



“The long curves of the bays’ shorelines show accumulations of sandy sediment. This buildup appears as numerous semi-parallel lines that reveal the locations of past shorelines. These features, known as beach ridges, appear particularly well developed on the north shore of Chabahar Bay at the top of the image.”



NASA noted that scientists recently investigated the vulnerability of the bays to the effects of climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.



“The research was conducted in part because the Makran coast experiences high rates of tectonic uplift. The researchers concluded that the harder rocks of the headlands were less vulnerable to wave erosion than the more erodible rocks where the neighboring bays formed. These bays are expected to change shape as waves and currents move sediment.”&nbsp;



“The bays’ coastlines might move farther inland as sea level rises and shorelines erode. Or, the coastlines may advance seaward as coastal sediment accumulates over time.”



The Makran coast is known for its rugged terrain, dramatic cliffs, and sandy beaches. The coastal waters support vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/">marine life</a>.



The beaches serve as nesting grounds for green and olive ridley turtles, highlighting their ecological significance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/">Mangrove</a> forests are prevalent around estuaries and river deltas, offering critical habitats for numerous fish species and birds.



The region is a hotspot for bird watching, including migratory and resident birds like herons, egrets, and flamingos.



Despite the arid, desert-like inland areas, resilient species such as the Arabian Oryx and various reptiles thrive.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Makran coast in southeastern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Culebra Island, located about 17 miles east of Puerto Rico.&nbsp;



The unique marine ecosystems of Culebra include extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-discover-huge-expanse-of-earths-coral-reefs-that-were-previously-unknown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> safeguarded by the Culebra National Wildlife Refuge and the Luis Peña Channel Natural Reserve.&nbsp;



Known as the "rainforests of the sea," coral reefs host a diverse array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. They are formed from the calcium carbonate excreted by tiny organisms called polyps. 



Although coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the ocean floor, they are crucial habitats for nearly 25% of ocean species at some stage of their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landsat-image-of-culebra-nbsp">Landsat image of Culebra&nbsp;</h2>



This Landsat 8 image - captured on February 10, 2024 - illustrates Culebra’s varied landscapes, ranging from the dry forests covering its hills to the stunning sandy beaches along its northern shore. 



“Deeper (dark blue) waters surround the island and nearby cays, while shallower (light blue) waters line the shores and lagoons. The green areas in shallow water are likely coral reefs, though seagrass meadows and seaweed patches can look similar,” noted NASA.



“You can absolutely see patch reefs east of Culebra in this image. But know that many of its reefs are located near the shore and are not easy to distinguish in Landsat imagery, depending on the depth of the water and the type of coral,” said Juan Torres-Pérez, a research scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fringing-and-patch-reefs-nbsp">Fringing and patch reefs&nbsp;</h2>



NOAA's detailed benthic habitat maps reveal that fringing and patch reefs are prevalent around Culebra, particularly to the north and east, with seagrass and seaweed meadows more common in the southern shallows.&nbsp;



Fringing reefs are the most common type of coral reef. They are directly attached to a shore or border a landmass with little to no lagoon between the shore and the main reef body. Fringing reefs grow seaward directly from the coastline.



Patch reefs are small, isolated platforms of coral that can occur independently or within a larger system of reefs, such as a barrier reef. They often appear as "patches" dispersed throughout a lagoon, separated by areas of sand or sea grass.&nbsp;



The reefs of Culebra feature key species such as branching staghorn and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/favorable-conditions-offer-hope-for-endangered-elkhorn-coral/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elkhorn corals</a>, as well as mound-shaped and brain corals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-threats">Environmental threats</h2>



Environmental threats such as coastal development, overfishing, and warming, acidic waters challenge reefs worldwide, including those around Culebra.&nbsp;



Local issues, like increased runoff from development, also threaten these delicate ecosystems by introducing harmful pollutants.&nbsp;



Furthermore, record-high global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> in 2023 have led to a significant coral bleaching event, affecting reefs across 62 countries and territories.



The ongoing marine heat wave poses an added risk, especially with higher starting sea surface temperatures this summer compared to last.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceanos-program-nbsp">OCEANOS program&nbsp;</h2>



NASA’s OCEANOS program is actively involved in studying and conserving these reefs. This program, designed for Hispanic/Latino high school graduates and first-generation college students in Puerto Rico, offers training in remote sensing, coral reef ecology, and other marine sciences.



In partnership with Sociedad Ambiente Marino, NASA’s efforts include planting over 160,000 coral pieces around Culebra to strengthen the reefs.&nbsp;



This summer, OCEANOS students will also learn about coral farming, beach profiling, reef ecology, 3D printing of coral colonies, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass conservation</a>, further contributing to the health and resilience of Culebra's marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culebra-island-nbsp">Culebra Island&nbsp;</h2>



Culebra Island is renowned for its stunning natural beauty and laid-back atmosphere. This small island is part of the Spanish Virgin Islands and is less commercialized than its neighbor, Vieques, or the main island of Puerto Rico.&nbsp;



It's especially famous for Flamenco Beach, often ranked among the most beautiful beaches in the world with its white sands and clear, turquoise waters.



Culebra has a protected wildlife refuge that covers approximately one-third of the island, providing shelter to a variety of wildlife, including sea turtles and seabirds. 



The surrounding coral reefs are vibrant and full of marine life, making it a popular spot for snorkeling and diving. Despite its small size, the island has a rich history, having been used as a naval gunnery and bombing practice site until 1975.



Today, Culebra is a favorite destination for those seeking a peaceful retreat in nature. The island's emphasis on conservation and its community's commitment to preserving its natural environment make it a unique place for eco-tourism.&nbsp;



Visitors can also enjoy hiking, kayaking, and fishing alongside the local population, which is known for its warmth and hospitality.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Protecting the coral reefs of Culebra

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Clear Lake Northern California, which is one of the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater lakes</a> in the United States. 



In mid-May 2024, the waters of Clear Lake were transformed into a vivid tapestry of bright green swirls, as seen in this image captured on May 15, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on the Landsat 9 satellite.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-lake-algal-bloom-is-visible-from-space">Clear Lake algal bloom is visible from space </h2>



The algal bloom, potentially comprised of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and other phytoplankton, was documented from space. Direct sampling is needed to precisely identify the algal organisms present in the lake.



Cyanobacteria, single-celled photosynthetic organisms, are notorious for some species' ability to produce microcystin, a toxin harmful to the skin, liver, and kidneys.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-algal-blooms-in-clear-lake-nbsp">Large algal blooms in Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Clear Lake, about 60 miles north of San Francisco Bay, is a naturally nutrient-rich body of water that has historically supported large algal populations dating back to the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, based on sediment core studies.



Recent human activities have exacerbated nutrient levels in the lake, leading to a rise in harmful algal blooms.&nbsp;



Out of over 130 algal species that have been identified in the lake, three types of blue-green algae pose health risks under certain conditions. These blooms typically appear in the spring and late summer, as reported by Lake County officials.



Nutrient influx from agriculture, vineyards, inadequate septic systems, gravel mining, and an abandoned mercury mine, along with natural factors such as lakebed sediment disturbances caused by waves and fish, have contributed to the lake's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a> decline. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorophyll-a-and-cyanobacteria-nbsp">Chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria&nbsp;</h2>



This year, data from a satellite-based ocean color instrument on Sentinel-3, processed further by the NOAA National Ocean Service, showed increased concentrations of chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria leading up to May 15.



As of May 25, local monitors have not reported microcystin levels for the current bloom. Nonetheless, the high algal density poses risks to aquatic ecosystems, as decomposing phytoplankton deplete oxygen, potentially leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypoxic conditions</a> and aquatic dead zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-clear-lake-nbsp">More about Clear Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Clear Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake wholly within the state of California. Geological estimates suggest that it formed about 2.5 million years ago.&nbsp;



The lake is a popular destination for fishing, particularly for largemouth bass, and its scenic beauty attracts many visitors for boating, bird watching, and other recreational activities.&nbsp;



Clear Lake's ecosystem supports a diverse range of wildlife, but it also faces environmental challenges such as water quality issues, partly due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-quality-threatened-by-nutrient-pollution-in-40-u-s-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural runoff</a> and other human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freshwater-lakes-and-climate-change-nbsp">Freshwater lakes and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



Freshwater lakes are significantly impacted by climate change, which manifests in various ways, affecting both their ecological balance and their roles in local environments.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-lake-water">Warming lake water</h3>



As global temperatures rise, lakes experience changes in water temperature and ice cover. Warmer water tends to hold less oxygen, which can harm fish and other aquatic life; it can also encourage the growth of harmful algal blooms that further deplete oxygen and release toxins into the water.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cover">Ice cover</h3>



Reduced ice cover during winter changes the seasonal rhythms of lakes, affecting species that rely on ice cover for part of their life cycle, like some cold-water fish and plants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-level-fluctuations-nbsp">Water level fluctuations&nbsp;</h3>



Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to higher temperatures can alter water levels. These fluctuations not only impact the aquatic habitats but also affect water availability for human use, agriculture, and hydroelectric power generation.&nbsp;



The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, like storms and droughts, leads to more pronounced cycles of flooding and low water levels, creating challenges for managing water resources and preserving lake ecosystems.&nbsp;



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-some-lakes-resist-the-heat-of-atmospheric-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> are integral to their local climates, biodiversity, and economies, these changes can have widespread implications for the communities and ecosystems that depend on them.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Clear Lake turns green with algal growth

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features record-breaking water levels in the Big Sioux River which overtopped its banks on June 24, 2024. The false-color image highlights the presence of water, appearing dark blue. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-torrential-rainfall-across-the-midwest-nbsp">Torrential rainfall across the Midwest&nbsp;</h2>



In late June, more than a foot of rain fell on parts of South Dakota and Iowa in the Midwest, causing rivers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-rivers-always-recover-from-floods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overflow</a> and resulting in significant destruction. The overflowing rivers demolished homes and bridges and inundated farmlands.



The areas of the Midwest that were hit hardest by excessive rain were south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 



“A front of dense moisture, drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico, parked over southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 20 and 21, unleashing torrential rainfall. Mitchell and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, recorded 6.5 and 7.7 inches of cumulative rain, respectively,” said NASA.



“It was the wettest two-day period for these cities in the National Weather Service’s (NWS) climate record, dating back to 1893. In Canton, South Dakota, near Iowa’s border, about 15 inches of rain fell on those days, according to NWS estimates.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saturated-soils-in-the-great-plains-nbsp">Saturated soils in the Great Plains&nbsp;</h2>



The National Water Center noted that the front brought rain to already saturated soils, as the Great Plains region had received 150-200 percent of its normal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> from mid-May to mid-June. 



Using soil moisture data from NASA’s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) center, the NWS forecasted that the ground could not absorb more water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-sioux-river-nbsp">Big Sioux River&nbsp;</h2>



The Big Sioux River, which borders Iowa and South Dakota, reached record heights following the consecutive days of heavy rainfall.&nbsp;



On June 23, the river level in Sioux City, Iowa, rose to nearly 45 feet, 7 feet higher than the previous record. That evening, a steel railroad bridge connecting North Sioux City, South Dakota, with Sioux City, Iowa, collapsed into the Big Sioux River.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-valley-flooding">Rock Valley flooding</h2>



In northwestern Iowa, about a foot of rain fell over two days near Rock Valley, 50 miles southeast of Sioux Falls.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excessive rain</a> brought the Rock River to an all-time high of 27 feet (major flooding stage is 19 feet). On the morning of June 22, the river broke a levee in Rock Valley, flooding the town and forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-earth-river">Blue Earth River </h2>



Subsequently, the front moved over southern Minnesota, causing water levels to rise along several rivers in the state. Rising waters on the Blue Earth River washed out a portion of the Rapidan Dam near Mankato, according to news reports.



As of June 25, water levels of many rivers in the Great Plains had begun to fall but remained at major flooding stage, according to the NWS.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Torrential rain caused catastrophic flooding in the Midwest

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> in the night sky, notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Its most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been a focus of research and has been extensively studied across various wavelengths, from radio to X-ray. These studies have helped astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/">formation</a> and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;



The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us.&nbsp;



This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



The discovery of the CMB in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



The model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.



The expanding universe model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said ESA.



"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."



"At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."



Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)



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The brilliant Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

In the realm of paleontology, the recent discovery of the most well-preserved, three-dimensional trilobite fossils ever discovered is making waves in the global scientific community.



These 500 million-year-old treasures, hailing from the sweltering High Atlas of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/saharan-dust-off-morocco/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Morocco</a>, are now making quite a splash in the scientific world. So striking is their preservation that scientists are terming them as “Pompeii” trilobites.



At the helm of this scientific bonanza is an international team of researchers led by Professor Abderrazak El Albani. This dynamic geologist originates from Morocco and is currently associated with the <a href="https://www.univ-poitiers.fr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Poitiers</a>. 



The team was further enriched by Dr Greg Edgecombe, a seasoned paleontologist from the Natural History Museum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-out-of-ash-and-into-history">Out of ash and into history</h2>



Dr Greg Edgecombe, equipped with about four decades of experience in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-trilobites-adapted-to-survive-300-million-years-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying trilobites</a>, shares his awe-inspiring encounter with these Moroccan fossils. 



“I’ve been studying trilobites for nearly 40 years, but I never felt like I was looking at live animals as much as I have with these ones. I’ve seen a lot of soft anatomy of trilobites, but it’s the 3D preservation here that is truly astounding,” iterates Edgecombe.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/trilobite-fossil_Gigoutella-mauretanica_credit-Arnaud-Mazurier_2m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/trilobite-fossil_Gigoutella-mauretanica_credit-Arnaud-Mazurier_2s.jpg" alt="Best-preserved trilobite fossils ever found, Gigoutella mauretanica, shake up the scientific community. Credit: Arnaud Mazurier" class="wp-image-1937825"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Best-preserved trilobite fossils ever found, Gigoutella mauretanica, shake up the scientific community. Credit: Arnaud Mazurier</figcaption></figure>



Elaborating on the significance of this research, Dr Edgecombe remarks, “An unexpected outcome of our work is discovering that volcanic ash in shallow marine settings could be a bonanza for exceptional fossil preservation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-trilobites">Understanding trilobites</h2>



Trilobites, or “sea bugs,” as they are often called, are extinct marine arthropods that first surfaced during the early Cambrian period and became extinct around 252 million years ago. 



With more than 20,000 species identified, they carry the mantle of being one of the earliest arthropods known to us.



The body structure of these ancient fellows was rather unique, a three-part deal: a cephalon (that's geek for the head), a thorax (the body), and a pygidium (tail). All these parts come together making a shape of three lobes, and that's where they got their name - with "tri" standing for three and "lobos" for lobe.



Why do we care about these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-worms-sparked-explosive-evolutionary-period-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-gone sea critters</a>, you ask? Well, trilobites are like time capsules carrying precious information about early sea life and arthropods' evolutionary history. 



Their exteriors, made up of calcite and chitin, have been perfectly fossilized, providing scientists with a wealth of data about their shapes, growth, and behavior.



In their heyday, trilobites came in all sizes, from as tiny as a few millimeters to as large as 70 centimeters. They braved various marine habitats, from the shallow coastlines to the murky ocean floors.



Trilobites reigned supreme in the marine food web, and holding positions both as the hunt and the hunted. Their remains are often used by paleontologists to identify the age of geological layers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-tale-of-gigoutella-mauretanica">Fascinating tale of Gigoutella mauretanica</h2>



Trilobites, marine animals captured in time due to their durable, calcified exoskeletons, are some of the best-studied fossils. Over two centuries, paleontologists have described more than 20,000 species of these ancient creatures.



A limitation, however, has been the lack of soft tissue preservation, leading to gaps in understanding the biodiversity of these organisms. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/trilobite-fossil_Gigoutella-mauretanica_illustration_credit-Arnaud-Mazurier_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/trilobite-fossil_Gigoutella-mauretanica_illustration_credit-Arnaud-Mazurier_1s.jpg" alt="Illustration showing habitat of trilobite species Gigoutella mauretanica. Credit: Arnaud Mazurier" class="wp-image-1937827"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Illustration showing habitat of trilobite species Gigoutella mauretanica. Credit: Arnaud Mazurier</figcaption></figure>



Here, the Moroccan trilobites make a noteworthy contribution -- encased in hot ash under seawater, they fossilized swiftly, capturing every minute detail of their bodies. 



From each body segment, legs, hair-like structures, to their digestive tract filled with ash -- the minutiae have been exquisitely preserved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-cast-new-light-on-trilobite-features">Fossils cast new light on trilobite features</h2>



Prof Abderrazak El Albani, the lead author, shares his enthusiasm, saying, “As a scientist who has worked on fossils from different ages and locations, discovering fossils in such a remarkable state of preservation within a volcanic setting was a profoundly exhilarating experience for me."



El Albani also highlights the immense potential these findings hold for future research. He suggests that pyroclastic deposits could be valuable sites for investigating ancient life, noting, "I think pyroclastic deposits should become new targets for study." 



The scientist explains that these formations have a remarkable capacity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-to-decode-the-legacy-of-the-roman-empire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserve biological material</a>, including fragile soft tissues. 



El Albani expresses optimism about the impact of this research, stating that these findings are "anticipated to lead to significant discoveries about the evolution of life on our planet Earth."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-trilobite-comprehension">Revolutionizing trilobite comprehension</h2>



Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gordonia-traquairi-pig-like-creature-discovered-roamed-earth-250-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CT scanning</a> and computer modeling, the team discovered hitherto unnoticed details about trilobite anatomy. 



The Moroccan species in this study showed four pairs of head appendages behind their long antennae, contradicting the previously accepted model of three pairs. 



A labrum, a fleshy lobe covering the mouth, was identified for the first time in trilobites.



According to co-author Harry Berks from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, "The results revealed in exquisite detail a clustering of specialized leg pairs around the mouth, giving us a clearer picture of how trilobites fed."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trilobite-fossils-elevated-to-a-new-level">Trilobite fossils elevated to a new level</h2>



This important study breathes life into these ancient sea creatures known as the Moroccan "Pompeii" trilobites, giving us a unique window into the past. 



Many details about their structure and lifestyle, previously unknown, have been brought to light by the team led by Prof Abderrazak El Albani and Dr Greg Edgecombe.



These trilobite fossils, preserved in astonishing detail down to the finest structures, have the potential to significantly influence our understanding of early marine life and the evolution of Earth's biodiversity. 



By directing research towards volcanic settings and pyroclastic deposits, there is the promise of even more pioneering discoveries in the future. This is indeed a momentous step forward for the scientific world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4540">Science</a>.



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Best-preserved trilobite fossils ever found shake up the scientific community

In the realm of paleontology, the recent discovery of the...

Massive undersea mountains, or seamounts, rise to heights unimaginable for those of us who live above water, reaching elevations thousands of meters high. 



Seamounts, while breathtakingly majestic, are also vital players in stirring up our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean's currents</a>, thus significantly impacting how our ocean stores heat and carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-deeper-into-seamounts">Diving deeper into seamounts</h2>



Dr Ali Mashayek, a leading scientist from the University of Cambridge's <a href="https://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth Science</a>, spearheaded an international team in shining a light on these undersea giants. 



Using numerical modeling, the team began to understand how the turbulence surrounding these mountains influences <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-circulation-near-antarctica-on-the-brink-of-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean circulation</a>.



Dr Mashayek explains, “The intense turbulence around seamounts makes them a major contributor to ocean mixing at a global scale, but we don’t have that process represented in climate models.” 



These findings finally acknowledge the role of seamounts, and as a result, may improve future model forecasts concerning how the ocean will react to global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-s-deep-churning-conveyor-belt">Ocean's deep-churning conveyor belt</h2>



Picture our ocean as a vast, ceaselessly moving conveyor belt. Warm water from the tropical regions slowly drifts towards the poles, where it cools and plunges thousands of meters into the ocean's abyss, taking vital carbon, heat and nutrients along with it.



Ocean circulation refers to the perpetual movement of seawater throughout the global oceans, orchestrated by wind, variations in water density, and tidal forces. 



Surface currents, strategically driven by the wind, navigate the upper layers of the ocean, while the profound deep currents, termed thermohaline circulation, are governed by disparities in water temperature and salinity. 



These interconnected flows play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-paradox-ocean-current-collapse-could-plunge-europe-into-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulating the Earth's climate</a>. By redistributing heat, transporting essential nutrients, and impacting weather patterns, they ensure a delicate balance within our planet's intricate environmental systems.



This cold, heavy water must resurface so the ocean doesn't become overloaded with frigid water. But the mighty question has been -- where does the power for this return flow come from? 



This new study uncovers some answers, highlighting how seamounts lend a helping hand (or peak) to ocean circulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-deep-sea-currents">Guardians of deep sea currents</h2>



Tens of thousands of seamounts reside at the ocean's bottom, and this number is believed to be a mere quarter of the actual figure, given only a fragment of the seabed has been mapped. 



These undersea mountains don't just silently watch the currents pass -- they intervene, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">churning the waters around them</a>.



Water charges over their sharp slopes, generating swirling wake vortices that ferry water towards the surface. 



Dr Mashayek describes the scene, saying, “The deep waters around a seamount are chaotic and turbulent...the turbulence churns up the ocean just like stirring milk into your coffee.” 



This stirring action helps yank the heavy water to the surface, completing a cycle that keeps the ocean's conveyor belt running.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seamounts-impact-on-ocean-mixing">Seamounts impact on ocean mixing</h2>



Despite previous measurements of deep-sea turbulence around seamounts, the science community remained unsure about its role in ocean circulation on a global scale. 



However, according to Dr Mashayek and his team, the stirring around seamounts accounts for approximately one-third of ocean mixing worldwide, reaching up to 40% in the Pacific Ocean due to its higher seamount count.



These massive stirring rods could potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">speed up climate change</a>, especially in large carbon stores like the Pacific. 



According to co-author Dr Laura Cimoli, "If seamounts are enhancing mixing...then the timescale of storage could be shorter and if carbon is released sooner that could speed climate change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seamounts-circulation-and-climate-change">Seamounts, circulation, and climate change</h2>



The esteemed oceanographer Walter Munk theorized back in the 1960s that seamounts might be "the stirring rods of the ocean". 



It's taken us this long to measure its significance on a global scale, but our growing knowledge of the seafloor has finally allowed us to test this theory.



“The only reason we’ve been able to put this to the test now is that we only recently had enough of the seafloor mapped," explains co-author Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.



The number of seamounts is likely to be even larger, so our estimates of their importance in mixing are still conservative. Going forward, the team intends to integrate the physics of seamount-induced turbulence into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenlands-melting-icebergs-may-not-be-threat-to-ocean-currents-amoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a>. 



With these improvements, we are one step closer to having a precise representation of deep ocean circulation, and thus, a better understanding of how the ocean will adapt to climate change.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322163121">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Seamounts impact ocean circulation and climate in surprising ways

Massive undersea mountains, or seamounts, rise to heights unimaginable for...

The world is no stranger to the consequences of climate change, but an impending northward shift in tropical rains due to unchecked <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> could have profound implications for agriculture and economies around the equator.



This potentially drastic change could significantly impact equatorial regions. Nations flanking the equator on both sides, such as central African countries, northern South America, and Pacific island nations, are expected to feel the effects most acutely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-rain-shift-and-atmospheric-changes">Tropical rain shift and atmospheric changes</h2>



The northward rain shift has been predicted by a team of researchers at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a>, led by atmospheric scientist Professor Wei Liu.



The rainfall shift is primarily associated with complex atmospheric changes caused by carbon emissions, which particularly affect the formation of intertropical convergence zones.



Described as atmospheric engines, intertropical convergence zones are responsible for generating around a third of the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-on-major-tropical-crops">The impact on major tropical crops</h2>



Several major tropical crops are grown in the regions that are expected to be most affected by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circular-economy-needed-to-reduce-americas-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rain shift</a>.



Coffee, cocoa, palm oil, bananas, sugarcane, tea, mangoes, and pineapples are among the agricultural products that could see production issues due to the instability in rainfall.



However, this northward shift will only last around 20 years. Following this period, the convergence zones are anticipated to swing back south, remaining in this position for nearly a millennium due to the warming of southern oceans - which is another repercussion of carbon emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-intertropical-convergence-zones">Understanding intertropical convergence zones</h2>



Intertropical convergence zones essentially act like a conveyor belt for moisture. Positioned along or near the equator, these zones are where trade winds from the northern and southern hemispheres meet. 



The colliding air streams rise upwards into cooler altitudes, absorbing vast amounts of moisture from the oceans as they do so. 



As this moist air chills at higher altitudes, thunderclouds form, and drenching rainstorms are unleashed. It's not unusual for tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eu-pledges-to-improve-efforts-with-the-amazon-rainforest-protection-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainforests</a> to receive as much as 14 feet of rain per year. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atmospheric-influence-of-carbon-emissions">Atmospheric influence of carbon emissions </h2>



Scientists utilized advanced computer models to simulate the real-world effects of continued fossil fuel burning and other sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The intricate model incorporated various components of the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land, with each element interacting with the others.



Professor Liu and his colleagues used these sophisticated computer models to predict the atmospheric influence of carbon dioxide emissions.



“The rainfall change is very important,” Liu said. “It's a very heavy rainfall region. So, a small shift will cause big changes in agriculture and the economy of the societies. It will affect many regions.” 



“Basically, we try to simulate the real world. In the model, we can increase our carbon dioxide emissions from pre-industrial levels to much higher levels.”



The researchers also factored in how carbon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circular-economy-needed-to-reduce-americas-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> affect the amount of radiant energy at the top of the atmosphere, sea ice shifts, water vapor variations, and changes in cloud formation. 



The combined effects of all these factors could push rain-forming convergence zones northward by as much as 0.2 degrees on average.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-tropical-rain-patterns">The impact of tropical rain patterns</h2>



In conclusion, while the consequences of climate change are many and varied, the possible short-term shift in tropical rain patterns could have far-reaching effects on the agriculture and economies of communities near the equator.



This significant change underscores the urgency of addressing global carbon emissions effectively.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02034-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Tropical rains will shift northward in the coming decades 

The world is no stranger to the consequences of climate...

Soundwaves have emerged as a powerful alternative in the manipulation of microscopic particles, traditionally reliant on optical tweezers - a technology championed by Nobel Prize winner Arthur Ashkin.



However, these tools require static and controlled conditions to function effectively. Challenged by the limitations of optical tweezers in dynamic environments, researchers have now turned to this innovative approach.



Led by Romain Fleury from the <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lwe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL’s Laboratory of Wave Engineering</a>, this method seeks to redefine precision in uncontrolled settings using the principles of wave momentum shaping.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-soundwaves">What are soundwaves?</h2>



Soundwaves are vibrations that travel through a medium, such as air, water, or solid materials. These waves are generated when an object vibrates, causing the surrounding molecules to oscillate. 



This oscillation creates regions of compression and rarefaction, where particles are pushed closer together or spread apart, respectively. These alternating regions propagate through the medium as a wave.



Soundwaves are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz), determines the pitch of the sound, with higher frequencies producing higher pitches. 



Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points of compression or rarefaction, while amplitude refers to the wave's height, which affects the sound's loudness.



Humans perceive sound when these waves reach the ear, causing the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then converted into electrical signals by the inner ear and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to hear and recognize different sounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soundwaves-as-a-tool-simple-yet-effective">Soundwaves as a tool: Simple, yet effective</h2>



At the core of this new method, dubbed "wave momentum shaping," is the use of soundwaves.



The research team, led by Romain Fleury from the EPFL’s Laboratory of Wave Engineering, has developed a technique that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-will-soon-be-able-to-use-air-to-move-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moves objects</a> irrespective of their surroundings or physical properties.



All that is needed is the position of the object, and the soundwaves handle the rest, pushing the objects gently as one might move a hockey puck with a stick. This analogy becomes literal in their experiments.



Imagine a ping-pong ball floating on water, maneuvered by audible soundwaves emitted from speakers. Positioned within a large tank, an overhead camera captures the ball’s position, while soundwaves guide it along a predestined path. The ball’s interactions with these soundwaves are analyzed in real-time, allowing precise control over its movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-potential">Expanding the potential</h2>



The researchers didn't stop at moving spherical objects. Their experiments also included controlling the rotation of objects and maneuvering more complex shapes, such as an origami lotus.



The technique is based on momentum conservation, a principle that lends the method its simplicity and versatility.



 It’s this straightforward yet flexible approach that positions wave momentum shaping as a promising technology for a variety of applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-applications-in-medicine-and-beyond">Promising applications in medicine and beyond</h2>



The potential of this technology extends far into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biomedical-research-could-protect-humans-from-next-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biomedical</a> field, where it could revolutionize how treatments are administered.



For instance, it could enhance drug delivery systems by pushing medication directly towards targeted areas like tumor cells. 



This method offers a noninvasive alternative that could mitigate the risks of traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inspired-by-sea-slugs-microneedles-could-transform-health-monitoring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drug delivery</a> methods.



Moreover, the technique’s application in tissue engineering could prevent the contamination or damage often caused by physically manipulating cells. 



The researchers also envision its use in 3D printing, where it could arrange microscopic particles precisely before they are solidified into structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-to-the-future-soundwaves-and-beyond">Looking to the future: Soundwaves and beyond</h2>



While currently focused on soundwaves, the researchers believe that the principles of wave momentum shaping could also be applied to light, potentially broadening the scope of their impact. 



Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation’s Spark program, their next objective is to scale down the experiments from the macro- to the micro-scale, using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weddell-seals-communicate-with-ultrasonic-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultrasonic</a> soundwaves to move cells under a microscope.



This innovative technique, developed in collaboration with international researchers from institutions like the <a href="https://www.u-bordeaux.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bordeaux</a>, <a href="https://nu.edu.kz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nazarbayev University</a>, and the <a href="https://www.tuwien.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vienna University of Technology</a>, marks a significant step forward in the manipulation of objects in uncontrolled environments.



As the team continues to refine and expand the capabilities of wave momentum shaping, its implications for science and medicine are bound to grow, opening new pathways for research and application in fields where delicate precision is paramount.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02538-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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Soundwaves can be used to move objects

Soundwaves have emerged as a powerful alternative in the manipulation...

Thousands of years ago, right before the dinosaurs roamed the earth, there lived a pig-like, tusked creature known as Gordonia traquairi, an ancient cousin of today's mammals. 



For the first time, experts can now dig deep into the anatomy and evolution of this species through hi-tech scanning of an ancient fossil, which was encapsulated in sandstone between 252–254 million years ago. 



This fascinating exploration of our evolutionary past was carried out by a team of experts led by the esteemed <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="https://naturalsciences.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences</a>, the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, and the <a href="https://hunterianmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hunterian Museum</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-elgin-marvel">The Elgin Marvel</h2>



An authority on paleontology, Hady George, from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> and a former research student in paleontology and geobiology at the School of GeoSciences, shares his thoughts on this remarkable find. 



"The Elgin Marvel is a fascinating fossil of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mammals-bulked-up-to-deal-with-drastic-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient mammal</a> relative that is among the best-preserved of the world-renowned Elgin Reptiles," George says. 



"These famous fossils were mostly found over a century ago, and it's only now that new technologies are allowing us to finally reveal them in detail and glean valuable insights into their skull and brain anatomy as well as their genealogy."



The specimen under scanner, known as the Elgin Marvel, is amongst the best preserved from the series of fossils discovered near Elgin, in northeast Scotland. 



Although referred to as the Elgin Reptiles, some of them, including Gordonia, share a closer relationship with mammals. The Elgin Reptiles depict the only known example of this type of fossil in Western Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gordonia-traquairi-an-unconventional-mammal">Gordonia traquairi: An unconventional mammal</h2>



Gordonia traquairi hails from an extinct group of species called dicynodonts, celebrated for their squat bodies, beaks and tusks. 



Life on Earth looked significantly different during Gordonia's time, with all continents merged together forming a single land mass known as Pangea. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gordonia-traquari_ancient-mammal_250-million-years-old_illustration_Hady-George-UEdinburgh_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gordonia-traquari_ancient-mammal_250-million-years-old_illustration_Hady-George-UEdinburgh_1s.jpg" alt="Gordonia traquairi illustration. Credit: Hady George/University of Edinburgh" class="wp-image-1937798"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Gordonia traquairi illustration. Credit: Hady George/University of Edinburgh</figcaption></figure>



Gordonia lived shortly before the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-a-new-mass-extinction-that-will-wipe-out-humans-and-all-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Dying</a>, history's worst mass extinction event that wiped out much of life on our planet around 252 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-dicynodonts">Understanding dicynodonts</h2>



These creatures, whose name translates to 'two dog teeth', were a group of herbivorous therapsids, beings that bear an uncanny resemblance to mammals, yet graciously tread along the line of reptilian features as well. Their existence dates back to the Permian and Triassic eras, a period between 270 to 201 million years ago.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-secrets-revealed-about-the-evolution-of-mammal-tusks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dicynodonts</a> came in all sizes, some as small as a domestic dog while others grew as large as a cow. A distinctive feature that set them apart was their skull structure, reminiscent of a turtle's, complete with a beak-like mouth. 



This feature was used as a survival tool used for cropping vegetation. Many species also sported tusks, tools that were probably used for digging out food or as a means of defense.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dicynodonts-habitats-and-diet">Dicynodonts' habitats and diet</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mammal-reptile-elephant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dicynodonts</a> were all about adaptability. They thrived in diverse environments, from the arid extremities of deserts to the lush expanses of forested areas. 



Their diet mirrored nature's bounty as they primarily indulged in plant-based foods. Thanks to their unique jaws and beaks, dicynodonts could process a wide array of vegetation proficiently.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-significance">Evolutionary significance</h3>



Dicynodonts were the dominant herbivores of their time, a testament to their evolutionary prowess. In a constant display of adaptability, these creatures evolved and thrived in a variety of environments. 



It is believed that this trait played a key role in their extensive existence that spanned over 100 million years.



Sadly, like all good things, the reign of the dicynodonts came to an end by the close of the Triassic era. Although extinct, their legacy is far from forgotten. 



As part of the lineage that eventually evolved into modern mammals, they hold the secrets of the transition from reptilian ancestors to our very own species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-story-behind-the-gordonia-traquairi-fossil">Story behind the Gordonia traquairi fossil</h2>



This fossil tells a truly global story, sharing many physical characteristics with fossils found in China. This discovery indicates that the dicynodonts were expanding their presence across the globe just before the cataclysmic Great Dying.



The specialized team from the University of Edinburgh used micro-CT scans to <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gordonia-traquari_ancient-mammal_ct-scan_250-million-years-old_UEdinburgh_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">render a high-resolution, 3D image</a> of a cavity created by the animal in sandstone before its bones degraded. 



This imaging technique offers a three-dimensional representation of the animal's skull and a peek into its brain. 



Learning from these details could lead to a better understanding of Gordonia's likely behaviors and the biology underlying them, offering invaluable insights into the evolution of this and other species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeing-the-future-through-the-past">Seeing the future through the past</h2>



"As hard as it is to imagine, around 250 million years ago Scotland was a desert covered in sand dunes, and ancient cousins of mammals such as Gordonia had dominion in this world. By studying them, we can learn about some of the earliest phases of our own evolution," says Professor Steve Brusatte, a professor of paleontology and evolution at the School of GeoSciences.



Increasing use of micro-CT scanning, in combination with an inclination towards open sharing of data, promises to add to the scientific discourse about our evolutionary past. 



This ever-evolving field continually reshapes our understanding of the world we inhabit today and lends itself to exciting new discoveries about where we came from.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-learned-from-gordonia-traquairi">Lessons learned from Gordonia traquairi</h2>



In summary, the scans of Gordonia traquairi give us an in-depth look at an ancient relative of mammals, revealing new details about its anatomy, evolution and behaviors. 



This research represents a remarkable scientific achievement and also a time capsule, providing a glimpse into ancient life on Earth, something that continually enhances our understanding of the world we inhabit today.



As we continue to explore our prehistoric past, the scans of the future promise to reveal even more secrets from these fossilized remnants of life from millions of years ago. 



The work done on the Elgin Marvel is a testament to how new technologies can enable us to delve deeper into our world's rich evolutionary history, guiding us towards a more complete understanding of the myriad forces that have shaped life as we know it.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae065/7694288?login=false">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.



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250-million-year-old fossil unveiled by modern scanning techniques

Thousands of years ago, right before the dinosaurs roamed the...

While we are busy leading our fast-paced lives, a silent danger is increasingly threatening our planet's aquatic life. Waste leakage - particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-waste-grows-relentlessly-as-recycling-falls-short/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic waste</a> - is suffocating our oceans, beaches, rivers, lakes and even remote environments like the Arctic. There is a dire need to understand the gravity of this issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-critical-issue-of-waste-leakage-nbsp">The critical issue of waste leakage&nbsp;</h2>



A team of researchers at <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA</a> set out to identify hotspots of land-waste leakage and to determine which areas are the most at risk. 



“The world is facing a critical waste disaster resulting from the rapid increase of waste generation and the inability to cope with it in a sustainable manner endangering the environment, climate, and human health,” wrote the researchers.



However, they noted, no study has comprehensively assessed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-a-billion-metric-tons-of-plastic-waste-is-unaccounted-for/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a> leakage into aquatic environments from a waste management perspective. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leakage-of-municipal-solid-waste-nbsp">Leakage of municipal solid waste&nbsp;</h2>



Study lead author Adriana Gomez Sanabria is a researcher in the Pollution Management Research Group of the IIASA Energy, Climate, and Environment Program.



She said the results of the study show that the majority of leakage of municipal solid waste - everyday items that are discarded by people - into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-floor-harbors-up-to-11-million-tons-of-plastic-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic environments</a> occur in Africa, China, India, and South Asia. 



“It’s necessary to start focusing on improving waste management systems in these affected areas,” said Gomez Sanabria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-multiple-waste-streams-nbsp">Targeting multiple waste streams&nbsp;</h2>



An interesting result of the study is that single waste stream focus can have unintended consequences.&nbsp;



For instance, swapping plastic cups with paper ones seemed like the right move, but now,&nbsp; paper waste has burgeoned. This is a clear indication that multiple waste streams must be used simultaneously.



The research underscores the importance of universal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a> collection to prevent it from seeping into our environments, regardless of overall waste reduction.



“Our analysis shows that there is a pressing need to establish a standardized framework to monitor waste generation, composition, and flows,” said study co-author Florian Lindl.



“This framework should help us track the effectiveness of actions, including political, economic, and technological measures aimed at reducing waste and improving waste management systems.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-waste-management-systems">Improving waste management systems</h2>



The researchers noted that their study addresses a crucial gap in our understanding of how waste management systems play an important role in addressing various environmental impacts.&nbsp;



By looking at how these systems interact with waste leakage, we can pinpoint effective strategies to curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a> in aquatic environments and safeguard our ecosystems.



In other words, the research could serve as a roadmap to a more sustainable future.



“We need to understand that the primary function of waste management systems is to protect human health and the environment,” said Gomez Sanabria.



“As creators of the waste crisis, we must take responsibility by changing our behavior to reduce consumption through refuse, rethink, and reuse practices.”



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49555-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>. 



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Tidal wave of trash: Waste leakage is an environmental disaster

While we are busy leading our fast-paced lives, a silent...

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which still leave experts baffled today, such as pseudosuchians. 



An example of one such creature is the new predatory reptile species discovered recently, located in the heart of Brazil, making a noteworthy addition to the tales of the Triassic period. 



This latest find sheds light on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient lineage</a> of crocodile-like reptiles known as pseudosuchians, named Parvosuchus aurelioi. Now, let's go on a journey to truly understand these "false crocodiles" and their role in our planet's past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-tales-of-pseudosuchians">Triassic tales of pseudosuchians</h2>



Before dinosaurs took the stage, pseudosuchians strutted across Earth's surface for all to see. Inhabiting our planet approximately 252 to 201 million years ago, during the Triassic period, they were some of the most common quadruped reptiles of the time. 



Their existence is best depicted by those who were at the top of the food chain - the massive carnivorous pseudosuchians. 



Meanwhile, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gracilisuchids</a>, smaller relatives to these apex predators, shared this period, with known traces of them in regions like China and Argentina.



Our tale's hero, Rodrigo Müller, a scientist from Brazil, has added color to our understanding of pseudosuchians. Let's delve deeper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pseudosuchians-were-a-fascinating-clan">Pseudosuchians were a fascinating clan</h2>



The pseudosuchians, or "false crocodiles", belonged to an diverse clade of archosaurs, siblings to modern birds and crocodiles and their extinct kin. 



They thrived, diversified, and adapted, showing a range of sizes, shapes, and lifestyles that were as varied as the environments they called home. They can be classified into a few notable groups:



<ul>
<li>Aetosauria: Heavily armored, plant-eating creatures, most noted for their wide, flat bodies and short legs. </li>



<li>Ornithosuchidae: The "bird crocs", an interesting mix of bird and crocodile features, and likely were active predators. </li>



<li>Rauisuchidae: The true titans of their time, being large predators with robust limbs, and a fearsome bite. </li>



<li>Crocodylomorpha: The ancestors of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-croc-day-embracing-the-mighty-reptile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">today's crocodiles</a>, which were at first small and terrestrial, but later evolved semi-aquatic capabilities.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-of-ancient-adaptability">Anatomy of ancient adaptability</h2>



Pseudosuchians showcased a stunning array of anatomical features that embodied their adaptability and evolutionary success. Their skull shapes and teeth hinted at their varied diets and ways of life. 



The predator species had sharp, serrated teeth for tearing flesh, while those that were herbivores had flatter teeth for grinding plant material.



Similarly, their limb structures differed dramatically based on their lifestyle. For instance, the rauisuchids had strong, pillar-like limbs befitting their ground-dwelling predatory lifestyle. On the other hand, early crocodylomorphs had finer limbs, suited for both land and water.



Another significant feature seen in many pseudosuchians, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-a-new-aetosaur-that-lived-200-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">especially aetosaurs</a>, was the presence of extensive body armor composed of bony plates, or osteoderms. This armor not only provided protection but may have also played a part in heat regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-ecosystem-and-pseudosuchian-roles">Triassic ecosystem and pseudosuchian roles</h2>



Pseudosuchians not only survived but thrived in various ecological niches. Species like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vivaron-haydeni-new-species-of-reptile-from-212-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rauisuchids</a> ruled as dominant terrestrial predators, while aetosaurs served as their ecosystem's primary herbivores. Some pseudosuchians even enjoyed an omnivorous or generalist diet. 



Unfortunately, most pseudosuchians disappeared at the close of the Triassic period, succumbing to a cocktail of volcanic activity, climate change, and competition with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/armor-was-a-boomerang-trait-in-the-story-of-dinosaur-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emerging archosaurs</a> like early dinosaurs. 



However, the crocodylomorphs' lineage persisted and evolved into the variety of crocodilians we see today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-brazilian-discovery-parvosuchus-aurelioi">New Brazilian discovery: Parvosuchus aurelioi</h2>



Let's return to our recent discovery by Rodrigo Müller. He found a new species of gracilisuchid from a specimen located in the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil. 



Aged around 237 million years old, the partial skeleton consists of a full skull, 11 dorsal vertebrae, a section of the pelvis, and partially preserved limbs. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Triassic_Matheus-Fernandes_1s.jpg" alt="Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes" class="wp-image-1937783"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes</figcaption></figure>



Christened Parvosuchus aurelioi, the name is a tribute to the amateur paleontologist Pedro Lucas Porcella Aurélio, who chanced upon the fossil materials.



This small croc-like creature is estimated to have been less than one meter in length, sporting long slender jaws filled with pointy teeth that curved backward. 



This fascinating find marks the first such species confirmed from Brazil and brings attention to the incredible diversity among pseudosuchians during the Triassic period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-triassic-times-to-modern-day">From Triassic times to modern day</h2>



This journey through the Triassic period and the world of pseudosuchians serves as a testament to Earth's rich and diverse history. 



The discovery of Parvosuchus aurelioi in Brazil marks a significant milestone in unraveling the vast legacy of these ancient reptiles. It reminds us of the magnificent biodiversity that once painted our planet's landscapes, with creatures both great and small.



The understanding gleaned from studying pseudosuchians provides insights into our world's ecological past, showcasing the adaptability and resilience of life. 



As we continue unearthing the archives of Earth's past, every new discovery, like Parvosuchus aurelioi, brings us one step closer to understanding life's magnificent tapestry and how it has evolved over millions of years.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63313-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Ancient crocodile-like reptile discovered in Brazil

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The dog was allowed to do whatever he wanted in the daytime, but in the evening it was crucial to keep him away from their bedroom. They had previously owned dogs and knew how crucial it was for them to have restrictions and a designated sleeping area. But what kind of schedule had he been used to at his previous residence? Could his previous owners&#8217; routines have been so dissimilar to their own?

Boundaries