Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a flood control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods. 



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which is located 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



“A prominent bar of stars stretches across the center of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disk takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye,” said <a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-hubble-spies-spiral-galaxy-ngc.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“As NGC 2566 appears to gaze at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy's star clusters and star-forming regions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-appearance-of-ngc-2566">Complex appearance of NGC 2566</h2>



NGC 2566 lies at a considerable distance from Earth, making it a challenging object for amateur astronomers to observe in detail without powerful telescopes.&nbsp;



It can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere sky and is better observed from locations with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-light-pollution-influences-interest-in-astronomy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxy's arms are populated with young, bright stars, regions of active star formation, and interstellar gas and dust - giving it a dynamic and complex appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-ages-of-stars">Measuring the ages of stars</h2>



According to NASA, data from Hubble is especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old. “These stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive.”



“Using these data, researchers can measure the ages of NGC 2566's stars, which helps piece together the timeline of the galaxy's star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and the stars themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-galaxies">Star formation in galaxies</h2>



Star formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> is a fascinating and complex process that unfolds over millions of years. It begins in vast clouds of gas and dust, known as molecular clouds, which are often found in the spiral arms of galaxies or in regions of irregular or starburst galaxies.&nbsp;



These clouds provide the raw material for star formation, consisting primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements.



As the molecular clouds collapse under their own gravity, regions within them begin to condense and fragment, forming dense clumps. Within these clumps, protostars emerge. Their formation is driven by the gravitational pull drawing in surrounding gas. 



During this process, the gas heats up due to increasing pressure, eventually igniting nuclear fusion in the core, signaling the birth of a new star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-star-formation-nbsp-across-galaxies">Rate of star formation&nbsp;across galaxies</h2>



The rate of star formation varies across galaxies is influenced by numerous factors. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, star formation is most active in the spiral arms, where density waves compress gas and dust, triggering the collapse of molecular clouds. 



In contrast, elliptical galaxies, which often have little cold gas and dust, typically exhibit low rates of star formation or none at all.



Starburst galaxies, on the other hand, experience episodes of exceptionally high star formation, often triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/">galactic collisions</a> or interactions. 



These events can funnel large amounts of gas into central regions, leading to intense star-forming activity. However, such bursts are usually short-lived on cosmic timescales, exhausting the available gas quickly.



The environment within a galaxy also plays a significant role. Stellar winds and supernova explosions from existing stars can both inhibit and promote star formation. They may disperse gas, preventing further collapse, or compress nearby clouds, triggering new star formation.&nbsp;



Over time, as galaxies evolve, the availability of gas diminishes, leading to a gradual decline in star formation activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puppis-constellation-nbsp">The Puppis constellation&nbsp;</h2>



The Puppis constellation in the southern sky represents the stern of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation known as Argo Navis, which depicted the mythical ship of Jason and the Argonauts. 



However, Argo Navis was later divided into three separate constellations: Puppis, Carina (the keel), and Vela (the sails). Puppis is the largest of these three and contains many notable celestial objects.



This constellation is home to several bright stars, including Naos (Zeta Puppis), a hot, massive star that emits intense ultraviolet radiation. Puppis also hosts a wide variety of deep-sky objects, such as open <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-star-clusters-captured-in-the-extreme-outskirts-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and nebulae. 



Among these, Messier 46 and Messier 47 stand out. Both are beautiful star clusters that are visible through binoculars or small telescopes. The region is dense with stars because it lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, making it a prime area for stargazing and astrophotography. 



Image Credit: NASA



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NGC 2566: A cosmic eye in the Puppis constellation

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.&nbsp;



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study. 



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of South Georgia, a remote and rugged island located in the southern Atlantic Ocean. 



"Linked with the South Sandwich Islands to form a British Overseas Territory, this southern Atlantic island is a haven for a vast array of wildlife," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Around five million seals call the islands home, as well as 65 million birds of 30 different species. Migrating whales and various fish species populate the surrounding waters and there is a large penguin population."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife-of-south-georgia">Climate and wildlife of South Georgia </h2>



The island is dominated by mountains, glaciers, and fjords. Its highest peak, Mount Paget, rises to 2,935 meters, making it one of the tallest in the region.



South Georgia’s location within the Antarctic Convergence gives it a cold, maritime climate. Although not part of the Antarctic Treaty System, its environment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-efforts-are-not-enough-to-save-antarctic-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> are closely linked to Antarctica. 



The island is home to vast colonies of penguins, seals, and seabirds. The surrounding waters are rich with krill, providing an abundant food source for marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-penguins-adapted-to-harsh-environments">Penguins adapted to harsh environments </h2>



The most notable species found here are the king penguins, which are the second-largest penguin species in the world. South Georgia also hosts large populations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-the-gentoo-penguin-the-worlds-fastest-swimming-bird/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gentoo</a> and macaroni penguins. 



The island's harsh climate, characterized by strong winds, snow, and cold temperatures, makes it a tough environment, but the penguins have adapted well. 



Their colonies - some of which number in the hundreds of thousands - can be found along the island's rugged coasts and beaches. 



The island’s isolation, combined with its plentiful food supply, makes it a critical breeding ground for these penguins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-south-georgia">History of South Georgia </h2>



The island has a history of exploration and exploitation. Captain James Cook first claimed South Georgia for Britain in 1775. 



During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became a hub for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whaling</a> industry, with stations like Grytviken serving as operational centers. These stations have since been abandoned, and the island is now a haven for scientific research and ecotourism.



South Georgia is also notable for its role in Ernest Shackleton’s famed Endurance expedition. His crew reached the island in 1916 after an extraordinary open-boat journey from Elephant Island. Shackleton later died on South Georgia in 1922 and is buried in Grytviken.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pristine-nature-of-the-island">Pristine nature of the island</h2>



Today, South Georgia is a focus of conservation efforts. The eradication of invasive species, such as rats and reindeer, has been a significant success, allowing native wildlife to recover. 



Rats and mice were responsible for the decline of ground-nesting birds, including the South Georgia pipit, the island's only endemic bird. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reindeer-use-ultraviolet-vision-to-find-food-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reindeer</a>, which had been introduced for farming in the 19th century, caused extensive damage to the island’s vegetation, disrupting the habitat for native species.



South Georgia is uninhabited except for a small number of scientists and staff working at research stations and administrative facilities, emphasizing its role as a protected wilderness area and an essential site for understanding global environmental changes.



Its uninhabited status has helped preserve its pristine nature. Visitors to South Georgia must follow strict environmental guidelines to minimize human impact on this extraordinary island.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-remote-islands">Scientific significance of remote islands </h2>



Remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-life-on-islands-loses-diversity-when-humans-arrive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">islands</a> are scientifically significant for several reasons. They often serve as unique ecosystems that can provide insights into evolutionary processes, biodiversity, and adaptation. 



Due to their isolation, species on remote islands may evolve differently from their mainland counterparts, resulting in the development of endemic species that exist nowhere else in the world. 



These islands also act as natural laboratories for studying the effects of climate change, human activity, and ecological interactions, as they are more vulnerable to disturbances. 



Moreover, remote islands can offer valuable information on the health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, as their ecosystems are often less impacted by human-induced factors. This makes them ideal for studying natural processes in relatively undisturbed environments. 



The isolation of these islands can also help scientists study the patterns of species migration, colonization, and extinction.



Image Credit: ESA 



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South Georgia: One of the most remote islands in the world

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Messak Settafet, a rocky plateau located in the central Sahara Desert. It is part of the greater Messak Plateau, which stretches between the Erg Uan Kasa and the Murzuq Sand Sea.&nbsp;



The plateau's surface is characterized by blackened sandstone, sculpted by thousands of years of wind erosion. This dark patina, often referred to as "desert varnish," adds to its distinctive appearance. The region is starkly beautiful but harsh, with extreme temperatures and minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-messak-settafet">Image of the Messak Settafet</h2>



“Towering over the desert in southwestern Libya, the Messak Settafet plateau resembles the wall of a giant fortress, with its dark, erosion-resistant sandstone separating the Ubari Sand Sea to the north and the Marzūq Sand Sea to the south,” noted NASA.



“The large outcrop of Cretaceous rock features a sharp escarpment on its north side. The cliff, some 300 meters (1,000 feet) high in places, is lined with a thin dark shadow.”&nbsp;



“Dark debris from rockfalls is visible to the north. Note that an optical illusion called relief inversion can make high-elevation areas appear low and vice versa when shadows appear on the northern side of a feature.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-archaeological-significance-of-the-plateau-nbsp">Archaeological significance of the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



Messak Settafet is often referred to as the "land of stone tools" because it is one of the world's largest sites for prehistoric tools.&nbsp;



The area is littered with countless <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fstone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a> and artifacts dating back to various prehistoric periods, including the Acheulean and Neolithic. These tools offer insights into early human technology and adaptation to desert environments.



“Signs of ancient tool making cover much of the plateau’s surface,” said <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “According to one archaeological survey, people discarded so many stone tools and rock fragments on the plateau over hundreds of thousands of years that roughly 75 artifacts per square meter now carpet the surface.”&nbsp;



“That makes this one of the earliest known examples of hominins modifying an entire landscape, according to the University of Cambridge archaeologists who conducted the survey.”



“Other signs of ancient activity include the bright spots that dot the image. These areas were likely quarrying pits where people dug up rocks and crafted them into tools, the archaeologists reported.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-art-on-the-plateau-nbsp">Rock art on the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



The plateau is home to numerous petroglyphs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negev-petroglyphs-ancient-art-rock-carvings-face-erosion-fungi-lichens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carvings</a>. These engravings depict animals, humans, and symbolic designs, providing valuable clues about the lives, beliefs, and environments of the region's ancient inhabitants.&nbsp;



“For instance, Wadi Mathendous, a prehistoric archaeological site located in the southern part of the plateau, contains engravings of rhinoceroses, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, fighting cats, giraffes, long-horned buffaloes, and elephants. The art is thought to be about 8,000 years old,” said NASA.



Some of the animals depicted, such as giraffes and elephants, indicate that the Sahara was once a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fa-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much wetter</a> and more hospitable environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-messak-settafet">Cultural significance of the Messak Settafet</h2>



Messak Settafet forms part of the Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. This designation highlights the area's importance for understanding early human culture and environmental changes in the Sahara.



The plateau has been a critical area for studying the migration and adaptation of early humans. Its archaeological richness offers a glimpse into how humans thrived in this region during periods when the climate was wetter.



“Although the plateau now receives less than 0.4 inches of rain annually, clues in the landscape make clear it was once much wetter,” noted NASA.



“Deeply incised dried stream valleys, or wadis, crisscross the plateau, indicating significant past water flow. The small, bright features scattered across the plateau are sand and silt deposits left where water once pooled.”



The Messak Settafet, like many remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a> regions, faces challenges such as erosion, vandalism of ancient rock art, and the potential impacts of development. 



Efforts to preserve its archaeological treasures are vital for protecting its cultural and scientific significance.



The image was captured November 17, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Messak Settafet plateau in the Sahara Desert

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

From the years 1809 to 1822, Jacobus lost five of his 11 children, his spouse Hannah, and one of their grandchildren. That’s seven family deaths in 13 years. Heartbreaking. It would have been perfectly understandable if Jacobus had spent the time shut away in mourning. But it seemed nothing could stop him from working. Photo Credit: PeskyMonkey/Getty Images

Heartbreak after heartbreak

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New Year amidst winter chills, Mars embraces the start of spring.



On November 12, 2024, the Red Planet completed another journey around the Sun, marking this the beginning of a Martian year - a cycle that lasts 687 Earth days.



Springtime on Mars triggers unique and explosive transformations, including avalanches, as temperatures rise and ice begins to thaw.



“Springtime on Earth has lots of trickling as water ice gradually melts. But on Mars, everything happens with a bang,” said Serina Diniega, a planetary surface researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



Unlike on Earth, Mars’s thin atmosphere doesn’t support liquid water. Ice sublimates directly into gas, creating dramatic phenomena that NASA scientists are closely monitoring using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MRO</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arrival-of-spring-on-mars">The arrival of spring on Mars</h2>



Mars’s cliffs roar to life during spring as frost avalanches cascade down their slopes.



In 2015, the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (<a href="https://www.uahirise.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HiRISE</a>) camera aboard the MRO captured a remarkable moment - a 66-foot-wide chunk of frozen carbon dioxide in mid-fall.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955359"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



“We’re lucky we’ve had a spacecraft like MRO observing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-pulls-earth-closer-to-the-sun-warming-our-climate-scientists-say/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> for as long as it has,” Diniega shared. “Watching for almost 20 years has let us catch dramatic moments like these avalanches.”



These avalanches highlight the dramatic environmental shifts that occur on Mars, offering scientists a chance to understand its dynamic surface better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-gas-geysers">Explosive gas geysers</h2>



As sunlight penetrates frozen carbon dioxide, the bottom layers sublimate into gas, causing pressure to build.



Eventually, the gas erupts through the surface, creating geysers that spray dark fans of sand and dust. These explosive jets are unique to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-can-engulf-the-entire-planet-of-mars-but-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> spring and offer a stark contrast to Earth’s gentle seasonal transitions.



“You get lots of cracks and explosions instead of melting,” Diniega said. “I imagine it gets really noisy.”



While these fans are visible across the planet, the most dramatic examples appear during southern spring, which starts in December 2025.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="dDNrFq8TXp-4158293-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-like-scour-marks-on-mars">Spider-like scour marks on Mars </h2>



Mars’s southern hemisphere presents a fascinating phenomenon: spider-like patterns that form on its surface due to erupting geysers.



These patterns, known as "araneiforms," are created when sunlight penetrates layers of translucent frozen carbon dioxide.



As the ice sublimates directly into gas during spring and summer, the trapped gas builds pressure until it bursts through the surface. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955361"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This eruption sends dust and debris outward, carving branching, spider-like marks into the ground. Once all the frozen carbon dioxide has sublimated, these marks remain visible, resembling the legs of giant spiders.



To understand this process, NASA scientists have recreated it in controlled conditions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-mars-s-spring-winds">Power of Mars's spring winds</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mars-became-uninhabitable-after-being-life-supporting-ocean-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> north pole, home to a Texas-sized ice cap, experiences the relentless power of springtime winds. These gusts carve spiral troughs into the ice cap, revealing traces of the red soil beneath.



“These things are enormous,” said Isaac Smith from Toronto’s York University. “You can find similar troughs in Antarctica but nothing at this scale.”



The winds accelerate as they move down the troughs, reshaping the icy surface through what scientists call an adiabatic process. 



This process involves changes in air temperature and pressure, without the addition or removal of energy. Adiabatic processes on Earth give rise to the Santa Ana and Chinook winds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wandering-dunes-sand-on-the-move">Wandering dunes: Sand on the move</h2>



The powerful winds also affect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> sand dunes.



During winter, frozen carbon dioxide fixes the dunes in place. But when spring arrives, the frozen gas sublimates, allowing the dunes to resume their slow migration.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1s.webp" alt="Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955363"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This ongoing process, observed by researchers, highlights how seasonal changes impact Martian landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-different-world-of-ice-and-fire">A different world of ice and fire</h2>



Every northern spring on Mars is slightly different. Variations in temperature and sublimation rates influence the speed and intensity of these natural phenomena. 



The dynamic interactions between frozen carbon dioxide, winds, and sand are crucial for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars’s past</a> and future.



NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, equipped with the HiRISE camera and other sensors, has been pivotal in uncovering these extraordinary events. 



Managed by NASA’s JPL, the MRO has provided nearly two decades of continuous observations, allowing researchers to capture Mars’s explosive beauty in unprecedented detail.



With each Martian year that passes, scientists gain deeper insights into the planet’s extreme seasonal transformations, which differ vastly from Earth’s. 



Whether it’s avalanches, geysers, "spider legs" or wandering dunes, spring on Mars is a spectacle of cosmic proportions.



Video Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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New year on Mars: Avalanches, icy explosions, and the arrival of spring

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New...

Have you ever wondered why it takes us a while to process what's happening around us? Or why we can't multitask as effectively as we'd like? The answer lies in our brains' processing speed.



Despite their immense complexity, our brains operate much slower than the average internet connection.



Scientists have revealed that while the human sensory system gathers information at a staggering rate of one billion bits per second, our brains process these signals at just 10 bits per second - a rate millions of times slower than the input.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-fast-do-we-really-think">How fast do we really think?</h2>



“Every moment, we are extracting just 10 bits from the trillion that our senses are taking in and using those 10 to perceive the world around us and make decisions," said study co-author Markus Meister of <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/thinking-slowly-the-paradoxical-slowness-of-human-behavior" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CalTech</a>. "This raises a paradox: What is the brain doing to filter all this information?” 



To put this in perspective, a typical Wi-Fi connection processes data at around 50 million bits per second. This is incredibly fast when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-complete-map-of-every-neuron-in-the-brain-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compared to the human brain</a>, which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-simple-solutions-appeal-to-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processes thoughts</a> at just 10 bits per second.



Now, consider the brain's structure. It has over 85 billion neurons, and each neuron can transmit signals at speeds greater than 10 bits per second individually. 



However, the collective processing rate of the brain - the speed at which it actually processes thoughts - remains very slow at 10 bits per second.



This means that while individual neurons are capable of fast transmission, the brain as a whole is limited in how quickly it integrates and processes all the information it receives. 



This bottleneck reflects the brain's focus on quality over quantity, filtering out vast amounts of sensory data to concentrate on the most relevant details for survival and decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-the-brain-so-slow">Why is the brain so slow?</h2>



The brain’s "speed limit" on processing information likely evolved for survival. Early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nervous systems</a> in primitive organisms were simple and designed for basic tasks like navigating toward food and avoiding predators. 



These systems didn’t need to handle complex, multitasking scenarios, just survival-focused decisions.



As humans evolved, this limitation carried over into our more complex brains. While our brains are highly sophisticated, they still follow a sequential approach to problem-solving. 



This means we can only focus on one possible outcome or course of action at a time, rather than exploring multiple options simultaneously.



Take chess as an example. A chess player cannot mentally calculate every possible move and counter-move at once. Instead, they examine one sequence of moves, analyze it, and then move on to another.



This sequential thought process contrasts with machines, such as computers, which can perform millions of parallel calculations almost instantly. 



This difference highlights the trade-off in human evolution - our brains prioritize quality, focus, and survival over speed and multitasking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-sensory-filters-and-speed">Brain sensory filters and speed</h2>



Despite the apparent slowness, our brains excel at prioritizing. While bombarded with trillions of sensory inputs, the brain filters out unnecessary data, focusing on what’s vital for survival. 



“Our ancestors have chosen an ecological niche where the world is slow enough to make survival possible. In fact, the 10 bits per second are needed only in worst-case situations, and most of the time our environment changes at a much more leisurely pace,” Meister noted.



This adaptability helps humans focus on immediate tasks without being overwhelmed by excessive information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-artificial-intelligence">Implications for artificial intelligence</h2>



These findings suggest that machines will eventually outperform humans in any task as their computational capabilities improve. 



With computing power doubling approximately every two years, machines are rapidly bridging the gap in areas like decision-making and problem-solving. 



In fact, scientists believe computers could soon replicate, and even surpass, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abilities of the human brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-brain-speed-matters">Why brain speed matters</h2>



The discovery highlights a paradox about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-create-three-copies-of-every-memory-we-make/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human intelligence</a>. Despite being relatively slow thinkers, humans excel in creativity, emotion, and adaptability - traits machines have yet to master.



However, understanding the brain’s speed limit raises questions about the future of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.



Future research may unlock why this limit exists and how it influences everything from perception to decision-making. It could also provide insights into enhancing human cognition and developing smarter, more efficient technologies.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(24)00808-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neuron</a>.



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Brain processing speed is millions of times slower than Wi-Fi

Have you ever wondered why it takes us a while...

The global livestock industry plays a significant role in the production of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change in ways that are often overlooked. 



Cows, sheep, and other livestock produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, during digestion through a process called enteric fermentation. 



In fact, methane has a much higher heat-trapping potential than carbon dioxide, making livestock farming a key driver of global warming. 



Additionally, the industry is responsible for large amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions, mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and land-use changes like deforestation for grazing. 



Together, these emissions make the livestock sector one of the leading contributors to global greenhouse gas levels.



On top of direct emissions, the livestock industry also contributes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> and other forms of environmental degradation through its high demand for resources like water and land.



A substantial amount of land - counting both grazing areas for cattle, pigs, and poultry, and agricultural fields for their feed crops - is devoted to sustaining the world’s 92 billion farm animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-are-pets-involved-with-livestock">How are pets involved with livestock?</h2>



A large portion of pet food is made from animal products, including meat, which requires significant land, water, and energy to produce. 



As a result, the pet food industry indirectly contributes to the environmental problems tied to livestock farming, such as deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.



Andrew Knight of the <a href="https://www.winchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Winchester</a>, writing for The Conversation, recently explored the potential environmental benefits of switching all pets to vegan diets. 



If this were somehow possible, how much impact would it have on the planet? Short answer - a lot.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considering-the-impacts-of-pet-diets">Considering the impacts of pet diets</h2>



Efforts to address these challenges have sparked interest in shifting human diets to plant-based alternatives. Yet, as experts increasingly argue, the environmental impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-owners-ages-and-beliefs-influence-their-pet-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet food</a> must also be considered.&nbsp;



This focus on pet diets stems from the fact that companion animals - dogs and cats in particular - often consume meat-based products comparable to those eaten by humans, ultimately contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes. 



The question arises: should our pets join us in transitioning to plant-based diets?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environmental-costs-of-pet-diets">The environmental costs of pet diets</h2>



Quantifying how pet food affects the environment has long been hindered by sparse data on its ingredients. However, a 2020 report providing in-depth information on over 500 components used by the U.S. pet food industry enabled researchers to estimate its ecological footprint.&nbsp;



By examining this database, scientists calculated potential benefits if the global population of dogs and cats were fed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diets</a>.



The results proved eye-opening. Transitioning all pet dogs to nutritionally sound plant-based diets could save an estimated 0.57 gigatons of CO₂ each year - more than what the United Kingdom emitted in 2023.&nbsp;



This transition would also free up land larger than Mexico’s total area, which could be reclaimed for habitat restoration, enhancing both biodiversity and carbon storage.&nbsp;



Furthermore, replacing livestock feed crops with plant-based alternatives for pets would yield enough calories to feed some 450 million people - more than the population of the European Union. Such a change could also spare as many as six billion land animals from slaughter annually.



A similar pattern emerges for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/switching-dogs-and-cats-to-vegan-diets-would-help-the-earth-tremendously/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a>. Switching all cats to plant-based diets could prevent 0.09 gigatons of CO₂ emissions yearly - surpassing New Zealand’s total emissions - and would liberate land exceeding the size of Germany.&nbsp;



The freed-up food energy could feed around 70 million people, comparable to the entire population of the United Kingdom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-use-of-byproducts">Rethinking the use of byproducts</h2>



Some have assumed that pet food’s reliance on byproducts of human meat consumption reduces its environmental impact, on the grounds that these are materials otherwise considered waste.&nbsp;



However, recent research suggests the situation is more complicated. Because a relatively small portion of each animal carcass is converted into these byproducts, sustaining pet food production can, in fact, raise the demand for livestock overall.&nbsp;



More animals being raised and slaughtered translates into more land cleared for grazing or feed crops, heavier freshwater consumption, and additional greenhouse gas emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-of-vegan-pet-diets">Health implications of vegan pet diets</h2>



While dogs are naturally omnivorous and cats are considered carnivorous, modern commercial pet foods already deviate from their ancestral diets.&nbsp;



In practice, these foods commonly blend plant materials - like grains and vegetables - with various animal-sourced ingredients, then add preservatives and flavor enhancers.&nbsp;



Meeting a pet’s nutritional needs fundamentally involves supplying adequate protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, rather than providing specific meat sources. As researchers have found, pets can thrive on meticulously formulated plant-based diets.



Several studies completed by late 2024 suggest dogs and cats can thrive on vegan meals. In certain cases, these diets may lead to improvements in areas such as obesity control and allergic responses.&nbsp;



Furthermore, investigations into feeding behavior indicate that pets generally accept vegan meals as readily as they do meat-based ones, based on measures of excitement and enjoyment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-broader-push-for-sustainability">A broader push for sustainability</h2>



Confronting climate change and curbing biodiversity loss requires far-reaching measures, as emphasized by international bodies.&nbsp;



While shifting human diets toward plant-based options is a commonly proposed solution, it may not go far enough on its own.&nbsp;



Integrating pets into these changes expands the potential for lowering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and decreasing the strain on resources. If such diets are provided by reputable manufacturers that ensure complete nutrition, it is possible to preserve the health and welfare of companion animals.



For those contemplating this shift, websites like <a href="http://sustainablepetfood.info/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SustainablePetFood.info</a> can offer guidance in sourcing products that meet pets’ nutritional requirements.&nbsp;



By rethinking how companion animals are fed, pet owners can contribute to mitigating climate change while continuing to support the well-being of dogs and cats.&nbsp;



This aspect of dietary transition underscores that addressing global environmental challenges can be an inclusive effort, embracing not only human choices but also those made on behalf of the animals in our care.



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Changing how we feed our pets will improve their health and also the environment

The global livestock industry plays a significant role in the...

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a highly respected neuroscientist, discussed how inflammation in the body connects to depression.



As the head of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Professor Yirmiya has conducted innovative research that is changing the way scientists view the biology of depression.



The research shows that depression is not just about emotions or brain chemistry but also involves the immune system and inflammatory responses in the brain. These findings offer a deeper understanding of depression and open the door to new ways of treating it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depression-and-its-traditional-understanding">Depression and its traditional understanding</h2>



Depression, often described as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-the-hidden-casualty-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">persistent feeling of sadness</a> or a loss of interest in life, has traditionally been understood as a mental health condition rooted in brain chemistry and psychological factors. 



For decades, treatments have primarily focused on correcting imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. This approach led to the development of widely used antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).



In addition to chemical imbalances, traditional views emphasized psychological causes such as unresolved trauma, chronic stress, or genetic predisposition. 



Various forms of therapy have played a significant role in addressing these aspects, helping individuals change negative thought patterns and manage their symptoms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-role-of-inflammation-in-depression">Exploring the role of inflammation in depression</h2>



Traditional perspectives often fail to fully explain why some people respond to treatments while others do not. 



The complexity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-and-the-internet-who-benefits-and-who-suffers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> - with its overlapping biological, psychological, and social causes - has made it challenging to find universal solutions.



These limitations have driven researchers to explore new angles, such as the role of inflammation, to uncover hidden contributors to the condition.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-inflammation-and-depression">Stress, inflammation, and depression</h2>



Professor Yirmiya's research reveals a compelling connection between stress, inflammation, and depression. 



"Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-is-silently-ruining-our-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressed</a> patients do not have any overt inflammatory disease. However, we and others found that exposure to stress, which is the most significant trigger of depression in humans and animals, also activates inflammatory processes, particularly in the brain," he explained.



This insight highlights the complex role of the immune system in mental health and opens new avenues for therapeutic exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-musical-journey-to-neuroscience">A musical journey to neuroscience</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s journey into neuroscience began with his love of music. This unusual path shows how different interests can lead to big discoveries. His research on animals and humans shows how brain inflammation affects mood and thinking, and presents new ideas about depression.



"My overarching aim is to harness the extensive knowledge from my research and others to accelerate the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics targeting inflammatory processes," said Professor Yirmiya.



The findings reveal that both immune system activation and suppression can trigger depressive symptoms, emphasizing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">importance of personalized treatment approaches</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-stress-trigger-brain-inflammation">How does stress trigger brain inflammation?</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s research focuses on two key players in the brain’s immune system: microglia cells and interleukin-1. 



Microglia are specialized brain cells that act as the immune system’s defense team, while interleukin-1 is a molecule that triggers inflammation, often as a response to stress. Together, these factors play a crucial role in the way that stress might lead to depression.



The research raises important questions, such as how understanding these immune processes could help create better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-issues-are-prevalent-among-elite-athletes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> treatments. For instance, knowing exactly how stress triggers brain inflammation might allow scientists to develop therapies that prevent or reduce its harmful effects.



Professor Yirmiya also investigates how different immune responses may result in different types of depression. This insight could allow treatments to be customized for each individual, based on their specific immune activity and inflammatory levels. 



This approach, known as personalized medicine, offers the possibility of more effective and targeted care for people with depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-therapeutic-targets">Innovative therapeutic targets</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s team combines advanced molecular research with behavioral studies to uncover new ways to treat depression. They have focused on microglial checkpoint mechanisms, which regulate immune activity in the brain, and how these processes relate to stress resilience. 



This work from the <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> sheds new light on how the immune system affects mental health, particularly in conditions like depression.



By identifying specific targets within these mechanisms, the research offers hope for creating treatments tailored to an individual’s needs, and paves the way for more effective and personalized approaches to managing depression.



The <a href="https://genomicpress.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/brainmed/aop/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142.xml">full interview</a>, titled&nbsp;“Raz Yirmiya: The inflammatory underpinning of depression,”&nbsp;will be published in the journal&nbsp;Brain Medicine.



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Stress-related brain inflammation linked to depression

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a...

Antarctica’s relationship with ice is changing, and not for the better. While the world is captivated by massive chunks of ice splitting away, creating almost Delaware-sized icebergs, this tells only a fraction of the story.



To investigate the intricate relationship between climate change and colossal iceberg <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birth-of-an-iceberg-a-83-breaks-free-from-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation</a>, a team of researchers embarked on an unprecedented venture.



Primarily focused on Antarctica's biggest annual icebergs, the team conducted the first-ever long-term analysis spanning from 1976 to 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-events-with-unpredictable-variability">Rare events with unpredictable variability </h2>



"In Antarctica, massive icebergs are a consequence of calving, where blocks of ice detach from the continent's ice shelf. The calving of these massive icebergs is a rare occurrence with unpredictable variability, making it a difficult process to understand and statistically model," noted the researchers. 



Due to the infrequent occurrence and uneven distribution of these massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calving</a> events, the experts adopted statistical approaches that catered specifically to smaller datasets.



For instance, in one such event, an iceberg with a surface area up to 11,000 square kilometers (4,247 square miles) formed, which is nothing short of awe-inspiring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-findings-about-antarctica-s-icebergs">Unexpected findings about Antarctica's icebergs</h2>



In an unexpected turn of events, the research revealed a slight decrease in the surface area of the annual largest iceberg over time.



The experts realized that even with the mounting influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-in-distress-the-escalating-consequences-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, the risk of witnessing an extreme calving event remains unchanged.



"Because climate warmed over the study period but the largest iceberg area did not increase, the findings suggest that extreme calving events are not necessarily a direct consequence of climate change," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-iceberg-calving-events">Smaller iceberg calving events</h2>



In contrast, the frequency of smaller calving events has been on the rise, as uncovered by other studies.



The researchers explained the significance of these small but frequent glacial break-offs, framing it as a larger problem: "death by a thousand cuts."



While these events might not make headlines like their extreme counterparts, they're primarily responsible for the climate-change driven mass loss in Antarctica, leading experts to conclude that it's the series of small cuts that pose real concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-predictions-of-icebergs">Future predictions of icebergs</h2>



The researchers predict that the biggest Antarctic iceberg is still in the offing.



While they do not forecast a surge in the frequency of extreme calving events, their modeling suggests the possibility of a "once in a century" iceberg roughly the size of Switzerland (38,827 square kilometers, or 14,991 square miles).



Ultimately, while the infrequent splitting of ice giants may steal the limelight, the real challenge lies in the multitude of small calvings that tirelessly chip away at the Antarctic ice, thus requiring our collective attention and action against climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-real-cost-of-ice-loss">The real cost of ice loss</h2>



The smaller, more frequent calving events accumulate over time, leading to a substantial depletion of ice mass that is often overshadowed by larger, more sensational events.



The meltwater from these smaller calvings enters the Southern Ocean, altering its salinity and temperature. 



These subtle changes disrupt global ocean currents, which are crucial for regulating weather patterns and sustaining marine biodiversity. 



For instance, a less salty Southern Ocean could weaken the formation of deep ocean currents, disrupting nutrient flow and impacting marine ecosystems far beyond Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-role-as-a-global-climate-regulator">Antarctica’s role as a global climate regulator</h2>



The ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice loss</a> also threatens Antarctica’s critical role in regulating Earth’s climate. Its vast ice sheets reflect sunlight, helping to cool the planet.



As smaller calving events steadily reduce ice coverage, the reflective surface diminishes, intensifying global warming through a process called the ice-albedo feedback loop.



These seemingly minor losses contribute not only to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-warming-triggers-rising-north-atlantic-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> but also to the destabilization of global climate systems.



Scientists warn that the cumulative impact of these events could accelerate if warming trends persist. Recognizing the significance of these "unsung" calving events is essential to addressing the broader challenges posed by climate change.



By shifting focus from dramatic iceberg calvings to the continuous, smaller losses, researchers aim to highlight the urgent need for sustained monitoring and global action to mitigate these effects.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL112235" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Antarctica’s largest icebergs are not linked to climate change

Antarctica’s relationship with ice is changing, and not for the...

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has revealed notable differences in brain structures between adolescents who initiated substance use before the age of 15 and those who did not.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that some of these structural differences may exist even before any substance use, pointing to their potential role in influencing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substance initiation</a> later in life. 



This interplay between brain structure, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors provides fresh insights into understanding substance use and addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substance-use-and-brain-structure">Substance use and brain structure</h2>



The study analyzed nearly 10,000 adolescents as part of the <a href="https://abcdstudy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study</a> (ABCD Study), the largest longitudinal research effort examining brain development in U.S. youth.&nbsp;



Researchers from <a href="https://washu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a> used MRI scans of children aged 9 to 11 and tracked them over three years, assessing their substance use patterns, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>, nicotine, cannabis, and other illicit substances.



Of the 9,804 participants, 3,460 reported initiating substance use before age 15, with alcohol being the most common substance (90.2%), followed by nicotine and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-cannabis-use-affect-brain-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>.&nbsp;



Brain imaging revealed five significant structural differences at a global level between early users and non-users, including greater total brain volume and subcortical volume in those who initiated substance use.&nbsp;



Additionally, 39 regional structural differences were identified, over half of which involved cortical thickness. Some of these variations appeared specific to the type of substance used.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-pre-existing-brain-differences">Evidence of pre-existing brain differences</h2>



A key finding of the study was that many of these brain differences were evident in baseline MRIs taken before any reported substance use.&nbsp;



A secondary analysis excluded participants with substance use experience at the time of their initial MRI, focusing on a subgroup of 1,203 individuals. Even in this restricted comparison, many of the structural differences persisted, suggesting that these features might precede substance exposure.



The findings challenge the assumption that such differences are solely caused by the use of substances, indicating instead that they may reflect inherent vulnerabilities. 



This highlights the need for further research into how these pre-existing brain structures interact with other factors to influence substance use behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-structure-differences-and-behavior">Brain structure differences and behavior</h2>



The study linked some of the observed brain structural differences to regions associated with sensation-seeking and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sufficient-sleep-can-prevent-impulsive-behavior-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impulsivity</a>.&nbsp;



However, the researchers noted that additional investigation is needed to determine how these structural variations impact brain function or behavior.&nbsp;



The study emphasizes the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, prenatal conditions, and brain development in shaping substance use patterns.



For example, another recent <a href="https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS245190222400301X&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cjuwon.song%40nih.gov%7C3ae52944065e430c101908dd098ade56%7C14b77578977342d58507251ca2dc2b06%7C0%7C0%7C638677214233526614%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2f6TsU15kj1Ejs95wOOlFQ05T6a9fF3qTT1sOsSTTvo%3D&amp;reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> from the ABCD study conducted by the University of Michigan found that patterns of brain connectivity in early adolescence could predict the initiation of drug use. 



This research also highlighted the role of environmental factors, such as pollution exposure, in shaping these trajectories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-prevention-and-intervention">Implications for prevention and intervention</h2>



Understanding the relationship between brain structure and substance use initiation could have significant implications for prevention strategies.&nbsp;



While the study underscores that brain structure alone cannot predict substance use, integrating these findings with data on genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral patterns could inform more targeted interventions.



Future research will explore how these structural differences evolve as adolescents age and whether they are influenced by continued drug use or the development of substance use disorders. This work aims to refine models of addiction and improve strategies for early intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-step-toward-better-models-of-addiction">A step toward better models of addiction</h2>



The study, published in the journal JAMA Network Open, underscores the value of longitudinal data from the ABCD study in advancing our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>.&nbsp;



Researchers hope this growing body of evidence will reshape how substance use disorders are conceptualized and inform more accurate and effective prevention models.



“The hope is that these types of studies, in conjunction with other data on environmental exposures and genetic risk, could help change how we think about the development of substance use disorders,” said Alex Miller, the study’s corresponding author.&nbsp;



By illuminating the bidirectional relationship between brain structure and substance use, this research offers a promising path forward in tackling the complex issue of addiction.



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Early substance use in adolescents linked to brain structure 

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health...

Ever wondered if the flavor of your coffee could taste even better? A simple dash of water might hold the secret to a richer, smoother cup. 



New research reveals that adding moisture to coffee beans before grinding can significantly improve brewing flavor while preventing the mess and waste often caused by static electricity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-static-electricity-matters">Why static electricity matters</h2>



Grinding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-coffee-reduces-the-risk-of-certain-cancers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> beans produces friction as the particles collide, rub together, and break apart. This process causes the ground coffee to develop a charge, which then produces static electricity.



The charged coffee particles stick together, forming clumps that can clog grinders. These clumps make it difficult to achieve a consistent grind, leading to uneven brewing and less flavorful coffee.



Scientists have investigated the impact of this static buildup on the brewing process. Their research revealed a simple yet effective solution: adding water to the beans before grinding. 



This moisture reduces static electricity, prevents clumping, and ensures smoother grinding, which ultimately improves the quality and flavor of the brewed coffee.



"Moisture, whether it's residual moisture inside the roasted coffee or external moisture added during grinding, is what dictates the amount of charge that is formed during grinding," explained Christopher Hendon, a materials chemist at the <a href="https://www.uoregon.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oregon</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-better-coffee-brewing">Science of better coffee brewing</h2>



Hendon and Joshua Méndez Harper, a former volcanologist from the University of Oregon, investigated how moisture affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-coffee-is-missing-these-five-brain-boosting-spices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> grinding. 



The researchers examined coffee beans from various origins, with different roasting levels and moisture contents. They measured key factors such as the static electricity generated during grinding, the size of the resulting particles, and the flavor profiles of the brewed coffee.



The study revealed that darker, drier coffee roasts are more susceptible to static electricity than lighter, moister beans. The increased brittleness of darker roasts leads to greater friction during grinding, which causes clumping and uneven grounds.



By adding a small amount of water to the beans before grinding, the researchers showed that static electricity could be reduced. This simple adjustment produced a smoother grind and improved consistency, enhancing the quality of the coffee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-espresso-with-water">Stronger espresso with water</h2>



Harper and his team compared espresso brewed with beans ground with and without added moisture. 



They discovered that a light spritz of water not only reduced clumping but also improved the extraction process. The moist grounds allowed water to flow more evenly, and pulled more flavor from the coffee.



Hendon recommends adding about 20 microliters of water per gram of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robusta-coffee-could-save-our-morning-brew-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>, which equals roughly half a milliliter for a single shot of espresso. 



This minor adjustment not only enhances the uniformity of the grind but also ensures a stronger and tastier cup of coffee, making it a simple yet effective technique for coffee enthusiasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-coffee-brewing-lessons-from-geophysics">Beyond coffee brewing: Lessons from geophysics</h2>



The research also connects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-aging-drinking-coffee-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> science with earth science. 



"There's a lot more to know about how coffee breaks, how it flows as particles, and how it interacts with water," said Harper. 



By studying coffee, scientists hope to gain insights into broader geophysical phenomena like landslides, volcanic eruptions, and soil water flow.



These parallels highlight how everyday activities like brewing coffee can inspire scientific breakthroughs in seemingly unrelated fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spritz-your-beans-before-grinding">Spritz your beans before grinding </h2>



For coffee enthusiasts, the study provides an easy and practical tip: spritz your beans before grinding. By preventing clumping, the grinding process becomes smoother and more consistent, which leads to evenly sized grounds.



This consistency enhances the brewing process, allowing water to flow more uniformly through the coffee. The result is a richer and more flavorful espresso, making this method an easy way to elevate your coffee experience without requiring additional tools or complex techniques.



"A few simple squirts of water have solved the problems of clumping, channeling, and poor extractions while aiding in the pursuit of attaining the tastiest espresso," Hendon states.



So, the next time you prepare your morning brew, try adding a little water to your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-coffee-good-for-you-it-may-depend-on-your-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beans</a>. It’s a simple step with a big payoff - and who knows, your kitchen experiment might just inspire the next scientific breakthrough.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(23)00568-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



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Coffee flavor can be improved with a simple trick

Ever wondered if the flavor of your coffee could taste...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Plus, sheltered in the extra buildings were 20 locals. It was like a mini-community of sorts and was probably full of activity. Even so, it’s likely no amount of company could make up for the difficulties that Jacobus faced in his lifetime. Photo Credit: Facebook/Dyckman Farmhouse Museum

A difficult time

Well, according to the Dyckman Farmhouse Museum Alliance website, the main building housed a group of ten in 1820. Jacobus was one of them, of course, and he had three children. Their names were Isaac, Michael, and Jacob. And Jacobus’ niece and grandson came to join the clan, too. Photo Credit: Facebook/Dyckman Farmhouse Museum