The pygmy mouse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lemur-diet-bizarre-behavior/">lemur</a>, also known by its scientific name <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_mouse_lemur">Microcebus myoxinus</a>, is a primate weighing only 43–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz). The pygmy mouse lemur measures around 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) (head-body length).

Pygmy mouse lemur

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Svalbard, an archipelago located in the Arctic Ocean midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. 



The image is focused on Nordaustlandet - the second largest island in the archipelago. Water and sediment is visibly draining into the Arctic Ocean.



“Sediment is likely causing the striking swirls of color in the water surrounding the island," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. "The melting of seasonal snow and an older, compressed layer of snow called ‘firn,’ left some areas of glacial ice bare and exposed in the images.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-melting-in-svalbard">Extreme melting in Svalbard</h2>



According to NASA, the ice caps of Svalbard suffered extreme episodes of melting in summer 2024, which was driven by exceptionally high air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-amplification-is-destabilizing-the-delicate-balance-of-the-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>.



“Situated between mainland Norway and the North Pole, Svalbard is one of the fastest-warming places on the planet. Over half of its land area is covered with ice, composing about 6 percent of the planet’s glaciated area outside of Greenland and Antarctica."



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Temperatures</a> in late July and early August were around seven degrees Fahrenheit above average across the region. “The heat took its toll on Svalbard, home to some of Earth’s northernmost glaciers, causing snow and ice to rapidly melt,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-surface-melt-rates">Record surface melt rates</h2>



Xavier Fettweis, a climatologist at the University of Liège, reported that Svalbard’s ice caps broke their all-time record for daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surface melt</a> on July 23, 2024. On this day, Svalbard shed about 55 millimeters of water equivalent, which is five times the normal rate.



“The exceptional melting continued into August, corresponding with a persistent heat dome that baked parts of Scandinavia’s Arctic,” said NASA.



According to the Copernicus State of the Climate report, Svalbard experienced its warmest summer on record in 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-svalbard-archipelago">More about the Svalbard archipelago</h2>



Svalbard is known for its stunning, stark landscapes, characterized by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-hidden-sources-of-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, mountains, and fjords, as well as its extreme polar climate.&nbsp;



The islands are part of Norway, although they operate under a unique international treaty that allows citizens of signatory countries to live and work there without a visa.



The largest settlement, Longyearbyen, serves as the administrative center and is home to a mix of Norwegians and international residents.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-svalbard-community">Svalbard community</h3>



Despite its remote location, Svalbard has a relatively modern infrastructure, including schools, shops, and even a university center dedicated to Arctic research.&nbsp;



The community is tightly knit, with a strong emphasis on outdoor activities, especially given the region's extraordinary natural environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-nbsp">Wildlife&nbsp;</h3>



Svalbard is also famous for its wildlife, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-struggling-to-survive-longer-summers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bears</a>, which outnumber the human population.&nbsp;



The islands are one of the few places where polar bears can be seen in their natural habitat, and there are strict regulations to protect both the animals and the people who live there.&nbsp;



Additionally, Svalbard is home to a variety of other Arctic wildlife, including reindeer, Arctic foxes, and a rich array of bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-research-nbsp">Scientific research&nbsp;</h3>



The archipelago has a significant role in scientific research, particularly in fields related to climate change, given its sensitive Arctic environment.&nbsp;



Svalbard is also home to the Global Seed Vault, a secure facility that stores seeds from around the world to safeguard the planet's biodiversity in case of a global catastrophe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy-nbsp">Economy&nbsp;</h3>



Historically, Svalbard was used as a base for whaling and later for coal mining, which brought the first permanent settlements.&nbsp;



Today, while mining still exists on a smaller scale, the economy has shifted more towards tourism and research, drawing visitors and scientists from all over the world to experience its unique and pristine environment.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Svalbard melts into the Arctic Ocean 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters, annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters.”&nbsp;



According to NASA, the climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. "Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food.&nbsp;



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community.&nbsp;



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders.&nbsp;



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, adept at navigating rocky terrains. The Siberian roe deer thrives across various habitats, showcasing the adaptability of Mongolia’s wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter.&nbsp;



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations.&nbsp;



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut photograph of the Makran coast along the Arabian Sea.



“Several capes and bays appear along the Makran coast - a strip of land along the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. Nicknamed ‘hammerhead’ capes because of their elongated forms and narrow necks, the headlands are shaped by the region’s plate tectonics, primarily uplift,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The long curves of the bays’ shorelines show accumulations of sandy sediment. This buildup appears as numerous semi-parallel lines that reveal the locations of past shorelines. These features, known as beach ridges, appear particularly well developed on the north shore of Chabahar Bay at the top of the image.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bays-of-the-makran-coast">Bays of the Makran coast</h2>



NASA noted that scientists have investigated the vulnerability of the bays to the effects of climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.



“The research was conducted in part because the Makran coast experiences high rates of tectonic uplift. The researchers concluded that the harder rocks of the headlands were less vulnerable to wave erosion than the more erodible rocks where the neighboring bays formed. These bays are expected to change shape as waves and currents move sediment.," said NASA.



“The bays’ coastlines might move farther inland as sea level rises and shorelines erode. Or, the coastlines may advance seaward as coastal sediment accumulates over time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-on-the-coast">Wildlife on the coast </h2>



The Makran coast is known for its rugged terrain, dramatic cliffs, and sandy beaches. The coastal waters support vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. The beaches serve as nesting grounds for green and olive ridley turtles, highlighting their ecological significance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mangrove</a> forests are prevalent around estuaries and river deltas, offering critical habitats for numerous fish species and birds.



The region is a hotspot for bird watching, including migratory and resident birds like herons, egrets, and flamingos.



Despite the arid, desert-like inland areas, resilient species such as the Arabian Oryx and various reptiles thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-concerns-nbsp">Environmental concerns&nbsp;</h2>



The Makran Coast faces several environmental concerns. For example, the arid climate and overuse of land resources have led to issues like desertification.



Habitat destruction and pollution threaten the region's diverse marine life, including endangered species. Unsustainable fishing practices deplete fish stocks and disrupt the marine food chain.



Rising sea levels and increased frequency of extreme weather events impact coastal communities and ecosystems. Mangrove forests on the Makran coast are extremely vulnerable to sea level rise. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-makran-coast">History of Makran coast</h2>



The Makran region has been historically significant since ancient times. It was part of the ancient Persian Empire and has been mentioned in Greek and Roman texts.



Alexander the Great passed through Makran during his return from India, facing significant hardships due to the harsh environment.



The Makran Coast is situated on major trade routes connecting the Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia. It was a key area along the ancient Silk Road and hosted important ports that facilitated trade between these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-hazards">Natural hazards</h2>



The Makran region is seismically active, and there is a potential risk of tsunamis and earthquakes due to the tectonic activity in the area. 



The hilly terrain along parts of the Makran coast makes the region susceptible to landslides, particularly following heavy rains or seismic activity.



The climate is harsh, arid, and hot, with minimal rainfall and high temperatures, especially in the summer.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Makran coast of southeastern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features smoke streaming over the Atlantic Ocean from a deadly fire outbreak in Portugal. The Copernicus Sentinel-3 image was captured on September 17, 2024.



“Dozens of wildfires are reported throughout the country, mainly in the north. The fires forced the closure of two railway lines and several motorways, including part of the main road between Lisbon and Porto,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-firefighters-stretched-to-the-limit">Firefighters stretched to the limit</h2>



According to a report from NPR, more than 100 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-season-of-2023-redefined-what-is-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> stretched thousands of firefighters to the limit in northern Portugal on Wednesday, as Prime Minister Luís Montenegro declared a state of calamity.



"We are well aware that these difficult hours are not over yet," Montenegro told the nation. "We have to continue to give everything we have and ask for help from our partners and friends so that we can reinforce the protection of our people and property."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-outbreak-in-northern-and-central-portugal-nbsp">Fire outbreak in northern and central Portugal&nbsp;</h2>



The fires have been fueled by dry conditions, strong winds, and high temperatures. The northern and central regions of Portugal, particularly in areas like Aveiro and Albergaria-a-Velha, have been hit hardest by the fire outbreak.&nbsp;



Over 5,000 firefighters were deployed to combat the flames, but the blazes have still managed to consume over 62,000 hectares of land, resulting in the deaths of at least seven people, including firefighters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-fire-damage-and-evacuations">Widespread fire damage and evacuations</h2>



Residents were forced to evacuate, with many homes and industrial areas destroyed. Roads were also closed due to the encroaching flames and thick <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a>, severely affecting transportation.



NPR said that while authorities have yet to release figures for property damage or the number of evacuees, Portuguese state broadcaster RTP has shown charred houses in rural villages and local residents trying to battle flames with buckets of water, hoses, and even large tree branches.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responding-to-the-portugal-fires">Responding to the Portugal fires</h2>



The situation became so severe that Portugal sought assistance from the European Union. Greece, Spain, and France contributed firefighting aircraft, while the European Commission activated its RescEU program to provide additional support.&nbsp;



“The Copernicus Emergency Management Service was activated to help authorities respond to the emergency,” said ESA.



“Using satellite data, the service provides information for emergency response for different types of disasters, including meteorological and geophysical hazards, deliberate and accidental disasters, humanitarian disasters, and for prevention, preparedness, response and recovery activities.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-breakdown">A climate breakdown</h2>



The situation remains critical, although there are signs of improvement as the weather is expected to turn, which could help contain the fires.&nbsp;



The dry conditions which fueled the wildfire outbreak in Portugal coincided with deadly flooding in central Europe. The European Union said that the juxtaposed extreme weather events are proof of a “climate breakdown.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-conditions-and-fire-outbreaks-nbsp">Dry conditions and fire outbreaks&nbsp;</h2>



Hot, dry conditions are a key factor in the outbreak and spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>. These conditions create a highly flammable environment where vegetation, like grasses, shrubs, and trees, becomes dry and can easily ignite.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-vegetation">Dry vegetation</h3>



When the weather is dry for extended periods, vegetation loses its moisture content and becomes more combustible. Even a small spark can set off a fire in such conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-temperatures-nbsp">High temperatures&nbsp;</h3>



Heat intensifies the drying of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increased-co2-is-making-wildfires-more-severe-and-frequent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a> and raises the temperature of the fuel (plants, leaves, etc.), making it easier for it to catch fire and spread. High temperatures also reduce soil moisture, drying out more of the surrounding area.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-fans-the-flames">Wind fans the flames </h3>



In dry, hot conditions, winds can carry embers to new locations, causing fires to spread rapidly. Wind also fans the flames, intensifying the heat and increasing the speed of the fire's movement.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-humidity">Low humidity</h3>



Dry air, often measured by low humidity levels, exacerbates fire risk. When humidity is low, moisture is drawn out of plants and soil more quickly, further drying the landscape.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-and-human-activity">Lightning and human activity</h3>



In hot, dry conditions, natural causes like lightning can ignite wildfires. However, human activities (campfires, discarded cigarettes, power lines) also play a significant role, particularly in areas that are primed for fire due to these weather patterns.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-nbsp">Climate change&nbsp;</h3>



In areas prone to drought, wildfires can be particularly destructive, and as climate change intensifies, hotter and drier weather is becoming more common, increasing wildfire risks globally.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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More than 100 fires are burning in Portugal

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut photograph of Fayzabad, a culturally diverse city in the Kokcha River valley of northern Afghanistan. The photo was captured as the International Space Station passed over central Asia.



Fayzabad is the capital of the Badakhshan Province. It is located in a mountainous part of northeastern Afghanistan at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.



“The city is situated along the Kokcha River, which flows northward within a deep river valley surrounded by the Hindu Kush Mountains and eventually discharges into the Amu Darya River,” noted NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-fayzabad-nbsp">Climate of Fayzabad&nbsp;</h2>



According to <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the climate of Fayzabad varies from cold semi-arid to Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental.



The summer months are warm, with average high temperatures ranging from 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The winter months are cold, with average low temperatures often dropping below freezing - sometimes reaching as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The region receives moderate precipitation, mostly during the spring and winter. Snowfall is common in winter, adding to the mountainous region's picturesque landscape.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fayzabad-culture">Fayzabad culture</h2>



Historically, Fayzabad has been a center of learning and culture, though its development has been hampered by years of conflict.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-started-cumulative-culture-around-600000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> remains a vital component of the region, which is known for its traditional crafts including weaving and embroidery.



Cultural life in Fayzabad is influenced by its predominantly Tajik population, along with other ethnic groups such as Uzbeks and Hazaras. The local cuisine is a blend of traditional Afghan flavors, incorporating ingredients like rice, meat, and a variety of spices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-nbsp">Land use changes&nbsp;</h2>



“This territory has experienced notable changes in its land use in recent decades, especially with commercial and administrative growth near the airport,” noted NASA.



“Among the changes: a new airstrip built west of the Kokcha River. However, mountains hem in the city and limit how much development is possible.”



“Despite these topographical barriers, some development has spread into hilly areas south of Fayzabad. Green vegetation is mostly confined to mountain valleys, stream channels, and the Kokcha River floodplain.”&nbsp;



“The Kokcha River meanders through the valley, providing a vital water resource for the region. Fields of predominantly wheat and rice cover much of the floodplain, though these flat areas are mixed with residential, industrial, and commercial activity as well.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kokcha-river-nbsp">Kokcha River&nbsp;</h2>



The Kokcha River originates in the Hindu Kush mountains. It stretches approximately 360 kilometers before joining the Amu Darya, one of Central Asia's major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>.&nbsp;



The Kokcha River traverses rugged terrain, providing vital irrigation for agriculture in the region and supporting local communities' livelihoods.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> basin features diverse landscapes that include mountainous areas and fertile valleys.&nbsp;



Throughout history, the Kokcha River has played a crucial role in the region's cultural and economic development, serving as a natural resource for the inhabitants and influencing settlement patterns.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Fayzabad and the Kokcha River valley 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a plume of Saharan dust pouring off the coast of southern Morocco.



The Sahara Desert is the world's biggest source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-is-an-understudied-contributor-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">airborne dust</a>. Each year, it releases hundreds of millions of tons of mineral dust that are lifted into the atmosphere and transported across vast distances up to thousands of miles. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-air-layer-nbsp">Saharan Air Layer&nbsp;</h2>



The transport of Saharan dust is primarily driven by the trade winds and atmospheric phenomena such as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL). This dry air mass often accompanies tropical storms across the Atlantic, sometimes even influencing the development and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saharan-dust-can-intensify-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hurricanes</a>.&nbsp;



“From late spring to early fall, it is common for the dry, dusty Saharan Air Layer to carry the particles westward across the Atlantic Ocean high in the atmosphere. With different wind patterns in the winter and spring, dust emerging from North Africa can drift over the United Kingdom and western Europe at relatively low altitudes,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153246/dust-pours-off-the-moroccan-coast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“Saharan Air Layer activity subsides after mid-August, according to NOAA, making it less likely that the plume shown here is bound for a transoceanic journey. Instead, it arcs to the north after blowing out over the ocean. Earlier in the summer, however, several clouds of fine dust from the Sahara reached the United States, creating hazy skies over Texas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-saharan-dust-nbsp">Impacts of Saharan dust&nbsp;</h2>



Saharan dust plays a crucial role in global climate and environmental systems. For example, Saharan dust can affect weather patterns by absorbing and scattering sunlight, influencing temperature and cloud formation. It also plays a role in fertilizing ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, by providing essential nutrients like iron and phosphorus.&nbsp;



However, Saharan dust also has more complex impacts. It can reduce air quality, leading to respiratory issues in people living downwind of the dust. In addition, the dust impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> health by contributing to algae blooms, which can create dead zones in marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-clouds-and-human-health">Dust clouds and human health</h2>



In a recent study from Texas A&amp;M University, researchers explored the potential health impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria and fungi</a> that travel within dust plumes.&nbsp;



The team found traces of several pathogens known to cause disease in humans, as listed by the World Health Organization (WHO).



Study co-author Dr. Daniel Spalink noted that while the DNA of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified in African dust, it is not yet known if they can infect us and make us sick. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summertime-dust-events">Summertime dust events</h2>



“Scientists are interested in summertime Saharan dust events in part because of the influence they can have on large storm systems. Dry, stable, dust-laden air can inhibit tropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic. And in a new study, researchers found that dust can modulate the amount of rainfall brought by these storms,” noted NASA.



“Using a machine-learning model based on meteorological data, NASA’s IMERG (Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM) precipitation estimates, and other satellite measurements, the study’s authors found that dust optical depth - a measure of how much light filters through a dusty plume - was a key predictor of rainfall from tropical cyclones.”



The researchers concluded that smaller amounts of dust particles promote the formation of rain clouds, while the sunlight-blocking effects of large dust clouds ultimately suppress precipitation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-dust-storms">Saharan dust storms</h2>



Dust storms in the Sahara Desert are some of the most far-reaching in the world. These storms, also known as haboobs, occur when strong winds lift large quantities of sand and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-impacts-dust-levels-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> from the desert's surface into the atmosphere.&nbsp;



Saharan dust storms vary in intensity, with some being relatively mild while others are severe, reducing visibility to almost zero and creating hazardous conditions. They often happen in the spring and early summer when the temperature difference between the desert and the surrounding regions creates strong pressure gradients, fueling powerful winds.



Ultimately, these dust storms are a natural part of life. They shape the landscape over time by eroding rock formations and redistributing sand dunes. Despite their destructive potential, they are also a reminder of the dynamic and interconnected nature of Earth's climate systems.



The image was captured on August 24, 2024 by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Saharan dust launches off the Moroccan coast

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a false-color radar depiction of central Ethiopia.



According to ESA, the photograph is a blend of multiple Sentinel-1 images from spring, summer and autumn 2023, which have been overlaid to create this single image.



“Radar images capture surface texture rather than reflected light so they are naturally black and white but here images from each season have been assigned a different color: red, green and blue respectively,” explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“When the images are combined, the different colors reveal variations that occurred in the different seasons.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rugged-terrain-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Rugged terrain of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



ESA noted that Ethiopia’s terrain is one of the most rugged in Africa. The landscape is primarily characterized by highlands and plateaus.&nbsp;



The Ethiopian Highlands, also known as the Roof of Africa, dominate this region and include some of the highest peaks in Africa, such as Ras Dashen. The terrain features steep escarpments, deep valleys, and numerous rivers.&nbsp;



The central part of the country is also home to the Great Rift Valley, which runs through Ethiopia and includes a series of lakes and volcanic mountains. This region's varied topography contributes to its rich biodiversity and distinct climate zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lakes-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Lakes of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, water bodies appear dark in this image because flat water surfaces reflect the radar signal away from the satellite. “The various colors visible in some lakes are due either to the changing surface currents and sediments from rivers or to variations in water level.”



Lake Ziway is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-flamingos-at-risk-due-to-rising-lake-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> in the region. It is located about 160 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.&nbsp;



The lake is known for its rich bird diversity, including large populations of pelicans, cormorants, and herons. Lake Ziway also supports local fishing communities.



Lake Shala is the deepest lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and is known for its volcanic origins. It has a maximum depth of 266 meters and is surrounded by hot springs and steep, rocky cliffs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Climate of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



Central Ethiopia features a diverse climate, primarily influenced by its elevation and geographical location within the tropics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highland-climate">Highland climate</h3>



Much of central Ethiopia consists of highlands, with elevations ranging from 1,500 to over 3,000 meters above sea level. These highlands experience a temperate climate, with cooler <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-in-africa-are-rising-above-levels-that-rhinoceros-can-tolerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> compared to the lowlands.&nbsp;



The average temperatures range from 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The higher elevations, such as those found in the Ethiopian Highlands, can experience temperatures that are close to freezing at night.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainy-seasons">Rainy seasons</h3>



Central Ethiopia has two main rainy seasons. The primary rainy season, known as the "Kiremt," occurs from June to September and brings the majority of the annual rainfall.&nbsp;



The "Belg," or short rainy season, occurs from March to May. The rainfall during these periods supports agriculture, which is a key part of the region's economy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-season">Dry season</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-wet-forests-have-seen-an-alarming-rise-in-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dry season</a>, known as the "Bega," spans from October to February.&nbsp;During this time, the region experiences significantly less rainfall, and the weather tends to be sunny and dry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Culture of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> of central Ethiopia is a dynamic blend of ancient traditions and modern influences. This culture is characterized by a strong sense of community and a profound connection to the region's historical and spiritual roots.



The Amhara people have played a significant role in the cultural and political life of central Ethiopia. The Amhara are known for their rich heritage, which includes the Amharic language, a Semitic tongue that serves as one of the country's official languages.



Orthodox Christianity is a key aspect of central Ethiopian culture, particularly among the Amhara and other highland communities.&nbsp;



This part of East Africa is also known for its traditional music and dance, which reflect the region's historical depth and cultural diversity.&nbsp;



The cuisine of central Ethiopia is another significant cultural aspect, with injera (a spongy flatbread made from teff) being a staple food.&nbsp;Injera is typically served with a variety of stews (wats) and salads.



The communal eating experience, where meals are shared from a single large plate, emphasizes the importance of community and togetherness.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The vibrant seasons of central Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

The MODIS instrument, short for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of Earth ecosystem models, able to predict global changes, which then assist policy makers in making informed decisions about the protection of the global environment.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps are seen in this Image of the day&nbsp;from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at heavy snow and low clouds in the Alps. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps

Monitoring Earth Changes with MODIS

Aqua is a NASA scientific research satellite that studies precipitation, evaporation, and water cycles. Terra and Aura make up the Earth Observing System. It's the second component of the system.

A frozen Lake Erie in February Today’s Image of the Day comes from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at a frozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/icy-lake-erie/">Lake Erie</a>, which is currently 93.3 percent iced over. A frozen Lake Erie in February
This false-color image was created using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Aqua satellite to differentiate between snow, ice, and clouds.
Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ (French: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 metres) deep. 
Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States, Lake Erie&#8217;s northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario, specifically the Ontario Peninsula, with the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its western, southern, and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries. 
The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native American people who lived along its southern shore. The tribal name &#8220;erie&#8221; is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan, meaning long tail
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

A frozen Lake Erie in February

Aqua Earth Observing Satellite

This beautiful photo gallery contains 50 incredible images of Earth from Space. These images were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station, as well as by a multitude of NASA satellites orbiting the earth.

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean just south of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-blue-chrysanthemums-created/">Japan</a>.
This image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 31, 2017. 
At the time the photo was taken, Typhoon Noru was located just 250 kilometers south of Iwo Jima. Maximum sustained winds hit 150 miles per hour.
The storm briefly became a category 5 on July 30, before being downgraded to a category 4 one day later.
&#8211;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean

Incredible Images of Earth from Space

Photos from the International Space Station are found in this awesome Earth.com image gallery. Flat-earthers won't agree, but these incredible photos of the Earth were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station. The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit.

Northern Italy from the space station is seen here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The view includes the top half of the Italian Peninsula, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-burn-northern-corsica/">Corsica</a> and Sardinia off the coast. This image was captured by ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli on his third and final mission to the Space Station.

Northern Italy from the Space Station

Photos from the International Space Station

It's a hard-knock life out there in the wild, where survival is the name of the game. Many prey species, like the eel, have developed a variety of life-saving tactics to escape becoming lunch for hungry predators. However, this time around, we're taking a look at a survival strategy that can only be described as truly awe-inspiring.



A new study has brought something astonishing to light. The evidence, captured in an extraordinary video, reveals the daring escape tactics of juvenile Japanese eels that have been swallowed by predatory fish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eels-make-a-daring-escape">Eels make a daring escape </h2>



The fascinating discovery was made possible through the use of X-ray videography, which enabled scientists to visualize the internal goings-on of a predator's stomach. 



Contrary to instinct, the ingested <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-eels-inspire-wearable-tech-with-jelly-batteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eels</a> did not panic or admit defeat. They instead orchestrated a cautious, meticulous escape by backing out of the predator's stomach, starting with inserting the tips of their tails through the esophagus and gills, and then executing a swift pull.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="YRoTzhgj4L-3870029-12187" type="single"]</div>



"We have discovered a unique defensive tactic of juvenile Japanese eels using an X-ray video system: they escape from the predator's stomach by moving back up the&nbsp;digestive tract&nbsp;towards the gills after being captured by the&nbsp;predatory fish," said Yuuki Kawabata of <a href="https://www.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagasaki University</a> in Japan. 



"This study is the first to observe the behavioral patterns and escape processes of prey within the digestive tract of predators."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-the-eels-escape">How do the eels escape?</h2>



There's a background to this tale. Earlier, scientists including Kawabata and Yuha Hasegawa had discovered that Japanese eels can escape from the gill of their predator after being captured. What was unclear was how they pulled this off.



"The most surprising moment in this study was when we observed the first footage of eels escaping by going back up the digestive tract toward the gill of the predatory fish," said Kawabata.



"At the beginning of the experiment, we speculated that eels would escape directly from the predator's mouth to the gill. However, contrary to our expectations, witnessing the eels' desperate escape from the predator's stomach to the gills was truly astonishing for us."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-back-through-the-digestive-tract">Back through the digestive tract </h2>



The researchers decided to take a deep dive into the predator's body. They used an innovative X-ray videography tool to provide an inside view of the predatory fish, Odontobutis obscura.



This required injecting the eel with a contrast agent to enable visibility post-ingestion. The team devoted an entire year to capture solid video evidence that would unravel this unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-backyard-bugs-perform-the-fastest-backflips-on-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">escape method</a>.



The recorded videos revealed that of the 32 eels monitored, all had at least part of their bodies swallowed into the predator’s stomachs. All but four of the eels attempted to make a daring exit by retracing their path back through the digestive tract.



Ultimately, 13 of the eels managed to get their tails out through the fish gill. Of these, nine slipped away entirely, freeing themselves from the predator's gills in just about 56 seconds on average.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeking-an-escape-route">Seeking an escape route</h2>



Intriguingly, further observation revealed that the eels did not always utilize the same escape route. Some of them were seen to circle along the stomach, seemingly exploring other ways out.



The discovery marks a first - demonstrating that the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, can utilize a specific escape behavior from the stomach and gill of its predator. 



The researchers noted that up until now, no study has uncovered the behavioral patterns and escape routes of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-find-new-ways-to-reproduce-in-response-to-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prey</a> within a predator’s digestive tract.



The innovative X-ray methods applied in the study can now be utilized to delve deeper into predator-prey behaviors. In the future, the team hopes to learn more about the characteristics that contribute to a successful eel escape.



Who knows what other remarkable secrets of the animal kingdom await to be discovered? As always, science continues to surprise and delight us with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sharks-are-abandoning-their-homes-due-to-ocean-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new revelations</a> about the world we live in.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00926-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Watch eels cleverly escape from a predator's stomach

It's a hard-knock life out there in the wild, where...

The term "aging" generally conjures up images of graying hair, slowing pace, and the eventual appearance of wrinkles. Yet, beyond these physical markers, aging is a fundamentally cellular and molecular process, even for organisms like bacteria, which also experience age-related changes.



From humble single-celled organisms to complex mammalian systems, all living organisms experience the impact of passing time, according to a recent report from the <a href="https://asm.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Society for Microbiology</a>.



As they age, cells accumulate damage that impairs function, leading to numerous age-related disorders in humans. But what about bacteria? Can these single-celled entities feel the passage of time?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-age-and-binary-fission-factor">Bacteria age and binary fission factor</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-use-biological-clocks-to-predict-and-survive-cold-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bacteria</a>, being single-celled organisms, propagate differently from humans. Rather than sexual reproduction, they undergo a process known as binary fission. 



In this process, they duplicate their DNA and divide into two, resulting in rapid replication. Interestingly, the fastest-growing bacterium can split in less than 10 minutes.



Historically, it was believed that bacteria, thanks to binary fission's symmetrical nature, did not age. After all, this process results in a parent and offspring identical in age, leading to a concept dubbed "functional immortality."



Aging, it was assumed, required an asymmetric division where the parent is older than the offspring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-of-bacteria">Aging of bacteria</h2>



Contrary to the longstanding belief, evidence emerged in 2005, suggesting that, like us, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> do age. The researchers found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) exhibit differences between "old" and "new" (parent and offspring) cells.



These distinctions became evident as scientists watched the cells divide under a microscope, noting that older cells' growth rate and offspring production decline over time. 



Moreover, the senior cells died more frequently than their younger counterparts. Clearly, despite similar appearances, cells underwent divisions that left them functionally asymmetric and susceptible to aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asymmetry-to-the-rescue">Asymmetry to the rescue</h2>



So, how does this asymmetry help? It turns out, this type of division is crucial for the population's overall fitness. 



An asymmetric division maintains variance, the variety upon which natural selection acts. More variation typically means a better chance of survival under changing conditions.



One of the key players in this aging process is protein aggregation. This process occurs in bacteria and eukaryotic cells and is associated with age-related diseases in humans, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, where harmful protein clumps can lead to cell death.



In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-bacteria-will-devour-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, scientists found a smart way of dealing with this problem. As a feature of asymmetric division, older cells accumulate these proteins segregating age-related damage and keeping their offspring looking "younger" at the molecular level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-states-of-stress">Cellular states of stress</h2>



Another culprit contributing to aging, both in humans and bacteria, is stress. E. coli cells activate a stress state inside the cell to survive mutations accumulated over their lifetimes. 



Some of these mutations, while not lethal, can negatively impact the cell's fitness by causing a critical protein to lose its function.



In a study analyzing the effects of over 60 different nonlethal loss-of-function mutations in E. coli, researchers found that these mutants increased their metabolic activity to compensate for lost protein function. 



Still, this adaptation comes at a cost. These cells grow slower and enter a state similar to purgatory faster than non-mutants, especially in nutrient-poor environments.



The findings suggest an "aging cost" associated with maintaining resistance to stress on a population level. Could understanding bacterial aging lead us to new antibiotic targets? Might this ancient mechanism of aging shed light on certain human diseases perpetuated through cellular stress states?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-aging">Complexities of aging</h2>



Time and age certainly doesn't stand still for anyone, humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-soil-bacteria-contribute-to-atmospheric-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> included. But perhaps bacteria's susceptibility to aging is a blessing in disguise. 



These hardy organisms make excellent subjects for studying the nuances of aging, given their rapid growth and the ability to observe numerous generations in a single experiment. After all, understanding the complexity of aging is inherent to unlocking the mysteries of life itself.



The discovery that bacteria are not eternal beings, as once thought, but vulnerable to aging like all living organisms, signifies the interconnectedness of life at every level.



The concept of time, aging, and the decline in function straddle across the biological spectrum, making it possible to draw parallels between the simplest life forms and the most complex ones.



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Do bacteria age or are they immortal?

The term "aging" generally conjures up images of graying hair,...

In the remote, icy stretches of Antarctica, the melting of a massive glacier is picking up speed. This giant, called the Thwaites Glacier, is often referred to as the Doomsday Glacier.



Since 2018, experts leading the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC) have been investigating the dynamics of Thwaites.



The researchers have been up close and personal with Thwaites, breaking through ice and using underwater robots to exhaustively study this massive glacier and comprehend its possible downfall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreat-of-the-doomsday-glacier">Retreat of the Doomsday Glacier </h2>



The extensive and painstaking research has unveiled some rather disconcerting findings.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-relentlessly-melting-due-to-warm-water-underbelly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thwaites</a> is not just in retreat, but it's retreating at an incredible speed that is set to increase in the future, according to Rob Larter, a marine geophysicist at the British Antarctic Survey and an essential member of the ITGC team.



"Thwaites has been retreating for more than 80 years, accelerating considerably over the past 30 years, and our findings indicate it is set to retreat further and faster," noted Dr. Larter. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collapse-of-the-doomsday-glacier">Collapse of the Doomsday Glacier</h2>



When it comes to future forecasts, optimism is scarce. The scientists predict that Thwaites and the Antarctic Ice Sheet could completely collapse within the next 200 years.



The Doomsday Glacier contains enough water to boost global sea levels by more than 2 feet. This amount of sea level rise could put coastal communities underwater worldwide, from Miami and London to Bangladesh and the Pacific Islands.



Making matters even worse is the fact that Thwaites acts similarly to a cork, preventing the colossal Antarctic Ice Sheet from cascading into the ocean. The collapse of the Doomsday Glacier could ultimately cause sea levels to rise by a staggering 10 feet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grounding-line-of-the-thwaites-glacier">Grounding line of the Thwaites Glacier </h2>



Thwaites Glacier, with its mammoth size and perplexing characteristics, presents a formidable challenge to scientists. 



The terrain slopes downwards, exposing more ice to the comparably warmer ocean water as it melts. To navigate these unique features, the researchers have been using innovative technologies such as Icefin, an underwater robot shaped like a torpedo.



Icefin was dispatched to the grounding line of the Thwaites Glacier. This is the precarious point where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vanishing-glaciers-are-revitalizing-mountain-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> parts from the seabed to float.



The first sight of the grounding line through Icefin was a landmark moment, equal to the emotional impact of the moon landing, according to Kiya Riverman, a glaciologist at the <a href="https://www.up.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portland</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fast-paced-melting-of-thwaites">Fast-paced melting of Thwaites </h2>



Images relayed back from Icefin revealed that the glacier is melting in unforeseen ways. Warm ocean water is seeping through deep crevices and stair-like formations in the ice, destabilizing the glacier.



But the discoveries didn't end there. The scientists also used satellite and GPS data to study the effects of tides, finding that seawater was able to push over 6 miles beneath Thwaites. This intrusion of seawater froths warm water under the ice, prompting fast-paced melting.



These discoveries led to further investigations into Thwaites' past through the analysis of marine sediment cores. Julia Wellner, a professor at the University of Houston, determined that Thwaites began its rapid retreat back in the 1940s, most likely triggered by a strong El Niño event.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-retreat-of-thwaites">Irreversible retreat of Thwaites </h2>



Despite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thwaites</a>' rapid retreat, there was a glimmer of hope amongst the otherwise grim discoveries. Computer simulations revealed that the chances of ice shelves collapsing, setting off a domino effect of plunging ice cliffs into the ocean, are lower than previously feared.



But the Doomsday Glacier is far from secure. Scientists predict that Thwaites and the Antarctic Ice Sheet behind it could vanish by the 23rd Century.



Regardless of whether humans manage to stop burning fossil fuels soon - which isn't currently in the cards - it may unfortunately be too late to prevent the collapse of the Doomsday Glacier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-effort-against-climate-change">Unified effort against climate change</h2>



The potential fate of the Thwaites Glacier underlines the vital need for a worldwide response to climate change. Collaborative projects like the ITGC are crucial for pooling global expertise and resources. 



To tackle the challenges posed by Thwaites, scientists are sharing data and conducting interdisciplinary research spanning oceanography, geology, and climate science.



This united effort provides a glimmer of hope that through collective innovation, humanity can devise effective strategies to alleviate the impacts of rising seas and climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-regions-of-antarctica">Vulnerable regions of Antarctica </h2>



Thwaites Glacier gets a lot of attention because it could impact global sea levels, but we should also look at other vulnerable areas in Antarctica. The way different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/retreating-glaciers-unleash-a-world-of-ecological-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> interact with the Southern Ocean is a tricky puzzle that researchers are working to figure out.



By understanding these dynamics, scientists aim to better predict scenarios and timelines for global sea level rise. This research also informs climate policies and adaptation strategies for coastal cities worldwide. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertainty-about-the-future">Uncertainty about the future</h2>



As this phase of the ITGC's profound research concludes, the team emphasizes the need for further studies to truly understand this complex glacier. 



“While progress has been made, we still have deep uncertainty about the future,” said Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at the <a href="https://uci.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Irvine</a> and part of <a href="https://thwaitesglacier.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITGC</a>. “I remain very worried that this sector of Antarctica is already in a state of collapse.”



Image Credit: NASA/James Yungel



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Doomsday Glacier may collapse sooner than we thought

In the remote, icy stretches of Antarctica, the melting of...

Large,Hemp,Or,Cannabis,Leaf,From,Above,On,Hemp,Plantation

Hemp is emerging as a powerful ally in the fight against global insecticide resistance, with new research revealing that cannabidiol (CBD) – the same compound used to treat various ailments – can effectively kill mosquito larvae.&nbsp;



The findings from the study, published in the journal Insects, demonstrate that hemp leaf extract rich in the active ingredient CBD can annihilate mosquito larvae within a short span of 48 hours. 



Remarkably, this lethal effect was observed in both strains of the yellow fever mosquito, including one noted for its resistance to conventional insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-mosquito-larvae">Targeting mosquito larvae</h2>



Erick Martinez Rodriguez, lead author of the study and a graduate student in entomology at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>, emphasized the urgency of targeting mosquitoes in their larval stage. 



“It’s very important to be able to control these pests at an early stage, when they are at their most vulnerable," said Martinez Rodriguez.



Adult&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquitoes</a>, known for traversing large distances and transmitting diseases, are not the only challenge.&nbsp;



Mosquito larvae, aquatic organisms usually found in stationary water, are hard to manage. Synthetic insecticides, vital in the battle against larvae, have led to resistance and environmental harm due to overuse. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-as-a-sustainable-insecticide">Hemp as a sustainable insecticide</h2>



Inspired by previous research from Ohio State University, which identified natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-why-catnip-is-a-powerful-mosquito-repellent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito-repellent</a> properties in plants from Madagascar, the team shifted focus to hemp, a sustainable alternative.



Hemp, related to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-plans-to-reclassify-marijuana-and-ease-restrictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marijuana</a>&nbsp;but without high-inducing THC levels, is widely used for its therapeutic CBD properties.&nbsp;



To test hemp's insecticidal potency, the team pulverized dried hemp leaves, soaked them in methanol, and created an extract. 



“What was surprising was the small amount needed to be so deadly,” said Martinez Rodriguez, noting that CBD bypassed the larvae's metabolic resistance to other insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-natural-insecticides">New era of natural insecticides </h2>



This discovery not only highlights hemp as a cost-effective crop for insecticide production but also raises questions about its impact on non-target species.&nbsp;



Study co-author Peter Piermarini, a professor of entomology at Ohio State, noted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-relieves-anxiety-without-the-risks-that-come-with-thc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a> is a compound that appears to be safe for people and our companion animals to ingest.



“It’ll be interesting to learn more about how CBD interacts with various proteins in mammals and insects to understand why it’s safe for people but not <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>,” said Professor Piermarini.



While more research is required to ensure the safety of CBD for pollinators like honey bees, this study paves the way for a new era of natural insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-and-the-environment">Hemp and the environment </h2>



As the scientific community explores the potential applications of hemp-derived CBD as an insecticide, it must also navigate the ecological concerns linked to its widespread use.



While the merits of reducing synthetic insecticide reliance are evident, it is crucial to understand how CBD-infused solutions might interact with ecosystems, particularly aquatic habitats where mosquito larvae reside. 



Comprehensive studies should investigate any unintended consequences for non-target aquatic species, contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity. 



Furthermore, collaboration with environmental scientists could inform best practices and guidelines, ensuring that the benefits of this natural insecticide are maximized without compromising ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The promising results of the initial study open numerous research avenues for the scientific exploration of CBD's insecticidal properties. 



One such extension involves the assessment of CBD's efficacy against other resistant mosquito species and pests to understand its broader spectrum of action.



Additionally, there is potential to fine-tune extraction methodologies, optimizing the concentration of CBD for effective and sustainable pest control.



Future studies could explore genetic engineering approaches to enhance insecticide properties in hemp.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-extract-and-pest-management">Hemp extract and pest management </h2>



While the study highlights the efficacy of hemp as a natural insecticide for mosquito larvae, the potential applications of CBD in pest management could extend far beyond.&nbsp;



Researchers are exploring how hemp extract might be adapted to control other insect pests that threaten agriculture and public health. 



This could lead to an expansion of biopesticide options, offering eco-friendly solutions to combat insecticide-resistant pests in various ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-safe-pest-control-methods">Developing safe pest control methods</h2>



The researchers are also keen to investigate the broader environmental impacts of CBD-based insecticides, particularly how they might influence biodiversity.



“Understanding how these natural compounds interact with different insect species will be crucial for developing safe, targeted pest control methods,” said Martinez Rodriguez.&nbsp;



Additionally, efforts are underway to optimize the extraction process to ensure maximum efficiency and minimal environmental footprint.



The research was supported by the Infectious Diseases Institute and Ohio State’s College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/7/517" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insects</a>.



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Hemp leaf extracts can kill one of the world’s deadliest animals

Hemp is emerging as a powerful ally in the fight...

With climate change and limited resources creating tough challenges, researchers are trying out different methods to improve agricultural productivity and crop yields. You might be surprised by one of the answers they've come up with: electric soil.



This technique involves applying electrical currents to the soil, which has been found to stimulate plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve overall crop health. 



By tapping into the power of electricity in farming, scientists hope to develop more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-footprint-a-new-frontier-in-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable practices</a> that can lead to better yields and greater food security for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electricity-soil-tremendous-plant-growth">Electricity + soil = tremendous plant growth</h2>



Leading this study was Eleni Stavrinidou, an esteemed associate professor at <a href="https://liu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linköping University</a> in Sweden. 



Together with her team, she discovered that barley seedlings grew up to 50% more in just 15 days -- all thanks to some electric jolts to the soil in which their roots were growing.



Stavrinidou emphasizes how desperately we need to evolve our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-farming-practices-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultivation strategies</a>. 



She asks, "With the population explosion and climate change, can we keep up with the food demands of the planet with only the existing agricultural methods?" 



The answer, she believes, lies in urban hydroponics, a form of controlled farming that doesn't rely on soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydroponics-and-urban-farming">Hydroponics and urban farming</h2>



Before we dig into the electrifying soil revelation, let's get our hands dirty with hydroponics. Hydroponics is a revolutionary farming method that's been gaining momentum, particularly in urban landscapes where space is scarce.



In hydroponic systems, plants don't need soil to grow. Instead, they are nurtured in nutrient-rich water, with substrates providing the much-needed support.



But what's really eye-catching about hydroponics is its efficiency. 



Hydroponic systems consume significantly less water than traditional farming because the water is reused, and each plant gets exactly what it needs -- not an ounce more, not an ounce less.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-soil-esoil-is-a-real-game-changer">Electric soil (eSoil) is a real game-changer</h2>



Now let's talk about eSoil, the secret sauce in Stavrinidou's study. 



The pivotal element that sets eSoil apart is its blend of cellulose (the material that constitutes plant cell walls) and a conductive polymer known as PEDOT. 



The resulting concoction paves the way for the root stimulation that fosters unprecedented growth.



Not just that, eSoil is also a far greener alternative to the mineral wool substrates widely used in hydroponic setups today. 



It's biodegradable, consumes less energy during production, and did I mention the growth-boosting electrical conductivity?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stunning-results">Stunning results</h2>



The electric buzz didn't stop at the breakthrough. When Stavrinidou and her team put eSoil to the test, the results were, quite literally, shocking. 



Barley seedlings on eSoil outgrew their non-electrified counterparts by 50% in a mere fortnight.



"In this way, we can get seedlings to grow faster with less resources. We don't yet know how it actually works, which biological mechanisms that are involved," Sarvrinidou explains. 



"What we have found is that seedlings process nitrogen more effectively, but it's not clear yet how the&nbsp;<a href="https://phys.org/tags/electrical+stimulation/">electrical stimulation</a>&nbsp;impacts this process."



Looking ahead, Stavrinidou acknowledges that hydroponics won't entirely address global food security concerns. "But it can certainly be a lifeline, particularly in areas with limited arable land and harsh environmental conditions," she adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-security-and-sustainable-agriculture">Food security and sustainable agriculture</h2>



eSoil and hydroponics are both such important tools because food security has become an increasingly pressing concern as the world's population expands. 



Challenges such as climate change disrupt weather patterns and impact crop yields, while resource limitations like water scarcity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-pollution-is-harming-worms-and-bugs-to-an-unknown-degree/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil degradation</a> further complicate food production. 



These issues lead to higher prices and heighten the risk of hunger and malnutrition in vulnerable communities.



How can we effectively tackle these challenges? Embracing sustainable agriculture practices is essential for boosting food production while safeguarding the environment. 



Techniques such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop rotation</a>, organic farming, and efficient water management can enhance soil health, conserve precious resources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 



Combining all of these methodologies with electric soil and hydroponics will help us reach global food security goals much faster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-soil-and-the-future-of-farming">Electric soil and the future of farming</h2>



Envision vertical farms housed in urban skyscrapers, producing fresh produce right in the heart of the city. Or hydroponic systems in desert regions, cultivating crops with minimal water. 



And let's not forget about long-term space missions -- efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food production strategies</a>, such as eSoil, would indeed be invaluable.



With much still to uncover about how electrical stimulation impacts plant growth, the journey doesn't stop here. Could this technique work for other plant types? How are other nutrients influenced by electric stimulation? 



As Stavrinidou said, this study is just the tip of the iceberg, and the pursuit of answers will undoubtedly "open the pathway for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smart-soil-can-absorb-water-from-the-air-and-feed-itself/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new research areas</a> to develop further hydroponic cultivation."



There's no question about it -- as we grapple with food production challenges on a global scale, innovative solutions like eSoil could be a shot in the arm for agriculture. 



A future where robust plants grow faster using fewer resources, where fresh produce is accessible within bustling cities, could be on the horizon. And it all starts with a jolt of electric soil.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2304135120" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS</a>.



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'Electric soil' boosts crop production by 50% in just 15 days

With climate change and limited resources creating tough challenges, researchers...

Seabirds facing challenges of breed survival, including avian flu, have a more interesting life than we thought. The mighty sea waves aren't the only foes these valiant creatures battle.



Pirate birds of the sky - frigatebirds, skuas, and gulls - constantly ambush these birds, resorting to robbery to satiate their hunger. This odd behavior, called kleptoparasitism, has been a natural part of the avian world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deadly-form-of-avian-flu">Deadly form of avian flu</h2>



The animal kingdom is filled with thrill, but do you ever wonder about the potential downsides of such extreme survival strategies?



As it turns out, being a pirate at sea may be riskier than it seems. More often than not, these pirate birds end up contracting a deadly form of avian flu, which has caused a worldwide stir in recent years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pirate-birds-of-the-sky">Pirate birds of the sky</h2>



Picture this - you're a seabird returning from a tiresome hunt, belly full of food for your young ones. But there's a catch - you must outsmart the ever watchful pirates in the sky, who'd happily snatch your hard-earned feast away.



This is the everyday reality of seabirds. Sure, their tormentors can hunt for their food, but why bother when they can easily steal?



The lives of these seabirds are incredibly vital to the health of marine ecosystems. Seabirds are scattered across all oceans, their guano (droppings) shaping the soil and plant communities on many islands. 



However, a shocking 155 of the world's 362 seabird species are teetering on the edge of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-faced-by-seabirds">Threats faced by seabirds</h2>



Seabirds live long lives, raising a single chick every one or two years, making recovery from population declines tediously slow.



The threats they face are numerous and grave - from invasive predators and overfishing to climate change and habitat loss. The threat that could be the final nail in the coffin for some species is disease.



According to the research, published in the journal Conservation Letters, the new strain of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-flu-is-now-spreading-from-mammal-to-mammal-alarming-health-officials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian flu virus</a> is proving to be particularly lethal, killing millions of birds worldwide.



This highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 2.3.4.4b strain is of particular concern, not only due to its swift propagation but also its ability to infect and kill marine mammals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pirate-birds-and-avian-flu">Pirate birds and avian flu</h2>



The research has shown that pirate birds indulging in food-stealing are at an even higher risk of contracting this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-bird-flu-manage-to-infect-mammal-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deadly flu virus</a>.



The scientists who assisted in this research have painted a grave picture. When a great skua makes a gannet regurgitate its food through harassment, the skua doesn't realize that it's not just the meal it's consuming - it's also swallowing the virus lurking in the gannet's saliva.



Swift and vast in their range, these pirate birds can quickly escalate the spread of the flu virus. The situation might lead to outbreaks in new populations or places that stand a significant distance apart.



Scientists have seen alarming evidence of this behavior, with skuas being some of the first to show H5N1 infections at various new locations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-travels-of-the-frigatebird">Travels of the frigatebird</h2>



Frigatebirds, known for their impressive red pouches, often traverse tens of thousands of kilometers (over 6,200 miles) across oceans. Their journeys, broken up by “island-hopping,” create ample opportunities for them to encounter and potentially infect other seabirds.



Although the virus is now widespread, some parts of the world remain untouched. But for how long? 



We can use infected skuas, frigatebirds, and gulls as early warning systems to alert us when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/raw-milk-may-transmit-bird-flu-virus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> arrives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-flu-outbreaks-in-seabirds">Controlling flu outbreaks in seabirds</h2>



With the rapid spread of the HPAI virus among seabird populations, urgent actions are necessary to mitigate its impact. 



Conservationists advocate for increased monitoring of seabird colonies, employing satellite tracking to understand the movements of infected birds better and preemptively manage potential hotspots. 



Additionally, conservation agencies are focusing on biosecurity measures that aim to minimize human-induced transmission and limit interactions between domestic poultry and wild birds. 



Public education plays a crucial role, raising awareness about preventing disease spread and protecting both avian and human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-international-cooperation">Role of international cooperation</h2>



Addressing the avian flu threat requires collaboration across nations, reflecting the global nature of seabird migratory patterns. 



International organizations such as BirdLife International and the United Nations Environment Programme are working together to develop global strategies that align <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-may-become-a-permanent-host-for-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a> with disease management. 



Countries are encouraged to share data, research findings, and resources to collectively combat this pervasive threat. 



By promoting cooperation, the international community can enhance its capacity to respond effectively and work towards securing a healthier future for the planet's seabird populations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.13052" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a>.



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-----

Pirate birds who steal food are spreading a deadly flu strain

Seabirds facing challenges of breed survival, including avian flu, have...

For years, scientists thought they had a good grasp on what happens when a molecule of water meets air. You know, the stuff we read in textbooks? Turns out, we’ve been wrong. 



A group of researchers discovered that the molecules at the surface of salt water organize themselves in a way that’s totally different than we ever thought.



Dr. Yair Litman from the <a href="https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry</a> led the team, and this revelation shakes up some long-held beliefs in climate science. 



It might sound like just another science experiment, but this one has real-world implications, especially when it comes to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-weaker-ocean-will-release-more-carbon-into-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how our atmosphere works</a> and how to mitigate human impacts on the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemistry-at-the-surface-of-water-molecules">Chemistry at the surface of water molecules</h2>



When we think about where important chemical reactions happen, we might not immediately picture the surface of the ocean or a glass of salt water. But that’s exactly where critical interactions take place, especially when water meets air. 



Think of it: the evaporation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean water affects our climate</a>, drives weather patterns, and even influences the chemistry of the air we breathe. It’s a big deal.



For years, the science community has been trying to get a handle on exactly what happens at that surface, particularly how ions -- those tiny charged particles in salt -- behave when they hang out at the water’s edge. 



Are they neatly lined up? Do they play nice with water molecules? Well, until now, it was all pretty much guesswork. The exact behavior of ions at the water-air interface has been hotly debated.



That’s where Litman’s team, along with Dr. Kuo-Yang Chiang from the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a>, comes in. Their study, published in Nature Chemistry, changes the game. 



By combining cutting-edge technology with advanced simulations, they’ve shown that water molecules at the surface of salt water don’t behave the way we’ve always thought. And yes, this is big news.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-at-the-surface-of-water-molecules">Looking at the surface of water molecules</h2>



The traditional view, found in most textbooks, was simple: ions, which are either positively or negatively charged, line up at the surface and organize water molecules in one direction. But according to this new research, that’s not how things work at all.



The team used a more advanced form of a technique called vibrational sum-frequency generation (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_frequency_generation_spectroscopy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VSFG</a>). In the past, VSFG allowed scientists to look at molecular vibrations on the surface of water. 



But it had a flaw -- it couldn’t tell whether these vibrations were positive or negative, which made it hard to interpret what was really going on. Kind of like trying to figure out a conversation by only hearing half of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trying-a-different-technique">Trying a different technique</h2>



That’s where heterodyne-detected (HD)-VSFG came into play. This technique takes things a step further, allowing the team to not only measure the vibrations but also figure out their direction. 



The result? They discovered that ions at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-ocean-water-shaped-early-life-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surface of salt water</a> don’t just form a single layer and organize water molecules in one direction. 



Instead, ions organize water molecules both up and down, flipping the textbook model on its head.



“Our work demonstrates that the surface of simple electrolyte solutions has a different ion distribution than previously thought,” Litman explained. 



“At the very top, there are a few layers of pure water, followed by an ion-rich layer, and then the bulk salt solution.”



This means that, rather than ions neatly lining up and orienting water molecules in one direction, they create a much more complex and dynamic environment. 



It’s like discovering that your once-quiet neighborhood is actually buzzing with activity behind closed doors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



If you’re thinking, “Okay, but why should I care how ions behave at the surface of water?” The answer lies in how this discovery affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weather-in-dry-regions-isnt-behaving-as-climate-models-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric science</a>. 



The surface of water -- especially ocean water -- is where a lot of important reactions take place. Evaporation, cloud formation, and even how pollutants break down in the atmosphere all hinge on these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water-air interfaces</a>.



When we don’t fully understand how ions behave at the water’s surface, we can’t make accurate models for climate science. And in a world where understanding climate is crucial, having an accurate model is everything.



Dr. Kuo-Yang Chiang from the Max Planck Institute adds that this research not only deepens our understanding of liquid interfaces but could also be applied to other fields. 



"This paper shows that combining high-level HD-VSFG with simulations is an invaluable tool that will contribute to the molecular-level understanding of liquid interfaces."



In other words, this important revelation could help scientists develop better technologies for things like batteries and energy storage. 



And who knows, maybe it’ll even help us better understand how to manage some of the environmental issues we’re facing today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technique-has-far-reaching-applications">Technique has far-reaching applications</h2>



The implications of this study don’t stop at atmospheric science. Mischa Bonn, head of the Molecular Spectroscopy department at the Max Planck Institute, believes that this discovery could pave the way for a deeper understanding of other interfaces, like those found in batteries. 



"These types of interfaces occur everywhere on the planet, so studying them not only helps our fundamental understanding but can also lead to better devices and technologies," Bonn explained.



If we can get a better grip on how molecules behave on the surface of salt water, it could improve our understanding of how they behave on the surface of a solid material, too. That’s huge for anyone working on improving batteries or other energy storage solutions.



This is one of those discoveries where the impact might not be immediately obvious, but down the road, it could change everything -- from how we build devices to how we think about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-disinformation-is-a-persistent-scourge-in-the-battle-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate science</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-this-water-molecule-discovery">Applications of this water molecule discovery</h2>



To sum it all up, the findings from Dr. Litman’s team are just the beginning. Their discovery challenges decades of assumptions about water and ions, and it opens the door to a whole new area of research. 



The next steps? Applying these techniques to even more complex systems, like the interactions between water and solids, which could help us understand everything from pollution to clean energy.



It’s rare that a scientific discovery completely rewrites what we thought we knew. But when it does, it’s a reminder that science is always evolving. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-023-01416-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Chemistry</a>.



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Water molecule discovery will force textbooks to be rewritten

For years, scientists thought they had a good grasp on...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...