Throughout Mars&#8217; history (which is a really,&nbsp;really&nbsp;long time), numerous asteroids struck the planet&#8217;s surface. When the asteroids broke apart into millions of pieces upon impact,&nbsp;most&nbsp;of the debris was pulled back into the Red Planet thanks to its gravitational pull. But, some stragglers managed to escape. Photo Credit: Carl Agee / University of New Mexico

27. Fallen Pieces

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.



According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. 



“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;



These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;



Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.



One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;



The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.



These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.



Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;



The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;



The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;



The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a satellite view of the fires burning in Southern California.



“Five wildfires - the biggest of which are the Palisades and the Eaton fires - are still currently burning (as of January 10, 2025) in areas of north Los Angeles. At least 10 people are known to have lost their lives and many more properties have been burnt to the ground,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_struggles_to_contain_wildfires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“This image, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission on January 9, 2025, shows the Palisades fire at lower left and the Eaton fire at upper right, with smoke seen reaching Catalina Island and the Santa Barbara reserve to the south of the fire.”&nbsp;



The fires have now burned more than 37,000 acres - an area bigger than San Francisco - according to Cal Fire. More than 12,000 structures have been destroyed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tens-of-thousands-of-residents-displaced-by-fires">Tens of thousands of residents displaced by fires</h2>



The Palisades Fire is the largest at more than 21,000 acres, while the Eaton Fire has burned more than 14,000 acres. Those blazes are 11 percent and 15 percent contained, respectively.



Evacuation orders have displaced over 150,000 residents, with an additional 166,000 on alert. Temporary shelters are operating at full capacity, and widespread power outages have affected nearly 1.6 million homes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-winds-and-a-lack-of-resources-nbsp">Strong winds and a lack of resources&nbsp;</h2>



Firefighting efforts are being hampered by strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-more-toxic-than-other-sources-of-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winds</a>, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour, and a lack of resources. Some fire hydrants have run dry, complicating containment efforts.&nbsp;



In response to the crisis, President Biden has approved federal disaster assistance, and additional firefighters from neighboring states are joining the efforts.&nbsp;



The California National Guard has been deployed, and the Department of Defense is providing personnel and equipment. Despite these measures, the fires continue to pose a significant threat to the region.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-threats-from-the-palisades-fire-nbsp">New threats from the Palisades Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Palisades Fire, which began near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles, has rapidly expanded, prompting new evacuation orders for areas including Tarzana and Encino in the San Fernando Valley.&nbsp;



The fire's swift progression has been exacerbated by strong winds, causing it to grow by "three football fields of land per minute." This rapid expansion has led to mandatory evacuations along sections of the Pacific Coast Highway and surrounding areas.&nbsp;



The Los Angeles Fire Department reported that more than 10,000 houses and 13,000 buildings are under threat.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-fires">Unpredictable behavior of the fires</h2>



In response to the advancing flames, evacuation orders were extended into Tarzana and Encino on January 10. Residents in these areas have been advised to evacuate promptly due to the fire's unpredictable behavior and the potential for further spread.&nbsp;



The situation remains critical, with firefighting efforts ongoing to contain the blaze and protect threatened communities.&nbsp;



Authorities continue to monitor the fire's progression and are urging residents to stay informed and adhere to evacuation orders for their safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dry-lightning-sparks-the-most-destructive-california-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;



Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flames</a> rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area’s diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;



Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;



Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-forests-are-losing-their-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destructive</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-california-fires">Impacts of the California fires</h2>



The Palisades and Eaton Fires are among the most destructive wildfires in California's history, both in terms of structures destroyed and economic impact. Fortunately, however, they have not surpassed the Camp Fire in terms of human fatalities.



The Camp Fire of 2018 remains the deadliest wildfire in the state of California, with 85 fatalities. 



The financial impact of the current fires is unprecedented. Estimates suggest that the damages could reach between $135 billion and $150 billion, potentially making these wildfires the costliest in U.S. history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Satellite captures devastating fires in Southern California

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” said ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features massive amounts of smoke rising from multiple wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;



The largest blaze is the Palisades Fire, which ignited near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles on January 7, 2025.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-wildfire-conditions">Explosive wildfire conditions</h2>



The Palisades Fire spread rapidly due to severe drought conditions and strong Santa Ana winds, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour.&nbsp;



Within hours, the fire expanded from 200 acres to over 2,900 acres, threatening thousands of structures and prompting mandatory evacuations for thousands of residents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-ferocious-winds-in-years">Most ferocious winds in years</h2>



A report from Fox Weather noted: “More than 260,000 people are under some sort of evacuation statement as multiple uncontained wildfires consume everything in their path.”



The news agency said that the fires are fueled by the “most ferocious Santa Ana winds in over 14 years.” The report further noted that “the level of destruction extends both north and south along the coast, with hurricane-force winds that are incredibly strong, dry, and unpredictable.”&nbsp;



As of January 8, the Palisades Fire had rapidly exploded to over 5,000 acres and remained uncontained. The cause of the fire is currently under investigation.&nbsp;



“This image captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission vividly depicts the smoke billowing from the fire near Santa Monica at 10:36 local time on January 7, 2025, not long after the fire broke out. The blaze has since caused widespread damage and concern,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_ablaze" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-damage-and-concern">Widespread damage and concern</h2>



The Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) has deployed over 1,400 firefighters to combat the blaze. However, the intense winds have hindered aerial firefighting efforts, as aircraft were grounded for safety reasons.&nbsp;



The fire has destroyed more than 1,000 structures, including several homes in Malibu, and has led to significant traffic congestion as residents evacuate the area.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-for-extreme-fire-behavior-nbsp">Warning for extreme fire behavior&nbsp;</h2>



On Monday, before the fires broke out, the weather service office in Los Angeles warned that wind gusts could reach 100 miles per hour in some areas this week - creating the potential for "extreme fire behavior.” 



In addition to the Palisades Fire, three other significant blazes include the Eaton Fire in the Altadena region and the Hurst Fire in northern Sylmar. These fires have prompted further evacuations and continue to threaten numerous structures.&nbsp;



"L.A. County and all 29 fire departments in our county are not prepared for this type of widespread disaster," LA County Fire Chief Anthony C. Marrone said at a news conference. "There are not enough firefighters in L.A. County to address four separate fires of this magnitude."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-hurricane-of-fire">A hurricane of fire</h2>



High wind warnings and red flag warnings in effect across the region indicate that the critical fire weather conditions are ongoing.&nbsp;



Residents are advised to remain vigilant, adhere to evacuation orders, and stay informed through official channels as the situation evolves.



"Winds will not die down much until noon on Wednesday around Los Angeles," said meteorologist Ryan Maue on X. "The worst is yet to come in next few hours with 80-105 mph gusts. This is a hurricane of fire."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



Wildfires in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;



Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving flames rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area's diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;



Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;



Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly destructive.



—----



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Explosive wildfires in California fueled by hurricane-force winds

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains</h2>



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rainbow-mountains">The Rainbow Mountains</h2>



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. 



The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "colorful mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance.&nbsp;They are also known as the Rainbow Mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Wildlife of the Aladaghlar Mountains </h2>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-ecosystems-are-in-urgent-need-of-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. 



The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a>.



Among the larger mammals, the mountains host species such as brown bears, Persian leopards, and wild goats. The Aladaghlar Mountains also support smaller mammals, including foxes, hares, and various rodent species.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-influence-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birdlife</a> is abundant, including eagles, falcons, and a variety of songbirds. Reptiles like lizards and snakes are commonly found in the more humid areas, as well as amphibians.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-region">Cultural significance of the region</h2>



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. 



Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geology-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains-nbsp">Geology of the Aladaghlar Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The geological history of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is a fascinating tale of millions of years of natural processes.



The Aladaghlar Mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years. These sediments include sandstones, siltstones, shales, and conglomerates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mineral-deposition-nbsp">Mineral deposition&nbsp;</h3>



The varying colors of the Aladaghlar Mountains are largely due to the presence of different minerals in the sedimentary layers. For example, red and orange hues are typically due to iron oxides, while greens can result from copper compounds.



These minerals were deposited in the sedimentary rocks through processes such as chemical precipitation, biological activity, and the weathering of parent rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



The region has experienced significant tectonic activity due to its location near the convergent boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This tectonic activity has caused the uplift and folding of the sedimentary layers, creating the mountain range.



The compression and folding associated with tectonic movements have also contributed to the exposure of the colorful strata that were originally deposited horizontally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-and-weathering">Erosion and weathering</h3>



Over time, erosion and weathering processes have played a crucial role in shaping the Aladaghlar Mountains. 



Wind, water, and temperature variations have eroded the softer rock layers more quickly than the harder ones, creating the distinctive ridges and valleys seen today.



These erosive processes have also helped to expose the underlying layers, revealing the vibrant colors and intricate patterns that attract tourists and geologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tales and legends</h2>



One of the most famous tales associated with the Aladaghlar Mountains is that of a hidden treasure buried deep within the mountains by an ancient Persian king.&nbsp;



According to legend, the treasure is guarded by mystical creatures and can only be found by someone pure of heart and brave enough to face the challenges of the mountain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The shepherd and the fairy</h3>



Another local legend tells the story of a young shepherd who fell in love with a fairy he encountered in the Aladaghlar Mountains. The fairy granted the shepherd three wishes, but warned him that the wishes would come with consequences.&nbsp;



Despite the warning, the shepherd made his wishes, which ultimately led to his downfall, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The healing springs</h3>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are also said to be home to a spring with magical healing properties. According to folklore, those who bathe in the spring or drink its water are cured of all ailments.&nbsp;



However, the location of the spring is a closely guarded secret, known only to a few wise elders in the nearby villages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The spirit of the mountain&nbsp;</h3>



Some locals believe that the Aladaghlar Mountains are inhabited by a protective spirit, who watches over the land and its people.&nbsp;



This spirit is said to bring good fortune to those who respect the mountain and its natural beauty, but misfortune to those who exploit or harm it.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

The MODIS instrument, short for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of Earth ecosystem models, able to predict global changes, which then assist policy makers in making informed decisions about the protection of the global environment.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps are seen in this Image of the day&nbsp;from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at heavy snow and low clouds in the Alps. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

Heavy snow and cloud cover in the Alps

Monitoring Earth Changes with MODIS

Aqua is a NASA scientific research satellite that studies precipitation, evaporation, and water cycles. Terra and Aura make up the Earth Observing System. It's the second component of the system.

A frozen Lake Erie in February Today’s Image of the Day comes from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at a frozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/icy-lake-erie/">Lake Erie</a>, which is currently 93.3 percent iced over. A frozen Lake Erie in February
This false-color image was created using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Aqua satellite to differentiate between snow, ice, and clouds.
Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ (French: Lac Érié) is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 metres) deep. 
Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States, Lake Erie&#8217;s northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario, specifically the Ontario Peninsula, with the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on its western, southern, and eastern shores. These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries. 
The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native American people who lived along its southern shore. The tribal name &#8220;erie&#8221; is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan, meaning long tail
&#8212;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

A frozen Lake Erie in February

Aqua Earth Observing Satellite

This beautiful photo gallery contains 50 incredible images of Earth from Space. These images were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station, as well as by a multitude of NASA satellites orbiting the earth.

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean just south of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-blue-chrysanthemums-created/">Japan</a>.
This image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on July 31, 2017. 
At the time the photo was taken, Typhoon Noru was located just 250 kilometers south of Iwo Jima. Maximum sustained winds hit 150 miles per hour.
The storm briefly became a category 5 on July 30, before being downgraded to a category 4 one day later.
&#8211;
By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Source: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=90654&amp;eocn=home&amp;eoci=iotd_readmore">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Super Typhoon Noru in the Pacific Ocean

Incredible Images of Earth from Space

Photos from the International Space Station are found in this awesome Earth.com image gallery. Flat-earthers won't agree, but these incredible photos of the Earth were taken by astronauts onboard the International Space Station. The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit.

Northern Italy from the space station is seen here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> (ESA). The view includes the top half of the Italian Peninsula, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-burn-northern-corsica/">Corsica</a> and Sardinia off the coast. This image was captured by ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli on his third and final mission to the Space Station.

Northern Italy from the Space Station

Photos from the International Space Station

The audience held their breath in unison, captivated by the emotional pull of the music. When the melodies turned poignant, a shared stillness fell over the crowd. These remarkable reactions were among the early findings from the world's largest music experiment, conducted in June 2024.



Music researcher Alexander Refsum Jensenius collaborated with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's orchestra (KORK) and the radio program&nbsp;Abels tårn&nbsp;to explore the profound effects of live music. 



"A lot of music research has focused on reading sheet music. We study music as an experience, looking at what it does to our bodies, thoughts, and emotions. To do that, it's important to step out of the lab," Jensenius explained.



As the head of RITMO, a Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion at the University of Oslo, Jensenius led a remarkable initiative.



The experiment involved musicians, audience members, and even radio listeners, using cutting-edge technology to measure physiological responses to music.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-music-creates-unity">Emotional music creates unity </h2>



During the experiment, researchers used advanced tools to measure how people physically responded to live <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-has-the-power-to-change-the-mood-of-our-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>. 



Musicians and some audience members wore special vests equipped with sensors that tracked their breathing, heart rate, and physical movements.



The conductor used a motion-tracking suit and glasses, which monitored his hand gestures and gaze as he directed the orchestra. 



To study audience movements, reflective wristbands captured their motions, recorded by an infrared camera. Radio listeners, though not physically present, participated by answering surveys about their emotional reactions, adding valuable data to the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stillness-effect-of-emotionally-charged-music">Stillness effect of emotionally charged music</h2>



An intriguing discovery from this data was the "stillness effect." While music often encourages physical movement, such as tapping feet or swaying, the opposite occurred during certain emotionally charged moments. 



These intense sections of music caused the audience to sit completely still, as if transfixed. 



"We clearly observed that, at certain moments during the concert, the music compelled the audience to sit perfectly still," explained Jensenius.



This collective stillness reflected a profound shared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional experience</a>, creating a deeper bond between the audience members and enhancing their sense of connection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerts-as-catalysts-for-community">Concerts as catalysts for community</h2>



Jensenius highlighted the social dynamics of concerts, describing how they create bonds among strangers. 



"As social creatures, this likely explains why concerts are so popular. Findings regarding audience movement, stillness, and synchronized breathing illustrate how attending a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/play-any-kind-of-music-to-make-art-an-emotional-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concert</a> integrates us into a community," he noted.



Listening to live concerts on the radio also evoked a heightened emotional response compared to recordings. This highlights the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-music-help-plants-grow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique engagement</a> that live performances inspire, even from afar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-evokes-deep-memories">Music evokes deep memories </h2>



One particularly poignant moment occurred during a Beethoven piece that KORK had performed at the memorial ceremony following a terror attack in Norway. 



Musicians and audience members alike experienced a wave of powerful emotions, highlighting music's ability to evoke deep memories.



Among the audience, composer Edward Elgar's "Nimrod" from the&nbsp;Enigma Variations&nbsp;elicited a strong reaction, with many reporting goosebumps. Data revealed heightened heart rate variability, a physiological marker of emotional arousal. 



"People who score high on empathy tend to be more emotionally moved by music than others," said Jensenius.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-performances-without-a-conductor">Performances without a conductor</h2>



The experiment also examined how the presence or absence of a conductor influenced both the musicians and the audience. In one scenario, the conductor led the performance as usual, guiding the musicians with gestures and cues. 



In another, the conductor stepped aside, joined the orchestra as a player, and left the musicians to perform without a leader. This required the musicians to communicate more directly with one another, relying on heightened eye contact, attentive listening, and mutual understanding to keep the performance cohesive.



This shift significantly changed the dynamics of the performance. Without the guiding presence of a conductor, the musicians became more engaged with each other, promoting a stronger sense of collaboration and spontaneity. The music gained a unique intensity and energy, reflecting the musicians' active interaction and shared responsibility.



Interestingly, the audience's physiological responses mirrored this heightened dynamism. Data collected during the conductor-less performance indicated an increase in heart rate and engagement among audience members. 



These findings suggest that while a conductor can create polished and seamless performances, the raw, vibrant energy of a conductor-less orchestra resonates deeply - making the music feel more alive and emotionally impactful.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronizing-hearts-and-minds">Synchronizing hearts and minds</h2>



Preliminary findings suggest that musicians and audience members may synchronize their breathing during certain moments. This builds on prior research showing that musicians' heartbeats can synchronize during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/song-melodies-have-become-much-simpler-since-1950/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">performances</a>. 



"Music is a universal phenomenon, present in every culture and integral to daily life and ceremonies. But why does music have such a profound effect on us, and how can that power be harnessed? That's what we aim to offer more insight into," said Jensenius.



This remarkable study from <a href="https://www.uio.no/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oslo</a> not only deepens our understanding of music's universal appeal but also highlights its profound ability to connect us - body, mind, and soul.



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Live music connects people emotionally and physically

The audience held their breath in unison, captivated by the...

Montana rancher Arthur “Jack” Schubarth has been handed a six-month prison sentence for smuggling and using genetic material from protected sheep to create larger-than-average hybrids.&nbsp;



The 81-year-old, who owns a 215-acre livestock ranch, aimed to sell these gigantic sheep to commercial hunting sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smuggling-rare-sheep-genetics">Smuggling rare sheep genetics</h2>



The initial plan stretched over several years, beginning around 2013. <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/montana-man-sentenced-federal-wildlife-trafficking-charges-part-yearslong-effort-create" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Court documents</a> show that Schubarth brought parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marco Polo argali sheep</a> into the country from Kyrgyzstan without lawful documentation.



He saw a business opportunity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-using-forensic-science-to-fight-wildlife-trafficking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a> this majestic animal, known for its lengthy, curling horns and hefty size. 



He hoped a hybrid species would fetch more money in captive hunting markets, which feature exotic or oversized animals for high-paying clients.



Crossbreeding non-native sheep can threaten nearby wild herds by introducing diseases or interbreeding with local species.&nbsp;



These animals are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (<a href="https://cites.org/eng/disc/what.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CITES</a>) and the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/law/endangered-species-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Act </a>and are banned in Montana to safeguard native sheep from disease and genetic mixing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-marco-polo-argali-sheep">Understanding Marco Polo argali sheep</h2>



Named after the famous explorer, Marco Polo argali sheep roam the high-altitude steppes and rocky terrains, showcasing their incredible adaptability to harsh environments. 



They boast large, curling horns that can span up to four feet, making them one of the most striking wild sheep species in the world. 



Their thick, woolly coats keep them warm against the cold mountain winds, while their agile legs allow them to navigate steep cliffs and rocky outcrops with ease.



Conservation efforts play a crucial role in protecting the Marco Polo argali, as their populations face threats from habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illegal-sheep-hybrid-aimed-at-profit">Illegal sheep hybrid aimed at profit</h2>



Once Schubarth sneaked the argali parts into Montana, he delivered genetic samples to a laboratory that transformed them into embryos. 



These embryos were then implanted in ewes on his ranch. In a single instance, the outcome was a pure genetic Marco Polo argali, nicknamed Montana Mountain King (MMK).&nbsp;



Schubarth began selling MMK’s semen to out-of-state <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rats-can-sniff-out-horns-and-tusks-to-combat-wildlife-trafficking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeders</a>. He also used it on different species of ewes to get an even larger hybrid, despite strict prohibitions on such animals within Montana.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-laws-and-monetary-motive">Wildlife laws and monetary motive</h2>



Schubarth violated the <a href="https://fws.gov/law/lacey-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lacey Act</a>, a federal law banning interstate trade of wildlife taken or sold unlawfully. He also offended Montana <a href="https://archive.legmt.gov/bills/2013/mca/81/2/81-2-703.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statutes</a> that forbid bringing in certain animals and forging health certificates.&nbsp;



“Schubarth’s criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,” said <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-mt/meet-us-attorney" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jesse Laslovich</a>, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Montana.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybrid-sheep-threaten-local-wildlife">Hybrid sheep threaten local wildlife</h2>



The risk of contagious diseases was a major concern. <a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/print/pdf/node/1944#:~:text=Johne's%20disease%20is%20a%20contagious,agents%20of%20leprosy%20and%20TB." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johne’s disease</a>, a chronic wasting illness that spreads easily among hooved animals, appeared in some of Schubarth’s stock.



If infections had spread to Montana’s native bighorn sheep, entire herds could have been harmed. Bighorns are already vulnerable, and hybridization can damage their genetic integrity, according to ongoing research in wildlife ecology.



“This case exemplifies the serious threat that <a href="https://www.ice.gov/features/wildlife" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife trafficking</a> poses to our native species and ecosystems,” said Assistant Director <a href="https://www.fws.gov/staff-profile/edward-grace" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edward Grace</a> of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Office of Law Enforcement.&nbsp;



The Marco Polo argali itself is protected under the Endangered Species Act and monitored internationally by CITIES.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-illegal-crossbreeding">Consequences of illegal crossbreeding</h2>



Schubarth's focus on profit over preservation has led to serious consequences for creating illegal sheep hybrids.



Aside from serving six months in federal prison, the rancher must pay a $20,000 fine to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and make a $4,000 payment to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (<a href="https://www.nfwf.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NFWF</a>).



Officials say he put not only argali and bighorn sheep at risk but also any future livestock he managed. Mixing genetics of endangered or prohibited species can set dangerous precedents that undermine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-conservation-day-2024-saving-species-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



Beyond the fines, authorities intended to send a message. Schubarth’s case highlights how U.S. agencies cooperate to shut down smuggling rings and ensure penalties match the seriousness of the crime.&nbsp;



Federal investigators teamed up with Montana’s Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks to track the evidence, coordinate arrests, and charge every participant involved in the illegal commerce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stark-warning-for-wildlife-traffickers">Stark warning for wildlife traffickers</h2>



For many wildlife advocates, this outcome serves as a reminder that creating hybrids of animals like sheep, or manipulating protected species for financial gain, carries hefty penalties.



Conservation groups caution that unscrupulous breeders often endanger entire ecosystems by introducing diseases and weakening local genetic pools.&nbsp;



Though Schubarth insisted his intentions were business-oriented, officials say entrepreneurs must <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-animal-rights-day-2024-honoring-animals-with-justice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">respect boundaries</a> set by the Lacey Act and other legal frameworks designed to guard both animals and habitats.



In a letter presented at sentencing, Schubarth admitted he let his enthusiasm push him to search for loopholes to craft the “best sheep” for the market.&nbsp;



The court weighed his age and clean record, but <a href="https://www.mtd.uscourts.gov/chief-judge-brian-morris-chambers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Judge Brian Morris</a> made it clear that tampering with nature purely for profit will be addressed with firm legal action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



His story highlights the vital need for careful oversight. Biologists believe that preserving the true character of wild populations is crucial for maintaining healthy herds, balanced ecosystems, and future research opportunities.&nbsp;



Any intrusion that disrupts established conservation measures could produce a cascade of negative effects that may be impossible to reverse.



Information for this article was obtained from a <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/montana-man-sentenced-federal-wildlife-trafficking-charges-part-yearslong-effort-create">press release</a> by the Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice.



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US rancher cloned giant sheep for trophy hunting, now sent to federal prison

Montana rancher Arthur “Jack” Schubarth has been handed a six-month...

Birds, much like humans, experience complex relationship dynamics, including divorce. Some species remain loyal to one partner for life, while others change partners after just one breeding season. 



A recent study sheds new light on these patterns, revealing the evolutionary forces shaping bird behavior.



This study was led by Frigg Speelman from Macquarie University, in collaboration with scientists from the Netherlands, U.K., and Seychelles.



The findings provide fascinating insights into why birds stay together or opt for divorce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-switching-partners">Advantages of switching partners</h2>



For many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-bird-species-face-extinction-risks-in-the-neotropics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird species</a>, staying with the same partner for a long time often leads to better breeding results. 



When partners work together and become familiar with each other's behavior, they can more effectively raise their chicks. This teamwork increases the chances of the chicks surviving and thriving.



However, switching partners, or "divorcing," can sometimes offer advantages. A new partner might be of higher quality, meaning they are healthier, stronger, or better at parenting. 



Additionally, a different partner might come with access to a better nesting site, further improving the chances of survival and reproductive success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-divorce-among-monogamous-birds">Divorce among monogamous birds</h2>



Surprisingly, divorce is very common in socially monogamous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-navigate-using-clues-from-earths-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> species. It happens in over 90% of these species. 



In some cases, it can lead to better breeding success or even longer lifespans for the birds involved.



Scientists are studying these separations to understand what drives them and how they influence the birds' survival and reproductive strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-on-seychelles-warblers">Focus on Seychelles warblers </h2>



The current study drew upon 24 years of data collected on Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis), a small songbird species found on tropical islands.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> are well-suited for research because they rarely migrate, making them easy to monitor throughout their lives. Their average lifespan of 5.5 years allows researchers to gather detailed data on their relationships and breeding habits.



The research revealed that divorce in these warblers is influenced by several factors, including the number of eggs a pair produces, how long they have been together, and the age of the male. 



Pairs that produced fewer eggs were more likely to separate in the next breeding season, suggesting that reproductive success plays a key role in relationship stability. 



Male age was also significant, with middle-aged males (around 6–7 years old) having the lowest divorce rates. In contrast, younger and older males were more prone to experiencing breakups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-divorce-rates-among-warblers">Low divorce rates among warblers</h2>



Interestingly, divorce was relatively uncommon in this species, occurring in only 14% of partnerships. This is much lower than the 69% of pairings that ended due to the death of one partner (widowhood). 



The researchers believe that intense competition for limited breeding spots contributes to the low divorce rates, as finding a new partner or breeding opportunity can be challenging in their environment. 



This study highlights how environmental pressures and social dynamics influence the likelihood of divorce in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-birds-are-at-great-risk-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird species</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-bird-divorce">Consequences of bird divorce</h2>



Divorce among birds can sometimes lead to better opportunities, such as finding a higher-quality mate or a better nesting spot. However, it also comes with significant risks. 



For females, losing their breeding position after a breakup can be particularly harmful. These females are more likely to face challenges, such as reduced access to resources, which lowers their chances of survival.



The study found that, in the short term, divorced birds did not show any noticeable improvements in fitness, such as increased reproductive success or better survival rates. In the long run, the effects were even more concerning, especially for females who were displaced from their breeding roles. 



These females often struggled to regain their standing, leading to negative consequences for their overall survival and reproductive success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-bird-relationships">Lessons from bird relationships</h2>



This research from <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a> highlights the complex and intricate nature of bird relationships, revealing that their social lives are far more nuanced than previously believed. 



It challenges the assumption that bird partnerships are simple or solely instinct-driven, showing instead that birds adopt various strategies to adapt to their environments.



By studying these dynamics, scientists gain valuable insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-species-extinctions-are-far-more-impactful-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> navigate challenges like finding mates, raising offspring, and surviving in the wild. These behaviors shed light on the evolutionary strategies birds use to maximize their success.



Future research will focus on understanding whether bird divorce is a deliberate choice, aimed at improving survival and reproduction, or simply a response to challenging environmental conditions. 



Either way, the love lives of birds prove to be more intricate and fascinating than anyone might have imagined.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.14471" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Why some bird couples 'divorce' and some stay together forever

Birds, much like humans, experience complex relationship dynamics, including divorce....

Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked on top of each other, like a layered cake, with each layer representing a plate. In reality, those internal zones are complex and often full of surprises.



Seismologists have relied on specific types of earthquake waves to learn about Earth's subsurface, but now a different technique is painting a far more detailed picture.



This fresh perspective has led scientists to wonder if there is hidden material in places once believed to be empty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-mantle-the-basics">Understanding Earth's mantle - the basics</h2>



Earth’s mantle is the thick layer of rock that lies between the planet's crust and its core. It stretches about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) deep, making up around 84% of Earth's total volume. 



The mantle is primarily composed of silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium, and it's mostly solid, but it behaves like a thick, slow-flowing fluid over long periods of time. 



This flow is what drives the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causing earthquakes</a>, volcanic eruptions, and the shifting of continents. 



Heat from the Earth’s core causes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-is-slowing-down-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convection currents</a> in the mantle, where hot material rises, cools near the crust, and then sinks back down, creating a continuous cycle. This process plays a key role in shaping the planet's surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-plates-in-earth-s-mantle">Tectonic plates in Earth's mantle</h2>



The discovery stems from the use of a high-resolution method called <a href="https://library.seg.org/doi/10.1190/1.9781560803027.entry6">full-waveform inversion</a>. Scientists use this approach to interpret every type of <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-floor/layers-earth/compare-contrast-connect-seismic-waves-and-determining-earth-s-structure#">seismic wave</a> produced by earthquakes, rather than focusing on only one kind.



Because of that, they can build a more precise model of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-crust-is-dripping-under-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s internal structures</a>.&nbsp;



After applying this method to the lower mantle, researchers saw pockets that appear to be leftover plate fragments in areas with no known history of subduction. 



Following their analysis, they were startled by just how common these hidden anomalies seemed to be.



This work was led by a team that includes doctoral student <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/people/person-detail.Mjc3OTM4.TGlzdC82NjksNTE5NzQ3MzU0.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Schouten</a> from the <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Institute of ETH Zurich</a>, who collaborated with experts from the <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>.



Their combined efforts brought fresh insights that challenge assumptions about where old tectonic plate remnants might reside in Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-seismic-signals">Interpreting seismic signals</h2>



To understand how researchers got here, it helps to remember how seismic waves work. When an earthquake strikes, it sends waves radiating outward in all directions.



These waves bounce, bend, and shift as they travel through the planet. In much the same way that doctors use medical imaging techniques, geophysicists measure the time these waves take to reach various seismic stations around the globe.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/earth_lower-mantle_rock-zones_mysterious-sunken-worlds_credit-ETHZ_1s.webp" alt="Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich" class="wp-image-1956322"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich</figcaption></figure>



The velocity of those signals reveals details about rock density and stiffness. In previous years, scientists relied heavily on <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/108/5A/2894/546740/Generalized-Seismic-Phase-Detection-with-Deep?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particular seismic phases</a>. 



But by examining all available wave data instead, new shapes and densities were identified from Earth's lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-earth-s-mantle-important">Why is Earth's mantle important?</h2>



Over hundreds of millions of years, plates have formed, shifted, and sunk back into Earth’s interior. This <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB073i006p01959">cycling</a> plays a role in controlling phenomena like volcano formation, earthquakes, and the slow drift of continents.&nbsp;



Researchers have long known that slabs of subducted plates cluster under regions where one tectonic plate slides under another. 



So it came as a surprise when the new images revealed large slabs below oceans and continental interiors that lack a clear history of plate collisions.



That signals a possible complication in our understanding of how plates evolve and where they end up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-plate-under-the-pacific-ocean">Mysterious plate under the Pacific Ocean</h2>



One of the biggest surprises was in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sunken-oceans-discovered-between-earth-core-and-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zone</a> under the western Pacific. According to current plate tectonic timelines, there is no reason for old plate fragments to be there.&nbsp;



“Apparently, such zones in the Earth's mantle are much more widespread than previously thought,” said <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2">Schouten</a>.



No geologic data points to historical subduction nearby. This indicates that the anomalies might not be chunks of plates at all, or at least not in the way scientists originally imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-it-be-something-else">Could it be something else?</h2>



Scientists now face questions about the origin and nature of these structures.



Some say they may be ancient, silica-rich pockets left over from the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-mantle-shapes-surface-topography/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>. Others suggest they might be iron-rich accumulations that have drifted over billions of years.&nbsp;



Schouten explained that the new model reveals anomalies throughout the Earth's interior, but the exact materials or plate fragments responsible for these patterns remain unclear. 



This uncertainty suggests a more diverse range of compositions in the Earth's mantle than previously understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-for-deeper-understanding">Next steps for deeper understanding</h2>



Full-waveform inversion is a promising tool for these investigations, but it offers only a view of how fast or slowly waves move through the material. 



Researchers say they need further refinement to tease out chemical and thermal differences. 



Some are turning to additional datasets, including electromagnetic signals and data from mineral physics experiments. 



Combining those methods might highlight whether these mantle “blobs” are from primordial origins, from recycled ocean crust, or from something else entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-plate-tectonics">Implications for plate tectonics</h2>



If scientists confirm that more zones like these exist in Earth’s depths, they may have to adjust many theories about how heat moves through the planet. 



Such hidden zones might alter patterns of convection and the formation of mantle plumes.&nbsp;



The story of plate tectonics could also see updates, with new chapters on how plate fragments wander and transform in ways not previously documented. These discoveries remind us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-volcanic-hotspots-are-all-connected-to-earths-interior-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geoscience</a>, like any science, is never settled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-continues">The search continues</h2>



In the future, improved supercomputers may crunch even larger datasets to produce clearer images of Earth's lower mantle and its plate structures. That could resolve debates about the true nature of these mysterious anomalies.&nbsp;



By integrating various approaches - seismic, chemical, and computational - Earth scientists will keep uncovering pieces of our planet’s hidden complexity.



As Schouten’s team demonstrated, sometimes seeing the entire picture means looking beyond what we think we already know.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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"Sunken worlds" discovered under the Pacific ocean in Earth's mantle

Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked...

The coyote, one of North America's most adaptable predators, continues to surprise scientists with its resilience and counterintuitive survival strategies. 



Recent findings indicate that coyote populations are flourishing even in regions with active hunting efforts, raising questions about traditional wildlife management practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coyotes-thrive-in-hazard-prone-areas">Coyotes thrive in hazard-prone areas</h2>



A recent study reveals that coyote populations thrive in regions with active hunting programs, challenging assumptions about the effectiveness of such interventions in controlling their numbers.



Conducted by a wildlife biologist from the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a> in collaboration with colleagues across the country, the research highlights how coyotes have adapted to human interventions that typically decimate other species.



As U.S. landscapes have been increasingly altered by urbanization and habitat fragmentation over the past two centuries, many species have declined. 



Yet coyotes have expanded their range, filling ecological niches left vacant by the loss of larger predators such as bears, wolves, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-cougar-day-the-crucial-ecological-role-of-cougars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cougars</a>. 



Study co-author Austin Green is a researcher at the University of Utah. "Coyotes are bold generalists, eating anything from seeds, trash, roadkill, rodents, deer fawn, even pets," noted Green. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-study-rooted-in-observation-and-data">A study rooted in observation and data</h2>



The study leveraged data from Snapshot USA, a nationwide initiative using motion-triggered trap cameras to monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-mammals-live-depends-more-on-climate-than-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammal</a> populations. 



Over a three-year period, researchers deployed nearly 4,600 cameras across 254 transects in the contiguous United States, including six in Utah. 



These sites included City Creek and Red Butte canyons near Salt Lake City, as well as areas near St. George.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-picture-of-coyote-distribution">Comprehensive picture of coyote distribution </h2>



Study lead author Remington Moll is an assistant professor at the University of New Hampshire.



“The impressive Snapshot USA project provides a yearly glimpse into our nation’s wildlife thanks to hundreds of researchers and the coordination by the Smithsonian and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences,” said Moll.



Each transect covered 10 to 15 kilometers, with cameras spaced every 500 meters and mounted about 20 inches off the ground. 



The researchers analyzed factors such as urban development, biome type, food sources, competing species, and hunting pressure.



Over 3,100 coyote detections were statistically modeled against 22 covariates, providing a comprehensive picture of their distribution and abundance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coyote-abundance-and-hunting-pressure">Coyote abundance and hunting pressure </h2>



One of the study’s most striking findings is the positive association between coyote abundance and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunting-can-help-stabilize-wildlife-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting</a> pressure. 



At a 100-meter scale, regions with active coyote hunting showed a 97% positive correlation with population growth. This counterintuitive result can be explained by the species’ territorial behavior.



“Because they’re such territorial animals, if you remove the most territorial one, two or three take their place, start breeding, and you lead to actual increases in coyote population,” explained Green.



Unlike other carnivores such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clash-of-the-top-predators-wolves-are-eating-sea-otters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wolves</a> and cougars, which have been eradicated from much of their historical range due to hunting, coyotes appear to benefit from the same pressures. 



Loose regulations - including lack of seasonal restrictions, bag limits, or licensing requirements - may contribute to this phenomenon.



In Utah, a state program even pays $50 for every set of coyote ears submitted, resulting in thousands of animals being killed annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-wildlife-management">Implications for wildlife management</h2>



The study’s findings challenge traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loss-of-wildlife-happens-five-times-slower-in-protected-lands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> management strategies. 



While hunting has historically reduced populations of other species, it seems to have the opposite effect on coyotes, making it an ineffective tool for controlling their numbers.



Furthermore, the adaptability of coyotes - their ability to exploit diverse food sources and colonize new territories - ensures that their populations rebound even in areas where they have been eradicated.



This paradox highlights the need for innovative approaches to coexistence and population management that account for the unique resilience of this species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-s-most-adaptable-predator">North America’s most adaptable predator</h2>



As researchers continue to analyze data from Snapshot USA, which has compiled photographic wildlife records for seven years, new insights into coyote behavior and broader wildlife trends are likely to emerge. 



These findings not only enhance our understanding of North America’s most adaptable predator but also highlight the complexity of managing wildlife in an era of rapid environmental change. 



Such knowledge could inform future conservation strategies, ensuring a balanced coexistence between humans and wildlife in shared environments.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.07390" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecography</a>.



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Hunting coyotes may be fueling their population growth

The coyote, one of North America's most adaptable predators, continues...

From the shifting sands of the Saharan desert to the cracking glaciers in the chilly Antarctic, our Earth is constantly transforming right beneath our feet. The upcoming U.S.-India NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission is about to take us a step closer to understanding this ceaseless change and the intricate mechanisms behind it.



This remarkable satellite mission, set to launch in a few months, will track dynamic changes in Earth’s surface, from wetlands to ice sheets and disaster-hit infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nisar-revolutionizing-earth-observation">NISAR: Revolutionizing Earth observation</h2>



NISAR is a remarkable advancement in Earth observation, thanks to its unique dual-band radar system. This system combines two types of radar: the L-band, with a 25-centimeter wavelength, and the S-band, with a 10-centimeter wavelength. 



The L-band can penetrate through vegetation and observe larger features such as tree trunks, boulders, or the ground beneath forest canopies. In contrast, the S-band, with its shorter wavelength, is more sensitive to smaller surface-level features like leaves and fine textures.



The complementary nature of these two radar signals enables scientists to study a wide range of Earth’s features with greater precision. 



The L-band provides insights into broader and deeper structures, while the S-band focuses on finer surface details. Together, they offer a comprehensive view of Earth’s surface changes, capturing data on an unprecedented scale and frequency. 



“The planet’s surfaces never stop changing - in some ways small and subtle, and in other ways monumental and sudden,” said Paul Rosen, NISAR <a href="https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project</a> Scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



“With NISAR, we’ll measure that change roughly every week, with each pixel capturing an area about half the size of a tennis court.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-nisar-can-do">What NISAR can do</h2>



The NISAR satellite is designed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/take-a-glimpse-at-our-planets-new-ai-satellite-phsat2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observe</a> nearly all of Earth’s land and ice surfaces with exceptional precision. This means it can monitor changes across vast areas of the planet, including natural features like glaciers and forests. 



The satellite will track how glaciers move and whether they are melting or growing. It will also <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parker-solar-probe-will-fly-through-suns-atmosphere-tomorrow-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitor</a> forests to measure growth or loss, helping us understand how much carbon they absorb or release. Additionally, it will observe wetlands to track changes in these vital ecosystems.



Beyond natural processes, NISAR will focus on major events like earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. By detecting how the ground shifts during these events, it can provide critical information for disaster response teams. 



For instance, it can help assess damage and guide recovery efforts. This data will also contribute to a better understanding of the global carbon cycle - how carbon moves through the atmosphere, land, and oceans - which is essential for studying climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-an-early-radar-satellite">Legacy of an early radar satellite </h2>



NISAR is built on decades of radar technology advancements. Rosen noted that the concept of using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) began in the 1970s with NASA’s Seasat mission. 



Seasat was an early radar satellite. It was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the ocean. While Seasat operated for just a few months, it revolutionized how scientists study Earth.



The satellite inspired later missions that refined radar imaging and laid the groundwork for today’s sophisticated systems, like NISAR. 



This legacy demonstrates how earlier missions influenced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sentinel-2c-satellite-delivers-first-breathtaking-images-of-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern Earth observation</a> and continue to inspire scientists to innovate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-nisar-mission">Significance of the NISAR mission</h2>



The NISAR mission will generate massive datasets to benefit scientists and decision-makers alike. Whether monitoring soil moisture or studying cryospheric processes, the data will be freely accessible via cloud storage.



“Our data products will fit the needs of users across the mission’s science focus areas,” noted Rosen.



The NISAR mission highlights the power of international collaboration. NASA and <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISRO</a> began working together in 2014 to combine their strengths and expertise. 



Each agency contributed unique radar systems - NASA's L-band radar and ISRO's S-band radar - and together, they created a unified satellite mission to observe Earth.



This partnership wasn’t without challenges. With a 9,000-mile (14,500-kilometer) distance between them and operations across several time zones, coordination was complex. 



Teams on different continents built <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parker-solar-probe-completes-closest-ever-approach-to-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parts of the satellite</a>, which were later brought together in India for final assembly. Despite the logistical hurdles, the collaboration succeeded, demonstrating the commitment and innovation of both agencies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-global-challenges">Addressing global challenges </h2>



More than just advanced technology, NISAR symbolizes what can be achieved when nations work together. 



This mission reflects a shared dedication to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clusters-final-mission-a-fiery-return-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s changes</a> and addressing global challenges like climate change and disaster management.



As launch day approaches, NISAR stands as both a technological achievement and a beacon of international unity, ready to reveal valuable insights about our ever-changing planet.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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Satellite mission will closely monitor changes on Earth's surface

From the shifting sands of the Saharan desert to the...

Bats, often associated with mystery and folklore, have a much more profound impact on our ecosystems and society than we give them credit for. 



They play crucial roles in pollination, pest control, and seed dispersal. Far from the myths surrounding these animals, bats are contributing members of a significant number of healthy and balanced ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-and-sustainable-development-goals">Biodiversity and sustainable development goals</h2>



According to a recent study, these winged nocturnal creatures play a pivotal role in our efforts to achieve global biodiversity and sustainable development goals.



The research, led by <a href="https://www.batcon.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bat Conservation International</a> (BCI), provides a fresh perspective. It highlights the significant advantages that preserving bats can bring to nature and humanity.



By examining the interconnected benefits of bat conservation, the study sheds light on how protecting these animals is crucial for environmental stability and human well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-conservation-a-powerful-tool">Bat conservation: A powerful tool</h2>



The researchers have laid out an interesting roadmap, illustrating how the effort of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserving bats</a> can contribute tremendously to societal goals.



The team closely examined five ecosystem services that benefited from bats and 36 specific conservation actions.



The analysis revealed that protecting bats noticeably contributes to a vast majority of the targets outlined in the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).



"Bats are integral parts of socioenvironmental systems, and their conservation offers a powerful opportunity to strengthen global efforts to meet the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and United Nations Sustainable Development targets by 2030," said Dr. Luz De Wit, BCI’s Director of One Health.



Dr. De Wit also emphasized the broad benefits of bat conservation such as bolstering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and human well-being, supporting sustainable agriculture and capacity development, advancing ecosystem restoration, and even propelling technological innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-societies-healthier-economies">Stronger societies, healthier economies</h2>



The experts presented several practical examples of the positive outcomes of bat preservation efforts. They emphasized the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-cities-must-be-designed-to-protect-biodiverse-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protecting habitats</a> like caves where endangered bats live.



Such conservation initiatives can lead to job opportunities for local residents, educational opportunities for students, and economic prosperity due to reduced pesticide use and the consequent decrease in pest damage.



“Investing limited resources in conservation and in societal development is often seen as a conflict of interests. But investing in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pronghorn-lessons-conservation-crucial-preventing-species-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species conservation</a> benefits both of these goals," noted Dr. Winifred Frick, BCI’s Chief Scientist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-reach-of-bat-conservation">Expanding the reach of bat conservation</h2>



The study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to conservation that integrates societal benefits with biodiversity goals. 



Protecting bats provides a unique opportunity to address global challenges by focusing on interconnected outcomes. 



For instance, safeguarding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-tourism-affect-cave-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cave</a> habitats, which serve as critical refuges for endangered bats, not only preserves biodiversity but also empowers local communities through education and employment. 



These efforts demonstrate how species-based conservation can support human development while tackling environmental crises. The connectivity mapping approach used in the study could serve as a model for other species conservation programs.



By identifying specific co-benefits of conservation actions, practitioners can tailor their initiatives to deliver broader social and economic impacts. 



This methodology also highlights the importance of strategic resource allocation, ensuring that conservation investments create measurable benefits across multiple domains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-future-built-on-collaboration">A future built on collaboration</h2>



Achieving the goals outlined in the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) requires collaborative action at all levels of society. 



Governments, non-governmental organizations, and local communities must work together to implement evidence-based conservation strategies. 



Programs like those highlighted by Bat Conservation International (BCI) show how partnerships between conservationists, educators, and policymakers can maximize the impact of species-focused efforts.



Public engagement also plays a crucial role. Increasing awareness about the societal benefits of bat conservation can inspire communities to participate in local initiatives, such as habitat restoration or eco-tourism projects. 



These efforts not only enhance environmental stewardship but also cultivate a sense of shared responsibility for global biodiversity.



The study’s findings highlight a critical message: conservation is not just about preserving nature - it is a pathway to building resilient, sustainable societies.



By protecting bats and other species, we can unlock solutions to some of the world’s most pressing challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.1307" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation letters</a>.



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Bat conservation benefits human health and the environment

Bats, often associated with mystery and folklore, have a much...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...