Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Photo Credit: Denisa Mikesova

Golden Eagle

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains</h2>



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rainbow-mountains">The Rainbow Mountains</h2>



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. 



The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "colorful mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance.&nbsp;They are also known as the Rainbow Mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Wildlife of the Aladaghlar Mountains </h2>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-ecosystems-are-in-urgent-need-of-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. 



The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a>.



Among the larger mammals, the mountains host species such as brown bears, Persian leopards, and wild goats. The Aladaghlar Mountains also support smaller mammals, including foxes, hares, and various rodent species.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-influence-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birdlife</a> is abundant, including eagles, falcons, and a variety of songbirds. Reptiles like lizards and snakes are commonly found in the more humid areas, as well as amphibians.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-region">Cultural significance of the region</h2>



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. 



Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geology-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains-nbsp">Geology of the Aladaghlar Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The geological history of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is a fascinating tale of millions of years of natural processes.



The Aladaghlar Mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years. These sediments include sandstones, siltstones, shales, and conglomerates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mineral-deposition-nbsp">Mineral deposition&nbsp;</h3>



The varying colors of the Aladaghlar Mountains are largely due to the presence of different minerals in the sedimentary layers. For example, red and orange hues are typically due to iron oxides, while greens can result from copper compounds.



These minerals were deposited in the sedimentary rocks through processes such as chemical precipitation, biological activity, and the weathering of parent rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



The region has experienced significant tectonic activity due to its location near the convergent boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This tectonic activity has caused the uplift and folding of the sedimentary layers, creating the mountain range.



The compression and folding associated with tectonic movements have also contributed to the exposure of the colorful strata that were originally deposited horizontally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-and-weathering">Erosion and weathering</h3>



Over time, erosion and weathering processes have played a crucial role in shaping the Aladaghlar Mountains. 



Wind, water, and temperature variations have eroded the softer rock layers more quickly than the harder ones, creating the distinctive ridges and valleys seen today.



These erosive processes have also helped to expose the underlying layers, revealing the vibrant colors and intricate patterns that attract tourists and geologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tales and legends</h2>



One of the most famous tales associated with the Aladaghlar Mountains is that of a hidden treasure buried deep within the mountains by an ancient Persian king.&nbsp;



According to legend, the treasure is guarded by mystical creatures and can only be found by someone pure of heart and brave enough to face the challenges of the mountain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The shepherd and the fairy</h3>



Another local legend tells the story of a young shepherd who fell in love with a fairy he encountered in the Aladaghlar Mountains. The fairy granted the shepherd three wishes, but warned him that the wishes would come with consequences.&nbsp;



Despite the warning, the shepherd made his wishes, which ultimately led to his downfall, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The healing springs</h3>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are also said to be home to a spring with magical healing properties. According to folklore, those who bathe in the spring or drink its water are cured of all ailments.&nbsp;



However, the location of the spring is a closely guarded secret, known only to a few wise elders in the nearby villages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The spirit of the mountain&nbsp;</h3>



Some locals believe that the Aladaghlar Mountains are inhabited by a protective spirit, who watches over the land and its people.&nbsp;



This spirit is said to bring good fortune to those who respect the mountain and its natural beauty, but misfortune to those who exploit or harm it.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Klinaklini Glacier, located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.



Klinaklini Glacier is notable for its size and the role it plays in the regional environment. It is part of a larger system of glaciers and ice fields in the area, which are critical for their contribution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> resources and their influence on local climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-klinaklini-glacier-and-climate-change">Klinaklini Glacier and climate change</h2>



Klinaklini is particularly interesting due to its dynamics and response to climate change. Like many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> around the world, it is being closely monitored for changes in its size, flow, and overall health. 



Glaciers in the Coast Mountains, including Klinaklini, have been studied for their response to global warming, with many showing signs of retreat and reduced ice mass.



"Decades of satellite images of western Canada make it clear that the region’s glaciers are shrinking and that the rate of ice loss is accelerating," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In 1984, there were 14,329 glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta that were large enough to detect with sensors on the Landsat 5 satellite."



"By 2020, nearly 8 percent of them - 1,141 glaciers - had shrunk so much that newer Landsat sensors could no longer distinguish them, according to research conducted by University of Northern British Columbia glaciologists Alexandre Bevington and Brian Menounos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-the-klinaklini-glacier">Ecological role of the Klinaklini Glacier </h2>



Klinaklini Glacier also plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. It feeds into the Klinaklini River, which is an important waterway for the region. 



The river supports a variety of wildlife, including salmon populations that are vital both ecologically and economically for local communities.



Studies conducted on and around the Klinaklini Glacier contribute to the understanding of glaciology, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, and hydrology. 



This research is essential for predicting future changes in the glacier and for understanding the broader impacts of climate change on glacial systems globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coast-mountains-of-british-columbia">Coast Mountains of British Columbia </h2>



The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are a striking and expansive mountain range forming part of the Pacific Coast Ranges in western North America. 



Stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers from the Fraser River near Vancouver in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north, the range is known for its rugged beauty and significant ecological and cultural importance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-of-the-mountains">Geography of the mountains</h3>



Geographically, the Coast Mountains are positioned between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Interior Plateau to the east.



They are divided into three main sections: the Pacific Ranges in the south, the Kitimat Ranges in the central region, and the Boundary Ranges in the north, which extend into Alaska and Yukon. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-processes">Geological processes</h3>



The range's dramatic landscapes include steep peaks, fjords, and valleys carved by ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, highlighting the lasting influence of glaciation on the region.



Geologically, the Coast Mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, formed by volcanic and tectonic activity. 



Their granitic composition is a result of millions of years of geological processes. Mount Waddington, the highest peak in the range at 4,019 meters, stands as a notable landmark in the Pacific Ranges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife">Climate and wildlife</h3>



The climate of the Coast Mountains varies significantly depending on location. The western slopes are characterized by a temperate rainforest climate, with high levels of precipitation brought by moist Pacific air. 



In contrast, the eastern slopes are drier, with semi-arid conditions in some areas. This climatic diversity supports a wide range of ecosystems, from lush coastal rainforests to alpine tundra. 



The region is home to diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-recreation-noise-triggers-fear-response-in-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, including black bears, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and numerous bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreation-and-culture">Recreation and culture</h3>



The Coast Mountains are a popular destination for recreation and tourism. Activities such as hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering draw visitors from around the world - particularly to destinations like Whistler, a renowned resort town in the Pacific Ranges. 



The fjords and valleys of the range provide opportunities for kayaking, fishing, and scenic exploration.



Indigenous peoples, including the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, and Squamish, have lived in and around the Coast Mountains for millennia. 



These groups maintain a deep connection to the land, reflected in their stories, traditions, and art. The mountains are not only a physical presence but also a vital cultural and spiritual landscape.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Klinaklini Glacier in British Columbia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Messier 78 (M78), a reflection nebula located in the constellation Orion about 1,350 light-years away from Earth. 



This image was released as part of the initial series of observations from ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a>.&nbsp;



All data collected during these early observations, including a series of incredible <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid/Euclid_s_first_images_the_dazzling_edge_of_darkness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new views</a> of the nearby universe, is available to the public. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-messier-78">Image of Messier 78</h2>



Featured here is a high-resolution, detailed segment of a larger image showcasing Messier 78, a dynamic region of star formation obscured by cosmic dust.&nbsp;



This specific view highlights how young stars generate winds of charged particles, carving out “cavities” in the molecular clouds around them.&nbsp;



The blue hues in the image represent ionized atomic hydrogen, which is a primary component of the cloud, while the red indicates the absorption and scattering of light by dust particles.



The image captures hundreds of stars varying in brightness, illuminating their nebulous, purple surroundings. A dark, arch-like structure stretches from the upper left to the bottom right of the frame, merging into the densest, darkest clouds at the image’s base.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-site-of-star-formation-nbsp">Active site of star formation&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is not just a single nebula but part of a larger complex of stars and nebulous regions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a>, which includes various other objects like dark nebulae that are visible as patches blocking light from behind.



This region is an active site of star formation, featuring many young stars and protostars, which are stars in the early stages of formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-messier-78">Viewing Messier 78</h2>



M78 is easily observable with small telescopes, and it appears as a hazy patch of light with two prominent stars near its center, which illuminate the surrounding dust.&nbsp;



The nebula is also a favorite among amateur astronomers for its beauty and relatively bright appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subject-of-scientific-interest-nbsp">Subject of scientific interest&nbsp;</h2>



Messier 78 is fascinating not only for its visual beauty but also for its scientific interest, particularly in the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> and interstellar matter.&nbsp;



The nebula consists of dense, cold gas and dust, which are essential ingredients for the birth of new stars.&nbsp;



The intense blue light that characterizes M78 is due to the reflection of starlight off these dust particles, a process known as scattering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-region-surrounding-messier-78-nbsp">Region surrounding Messier 78&nbsp;</h2>



The region surrounding M78 includes several other interesting features. For instance, there are Herbig-Haro objects within it, which are small patches of nebulosity associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">newly born stars</a>.&nbsp;



These objects are formed when gas ejected by young stars collides with clouds of gas and dust at high speeds, creating shock waves that glow brightly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earliest-stages-of-star-development-nbsp">Earliest stages of star development&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, infrared observations of M78 have revealed much about the dust and colder objects in the area, which are not visible in optical light.&nbsp;



The observations have helped astronomers identify numerous young stars and brown dwarfs (objects that are too large to be planets and too small to be stars) within the nebula. 



This makes M78 a critical area for studying the earliest stages of star development and the properties of the interstellar medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp-0">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-batch-of-brilliant-images-from-the-euclid-mission-live-up-to-the-hype/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid space mission</a> is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission designed to study the dark universe, particularly focusing on dark energy and dark matter, which are fundamental components that are believed to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe and shape its large-scale structure.&nbsp;



The mission aims to map the geometry of the dark universe and better understand the physics of the cosmos.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-billions-of-galaxies-nbsp">Observing billions of galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Euclid uses two primary scientific instruments: a visible light camera (VIS) and a near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP).&nbsp;



These instruments will allow Euclid to measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies at distances of up to 10 billion light-years. By surveying more than a third of the sky, the mission is expected to observe several billion galaxies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-dark-universe-nbsp">Studying the dark universe&nbsp;</h3>



The data collected will help astronomers in studying the effects of dark matter and dark energy in depth, testing cosmological models, and exploring new theories about the nature of the universe.&nbsp;



The mission, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, seeks to address key questions related to the structure of the universe and the fundamental laws of physics governing its evolution and expansion.



Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Messier 78: Young stars shine through dense dust

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.



Astronomers captured this image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view, but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula - a term which refers to its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. 



However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>.&nbsp;



Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. 



This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It includes a central ring, giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. 



This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;



Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. 



The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures. This heat is estimated to be 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun.&nbsp;



This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-glow-of-messier-76">Powerful glow of Messier 76</h2>



The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;



The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes.&nbsp;



The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. 



The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale. It is expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.&nbsp;



This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.



The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.



Studying Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. 



The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.



Image Credit: ESA Space Agency&nbsp;



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Secrets of the Little Dumbbell Nebula  

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a flood control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods. 



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

The MODIS instrument, short for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of Earth ecosystem models, able to predict global changes, which then assist policy makers in making informed decisions about the protection of the global environment.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps are seen in this Image of the day&nbsp;from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at heavy snow and low clouds in the Alps. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps

Monitoring Earth Changes with MODIS

Aqua is a NASA scientific research satellite that studies precipitation, evaporation, and water cycles. Terra and Aura make up the Earth Observing System. It's the second component of the system.

A frozen Lake Erie in February Today’s Image of the Day comes from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at a frozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/icy-lake-erie/">Lake Erie</a>, which is currently 93.3 percent iced over. A frozen Lake Erie in February
This false-color image was created using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Aqua satellite to differentiate between snow, ice, and clouds.
Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ (French: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 metres) deep. 
Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States, Lake Erie&#8217;s northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario, specifically the Ontario Peninsula, with the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its western, southern, and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries. 
The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native American people who lived along its southern shore. The tribal name &#8220;erie&#8221; is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan, meaning long tail
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

A frozen Lake Erie in February

Aqua Earth Observing Satellite

This beautiful photo gallery contains 50 incredible images of Earth from Space. These images were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station, as well as by a multitude of NASA satellites orbiting the earth.

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean just south of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-blue-chrysanthemums-created/">Japan</a>.
This image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 31, 2017. 
At the time the photo was taken, Typhoon Noru was located just 250 kilometers south of Iwo Jima. Maximum sustained winds hit 150 miles per hour.
The storm briefly became a category 5 on July 30, before being downgraded to a category 4 one day later.
&#8211;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean

Incredible Images of Earth from Space

Photos from the International Space Station are found in this awesome Earth.com image gallery. Flat-earthers won't agree, but these incredible photos of the Earth were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station. The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit.

Northern Italy from the space station is seen here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The view includes the top half of the Italian Peninsula, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-burn-northern-corsica/">Corsica</a> and Sardinia off the coast. This image was captured by ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli on his third and final mission to the Space Station.

Northern Italy from the Space Station

Photos from the International Space Station

iron ore deposit - 1

Scientists are paying close attention to changes in SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19. A newly released study from Ecuador, featured in the <a href="https://cisalud-ucmh.sld.cu/index.php/Cisalud2024/index/pages/view/ctisalud" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simposio de Ciencia y Tecnología</a>, highlights how swiftly new viral forms can appear.&nbsp;



Infections worldwide have often shown that when the virus' genetic code changes, existing vaccines might lose some of their strength. That puts pressure on health officials to refine their strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sars-cov-2-variants">SARS-CoV-2 variants</h2>



Over 3,000 viral sequences from Ecuador were examined, and the findings revealed all five strands: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Each strain brought its own modifications, including certain changes tied to immune escape.&nbsp;



The study team suggests that when these variants rise, old prevention efforts might not be enough. <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0233-6168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Carlos Chiluisa Guacho</a> from the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes in Ambato, Ecuador, coordinated the work and points to the urgency in sharpening genomic tracking efforts across the country.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-threats-and-public-health">Evolving threats and public health</h2>



Specialists in disease control are aware that viral mutations keep officials on their toes. Variants in Ecuador showed a pattern similar to shifts observed in other parts of the globe, adding weight to calls for more rigorous checks on viral gene patterns.&nbsp;



“The Traveler-based Genomic Surveillance program is a model of <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen detection</a> that can be used as an early warning system for the detection of many pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2,” stated the CDC in an official <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travel-genomic-surveillance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statement</a>. 



That statement echoes the main takeaway from the Ecuador study, which warns that it is never wise to underestimate the virus’s ability to adjust.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaccines-and-sars-cov-2-boosters">Vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 boosters</h2>



Shots designed to prevent severe illness have saved many lives. Yet concerns remain that the virus keeps finding ways around them. 



Study authors suggest revisiting vaccination plans from time to time to stay a step ahead. Health organizations often mention how booster doses can lift immunity in communities where variants are shifting. 



<a href="https://ghss.georgetown.edu/dr-maria-van-kerkhove/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove</a> at the World Health Organization once reminded viewers in a news briefing that, “Changes in transmissibility can affect the public health response. The more information we have about these variants, the better we can tailor vaccines, treatments, and other interventions.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-sars-cov-2">Searching for SARS-CoV-2</h2>



Many countries have built systems to trace pathogens, including specialized laboratories that can decode viral samples. 



Ecuador’s study team insists these efforts should increase in scale. Better funding, stronger expertise, and closer ties with global networks stand out as key moves. 



When labs test more samples, they raise their odds of detecting unusual shifts in the virus’s proteins. Such efforts can stop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cause-of-fatigue-in-long-covid-patients-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fresh variants</a> from catching everyone by surprise. 



Though much of the public may have relaxed after mass vaccination, researchers continue to remind policymakers that data tracking is a long game.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shoring-up-public-trust">Shoring up public trust</h2>



Officials who oversee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection prevention</a> in local communities face a dual challenge. 



First, they must spot and address sudden changes in the virus. Second, they need to keep people confident in protective guidelines.



Mask recommendations and safe-distancing rules may shift if new forms spread quickly, so transparency matters.



Clear updates help the public avoid confusion and encourage compliance. Anyone who wants to see daily life return to normal has a role to play in staying alert and getting recommended shots. 



Study contributors also point out that renewed trust can reinforce scientific partnerships around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-sars-cov-2">The future of SARS-CoV-2</h2>



Though the pandemic emergency has eased in many regions, the threat of a new wave has not disappeared. Stronger surveillance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-colds-boost-childrens-immunity-against-severe-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the virus</a> gives health agencies the upper hand. 



The Ecuador investigation suggests that watching for hidden changes must become a permanent part of public health tactics. 



Dr. Carlos Chiluisa Guacho, who helped guide this research, emphasized that readiness is key. He emphasized that although vaccination programs have undoubtedly saved lives, maintaining vigilance is crucial.&nbsp;



Enhancing genomic surveillance will enable earlier detection of dangerous mutations and help adapt public health strategies to prevent widespread outbreaks. 



By continuing to refine scientific approaches, countries can hope to reduce the toll of future COVID-19 surges and keep as many people healthy as possible.



The full study was published as part of the proceedings of the Symposium on Science and Technology, accessible at the following <a href="https://conferencias.ageditor.ar/index.php/sctconf/article/view/109" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link</a>.



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Study reveals surprising mutations in SARS-CoV-2 virus

Scientists are paying close attention to changes in SARS-CoV-2, the...

Using the extraordinary capabilities of NASA’s Webb Telescope and the natural phenomenon of gravitational lensing, astronomers have achieved an unprecedented feat: observing individual stars in a galaxy called Dragon Arc that is 6.5 billion light-years away.



This breakthrough offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of galaxies, the nature of dark matter, and the life cycle of distant stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dragon-arc">The Dragon Arc</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dragon-Arc.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The galaxy</a>, known as the Dragon Arc, was observed along the line of sight to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy cluster</a> Abell 370, which acts as a cosmic magnifying glass. 



The cluster’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-galaxy-jwst-er1g-dark-matter-einstein-ring-mystery-solved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational field stretches</a> and amplifies the light from the Dragon Arc, transforming its spiral structure into an elongated arc.



This macrolensing effect enabled astronomers to resolve individual stars in the distant galaxy for the first time.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370_macrolens-illustration_credit-Yoshinobu-Fudamoto_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370_macrolens-illustration_credit-Yoshinobu-Fudamoto_1s.webp" alt="The massive, yet invisible halo of dark matter of a galaxy cluster works as a &quot;macrolens,&quot;, while lone, unbound stars drifting through the cluster act as additional &quot;microlenses, multiplying the factor of magnification. Credit: Yoshinobu Fudamoto" class="wp-image-1955944"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The massive, yet invisible halo of dark matter of a galaxy cluster works as a "macrolens,", while lone, unbound stars drifting through the cluster act as additional "microlenses, multiplying the factor of magnification. Credit: Yoshinobu Fudamoto</figcaption></figure>



“Inside the galaxy cluster, there are many stars floating around that are not bound by any galaxy,” explained co-author Eiichi Egami, a research professor at the <a href="https://astro.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona's Steward Observatory</a>.&nbsp;



“When one of them happens to pass in front of the background star in the distant galaxy along the line of sight with Earth, it acts as a microlens, in addition to the macrolensing effect of the galaxy cluster as a whole.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-44-individual-stars-identified">44 individual stars identified</h2>



The study, led by Yoshinobu Fudamoto of <a href="https://www.chiba-u.ac.jp/e/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chiba University</a> in Japan, identified 44 individual stars in the Dragon Arc, the largest number ever detected in such a distant galaxy. 



These findings represent a significant leap in the study of distant galaxies, where stars typically appear as a blended glow due to the immense distance.



“To us, galaxies that are very far away usually look like a diffuse, fuzzy blob,” said Fudamoto. “But actually, those blobs consist of many, many individual stars. We just can't resolve them with our telescopes.”



Thanks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expansion-rate-of-the-universe-confirmed-by-jwst/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>’s incredible sensitivity and the combined effects of macro- and microlensing, the team was able to track brightness variations in these stars over time. 



These changes occurred because the relative motion of stars in the galaxy cluster altered the alignment and magnification of the distant stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distant-stars-of-the-dragon-arc-nbsp">Distant stars of the Dragon Arc&nbsp;</h2>



The stars observed within the Dragon Arc were predominantly red supergiants - massive stars nearing the end of their lives, similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/betelgeuse-one-of-our-brightest-stars-will-vanish-from-sight-next-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Betelgeuse</a> in the Orion constellation. 



This contrasts with earlier discoveries that primarily identified blue supergiants, thanks to JWST’s ability to detect cooler stars through its infrared capabilities.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370-galaxy-cluster_JWST_UArizona_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370-galaxy-cluster_JWST_UArizona_1s.webp" alt="Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located nearly 4 billion light-years away from Earth features several arcs of light, including the &quot;Dragon Arc&quot; (lower left of center). These arcs are caused by gravitational lensing: Light from distant galaxies far behind the massive galaxy cluster coming toward Earth is bent around Abell 370 by its massive gravity, resulting in contorted images. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1955946"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located nearly 4 billion light-years away from Earth features several arcs of light, including the "Dragon Arc" (lower left of center). These arcs are caused by gravitational lensing: Light from distant galaxies far behind the massive galaxy cluster coming toward Earth is bent around Abell 370 by its massive gravity, resulting in contorted images. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



“This groundbreaking discovery demonstrates, for the first time, that studying large numbers of individual stars in a distant galaxy is possible,” said Fengwu Sun, a co-author and postdoctoral scholar at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard &amp; Smithsonian (<a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CfA</a>). 



The ability to identify and study different stellar types provides valuable insights into star formation and the chemical composition of distant galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-galactic-evolution">Dark matter and galactic evolution</h2>



The findings have profound implications for our understanding of the universe. Observing individual stars in distant galaxies allows scientists to probe the structure of gravitational lenses, offering a novel way to study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, which is believed to shape the formation of galaxies.&nbsp;



Moreover, the alignment of microlensing stars opens a window into the physical properties and behaviors of distant stellar populations.



By studying the brightness and color changes of these stars, astronomers can gain insights into the dynamics of galaxy clusters and the conditions that influence star formation and survival in the early universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



The Dragon Arc is just the beginning. Future observations using JWST are expected to uncover even more stars in distant galaxies, enabling detailed studies of their life cycles and interactions. 



These efforts could yield hundreds of individual stellar profiles, expanding our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a> over billions of years.



“By observing the same galaxy multiple times, we can spot stars in distant galaxies because they appear to pop in and out of existence,” Fudamoto explained.&nbsp;



This technique, combined with the natural magnification effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-a-second-lensed-supernova-in-a-distant-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational lensing</a>, could revolutionize our approach to studying the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-the-universe">Unlocking the mysteries of the universe</h2>



This landmark discovery demonstrates the immense potential of JWST and gravitational lensing to push the boundaries of observational astronomy.&nbsp;



By resolving individual stars billions of light-years away, scientists are unraveling some of the universe's greatest mysteries, from the nature of dark matter to the intricate dynamics of galactic evolution.



This study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02432-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>, paves the way for a deeper exploration of the cosmos, providing a foundation for future studies that will continue to expand humanity’s understanding of our place in the universe.



Image Credit: NASA



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Dragon Arc: Webb telescope captures the most distant stars ever seen

Using the extraordinary capabilities of NASA’s Webb Telescope and the...

In a fast-paced, digitized world, excessive screen time among children is a rising concern - but it seems nature has something to say about it. 



A study from the University of Michigan indicates that the secret to pulling children away from screens might be as simple as offering them access to green spaces.



The study emphasizes that community programs aiming to reduce screen time work more effectively when children have access to local green spaces such as parks, forests, and lawns.



"Neighborhood green spaces may draw children out of the house and give them an alternative space to engage in activities other than screen time," explained study lead author Ian-Marshall Lang from U-M's School of Kinesiology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-excessive-screen-time">Dangers of excessive screen time</h2>



Excessive screen time has become a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/swedish-pediatricians-no-screen-time-for-children-under-two/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growing concern for children</a> worldwide. Experts recommend no more than two hours of recreational screen use per day for children aged 6 to 17. 



However, about two-thirds of children exceed this limit. Prolonged screen use can contribute to various issues, including reduced physical activity, disrupted sleep patterns, and increased risks of obesity and mental health challenges.



Children who spend more time on screens often miss opportunities to engage in healthier activities like outdoor play, social interactions, and physical exercise. These behaviors are vital for their physical, emotional, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-too-much-screen-time-struggle-to-gain-language-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive development</a>. 



Despite the efforts of community programs and policies aimed at curbing screen time, many of these initiatives face challenges in effectiveness - particularly in neighborhoods lacking supportive environments like accessible green spaces.



This imbalance highlights the importance of addressing the root causes of excessive screen time, including environmental factors, to ensure all children can benefit from healthier, more balanced lifestyles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-and-screen-time">Green spaces and screen time</h2>



The study revealed that not all neighborhoods have equal access to green spaces. The researchers found that areas with higher Black and Hispanic populations often have fewer parks, open spaces, or natural areas.



The unequal distribution of green spaces creates barriers for children in these neighborhoods to engage in outdoor activities, impacting their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-screen-time-changes-the-brain-based-on-23-years-of-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health and well-being</a>.



The researchers explored why some community programs show varying success across racial and ethnic groups. 



"National research shows racial and ethnic inequities in green space availability. These unfair differences in green space access might explain why community programs and policies are less effective in reducing screen time among different racial groups," said Lang.



The findings emphasize the importance of creating equitable, supportive environments. Merely increasing program intensity won't solve the issue without addressing environmental barriers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-public-policy">Implications for public policy</h2>



The study suggests that improving access to green spaces could bolster the success of these programs. 



Initiatives like the 10-Minute Walk Program - which aims to ensure access to quality parks within a 10-minute walk for all U.S. residents - offer promising solutions.



"Our findings provide evidence-based support for initiatives to address inequities in green space access and promote healthier communities," noted Lang.



This research adds to a growing body of evidence that shows how unequal access to green spaces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-screen-time-affect-preteens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affects health</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equitable-access-to-green-spaces">Equitable access to green spaces </h2>



Communities with fewer parks or outdoor areas often see poorer health outcomes, including higher rates of screen time among children. Green spaces encourage physical activity, which can reduce reliance on screens and improve overall well-being.



The study emphasizes the need for targeted action by policymakers, urban planners, and community organizations to address these inequities. By investing in equitable access to green spaces, such as parks and recreational areas, we can create environments that support healthier habits for children. 



This approach of increasing access to green spaces not only promotes physical activity but also strengthens the effectiveness of community programs aimed at reducing screen time. 



Addressing these disparities ensures that all children, regardless of their neighborhood or background, have the opportunity to lead healthier lives.



The research was supported by the&nbsp;National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute&nbsp;and other NIH organizations. Co-authors included experts from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://sc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Carolina</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ku.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829224001692?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health &amp; Place</a>.



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Green spaces are key to reducing kids' screen time

In a fast-paced, digitized world, excessive screen time among children...

When it comes to New Year's health resolutions, we often focus on the usual suspects: exercise routines, plant-based diets, better sleep, and stress management. But there's one crucial health habit that often flies under the radar - proper hydration.



While it might not be as trendy as the latest workout program or diet plan, staying well-hydrated is arguably one of the easiest and most impactful changes you can make for your health. 



The benefits are remarkable: improved blood pressure, better diabetes management, enhanced joint health, and even migraine relief, not to mention that coveted skin glow we all desire.



“Staying optimally hydrated is a relatively easy lifestyle modification with potentially significant benefit: a longer disease-free life,” said Natalia Dmitrieva, a research scientist in the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine at the <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> in Bethesda, Maryland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-americans-are-chronically-dehydrated">Most Americans are chronically dehydrated</h2>



Here's a sobering fact: more than half of Americans don't meet the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-we-really-need-to-drink-eight-cups-of-water-daily/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recommended daily water intake</a>. Women should aim for 8-10 cups daily, while men need 10-12 cups. 



The problem isn't just about forgetting to drink water – it's that many of us don't actively think about hydration until we're already thirsty.



"Thirst often occurs when we are already under-hydrated, meaning the harmful effects of insufficient hydration may have already begun," noted Dmitrieva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effortless-hydration-by-habit-stacking">Effortless hydration by habit stacking</h2>



Incorporating more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bottled-water-has-become-a-global-scourge-wreaking-environmental-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> into your day doesn’t need to be difficult. You can use a simple technique called habit stacking. 



This means pairing water consumption with routines you already do every day, making it easy to create a sustainable hydration habit.



Here’s how it works:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Morning coffee ritual: As you wait for your coffee to brew, drink a full glass of water. This jumpstarts your hydration first thing in the morning.</li>



<li>Dog walking: Take a water bottle with you on your walk and aim to finish it by the time you get home. It’s a great way to hydrate while staying active.</li>



<li>Lunch break: Use the time while your food heats up to drink a glass of water. It’s simple and helps you stay consistent.</li>



<li>Desk work: Combine short stretching breaks with a quick glass of water. It refreshes both your body and mind.</li>
</ul>



This approach leverages routines you already follow, making it easier to build a lasting habit of staying hydrated. Small, intentional steps like these can lead to big health benefits over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydration-beyond-plain-water">Hydration beyond plain water</h2>



Meeting your daily hydration needs doesn’t mean you have to stick to the habit of drinking only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-4-4-billion-people-lack-access-to-safe-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plain water</a>. The&nbsp;CDC recognizes several alternatives&nbsp;that can help you stay hydrated while adding variety to your routine. Here are some options:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Plain coffee or tea: These beverages count toward your hydration goals when consumed without added sugars.</li>



<li>Sparkling water and seltzers: Fizzy drinks can be a refreshing way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrate</a>, especially for those who enjoy carbonation.</li>



<li>Flavored waters (unsweetened): Naturally flavored waters without added sugars or artificial sweeteners offer a tasty twist</li>
</ul>



Even certain foods can contribute to your daily water intake. "Examples include tomatoes, cucumbers, oranges and lettuce, all of which can significantly contribute to your daily water intake," said Dmitrieva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-strategies-to-build-a-hydration-habit">Simple strategies to build a hydration habit</h2>



Want a practical approach to ensure proper hydration? 



"One effective strategy is to fill a 32-ounce bottle with water in the morning and make sure to drink it throughout the day, in addition to any other beverages consumed during meals or coffee breaks," said Dmitrieva.



"At the end of the day, assess whether you've consumed an additional 4-6 cups of water. If not, refill the bottle and drink more before the day ends."



On days with intense physical activity or prolonged exposure to heat, you'll need to increase this amount accordingly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-increased-water-intake">Benefits of increased water intake</h2>



The habit of proper hydration might not have the same excitement as starting a gym membership or experimenting with trendy superfoods, but it plays a crucial role in maintaining good health. It’s a simple, affordable, and low-effort habit that offers significant benefits for your body and mind.



This year, as you set your health goals, think about prioritizing hydration. By drinking enough water daily, you support vital functions like digestion, joint health, and energy levels. It’s one of the easiest wellness changes you can make and sustain over time.



The best habits are those you can stick with consistently. Staying hydrated doesn’t require drastic lifestyle changes, fancy equipment, or extra expenses - just small, consistent efforts.



Making hydration a daily priority is a straightforward way to invest in your long-term health. 



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Looking for a New Year's resolution? Make hydration a habit

When it comes to New Year's health resolutions, we often...

Could you spare just one hour a week to improve your health and happiness? This small commitment could slow your biological aging while enhancing your mental health. It might even help you live longer and enjoy life more. The best part? All you need to do is volunteer.



A recent study published in the journal Social Science and Medicine reveals a fascinating link: volunteering for as little as one hour each week is associated with slower biological aging.



“Volunteering is more than a good deed; it’s an investment in your own well-being,” explained study lead author Dr. Susan Harris, a sociologist at the University of Michigan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-biological-aging">What is biological aging?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discrimination-speeds-up-aging-molecular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological aging</a> measures how well your cells and tissues function compared to your actual age. 



While your chronological age ticks forward predictably, your biological age reflects the wear and tear your body has endured. Lifestyle choices, environment, and stress play significant roles.



Researchers commonly assess biological aging using epigenetic testing, which analyzes changes in DNA expression influenced by behavior and surroundings. The study highlights that volunteering could be one such behavior that slows the clock on your cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-volunteering-slow-aging">How does volunteering slow aging?</h2>



Volunteering has a unique ability to improve physical, social, and psychological health - all of which contribute to slower aging.



Physical activities involved in helping others - such as walking - keep your body active. In addition, social connections are often built and strengthened through volunteering.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-make-decisions-and-take-risks-just-like-young-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humans</a> are wired for connectedness,” said Dr. Harris. “Volunteering provides that connection while buffering against stress, depression, and loneliness.” 



These benefits create a ripple effect, boosting cognitive function, mental resilience, and overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volunteering-as-a-family">Volunteering as a family</h2>



Volunteering doesn’t have to be a solo mission. When families come together to serve, everyone wins. Children learn compassion, patience, and gratitude, while parents model values that words alone can’t teach.



“Family volunteering strengthens bonds and creates shared traditions. It’s an opportunity to instill lifelong values in children,” said Dr. Harris.



Nonprofits benefit tremendously from family volunteers. These organizations often lack the resources to fulfill their missions without community support. By uniting for a cause, families amplify their impact while creating meaningful experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-your-cause">Finding your cause</h2>



If you’re considering volunteering, start with what resonates most with you and your family. Ask yourself these questions:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>What issues are you passionate about?</li>



<li>How old are your children, and what activities suit their abilities?</li>



<li>How often can you commit time?</li>



<li>What skills or talents can your family offer?</li>
</ul>



From helping the homeless to supporting the elderly, opportunities abound. For example, about 3.5 million people in the U.S. experience homelessness annually, and 40% are children. You can donate toiletries, collect school supplies, or provide transportation.



Alternatively, consider aiding the elderly, who often need companionship and assistance. Deliver meals, rake leaves, or simply listen to their stories. Even small gestures, like clearing snow from a neighbor’s car, can make a difference.



Children in homeless shelters also benefit from kindness. Volunteer to read, organize craft sessions, or teach skills like music or computer literacy. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-started-resources-to-help">Getting started: Resources to help</h2>



Ready to take the plunge? Several organizations can help you find the right fit for your skills and schedule:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.volunteermatch.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VolunteerMatch</a>: Search for opportunities by location and interest.</li>



<li><a href="https://kidsthatdogood.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kids That Do Good</a>: Tailored for families, this platform connects you with charities and projects.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.doinggoodtogether.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doing Good Together</a>: Focused on family-oriented volunteering, this group offers tips and local partnerships.</li>
</ol>



These resources ensure you can match your interests with meaningful ways to give back.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-volunteering">Benefits of volunteering </h2>



The benefits of volunteering extend beyond the individual to create a ripple effect throughout communities. 



For parents, it’s an opportunity to bond with children while instilling essential values. For children, it’s a chance to learn empathy and responsibility. And for the people you help? Your time and effort can transform lives.



The team from the <a href="https://www.umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> believes that volunteering is a cornerstone of healthy aging and thriving communities. 



“When you give to others, you receive much more in return - health, happiness, and a deeper connection to the world around you,” noted Dr. Harris.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-healthy-aging-through-volunteering">Boosting healthy aging through volunteering</h2>



The science behind volunteering highlights its profound impact on physical, mental, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/public-perception-of-old-age-has-shifted-to-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social well-being</a>. 



As research continues to explore this connection, one thing is clear: the act of helping others enriches both the giver and the receiver.



The next time you consider how to spend your time, think about volunteering. It’s a simple way to invest in your health, happiness, and community. Who wouldn’t want to add life to their years while making the world a better place?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953624009559?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social Science and Medicine</a>.



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Volunteering for just one hour a week slows aging

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In our vast oceans and water bodies, an intricate ecological dance unfolds beneath the surface, guided in part by light-detecting molecules called phytochromes. 



These remarkable sensors are found in the bodies of tiny phytoplankton, and enable them to adapt and thrive in dynamic aquatic environments.



Phytoplankton are the backbone of marine food chains. They play a critical role in regulating our planet's climate by absorbing atmospheric CO2 and producing half of the world's oxygen through photosynthesis.



Despite their immense importance, the mechanisms behind the distribution and behavior of phytoplankton remain a scientific mystery that sparks ongoing curiosity and research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diatoms-with-built-in-light-detection">Diatoms with built-in light detection </h2>



In a joint effort, scientists from <a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNRS</a> and <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne University</a> set out to investigate the movements of these microscopic organisms in the water column. The focus was primarily on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-plankton-play-a-big-role-in-the-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diatoms</a>, a major group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>.



Through rigorous research, the experts discovered that diatoms have a built-in light detection system, comprising sensors that are encoded directly into their genomes. 



The light-sensitive pigments, known as phytochromes, are essentially microscopic "eyes" that allow diatoms to perceive changes in the light spectrum present at different depths of water. This provides the diatoms with data about their vertical position in the water column.



Knowing whether you are shallow or deep in the water becomes incredibly useful, especially in turbulent water bodies like the high latitude, temperate, and polar regions that witness intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-and-arctic-mixing-is-crucial-for-earths-climate-stability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water mixing</a>.



By interpreting the information relayed by phytochromes, diatoms adjust their photosynthetic activity, and thus, survive and thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-timekeepers-of-the-aquatic-world">Tiny timekeepers of the aquatic world</h2>



The researchers took their study a step further by scrutinizing environmental genomic data gathered from marine sampling expeditions. They observed an intriguing pattern: phytochromes were solely present in diatoms from zones outside the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.



These regions are marked by notable differences in day length, highlighting a strong sense of seasonality.



The presence of phytochromes in diatoms from these latitudes suggests that the light sensors may also double as biological clocks, helping diatoms measure the passage of time translating into seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-into-phytoplankton-behavior">Critical insights into phytoplankton behavior</h2>



The research, published in the journal Nature, provides a fresh perspective on how phytoplankton, specifically diatoms, perceive and react to light in order to navigate their surroundings.



Probing into the secrets of phytoplankton behavior and their adaptive mechanisms doesn't just feed scientific curiosity - it holds the potential to profoundly enhance our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a> and the complex dynamics that govern them.



As our environments continue to change, such insights could prove invaluable in preserving the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytochromes-beyond-light-detection">Phytochromes: Beyond light detection</h2>



While the role of phytochromes in light detection is remarkable, their functionality may extend beyond navigation and adaptation to light conditions. 



Emerging research suggests that these molecular sensors could influence the efficiency of photosynthesis in diatoms. 



By detecting subtle changes in the light spectrum around diatoms, phytochromes may help optimize the energy conversion process, allowing diatoms to make the most of varying light availability in their environment.



This adaptive advantage is particularly significant in turbulent waters, where light intensity and quality shift rapidly. 



Diatoms equipped with phytochromes are better positioned to compete for resources, which ensures their survival and their ability to sequester carbon and produce oxygen. 



Understanding how phytochromes contribute to these processes could unlock innovative approaches to mitigating climate change. For example, experts could potentially harness phytoplankton's natural abilities to absorb atmospheric CO2.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-importance-of-phytoplankton">The global importance of phytoplankton</h2>



Phytoplankton may be microscopic, but their impact extends across the entire planet. These tiny organisms form the foundation of the marine food webs that support everything from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> to the largest whales.



Beyond their ecological role, they are also crucial to Earth's climate system. By absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, phytoplankton act as a natural buffer against global warming, and help to regulate atmospheric CO2 levels.



However, this delicate balance is increasingly under threat. Climate change, pollution, and ocean acidification are altering marine environments, and disrupting phytoplankton populations along with the ecosystems they support.



Research into the adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton highlights the urgency of preserving the health of our oceans. Protecting phytoplankton is not just about saving marine life - it’s about safeguarding the stability of our planet's climate and resources for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08301-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



Image Credit: John Dolan/CNRS Images



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Light-detecting molecules guide diatoms through turbulent waters

In our vast oceans and water bodies, an intricate ecological...

Tiny microplastic particles that shed from everyday products like clothing, packaging, and other plastics are ending up in the fish people eat, according to new research conducted by Portland State University (PSU). 



The study highlights the need for strategies and technologies to curb microfiber pollution entering the environment and, ultimately, the human food chain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seafood-contaminated-with-microplastics-nbsp">Seafood contaminated with microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



Previously, <a href="https://www.pdx.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portland State University</a>’s Applied Coastal Ecology Lab - led by Elise Granek, professor of environmental science and management - investigated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-steadily-increasing-in-freshwater-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> in bivalves like Pacific oysters and razor clams.&nbsp;



Building on these findings, the researchers turned their attention to commonly consumed finfish and crustaceans.



Summer Traylor, who finished her master’s in environmental management in 2022, led the project with support from undergraduate environmental science major Marilyn Duncan, a 2024 graduate.&nbsp;



They aimed to explore microplastic contamination in Oregon finfish and shellfish, examine differences across trophic levels, and understand how contamination might vary between fish acquired directly from research fishing vessels versus those from supermarkets and seafood vendors.&nbsp;



Traylor’s work later helped her secure a position with the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), while Duncan plans to pursue microplastics research in graduate school.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-microplastics-in-seafood-species">Identifying microplastics in seafood species</h2>



The research team focused on six species of economic or cultural importance in Oregon: black rockfish, lingcod, Chinook salmon, Pacific herring, Pacific lamprey, and pink <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrimp-crisis-alarming-virus-threatens-global-seafood-supplies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrimp</a>. They evaluated the amount of anthropogenic particles - materials produced or modified by humans - found in the edible tissues of these species.



In collaboration with Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist and associate professor in Oregon State University’s College of Agricultural Sciences, the researchers confirmed a subset of suspected microplastics.&nbsp;



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2024.1469995" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Toxicology</a>, reported 1,806 suspected particles across 180 of 182 individual samples. Fibers dominated the findings, followed by fragments and films.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-species-have-higher-contamination-levels">Smaller species have higher contamination levels</h2>



Among the species tested, pink shrimp, which filter-feed close to the water’s surface, displayed the highest concentrations of particles in their edible tissues. Chinook salmon registered the lowest, with black rockfish and lingcod falling somewhere in the middle.



“We found that the smaller organisms that we sampled seem to be ingesting more anthropogenic, non-nutritious particles,” Granek said.&nbsp;



“Shrimp and small fish, like herring, are eating smaller food items like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-poop-can-be-used-to-store-carbon-in-the-deep-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a>. Other studies have found high concentrations of plastics in the area in which zooplankton accumulate and these anthropogenic particles may resemble zooplankton and thus be taken up for animals that feed on zooplankton.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastic-contamination-in-processed-fish">Microplastic contamination in processed fish</h2>



Although the researchers initially believed that handling and packaging fish might introduce additional microplastics, their findings varied among the species.&nbsp;



The experts rinsed off fillets and shrimp to simulate typical home preparation, suggesting that in certain cases, external contaminants on the surface may be washed away before cooking.&nbsp;



Even so, the study provides clear evidence of widespread microplastic contamination within the tissues of Oregon’s marine and freshwater species.



“It’s very concerning that microfibers appear to move from the gut into other tissues such as muscle,” Brander said. “This has wide implications for other organisms, potentially including humans too.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-are-widespread-in-the-environment-nbsp">Microplastics are widespread in the environment&nbsp;</h2>



The results signal the need for further research on how these particles move into muscle tissue, which humans consume, and on policy actions to regulate anthropogenic particles.&nbsp;



“This project established critical baseline data for West Coast fisheries stakeholders and highlighted how much we still do not know about these pervasive microplastic pollutants,” Traylor noted. Now a NOAA Corps Officer, she is continuing to gather baseline microplastic data in the Gulf of Mexico.



Granek cautions against avoiding seafood altogether, reminding people that microplastics permeate many parts of our environment.&nbsp;



“If we are disposing of and utilizing products that release microplastics, those microplastics make their way into the environment, and are taken up by things we eat,” she said. “What we put out into the environment ends up back on our plates.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-solutions-for-safer-seafood">Finding solutions for safer seafood</h2>



In response to these findings, Granek’s lab is increasingly working toward finding viable solutions.&nbsp;



“We’re continuing to do work to understand the effects of anthropogenic particles on animals, but we’re also moving into experimental work to test what are effective solutions to reduce microplastics entering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>,” she explained.



Granek leads a $1.9 million NOAA-funded project exploring cost-effective filtration solutions for washing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers.&nbsp;



Another project, supported by Oregon Sea Grant, will install six catch basin filters in stormwater drains in two coastal towns. These filters aim to reduce road runoff before it flows into waterways. Brander’s lab collaborates on both projects, further illustrating the collective effort to confront microplastic pollution.



As evidenced by this study, microplastics in marine species have broader environmental and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-marine-protected-areas-boost-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human health</a> implications.&nbsp;



By continuing to research contamination levels, understanding the biological pathways of microplastics, and developing practical solutions, scientists hope to protect marine ecosystems and ensure that the seafood reaching dinner tables is safer for everyone.



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If you eat fish or any kind of seafood, you are likely eating microplastics

Tiny microplastic particles that shed from everyday products like clothing,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...