The downward turn of her lips made her look like she was sucking on a lemon.
Everyone in the work team started to feel uncomfortable. There were so many stories of people “stepping in and taking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-satisfaction-increases-with-age-thanks-to-oxytocin/">action</a> when they felt something was wrong. Was this lady going to do the same? Photo Credit: Facebook / CASHnip Kitty

Watching Closely

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a galaxy that is located about 600 million light-years away in the constellation Gemini. The Hubble Space Telescope observed a supernova in this galaxy - which appears as a bright blue dot in the photograph.



“This picture was taken roughly two months after a supernova named SN 2022aajn was discovered in this galaxy. The supernova is visible as a blue dot at the center of the image, brightening the hazy body of the galaxy,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-supernova">What is a supernova?</h2>



Supernovae are spectacular explosions marking the violent deaths of stars. These cosmic events are so luminous they can briefly outshine entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-are-much-bigger-than-we-originally-believed-gas-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and radiate more energy in a few weeks than our Sun will in its entire lifetime.&nbsp;



Supernovae explosions release heavy elements like carbon, oxygen, and iron into the interstellar medium. This stellar debris becomes the building blocks for new stars, planets, and even life itself. 



Supernovae also produce neutron stars or black holes, depending on the remaining core’s mass after the explosion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-supernovae-nbsp">Types of supernovae&nbsp;</h2>



There are two main types of supernovae, classified based on their causes. Type I supernovae occur when a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a> in a binary system accretes material from its companion star, eventually reaching a critical mass and triggering a runaway nuclear reaction.&nbsp;



Type II supernovae happen when a massive star, at least eight times the mass of the Sun, exhausts its nuclear fuel. Unable to support its own gravity, the core collapses, resulting in a massive explosion that ejects the outer layers into space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-distance-to-faraway-galaxies-nbsp">Measuring the distance to faraway galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, SN 2022aajn is a Type Ia supernova. “Supernovae of this type help astronomers measure the distance to faraway galaxies. This is possible because Type Ia supernovae are thought to be of the same intrinsic luminosity - no matter how bright they seem from Earth, they put out the same amount of light as other Type Ia supernovae.”



This means that researchers can calculate the distance to the supernova and its host galaxy by comparing the observed brightness to the expected brightness.



“This seemingly simple measurement method is complicated by cosmic dust. The farther away a supernova is, the fainter and redder it will appear - but intergalactic dust can make a supernova appear fainter and redder as well,” explained ESA.



“To understand this complication, researchers will use Hubble to survey a total of 100 Type Ia supernovae in seven wavelength bands from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared.”



By analyzing the brightness of supernovae across multiple wavelengths, researchers can distinguish between the influences of dust and distance, refining our measurements of galaxies that exist billions of light-years away.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-many-galaxies-exist">How many galaxies exist?</h2>



The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated to be around two trillion, based on observations from Hubble and more recent data from the James Webb Space Telescope. 



This estimate is derived from deep-field surveys that reveal countless galaxies, each containing billions to trillions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interstellar-tunnel-found-that-connects-our-solar-system-to-other-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>.&nbsp;



However, because our observations are limited by current technology and the vastness of the cosmos, the actual number could be even higher.&nbsp;



Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-galaxies-formed-from-the-earliest-elements-in-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> remain unseen due to their extreme distances, faintness, or obstruction by cosmic dust.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-gemini-nbsp">The constellation Gemini&nbsp;</h2>



Gemini is one of the 12 zodiac constellations and is best known for representing the mythological twins Castor and Pollux. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere and is most visible during winter in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



The constellation is bordered by Taurus to the west, Cancer to the east, and Orion to the south.



The two brightest stars in Gemini - Castor and Pollux - represent the heads of the twins and are easy to spot. Pollux, the brighter of the two, is an orange giant star about 34 light-years from Earth, while Castor is a more complex system made up of six stars. 



The constellation also contains several notable deep-sky objects, including the open cluster Messier 35, which is a beautiful collection of young stars located near Gemini’s western border.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Hubble spots a supernova in the constellation Gemini 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.&nbsp;



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-planetary-nebula">Complex planetary nebula </h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the cat’s eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study.&nbsp;



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” said ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features ice on Lake Michigan in late January 2025, when extreme cold settled into the Chicago area.



“Between January 19 and 24, 2025, a brutal cold snap hit Chicago. This satellite image captured a glimpse of the wintry aftermath,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153885/a-chill-over-chicagoland" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



According to the National Weather Service (NWS), the first half of the cold spell was the most intense.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-spells-and-snowfall">Cold spells and snowfall</h2>



Cold spells in the Chicago area are often accompanied by strong winds and significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a>.



“On January 21, the air temperature in Chicago reached as low as minus 15 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 26 degrees Celsius). At the time, little to no snow covered the ground in Chicago, which NWS noted is uncommon amid sub-zero temperatures,” said NASA.



“Snowflakes returned toward the end of the cold spell. Between the mornings of January 22 and 23, several waves of snowfall produced the blanket of white across the Chicago area visible in this image.”



“Another expanse of white is visible atop Lake Michigan. This is lake ice, which grows on the Great Lakes each winter, though its extent and timing can be highly variable. Ice coverage on the Great Lakes typically reaches its annual peak in late February or early March.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visible-ice-patterns">Visible ice patterns</h2>



Jia Wang, an ice climatologist at NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), noted that on January 24, winds were blowing offshore and pushing ice away from the coastline.



In the photo, areas of dark, thin ice can be seen close to the shore, while patchy areas of bright white ice are visible away from shore. According to Wang, the whiter areas might be due to ice that has piled up and formed a very rough surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cover-on-lake-michigan-nbsp">Ice cover on Lake Michigan&nbsp;</h2>



“The area of Lake Michigan covered with ice in late January 2025 hovered around the historical average (1973-2024) for the time of year, according to data from GLERL. When the image was acquired, ice covered about 20 percent of the lake,” noted NASA.



“Meanwhile, several hundred miles to the east, ice on Lake Erie spiked well above average in late January, according to GLERL, with ice spanning around 80 percent of the lake. The ice was thick enough to temporarily immobilize a Canadian cargo freighter, according to news reports.”



To calculate the thickness of ice on the Great Lakes, experts are investigating ways to use altimetry data from NASA’s ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2).



Eric Anderson, a researcher at the Colorado School of Mines, noted that such measurements could improve ice and weather <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-era-in-forecasting-ai-will-improve-extreme-weather-warnings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting</a> as well as help us understand changes in Earth’s surface freshwater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-on-the-great-lakes">Ice on the Great Lakes</h2>



Ice formation on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-craters-found-in-the-bottom-of-lake-michigan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Lakes</a> is a dynamic process influenced by seasonal temperatures, wind patterns, and climate variability.&nbsp;



Each year, ice begins to develop in late fall and early winter, typically forming first in sheltered bays and shallow areas before extending over deeper waters.&nbsp;



The extent and duration of ice cover vary significantly, with some years experiencing widespread freezing while others see only partial coverage due to warmer conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuations-in-ice-coverage">Fluctuations in ice coverage</h2>



Historically, ice coverage on the Great Lakes has fluctuated, with long-term records showing a decline in ice extent due to rising global temperatures.&nbsp;



The lakes act as vast heat reservoirs, meaning their large thermal mass can delay freezing, especially in milder winters.&nbsp;



When ice does form, it affects local weather patterns, contributing to lake-effect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow</a> in surrounding regions. It also impacts ecosystems, as ice cover influences fish spawning, winter survival of aquatic organisms, and shoreline <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">erosion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-variability-in-ice-cover-nbsp">Increasing variability in ice cover&nbsp;</h2>



In recent decades, scientists have observed increasing variability in ice cover, with some years experiencing near-record lows. 



This trend impacts commercial shipping in two key ways: reduced ice cover can extend the navigational season, but unpredictable freeze-thaw cycles make ice-breaking operations more challenging.



Additionally, ice conditions influence recreational activities such as ice fishing, skating, and snowmobiling - all of which depend on stable and thick ice.



Overall, ice on the Great Lakes is a key indicator of changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate patterns</a>, with its variability providing insights into broader environmental shifts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on January 24, 2025 with the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Chicago cold spell brings ice to Lake Michigan 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods.&nbsp;



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features dust streaming off the coast of Iran in January 2025.



“Some of the desert dust was carried across the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Peninsula, degrading air quality for those in its path,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153859/desert-dust-streams-from-iran" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The airborne material appears to primarily originate in the dried bed of the intermittent lake known as Hamun-e Jazmurian (Hamun-e Jaz Murian), while some may be blown from coastal areas. Along with arid regions such as the Garagum and Lut deserts and the Sistan Basin, the lakebed is a major source of dust in southwest Asia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precipitation-in-the-jazmurian-basin">Precipitation in the Jazmurian Basin</h2>



According to NASA, some parts of the Jazmurian Basin receive less than four inches of rain annually, on average, and evaporation rates are high. During wet times, however, an intermittent lake, marshlands, and other vegetation can cover parts of the basin. 



“Terra’s MODIS sensor has previously captured images of the area when water is present in Hamun-e Jazmurian and when green vegetation fringes the lakebed,” said NASA.



“In early 2025, the land was dry enough for winds to blow dust plumes south-southwest over the Gulf of Oman. Dust traveled across the water to the coast of the United Arab Emirates, where the haze reduced visibility in places, according to news reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-particles-in-dust-storms">Particles in dust storms</h2>



In addition to disrupting transportation and other daily activities, the suspended particles in dust storms can pose significant health risks. Recent research has revealed that dust from the Jazmurian Basin often contains heavy metals and other potentially harmful substances, such as silica and organic pollutants, which can negatively impact both human and ecosystem health.&nbsp;



Prolonged exposure to these particles has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular issues, as well as the exacerbation of pre-existing health conditions like asthma and bronchitis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-dust-storms">Environmental impact of dust storms</h2>



Moreover, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-is-an-understudied-contributor-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a> of dust storms extends beyond human health. The fine particles can settle on vegetation, reducing photosynthesis and agricultural productivity.&nbsp;



Dust deposition can also alter soil composition by introducing heavy metals and changing nutrient balances, which may affect crop growth and soil microbial communities. Such changes can lead to long-term degradation of arable land and disrupt local food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-in-the-jazmurian-basin">Dust in the Jazmurian Basin </h2>



Communities near the Jazmurian Basin are particularly vulnerable to the effects of these dust storms due to limited access to healthcare and mitigation resources. 



Seasonal changes and climatic conditions, including prolonged droughts and desertification, further intensify the frequency and severity of dust storms in the region.&nbsp;



This creates a cycle of environmental and health challenges, making it imperative to develop strategies for prevention and adaptation.



Addressing these issues requires coordinated efforts at the local, national, and international levels. Potential measures include reforestation and soil stabilization projects to reduce dust emissions, stricter regulations to limit activities that contribute to desertification, and public health initiatives to educate communities on protective measures during dust events.&nbsp;



Investing in early warning systems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-driven-wildfires-worsen-u-s-air-quality-and-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> monitoring can also help minimize exposure and protect both human populations and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-jazmurian-basin">Significance of the Jazmurian Basin</h2>



The Jazmurian Basin is a prominent endorheic basin located in southeastern Iran, spanning parts of the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan as well as Kerman. It lies at the heart of an arid region characterized by sparse vegetation, high temperatures, and limited rainfall.&nbsp;



The basin is primarily fed by the Halil and Bampur rivers, which provide seasonal water flow to the basin's low-lying areas. At its center lies the Jazmurian Depression, which forms a seasonal playa or shallow lake, though it often dries up during extended dry periods.&nbsp;



The area holds geological and archaeological significance, offering insights into ancient human settlements and environmental changes over time.&nbsp;



Despite its harsh climate, the basin supports small-scale agriculture in its peripheries and serves as a critical habitat for certain desert-adapted flora and fauna. Climate change and water management challenges have intensified the environmental pressures faced by this fragile ecosystem.



The image was captured on January 22 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite.&nbsp;



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Dust rises from the Jazmurian Basin in Iran

The MODIS instrument, short for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of Earth ecosystem models, able to predict global changes, which then assist policy makers in making informed decisions about the protection of the global environment.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps are seen in this Image of the day&nbsp;from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at heavy snow and low clouds in the Alps. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps

Monitoring Earth Changes with MODIS

Aqua is a NASA scientific research satellite that studies precipitation, evaporation, and water cycles. Terra and Aura make up the Earth Observing System. It's the second component of the system.

A frozen Lake Erie in February Today’s Image of the Day comes from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at a frozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/icy-lake-erie/">Lake Erie</a>, which is currently 93.3 percent iced over. A frozen Lake Erie in February
This false-color image was created using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Aqua satellite to differentiate between snow, ice, and clouds.
Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ (French: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 metres) deep. 
Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States, Lake Erie&#8217;s northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario, specifically the Ontario Peninsula, with the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its western, southern, and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries. 
The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native American people who lived along its southern shore. The tribal name &#8220;erie&#8221; is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan, meaning long tail
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

A frozen Lake Erie in February

Aqua Earth Observing Satellite

This beautiful photo gallery contains 50 incredible images of Earth from Space. These images were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station, as well as by a multitude of NASA satellites orbiting the earth.

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean just south of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-blue-chrysanthemums-created/">Japan</a>.
This image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 31, 2017. 
At the time the photo was taken, Typhoon Noru was located just 250 kilometers south of Iwo Jima. Maximum sustained winds hit 150 miles per hour.
The storm briefly became a category 5 on July 30, before being downgraded to a category 4 one day later.
&#8211;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean

Incredible Images of Earth from Space

Photos from the International Space Station are found in this awesome Earth.com image gallery. Flat-earthers won't agree, but these incredible photos of the Earth were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station. The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit.

Northern Italy from the space station is seen here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The view includes the top half of the Italian Peninsula, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-burn-northern-corsica/">Corsica</a> and Sardinia off the coast. This image was captured by ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli on his third and final mission to the Space Station.

Northern Italy from the Space Station

Photos from the International Space Station

Scientists reveal that killer whales and dolphins have lost the ability to return to life on land. The <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestors</a> of these sea creatures once walked along the shores, but those days will not return.



Evolution molded these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brazilian-river-dolphins-communication/">marine mammals</a> into highly efficient swimmers. Their limbs transformed into flippers, and their bodies became highly adapted to life in a watery world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transition-of-land-dwelling-mammals">Transition of land-dwelling mammals</h2>



About <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0523" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">375 million years ago</a>, the first vertebrates left water behind. This shift gave rise to animals that breathed air and strolled across the land.



However, a wave of land-dwelling mammals later took the plunge back into the sea. That second transition happened around 250 million years ago and led to the evolution of whales, dolphins, and other fully aquatic groups.



“Once cetaceans pass the critical point of aquatic adaptation, their evolution follows a path of no return,” said study lead author Bruna Farina from the <a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/">University</a><a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> </a><a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/">of Freiburg</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-creatures-that-will-never-walk">Sea creatures that will never walk</h2>



Dollo’s Law states that complex evolutionary transformations cannot be reversed once they are fully established. 



This idea mirrors what researchers see in dolphin and killer whale lineages, where the changes run too deep to roll back.



These adaptations include streamlined bodies, the presence of a blow hole, powerful tails, the transition to flippers, and specialized organs for underwater living. Each feature is so fine-tuned for marine life that the possibility of ever walking on dry land again is miniscule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unbreakable-aquatic-ties">Unbreakable aquatic ties</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orcas-have-hunting-and-eating-habits-that-we-never-imagined/">Killer whales</a> and dolphins stand out for their intelligence and tight social bonds. Their communication skills and group strategies have helped them conquer seas around the world and become top predators in marine ecosystems.



Yet their advanced aquatic traits also impose serious limits. Living in the ocean demands specialized breathing, insulation, and saltwater tolerance.



“Extreme specialization in an environment can become an evolutionary trap, reducing the chances of survival in the face of environmental changes,” noted Virag Sharma from the <a href="https://www.ul.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Limerick</a>.



Body size also plays a part in this story. In cooler waters, larger mass helps retain heat, further nudging these animals to remain in deep seas.



Once bodies are scaled up and limbs shift into flippers, returning to land becomes far more complicated. Muscles that once stabilized weight on solid ground are no longer adapted to bearing loads outside the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability-in-changing-seas">Vulnerability in changing seas</h2>



Shifting ocean <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0186" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> strain marine ecosystems and challenge species that are adapted to specific thermal ranges. Warmer waters can disrupt prey availability and fuel harmful algal blooms.



Killer whales and dolphins face added dangers from pollution, overfishing, and noise. Their reliance on echolocation and coordinated hunting can be hampered by excessive boat traffic or contaminated habitats.



Unlike <a href="https://animalia.bio/semiaquatic-animals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">semiaquatic mammals</a>, these <a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/cetacean" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cetaceans</a> have no land-based alternatives. They cannot flee to shallower waters or take shelter on beaches to avoid hazards. The ocean remains their only refuge.



This single-environment dependence increases their vulnerability. Large storms, sudden temperature shifts, or habitat degradation could hit them harder than species with more flexible living arrangements.



Experts warn that these animals sit at the mercy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-are-rapidly-changing-colors-matching-climate-predictions/">rapid ocean changes</a>. Without protective measures, killer whales and dolphins face more barriers to coping with disruptions than do their land-capable relatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



Scientists continue studying how extreme physical changes reinforce cetaceans’ permanent reliance on the sea. Bone density, muscular configuration, and specialized blowholes highlight how far they have diverged from their land-roaming forebears.



Such features are beneficial for these sea creatures in the water but pose insurmountable challenges which prevent them from walking on land. Gravity becomes an obstacle, and their bodies lack the support systems found in most terrestrial mammals.



Conservation <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1101525108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efforts</a> aim to safeguard these ocean dwellers from growing pressures. Marine protected areas and stricter pollution controls may help maintain stable conditions.



Large-scale collaboration among nations, researchers, and communities could help shield dolphins and killer whales from further decline. Reducing noise pollution and regulating fisheries are among the steps that might keep them thriving.



Future work will explore genetic and ecological factors that shape their fate. Meanwhile, the public can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-and-climate-change-an-uncertain-future/">support conservation</a> efforts by staying informed and encouraging sustainable practices.



The study is published in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.1099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>.



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These two types of sea creatures will never walk on land again

Scientists reveal that killer whales and dolphins have lost the...

Asteroids occasionally wander close to the Earth, raising alarms for scientists who keep their eyes on the sky. These rocky bodies vary in size and trajectory, and some can pose a real risk if they come too close.



Experts recently identified asteroid 2024 YR4, spotted on December 27, 2024, and they note a small chance of it <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/2025/01/29/nasa-shares-observations-of-recently-identified-near-earth-asteroid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacting Earth</a> on December 22, 2032.



It ranges from about 130 feet to 330 feet across, enough to cause severe harm to one region if it collides with our planet.



This assessment is shared by <a href="https://www.iafastro.org/biographie/richard-moissl.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Richard Moissl</a> from ESA’s Planetary Defence Office. His team has been analyzing the object’s path since early January to ensure no important detail slips through the cracks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-assessment-of-asteroid-2024-yr4">Risk assessment of asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



Astronomers from NASA-funded <a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a> station in Chile used automated warning systems to learn that this object has about a 1.2% probability of a collision. 



Independent calculations by <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies</a> match these findings, which helps confirm the current hazard level.



Observers have placed the asteroid at Level 3 on the <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/torino_scale.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Torino Impact Hazard Scale</a>, meaning it deserves added attention from researchers and everyday folks alike. Once more data rolls in, that probability might drop, which is common in cases like this.



Researchers are also watching the asteroid’s path as it moves farther away from Earth. Its elongated orbit, known as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/eccentric-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eccentric</a>, makes it tricky to pin down its exact route.



A body spanning over 130 feet can trigger local destruction if it slams into Earth. Historical <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.13370">records</a> show that objects of this class impact our planet roughly every few thousand years.



A risk above 1% prompts action at national and global levels. If the object is bigger than about 165 feet and could hit within the next five decades, that raises red flags.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-asteroid-2024-yr4">Tracking asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



The International Asteroid Warning Network (<a href="https://iawn.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IAWN</a>) is a critical group for tracking and studying cosmic debris. They share information across multiple nations and advise policymakers on how to respond if the threat sticks around.



<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, which is part of this global network, has begun coordinating more observations to narrow down the asteroid’s path. They gather telescope data and feed it into risk assessment models for better clarity.



Plans are already in place for advanced telescope sessions in the coming months. The European Southern Observatory’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope</a> in Chile will join the effort, capturing highly detailed images before the asteroid fades from view.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-fade-and-comeback">Potential fade and comeback</h2>



Observers know that 2024 YR4 could become too dim to track for several years. If that happens, Earth-based telescopes might not see it again until 2028.



During that dim phase, the asteroid might remain on ESA’s risk list. Once it swings back into a spot suitable for tracking, experts can gather more precise observations.



Any leftover uncertainty will not vanish until measurements confirm it poses no danger. Patience and well-planned follow-up sessions help the scientific community stay vigilant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-in-charge-of-this">Who is in charge of this?</h2>



Two groups keep an eye on near-Earth objects that exceed a specific chance of striking Earth. The first, IAWN, coordinates worldwide detection and heads up possible warning strategies.



The second, Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (<a href="https://sdg.esa.int/activity/space-mission-planning-advisory-group-smpag-4311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMPAG</a>), is chaired by ESA itself. They discuss spacecraft-based measures that might be used to adjust or deflect an asteroid if the odds do not fall to a safe level.



Upcoming meetings in Vienna will review current data on 2024 YR4. If numbers remain above the 1% threshold, SMPAG could advise the UN and outline possible mission scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-asteroids-is-tricky">Tracking asteroids is tricky</h2>



Size and path are only part of the puzzle. The asteroid’s angle relative to Earth means astronomers have to gather data while the object is nearly a straight shot away.



Small shifts can create big differences in long-term projections. This is why repeated tracking throughout the year is vital.



As Earth orbits the Sun and the asteroid edges further away, brightness steadily decreases. New instruments with higher sensitivity are vital to continue refining predictions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-approaches">Collaborative approaches</h2>



ESA and NASA encourage widespread engagement from both professional and amateur observers. Backyard telescopes can supply valuable brightness measurements that contribute to large-scale calculations.



In many prior cases, the risk of impact has fallen to zero after solid data came in. Time and extra sets of eyes have a powerful effect on reducing false alarms.



IAWN’s role in funneling these observations is central to making sure all participants see the same data. Data consistency reduces guesswork and leads to better insights for any future steps.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-odds-big-impact">Small odds, big impact</h2>



A probability of around 1.2% might seem low. Yet even a small chance can’t be ignored when dealing with massive space rocks that could threaten populated areas.



Scientists hope that additional observations will cut that percentage closer to zero. Monitoring remains essential until the numbers drop definitively.



Geologic records remind us that impacts have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-chicxulub-caused-dinosaurs-extinction-event-traced-to-origin-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shaped Earth’s history</a>. A collision of any significant size is rare, but it’s best not to leave things to chance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-asteroid-2024-yr4">Preparing for asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



Astronomers will soon switch to more powerful telescopes to track 2024 YR4 as it dims. They aim to collect enough measurements to refine orbital calculations and ease public concerns.



SMPAG’s meeting next week will focus on next steps if the risk level remains the same. By staying informed and ready, experts can spring into action if needed.



Governments may look to these groups for guidance on how to protect citizens. Meanwhile, curiosity and caution steer each new observation session.



Confidence grows with every updated data point. New angles and vantage points offer a clearer look at what might lie ahead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steady-vigilance">Steady vigilance</h2>



Dr. Moissl and his colleagues stay on alert for any changes in the asteroid’s path. Near-Earth objects can be unpredictable, so preparedness is key.



Many are optimistic that more data will cut down the current uncertainty. However, official procedures are in place in case the threat persists.



People worldwide may not notice the faint object, but scientists are keeping watch. Once it reappears in 2028, fresh observations could settle the question of its impact risk.



Our knowledge of space threats has advanced in recent years. Researchers now respond more quickly and share their findings across borders.



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NASA: Asteroid 2024 YR4 has a chance of hitting Earth, scientists actively monitoring

Asteroids occasionally wander close to the Earth, raising alarms for...

Urban environments are complex ecosystems where pollution, weather patterns, and human activities constantly interact. Among the many factors shaping urban climates, airborne particles play a crucial role in influencing cloud formation and radiation balance. 



These particles affect how sunlight is absorbed or reflected, how clouds develop, and even how precipitation forms.



Traditionally, scientific research has focused on primary particles - those emitted directly from vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and other sources. However, new particles formed through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-air-pollution-forms-may-help-us-prevent-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric reactions</a> have received far less attention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-climate-regulation">Impact on climate regulation</h2>



Despite their invisible presence, these secondary particles significantly impact climate regulation. Recent findings suggest that scientists may have underestimated their role in urban climate systems.



A study published in the journal One Earth provides strong evidence that new particles in urban areas influence atmospheric processes in ways that were previously overlooked. This new understanding could reshape approaches to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-deaths-in-india-linked-to-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality management</a> and climate mitigation strategies.



"To accurately assess the climate effects of particles, we need comprehensive long-term vertical observations," noted Academician Markku Kulmala from the Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) at the University of Helsinki.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-urban-particles-matter-for-climate">Why urban particles matter for climate</h2>



Urban air pollution is a well-documented problem, but most studies have primarily focused on what happens at ground level. 



The formation of new particles occurs in the atmosphere itself, driven by chemical reactions between pollutants and natural compounds. These newly formed particles can grow in size and eventually influence cloud development, which in turn affects local and regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climates</a>.



Cities produce a variety of gaseous emissions that act as precursors for particle formation. When these gases mix with atmospheric compounds, they create new particles that rise and spread through different layers of the atmosphere. 



The extent to which these particles impact climate has remained uncertain due to the difficulty of measuring them at various altitudes.



Recognizing this gap, researchers have turned to advanced monitoring methods to capture the full picture of urban particle behavior. By shifting the focus from ground-based observations to a more comprehensive vertical analysis, they have uncovered new insights into how particle formation varies at different heights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-altitude-in-particle-formation">Role of altitude in particle formation</h2>



The researchers conducted their study using a 325-meter meteorological tower in Beijing, one of the tallest atmospheric research platforms in the world. 



This tower allowed the team to measure particle formation at multiple heights, providing a clearer understanding of how these processes differ at various atmospheric levels.



The findings revealed that particle formation is far more pronounced at higher altitudes than previously assumed. Factors such as increased sulfuric acid concentration and higher relative humidity contribute to particle growth in the upper layers of the urban atmosphere. 



This suggests that air pollution dynamics in cities are far more layered and complex than traditional ground-level measurements have shown. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-full-picture-of-urban-particle-dynamics">Full picture of urban particle dynamics </h2>



“The enhanced particle formation aloft suggests that while ground-level measurements provide valuable insights, they may not capture the full picture of particle dynamics, particularly in densely populated urban areas,” said study lead author Wei Du.



By analyzing particles at different heights, researchers discovered that elevated regions of the atmosphere serve as active zones for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-air-quality-trends-revealed-in-new-images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particle formation</a>. 



These findings suggest that policymakers and scientists must consider vertical air movement when assessing air pollution and climate impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-particles-and-cloud-formation">Urban particles and cloud formation</h2>



Clouds play a crucial role in regulating Earth’s climate by reflecting sunlight and distributing moisture. 



The process of cloud formation depends on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which provide surfaces for water vapor to condense into droplets. Many of these nuclei originate from newly formed particles in the atmosphere.



When gaseous emissions rise and interact with chemicals at higher altitudes, they contribute to the growth of these tiny particles. As they increase in size, they become more effective at attracting water vapor and forming clouds. 



The study found that the impact of new particles on CCN has been underestimated by around 20%, highlighting the need for more accurate climate models that include vertical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-air-pollution-impacts-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particle behavior</a>.



The ability of these particles to influence cloud formation means they also affect temperature regulation and precipitation patterns. This has wide-ranging implications for urban climates, which are already experiencing shifts due to increasing pollution and global climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-urban-climate-policy">Implications for urban climate policy</h2>



The study’s findings go beyond scientific discovery and have important real-world applications. Cities around the world are grappling with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/135-million-people-died-prematurely-due-to-pm25-air-pollution/">air pollution</a> and climate-related challenges, making it essential to develop policies that address the full complexity of atmospheric processes.



By understanding how new particles behave at different altitudes, urban planners and policymakers can create more effective strategies to manage pollution and mitigate climate impacts.



“As cities continue to grapple with air pollution and climate challenges, understanding the vertical profiles of atmospheric processes can help develop more effective strategies to mitigate their impacts on both climate and public health,” noted Wei Du.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-collaborative-approach">A collaborative approach</h2>



This study represents a collaborative effort between leading institutions, including the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 



Scientists from multiple disciplines contributed to the research, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate challenges.



“The Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower is a unique research platform for atmospheric and climate science in megacities. We are pleased to collaborate with international partners to address climate change together,” said Yele Sun, professor at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-climate-research">Expanding climate research</h2>



By expanding the scope of climate research to include vertical measurements, scientists are gaining a more complete understanding of how urban atmospheric particles behave and influence climate. 



These insights can shape future climate policies, helping cities adapt to environmental changes while improving air quality for millions of people.



As research continues, long-term monitoring will be key to refining climate models and identifying more effective solutions for pollution control. 



This study marks an important step in that direction, emphasizing the need to look beyond ground-level observations and consider the full atmospheric picture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(24)00599-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>.



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Climate effects of particles in urban air have been underestimated

Urban environments are complex ecosystems where pollution, weather patterns, and...

Bowel cancer affects many individuals and often leads to serious health complications or death. Doctors have been seeking new approaches that can target the disease more precisely, and one recent finding has stirred a lot of interest.



Experts at the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis Crick Institute</a> and the <a href="https://www.bci.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barts Cancer Institute</a> in London have identified a protein called CD74 that might show which patients with bowel cancer could respond to certain immune-based treatments. This finding comes from <a href="https://www.bci.qmul.ac.uk/staff/professor-francesca-ciccarelli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Francesca Ciccarelli</a>, who leads the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/labs/francesca-ciccarelli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory</a> at the Crick Institute and teaches Cancer Genomics at the Barts Cancer Institute, <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-bowel-cancer">Understanding bowel cancer</h2>



Bowel cancer involves cells in the large intestine that begin to multiply and invade surrounding tissues. These cells sometimes have a faulty DNA repair mechanism, which can make them more sensitive to specific drugs.



Doctors have used immunotherapy to boost a person’s immune cells so that they can fight these tumors more effectively. Some patients see improved outcomes with these treatments. Others show little benefit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-cells-linked-to-treatment">Immune cells linked to treatment</h2>



Certain types of white blood cells, including <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/t-cell" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T cells</a>, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9905317/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NK cells</a>, and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/macrophage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">macrophages</a>, are known to be crucial in guarding the body against threats. They can release chemical signals that push tumors toward a more vulnerable state. Researchers noticed that, in bowel cancer patients who do well on<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> immunotherapy</a>, these immune cells often gather in key areas near the tumor. That closeness appears to create an environment that allows treatment to work more effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlight-on-cd74">Spotlight on CD74</h2>



Scientists have <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3016099/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observed</a> that CD74 can help forecast how a tumor might respond to immune-based therapies. 



When these critical immune cells are active, they can encourage tumor cells and macrophages to produce more of this protein.



Investigators suspect that, by measuring its levels, doctors may be able to identify patients who are likely to see a benefit from immunotherapy drugs.



“Our work suggests that testing for CD74 levels - which indicate that the immune system is able to fight the tumour - could widen access to immunotherapy. This could revolutionise treatment for a significant fraction of people with the proficient bowel cancer subtype,” stated Professor Ciccarelli.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cd74-matters">Why CD74 matters</h2>



Researchers have long known that CD74 can trigger <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2900717/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival pathways</a> in certain cells. In healthy tissue, that can help maintain normal function.&nbsp;



Within tumors, though, it may influence how cancer cells interact with the immune system. The more that is understood about how CD74 operates, the more scientists can strategize about effective treatments.



Immunotherapy requires a strong collaboration between cancer cells and the immune system. The presence of CD74 might indicate that the tumor and immune cells are exchanging signals effectively.&nbsp;



This exchange is believed to be part of a chain reaction that encourages a more favorable outcome for some patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-care">Implications for future care</h2>



“Immunotherapy drugs can be hugely successful for people with bowel cancer, but currently most patients cannot be prescribed these drugs and, even when patients are eligible, we don’t know in advance who will respond,” noted Professor Ciccarelli.



A practical test that measures CD74 might open the door for <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/972#:~:text=The%20invariant%20chain%20CD74%20protein,Cells%20by%20Upregulating%20MIF%2DCD74." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wider use</a> of immunotherapy in people who were once considered unsuitable. This could spare many individuals the frustration of trying treatments that may not work for them. 



It could also invite a more personalized approach, where doctors design a plan guided by each patient’s unique tumor traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cd74-and-other-cancers">CD74 and other cancers</h2>



Investigators have <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10399710/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shown</a> that CD74 can also appear when other types of cancer are present, including those affecting the pancreas and breast tissue.



More studies may reveal whether this protein holds similar value in predicting immunotherapy response for these particular cancers.



Some experts are already exploring whether the link between CD74 and the immune system goes beyond its role in bowel tumors. 



If so, future therapies might combine several strategies aimed at boosting immune cell effectiveness while harnessing what this protein tells us about tumor behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-steps-toward-a-test">Practical steps toward a test</h2>



The research team is collaborating with partners to develop a reliable method of detecting CD74 levels in clinical samples. 



A simple test would be far easier to adopt than extensive genetic screening or more invasive procedures. This move could fast-track the clinical use of immunotherapy in cases where doctors once dismissed it.



Patients who test for elevated CD74 may soon be candidates for drugs that were never an option before. Those with low levels might be spared unnecessary side effects and directed toward different medical avenues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Many questions remain about how doctors will incorporate CD74 testing into everyday practice. Specialists anticipate more clinical trials that confirm the reliability and accuracy of this indicator. 



Over time, findings from these trials might refine the best ways to use immunotherapy or combine it with other treatments.



Hope is rising that personalized medicine could be closer than once imagined. A single protein test may hold the key to better survival odds and fewer disappointments in the fight against bowel cancer.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610824004835?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Cell</a>.



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This protein discovery may change the treatment of colon cancer

Bowel cancer affects many individuals and often leads to serious...

Picture this: You’re stuck in traffic after a long day at work. The minutes drag on, your stomach growls, and the thought of cooking dinner feels exhausting. 



As you inch forward, a glowing fast food sign appears. The drive-thru promises a quick and easy meal. Before you know it, you’ve placed your order and are back on the road, burger in hand.



This scenario plays out for millions every day, and new research shows that it’s more than just a one-time convenience.



Unexpected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-causes-liver-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traffic delays</a> cause a measurable increase in fast food consumption, leading to millions of extra visits each year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traffic-delays-and-fast-food-consumption">Traffic delays and fast food consumption</h2>



Many people think of traffic as an inconvenience, but it also shapes everyday decisions, including what and where they eat. 



The research focused on Los Angeles County, an area known for heavy congestion. The findings showed that even minor delays can shift eating behaviors, leading more people to opt for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-make-our-bodies-age-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quick and convenient fast food</a>.



Study co-author Becca Taylor is an assistant professor in the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="https://illinois.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.



“In our analysis focusing on Los Angeles County, unexpected traffic delays beyond the usual congestion led to a 1% increase in fast food visits. That might not sound like a lot, but it’s equivalent to 1.2 million more fast food visits per year in LA County alone,” noted Professor Taylor. 



“We describe our results as being modest but meaningful in terms of potential for changing unhealthy food choices.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-traffic-and-food-choices">Link between traffic and food choices</h2>



To establish a connection between congestion and fast food visits, Taylor and her co-authors examined traffic patterns over two years. 



They used real-time data to track daily highway conditions and matched it with cell phone records showing how many users entered fast food establishments.



The analysis revealed a clear relationship. When unexpected slowdowns occurred, fast food visits increased. The pattern remained strong across different time scales, from entire days down to individual hours.



Even a brief delay - just 30 seconds per mile - was enough to raise <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-food-diet-triggers-lasting-changes-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fast food consumption</a> by one percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-delays-add-up">Small delays add up</h2>



For many commuters, a 30-second delay per mile might seem insignificant. However, Taylor explained how this minor inconvenience translates into real-world frustration and decision-making.



“It might not be intuitive to imagine what a 30-second delay per mile feels like,” said Taylor. “I think of it as the difference between 10 a.m. traffic and 5 p.m. traffic.”



These seemingly small interruptions create ripple effects that influence behavior. People already dealing with long commutes may lose patience and opt for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-close-to-bars-and-pubs-increases-the-risk-of-heart-failure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">faster meal</a> solutions rather than preparing food at home or making a stop at the grocery store.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evening-rush-hour">Evening rush hour </h2>



The researchers broke down traffic and eating patterns by the hour, uncovering a significant spike in fast food consumption during the evening rush. 



Between 5 and 7 p.m., when many drivers are heading home from work, the increase in fast food purchases was most noticeable. 



At the same time, grocery store visits declined slightly, suggesting that people skipped buying ingredients to cook at home in favor of quicker options.



“If there's traffic between 5 and 7 p.m., which happens to be right around the evening meal time, we see an increase in fast food visits,” Taylor said.



“Drivers have to make a decision about whether to go home and cook something, stop at the grocery store first, or just get fast food.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traffic-and-food-habits-in-other-cities">Traffic and food habits in other cities</h2>



Los Angeles is notorious for its congestion, but it is far from the only place where traffic affects daily life. 



Most major cities experience similar rush hour patterns, with highways lined by fast food restaurants offering an easy way to grab a meal without additional stops.



Because of this, Taylor and her co-authors believe their findings apply well beyond Los Angeles. Any city with significant traffic delays and a high concentration of fast food <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/digital-labels-help-grocers-cut-food-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">options</a> near busy roads could experience the same trend. 



The connection between congestion and food choices may explain why many urban areas struggle with rising fast food consumption and related health concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-policy-solutions-to-address-the-issue">Policy solutions to address the issue</h2>



Beyond individual choices, the study suggests that traffic itself may be a public health concern. When people face time constraints, they often prioritize convenience over nutrition. 



Addressing these constraints could encourage healthier eating habits.



“Our results contribute to the literature suggesting time constraints are really important to the food choices people make. Any policies aimed at loosening time constraints - and traffic is essentially lost time - could help battle unhealthy eating,” Taylor said.



“That could mean improvements in infrastructure to mitigate traffic congestion, expanding public transport availability, and potentially increasing work from home opportunities.”



By easing congestion and reducing commute times, cities could influence not just transportation efficiency but also public health. 



Expanding public transportation, improving road infrastructure, and offering more flexible work arrangements may help people make better food choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-way-to-look-at-traffic">A new way to look at traffic</h2>



Most people think of traffic as nothing more than an unavoidable part of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-inspired-traffic-solutions-could-improve-urban-mobility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern life</a>. However, this study suggests that congestion influences more than just travel times. It shapes behavior, pushing people toward fast food simply because they feel they have no better option.



Understanding the link between traffic and food habits could open the door for smarter policies that address both issues at once. 



By improving transportation systems and reducing time lost in traffic, cities might also help people make healthier choices, leading to long-term benefits for individuals and communities alike.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119025000026?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Urban Economics</a>. 



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Driving in traffic is linked to health issues and bad eating habits

Picture this: You’re stuck in traffic after a long day...

China has announced a major addition to its rare earth inventory - a vast trove of critical metals has been discovered in Yunnan Province and is likely to bolster the nations supply. Many industries depend on these metals for high-tech applications.



This new deposit contains an estimated 1.15 million metric tons of medium and heavy rare earth elements. That volume of praseodymium, neodymium, dysprosium, and terbium could reshape strategic planning in several global markets.&nbsp;



One of the leading experts involved in the find is <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gang-Chen-164" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Gang Chen</a>, a senior researcher with the China Geological Survey. He has spent years studying <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ion-adsorption#:~:text=Ion%2Dadsorption%20type%20deposits%20are,such%20as%20halloysite%20and%20kaolinite." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ion-adsorption deposits</a> to improve mapping of valuable metals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-this-discovery">Importance of this discovery</h2>



Industry watchers are keeping a close eye on the Yunnan Province deposits because these resources are often used to power electric vehicles and renewable energy infrastructure. 



Governments worldwide place increasing emphasis on secure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/promethium-new-rare-earth-element-transforming-science-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplies of elements</a> that can determine manufacturing strength.



Rare earth metals, which include 17 chemically similar elements, are frequently employed in smartphones, satellites, lasers, catalytic converters, and specialized magnets. 



They are sometimes called the “<a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/industrial-vitamins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vitamins of modern technology</a>” because a small amount can significantly boost product performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-type-of-rare-earth-deposit">Unique type of rare earth deposit</h2>



Ion-adsorption deposits form in weathered granite environments, and trap metals on clay surfaces. This often leads to simpler extraction processes than those used for metals in conventional hard-rock ores.



Researchers first identified this deposit type in Jiangxi Province in 1969. Some specialists view it as a more accessible source of strategic metals for high-tech manufacturing.



In one <a href="https://english.cas.cn/print_2019/index.shtml?docurl=https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202407/t20240705_672600.shtml">event</a> last year, scientists uncovered two previously unknown minerals at Bayan Obo in Inner Mongolia. These minerals could open new avenues for applications involving aerospace and defense.



Another notable development involved a major <a href="https://www.techsteel.net/1000-ton-gold-mine-discovered-in-china-worlds-largest-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold find</a> in Pingjiang County at a depth of over 6,500 feet (1,980 meters). More than 40 veins were detected, boosting confidence in the region's mineral potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestic-strategy-and-export-policy">Domestic strategy and export policy</h2>



China leads global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-coal-ash-holds-tons-of-rare-earth-elements-worth-8-4-billion/">rare earth production</a> and maintains a robust industrial chain. As competition with other nations grows, officials in Beijing are introducing stricter controls on output and exports.



Regulatory steps rolled out last year included caps on total mining and refining volumes. Analysts say these moves are intended to protect resources and bolster China’s influence in pricing.



Companies producing batteries, motors, and advanced electronics watch China’s moves closely. Disruptions in supply can trigger higher prices and push manufacturers to seek new supply agreements.



Rare earth elements appear in defense technologies, medical devices, and wind turbines. Even minor constraints on exports can ripple through these sectors, influencing everything from availability and product costs, to research plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-rare-earth-metals-matter">Why do rare earth metals matter?</h2>



Some observers predict more resource discoveries as China refines its geochemical exploration techniques. Others believe the current Yunnan find might prompt reevaluations of global trade policies.



Those who rely on these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/liquid-metals-may-create-a-greener-future-for-chemical-production/">metals for production</a> may need to adopt contingency plans. A single large discovery can tip the balance of supply and demand, and shift market dynamics overnight.



<a href="https://en.cgs.gov.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China Geological Survey</a> sees the Yunnan deposit as a strategic asset in medium and heavy rare earths. 



The discovery is highly significant for strengthening China’s advantage in rare earth resources, in improving the rare earth industry chain, and in further consolidating China’s strategic dominance in medium and heavy rare earth resources, said the CGS in a statement.



Officials launched a nationwide <a href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/CE7-Chinas-rare-earths-dominance-and-policy-responses.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">initiative</a> in January 2023 to uncover critical resources, which led to this find. Experts suggest that similar efforts could uncover more deposits in less-explored regions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-tension-or-collaboration">Global tension or collaboration</h2>



Some international policymakers worry that China’s resource advantage might create tension in supply negotiations. 



Others argue that cooperation on mining technology and environmental standards could help stabilize the market.



Global demand for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/direct-evidence-electric-vehicles-measurably-reduce-carbon-emissions/">electric vehicles</a>, high-efficiency motors, and next-generation wind power infrastructure could increase the need for heavy rare earth elements. 



Researchers expect that ongoing exploration in southwestern China will reveal more deposits that strengthen domestic industries.



Innovation in materials science can ride on these specialized metals. For example, advances in magnet design and energy storage might depend on stable access to rare earth supplies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-earth-elements-and-the-future">Rare earth elements and the future</h2>



Yunnan’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unlocking-rare-earth-metals-in-the-ruins-of-extinct-volcanoes/">rare earth deposit</a> represents more than just a local success story. The enhanced supply of these critical metals could shift economic power and reshape entire industries. 



Even a small change in supply can influence development timelines for emerging technologies.



China’s resource management approach could spur new ideas in recycling and substitution, while its steps to control output and exports may influence global attempts to diversify suppliers. 



China’s steps to control output and exports may influence global attempts to diversify suppliers.



Whatever happens next, the Yunnan discovery raises big questions about who holds the upper hand in resource security.



Global eyes remain fixed on future announcements from Chinese researchers, while industry experts anticipate further discoveries ahead.



The announcement was released by the <a href="https://la.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/news/202501/t20250120_11540985.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Embassy</a>.



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China’s rare earth jackpot: 1.15 million tons of minerals uncovered

China has announced a major addition to its rare earth...

Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much of its habitability to water. Understanding when and how water arrived on Earth is crucial for piecing together the story of life’s origins. 



Scientists have long debated whether water was present from the planet’s formation or if it arrived later through external sources. A recent study led by a Rutgers-New Brunswick scientist challenges existing theories, suggesting that water arrived much later than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-cycles-through-plants-with-unexpected-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previously believed</a>.



The findings indicate that Earth received water toward the final stages of its formation. This discovery could reshape scientific understanding of the conditions necessary for life.



By examining isotopes in Earth’s rocks and comparing them with meteorites, researchers have provided new insights into the timing and process of water’s arrival on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-life-s-origins">Timing of life’s origins</h2>



Scientists seek to pinpoint when key <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comets-may-have-delivered-water-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ingredients for life</a> first appeared on Earth. Water, energy, and a mix of organic chemicals known as CHNOPS - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - are essential for life to emerge. 



Determining when these components arrived can offer clues about the timing of life’s formation.



Katherine Bermingham is an associate professor in the <a href="https://eps.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a> at Rutgers and lead author of the study.



“When water was delivered to the planet is a major unanswered question in planetary science,” said Bermingham. “If we know the answer, we can better constrain when and how life developed.”



Her research suggests that water was not present during the early phases of Earth’s formation, as some theories propose. Instead, the planet acquired it much later through a process known as late accretion, when additional material from space continued to shape Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-the-building-blocks-of-planets">Examining the building blocks of planets</h2>



Bermingham specializes in cosmogeochemistry, a field that examines the chemical composition of planetary materials to understand their origins. By analyzing Earth rocks and extraterrestrial materials such as meteorites, she investigates how rocky planets, including Earth, formed and evolved.



In this study, Bermingham’s team used thermal ionization mass spectrometry, a precise method for measuring isotopic compositions. They developed a new analytical approach to examine isotopes of molybdenum, an element found in both Earth’s crust and meteorites. 



Isotopes are variations of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, which gives them slightly different atomic masses while maintaining identical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical properties</a>.



“The molybdenum isotopic composition of Earth rocks provides us with a special window into events occurring around the time of Earth’s final core formation, when the last 10% to 20% of material was being assembled by the planet. This period is thought to coincide with the Moon’s formation,” explained Bermingham.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-meteorites-and-earth-rocks">Comparing meteorites and Earth rocks</h2>



To track Earth’s early chemical history, the team examined meteorite samples from the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Scientists classify meteorites into two main groups based on their place of origin in the solar system.



The first group, known as “CC” meteorites, likely formed in the outer solar system, where conditions were wetter. The second group, “NC” meteorites, originated in the inner solar system, where conditions were much drier. 



This study focused on meteorites from the NC group to compare their chemical composition with Earth rocks.



The researchers analyzed molybdenum isotopes in rocks from Greenland, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and Japan. These rocks date back to the time of the Moon’s formation and are believed to contain elements added to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-other-planets-collected-first-water-from-unexpected-source-planetesimals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> during this period.



By comparing the isotopic signatures of meteorites and Earth rocks, the team sought to determine whether the Moon-forming event delivered a significant amount of water to Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-water-may-have-arrived-late">Earth’s water may have arrived late</h2>



“Once we gathered the different samples and measured their isotopic compositions, we compared the meteorites’ signatures with the rock signatures to see if there was a similarity or a difference,” Bermingham said. “And from there, we drew inferences.”



The analysis revealed that the molybdenum composition of Earth rocks closely matched that of NC meteorites, which originated in the drier inner solar system. 



This finding suggests that Earth’s building blocks primarily came from a region of the solar system where water was scarce.



This contradicts a popular theory that a significant amount of Earth’s water arrived during the Moon-forming event. Instead, the study indicates that water was delivered in smaller amounts long after the Moon formed, during the later stages of planetary development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-source-of-earth-s-water">Rethinking the source of Earth’s water</h2>



“We have to figure out from where in our solar system Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-earths-building-blocks-contained-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> - the dust and the gas - came and around when that happened,” Bermingham said. “That’s the information needed to understand when the stage was set for life to begin.”



If most of Earth’s original material came from the drier inner solar system, then the Moon-forming event was likely not a major contributor of water. Instead, water must have arrived in smaller portions later. 



This conclusion challenges the idea that a single event provided Earth with the majority of its water. 



The study supports the view that water accumulated gradually over time, arriving through a combination of asteroid impacts and other processes occurring well after the planet had taken shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questions-about-life-s-early-conditions">Questions about life’s early conditions</h2>



“Our results suggest that the Moon-forming event was not a major supplier of water, unlike what has been thought previously,” Bermingham said. “These findings, however, permit a small amount of water to be added after final core formation, during what is called late accretion.”



This discovery raises new questions about how long it took for Earth to become habitable. If water arrived later than previously thought, then life may have taken longer to emerge. This could also have implications for understanding other planets, particularly those that scientists consider candidates for life.



By refining the timeline of Earth’s water history, this study contributes to a broader effort to understand planetary evolution. If water arrived late on Earth, then other planets might have followed a similar pattern. 



This could mean that life-supporting conditions take longer to develop than scientists once assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-in-the-search-for-earth-s-water">What’s next in the search for Earth’s water?</h2>



The study represents a step forward in unraveling Earth’s past, but it also highlights the many unanswered questions about the origins of water and life. 



Future research will likely focus on refining models of planetary accretion, analyzing additional meteorite samples, and exploring other isotopic markers that could provide further insights.



Other Rutgers contributors to the study include Linda Godfrey, an assistant research professor, and Hope Tornebene, a laboratory researcher in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 



The research continues to push the boundaries of planetary science, bringing us closer to understanding how Earth became a world capable of supporting life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703724005751?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</a>.



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Water arrived on Earth gradually, not in one big event

Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...