<h2>Gore-Tex</h2>
Registered to W. L. Gore, Gore-Tex is a waterproof/breathable fabric that was co-invented by Wilbert L. Gore and Rowena Taylor. In 1976, Robert Gore was granted a patent for a porous form of polytetrafluoroethylene with a micro-structure characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils. Gore was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.
PTFE is created by using an emulsion polymerization process that utilizes the fluorosurfactant PFOA. Gore-Tex materials are typically based on thermo-mechanically expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
<h3>It used in a wide variety of applications such as:</h3>
<ul>
<li>high performance fabrics</li>
<li>medical implants</li>
<li>filter media</li>
<li>insulation for wires and cables</li>
<li>gaskets</li>
<li>sealants</li>
</ul>
Gore-Tex is known for its protective rain wear.
The basic rain wear consists of two layers where the outer layer is typically nylon or polyester which provides strength. The inner layer is polyurethane and provides water resistance at the cost of breathability.
The early designs of Gore-Tex fabric use a porous fluoropolymer membrane as the inner later that was bonded to a fabric. This membrane had around 9 billion pores per square inch. The pores are smaller than water droplets and are impenetrable to liquid. This Teflon membrane was layer found to be easily damaged when exposed. This resulted in a third layer being added. Lastly a loose fabric shell is added to the garment in order to protect the sandwich membrane although this design has been criticized for reduced performance.
<h3>&#8211;</h3>
Vent and Epic avoid the need for inner PU coating and have been shown to have better breathability while still being rainproof. Dirt and even human sweat can block the pores that allow breathability in the Gore-Tex and should therefore be kept as clean as possible for performance reasons. Through cleaning and normal use the Durable Water Repellent treatment on the surface of the fabric can be reduced. Gore-Tex requires that all garments made of their material have taping over the seams to eliminate leaks. The Windstopper, Gore’s sister product, is similar to Gore-Tex yet it is windproof and breathable although not waterproof.
It is also utilized as a replacement for torn anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament as well as being used to coat instrument strings. Gore-Tex material is also a key component of a new fuel cell design of hybrid cars.

What is Gore-Tex?

Our understanding of the human genetic code may need a serious update. A global consortium of researchers has confirmed that our genomes contain tens of thousands of "dark" genes.



These hidden sequences in our DNA can code for tiny proteins, some of which play roles in critical processes such as cancer and immunology. This discovery reshapes our view of the genome's complexity.



The research was led by Eric Deutsch, a proteomicist at the Institute of Systems Biology. The findings highlight gaps in the Human Genome Project’s records from 20 years ago and focus attention on the need for ongoing genomic exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-the-human-genome-project">Revisiting the Human Genome Project</h2>



The Human Genome Project provided the first complete sequence of the human genome. However, it left many questions unanswered. 



Early estimates suggested the genome might contain more genes than initially discovered. Advances in technology now reveal that some of these missing elements were overlooked due to their subtle nature.



These "dark" genes reside in regions previously labeled as "junk <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-secret-code-called-spatial-grammar-may-rewrite-genetics-textbooks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a>." Scientists dismissed these areas as non-functional, but they are now proving to hold essential instructions.



Short DNA sequences, known as non-canonical open reading frames (ncORFs), initiate the coding for small proteins. These sequences often went undetected because they lack the long codes typically used to identify genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-non-canonical-genes">What are non-canonical genes?</h2>



Non-canonical genes differ from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/selfish-dna-transposons-control-early-human-development-not-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conventional genes</a>. Their shorter start sequences make them harder to identify. Despite this, they function similarly as templates for making RNA, which is then used to produce proteins.



Some of these proteins consist of only a few amino acids. Intriguingly, hundreds of such tiny proteins have been found in cancer cells.



The researchers identified these ncORFs by analyzing data from over 95,000 experiments. These studies used mass spectrometry to detect protein fragments and cataloged snippets recognized by our immune systems.



Such methods revealed the presence of previously unknown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gene-regulation-controlling-cells-to-improve-medical-treatments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic codes</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biomedical-relevance-of-dark-genes">Biomedical relevance of dark genes</h2>



The newly identified ncORFs could have significant implications in medicine.



"We believe the identification of these newly-confirmed ncORF proteins is immensely important," noted the researchers.



"Their proteins may have direct biomedical relevance, which is manifested in the growing interest in targeting such cryptic peptides with cancer immunotherapy, including cellular therapies and therapeutic vaccines."



Some of the genes that encode these proteins are transposons. These are sequences that move within the genome, sometimes originating from viral DNA.



Other genes may produce aberrant proteins, appearing only in specific conditions, such as in cancer samples. These proteins might not naturally belong in the human body, which adds complexity to their study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-genetic-library">Expanding the genetic library</h2>



Out of 7,264 sets of non-canonical genes identified, the researchers confirmed that at least a quarter produce proteins. 



This adds over 3,000 new peptide-coding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-transfer-longevity-gene-hoping-to-extend-human-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genes</a> to the human genome. However, the team believes there are tens of thousands yet to be discovered. 



Previous techniques lacked the sensitivity to detect these genes. Their discovery opens new avenues in biomedical research.



"We might have a whole new class of drug targets for patients," said John Prensner, a neurooncologist at the University of Michigan. 



The tools developed during this research will allow other scientists to uncover even more hidden genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-dark-genes">Future research on dark genes</h2>



The ongoing discovery of dark genes highlights the dynamic nature of genomic research. These findings remind us that understanding the human genome remains a work in progress. Advances in technology and continued exploration will likely reveal further complexities.



The study’s insights into non-canonical genes offer exciting prospects for understanding disease mechanisms. They also open possibilities for developing targeted therapies. 



As scientists continue to explore this dark genetic matter, our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-evolution-not-random-gene-families-pangenome-influence-called-revolutionary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">knowledge of human biology</a> will deepen, potentially transforming avenues of medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The discovery of dark genes highlights the vast complexity of the human genome. These hidden sequences not only expand our genetic library but also provide new opportunities for medical advancements. 



With the development of new tools and techniques, researchers are uncovering the untapped potential of these genes. 



The journey to fully understand our genetic blueprint has only just begun, and promises a future rich with discovery and innovation.



The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.09.612016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioRxiv</a>. 



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tens of thousands of hidden 'dark genes' discovered in humans

Our understanding of the human genetic code may need a...

Sustainability in cattle farming has taken a promising step forward. Researchers discovered that feeding a seaweed supplement to grazing beef cattle can reduce methane emissions by nearly 40%.



This study demonstrates that environmental benefits can align with cattle health and productivity.



Professor Ermias Kebreab, a researcher at the University of California (UC), Davis, led the team behind this study. Earlier findings showed that seaweed could cut methane emissions by 82% in feedlot cattle and over 50% in dairy cows.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cattle-grazing">Understanding cattle grazing</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grazing-animals-have-an-unexpected-role-in-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cattle grazing</a> is an important part of farming around the world. It makes use of land that can’t be used for crops, turning grass into food and other useful products. 



Grazing also helps keep grasslands healthy, supports wildlife, and reduces the risk of wildfires.



 The management of grazing cattle varies significantly based on geography, climate, and available resources.



In arid regions, rotational grazing helps preserve soil quality and ensures pasture regeneration. In wetter areas, continuous grazing may be possible due to faster grass regrowth. Proper grazing techniques also minimize soil compaction and erosion, contributing to long-term land health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-circular-farming-practices">Circular farming practices </h2>



Additionally, grazing systems often integrate with other agricultural practices. For instance, cattle can graze on crop residues post-harvest, reducing waste and enriching the soil with organic matter. 



This integration supports circular farming approaches, which enhance sustainability and resource efficiency.



Despite its benefits, cattle grazing must be carefully managed to avoid overgrazing, which can deplete vegetation, increase soil erosion, and reduce water retention capacity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-emissions-in-cattle">Methane emissions in cattle</h2>



Livestock contribute 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, primarily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-reductions-in-methane-emissions-are-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">released by cattle through burping</a>, constitutes the largest share. 



Grazing cattle, that consume more fiber from grass, produce more methane compared to feedlot cattle or dairy cows. The United States alone is supports 9 million dairy cows and over 64 million beef cattle, making the mitigation of methane production crucial.



"Beef cattle spend only about three months in feedlots and most of their lives grazing on pasture," explained Professor Kebreab.



"We need to make this seaweed additive or any feed additive more accessible to grazing cattle to ensure sustainable farming while meeting global meat demand."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-reducing-methane-emissions">Challenges in reducing methane emissions</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-a-pill-stop-cows-from-burping-methane/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lowering methane emissions</a> in grazing cattle presents unique difficulties. Unlike feedlot or dairy cows, grazing cattle roam far from ranches for extended periods, which makes daily supplementation complicated. 



However, ranchers often provide dietary supplements during winter or when grass availability declines. This study aimed to overcome these logistical barriers.



The researchers conducted a 10-week experiment on a Montana ranch, dividing 24 beef steers into two groups.



One group received the seaweed supplement in pellet form, while the other did not. Despite voluntary intake, emissions dropped by nearly 40% in the supplemented group.



Professor Kebreab noted that most previous research took place in controlled settings. Fewer than half of these methods are effective for grazing cattle. This study represents a significant step in addressing the challenges unique to pasture-based systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-seaweed-reduces-methane-in-cattle">How seaweed reduces methane in cattle</h2>



Seaweed supplements reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-have-emerged-as-major-source-of-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a> by interfering with the gut microbes responsible for producing methane. The researchers suggest delivery mechanisms like lick blocks to make supplementation more practical for ranchers.



"This method paves the way to make a seaweed supplement easily available to grazing animals," said Professor Kebreab. 



Lick blocks could simplify the process, ensuring consistent access for cattle even in remote grazing areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-social-benefits">Environmental and social benefits</h2>



Pastoral farming sustains millions of people globally, often in regions most vulnerable to climate change. 



This study on reducing methane emissions in beef cattle offers a scalable solution to improve environmental sustainability while supporting livelihoods. By reducing emissions, cattle grazing could contribute positively to global efforts against climate change.



Professor Alison Van Eenennaam from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> highlighted related efforts in the same&nbsp;PNAS&nbsp;issue. Her article emphasizes improving livestock efficiency in low- and middle-income countries through better genetics, feeding, and health practices. 



"This approach is key to meeting global meat demand while limiting greenhouse gas emissions," said Professor Eenennaam.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seaweed-supplements-and-methane-mitigation">Seaweed supplements and methane mitigation</h2>



The research marks a significant advancement in sustainable cattle farming. It bridges the gap between practical challenges and environmental goals, ensuring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-will-boost-methane-emissions-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> mitigation without compromising cattle health or productivity.



Supported by Matador Ranch in Dillon, Montana, this work sets the stage for broader implementation of seaweed supplements worldwide.



Postdoctoral researchers Paulo de Méo Filho and John-Fredy Ramirez-Agudelo also contributed to the study. The findings highlight the importance of innovative, science-based approaches to combat climate change while supporting global food security.



Future research may refine supplementation methods further, making them accessible to a wider range of farming systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2410863121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (PNAS).



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Seaweed supplements reduce methane in grazing cattle

Sustainability in cattle farming has taken a promising step forward....

Is it possible to combat climate change and feed a growing population using the land resources we have?



The ideal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C will involve a mammoth task. To make this happen, we need not just dramatic reductions in humanity's greenhouse gas emissions but also a careful reconsideration of how we use our land.



This approach would allow us to control climate change while ensuring that enough land is retained to feed the world and maintain ecological health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fight-for-1-5-c">The fight for 1.5°C</h2>



Our planet's landscapes have an expanding responsibility in the war against climate change. Their task is two-fold: drawing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> out of the atmosphere and generating clean energy.



Strategies for removing carbon dioxide include afforestation/reforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and direct air capture. 



Clean energy like wind and solar power, along with sustainable bioenergy cultivation, are just some of the potential sustainable uses of land.



But as we reallocate more land to combat climate change, we must also think of long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potassium-depletion-in-agricultural-soils-threatens-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a> and the well-being of our ecosystems.



The trade-offs in these climate mitigation strategies are often complex, in terms of both their costs and benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-options-to-tackle-climate-change">Land use options to tackle climate change</h2>



A new study stands at the forefront of this conversation. Researchers from the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy (CS3) have used the Integrated Global System Modeling (IGSM) framework to analyze the cost-effectiveness and potential of different land-based climate mitigation options.



In this analysis, the researchers have used Sky2050, a climate-stabilization scenario developed by Shell, to calculate the growing demand for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioenergy-can-slow-climate-change-but-the-window-is-closing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioenergy</a> and natural carbon sinks, as well as the need for sustainable farming and food production.



By using the global hectare (gha) as the standard unit of measurement (one gha equals 10,000 square meters), they've examined whether there's enough land to balance these competing needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-changes-in-policy">Transformative changes in policy</h2>



The results offer a glimmer of hope. The experts found that with transformative changes in policy, land management practices, and consumption patterns, our planet has enough land to meet its needs sustainably.



Furthermore, these changes could help reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, thus aligning with the 1.5°C goal.



The strategies mentioned include stopping deforestation, accelerating reforestation and afforestation, promoting advances in sustainable agriculture technology and practice, reducing agricultural and food waste, and incentivizing consumers to opt for sustainably produced goods.



The CS3 study suggests that if these changes are implemented, 2.5–3.5 gha of land could be used to capture 3–6 gigatons (Gt) of CO2 per year as part of nature-based solutions, while 0.4–0.6 gha could be used for energy production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-the-world-in-a-hotter-climate">Feeding the world in a hotter climate </h2>



CS3 Principal Research Scientist Angelo Gurgel, the study's lead author, reassures us that there is enough land to support a 1.5°C future as long as effective policies at national and global levels are in place. 



Gurgel emphasizes that these policies must promote efficient use of land for food, energy, and nature, and that long-term commitments are needed from government and industry decision-makers.



While combating climate change and feeding the world simultaneously is a monumental challenge, it's not an impossible task. 



By making sustainable and transformative changes, maintaining an effective balance between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food production</a> and climate action may be within our reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-consumer-behavior">The role of consumer behavior </h2>



Consumer behavior is as important for the optimization of land use in the face of policy and technological advancement.



Individual diet choices, consumption patterns, and waste management practices all shape demand for agricultural land and associated greenhouse gas emissions.



Transitioning to plant-based diets, for instance, can reduce the land required for livestock farming. This would free up space for afforestation and renewable energy production.



Moreover, reducing food waste at both household and industrial levels can alleviate the pressure on agricultural systems, allowing for a more sustainable allocation of resources.



Education and awareness campaigns that&nbsp;will&nbsp;encourage consumers to&nbsp;choose&nbsp;products&nbsp;produced with sustainability in mind can&nbsp;increase&nbsp;demand for responsible land management practices.



The societal influence that creates a shift towards more environmentally friendly consumption will enhance the efficacy of land-based climate mitigation strategies to ensure a future where climate stability and food security are intertwined.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1393327/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Transformative action needed to feed the world in a warmer climate

Is it possible to combat climate change and feed a...

Can you imagine surviving the chilly winter months without food or water? Sounds impossible to us, but for the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, a small creature of the North American plains, this is pretty much normal.



They manage to weather the cold seamlessly, without a drop of water or a morsel of food during their lengthy hibernation period.



This intriguing phenomenon has become the focus of a new investigation by a group of molecular and physiology specialists.



At the <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University School of Medicine</a>, a dedicated group of scientists has been studying the peculiar bio-mechanics of these squirrels.



Their remarkable findings have recently been published, shedding light on the arcane winter survival secrets of these extraordinary creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-squirrels-sleep-through-the-cold">How squirrels sleep through the cold</h2>



Documented research over the years has revealed that these ground squirrels hibernate for six to eight months every year during the unforgiving North American <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a>.



During this entire hibernation period, they neither consume food nor drink water, even during their sporadic and brief moments of wakefulness.



In their recent endeavor, the scientists sought to unravel the enigma of how such a phenomenon could be possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-squirrel-balancing-act">Squirrel balancing act</h2>



Deepening their investigation into the biochemistry of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-hibernating-squirrels-can-teach-space-travelers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hibernating squirrels</a>, the Yale University team discovered that these critters maintain their blood ion levels close to the levels found in active squirrels. 



They accomplish this by effectively conserving water in their bodies and relocating ion reserves into areas of their bodies where they wouldn't be absorbed into the bloodstream.



The study also brought to light an interesting facet of the squirrel's hormonal activity. Certain hormones in the squirrel’s body act as antidiuretics that aid in water retention.



Furthermore, the areas in the squirrel's brain responsible for the production of such hormones remained active, even during hibernation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-off-thirst-how-do-they-do-it">Turning off thirst: How do they do it?</h2>



The researchers were most eager to uncover the mechanism that allowed the squirrels to switch off their thirst during times of hibernation.



The team observed that when they offered water to the squirrels awakened from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ground-squirrels-have-changed-their-hibernation-patterns-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hibernation</a>, or during their fleeting waking periods, the squirrels adamantly refused to drink. There was no apparent struggle to suppress the desire for water either.



On the other hand, the squirrels readily accepted an offering of salt, hinting at its role in the hibernation process.



In their quest to find the underlying mechanisms that control thirst, the researchers analyzed protein expression in the brain, neural activity, and the neurons’ response to thirst-triggering hormones. 



They discovered that the neurons responded in the same manner they would when the squirrels were not in hibernation. It seems that a certain brain mechanism prevents the neuronal signals from triggering the sensation of thirst.



Although the elusive mechanism that controls this thirst suppression remains a mystery, the team is undeterred.



The researchers are determined in their pursuit, believing that understanding how a mammal like a squirrel can survive the harsh conditions of hibernation, with body temperatures plummeting to near freezing, might provide invaluable insights for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-disruption-threatens-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human survival</a> in extreme situations, such as lengthy space missions or enduring long surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-survival">Implications for human survival</h2>



The fascinating discoveries about the hibernation mechanisms of thirteen-lined ground squirrels have implications that go far beyond the animal kingdom.



Scientists believe these insights could revolutionize our understanding of human survival under extreme conditions. 



For instance, the ability to suppress thirst and conserve resources efficiently could inform the development of advanced medical techniques for patients undergoing prolonged surgeries or recovering in intensive care units.



Moreover, the study holds promise for space exploration. As missions to Mars and beyond become increasingly plausible, replicating these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-are-squirrels-adapting-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptive traits</a> could help astronauts endure long-duration space travel. 



Researchers envision that mimicking such biochemical and neural processes might pave the way for humans to sustain life in resource-scarce environments without jeopardizing their health.



The tiny squirrel’s ability to endure months of extreme cold and scarcity serves as a remarkable biological blueprint for overcoming challenges that humans may face in the future. 



This makes these seemingly ordinary creatures extraordinary in terms of their potential impact on science and innovation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp8358" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How squirrels survive winter without food or water

Can you imagine surviving the chilly winter months without food...

In a world where the mysteries of early mankind continue to captivate us, a team of researchers has unveiled a fascinating connection between prehistoric rock art and acoustics, hinting towards a purposeful selection of sites for their sound-reflecting properties. 



This intriguing connection could offer insights into our ancestors' perceptions and how they interacted with their environment.



The investigation into this peculiar aspect of prehistoric rock paintings began at the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, where an enthralling project took place. 



Researchers posed the following question: were rock painting sites randomly selected, or did they have certain unique attributes that appealed to our ancestors? They found the answer in an unexpected form - sound.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-symphony-carved-in-stone">A symphony carved in stone</h2>



Testing a wide range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-cave-painting-discovered-in-indonesia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rock painting</a> sites, the team performed acoustic impulse response measurements in front of 37 such locations.



The researchers discovered that the same vertical rock surfaces showcasing the painted elk, humans, and boats were also excellent sound reflectors. Their findings, which were indeed unusual, were published in the journal Sound Studies.



It seems that our ancestors' choice of art location - often cliffs adjoining lakes - was also acoustically special.



When the lake levels remained stable, the exceptionally sleek rock surfaces generated distinct single-repeat echoes. These auditory mirror images seem to emanate from behind the rock walls, giving an illusory perception of reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sound-of-prehistoric-art">The sound of prehistoric art</h2>



However, jagged lakeshore cliffs and contemporary dwelling sites on the sandy shores of the same water bodies were found to produce much weaker or barely any audible echoes.



Collecting acoustic data required a unique approach. The researchers used a custom-designed recording raft or took measurements during winter from the frozen lake surface.



The data underlined an engrossing fact - the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-hunter-gatherers-had-a-very-organized-domestic-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunter-gatherers</a> approaching the rock painting sites by water were entering an extraordinary sensory environment where reality sounded doubled.



"According to the psychoacoustic criterion used, the echoes are so strong that there is no reason to assume that the people in the past did not hear them," said archaeologist Riitta Rainio.



"So, people heard the painted elks talking and the human figures responding with a voice that resembled their own."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-paintings-by-the-water">Rock paintings by the water </h2>



Ethnomusicologist Julia Shpinitskaya expressed considerable excitement over the project's outcomes. 



"Although the sounds produced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-humans-used-ancient-plant-fiber-technology-to-make-tools-39000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric people</a> are beyond our reach, this study brings out one key feature of the sensory experiences associated with rock paintings by the water - that sound reflections strongly participated in the activities, making the cliffs energetic and active agents," said Shpinitskaya.



The likelihood of communicating reciprocally with the physical environment or more-than-human reality might have been a vital reason why these cliffs were visited and decorated by ancient artists, and why offerings were left in them.



Offering a new perspective on the history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-humans-used-conch-shell-sounds-to-organize-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound</a> and music, this study illuminates how meaningful sound reflections could have been in past societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prehistoric-art-and-the-human-sound-connection">Prehistoric art and the human-sound connection</h2>



The discovery of the connection between acoustics and prehistoric art offers a fascinating glimpse into the ways in which early humans perceived and interacted with their environment.



For ancient hunter-gatherer societies, these sound-reflecting cliffs may have been more than just visually compelling canvases - they were vibrant, multisensory spaces that resonated with cultural and spiritual significance.



The interplay of visual artistry and acoustic phenomena suggests that prehistoric art was not merely decorative but deeply integrated into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-sheds-light-on-neolithic-rituals-involving-human-bones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rituals</a>, myths, and practices of early communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evoking-a-sense-of-the-supernatural">Evoking a sense of the supernatural</h2>



By painting these vertical rock faces, early humans could have been creating a space where art and sound merged to evoke a sense of the supernatural. 



The echoes may have amplified the artistic expressions, creating a dynamic experience where the visual representations of animals and humans seemed to come alive through sound.



This synthesis of visual and auditory stimuli potentially played a critical role in shaping the people's understanding of the world and their place within it, making prehistoric art a profound reflection of their sensory and cultural landscape.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sound Studies</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Acoustic echoes may have inspired prehistoric rock art

In a world where the mysteries of early mankind continue...

In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unearthed fossils of tiny whiteflies preserved in incredible detail. 



These fossils, found in Miocene-age sediments at Hindon Maar near Dunedin, measure about 1.5mm by 1.25mm (0.059 inches by 0.049 inches). Despite their small size, the fossils reveal essential insights into ancient ecosystems.



Dr. Uwe Kaulfuss from the University of Göttingen in Germany led the excavation that uncovered these minute yet extraordinary specimens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whitefly-fossils-and-their-preservation">Whitefly fossils and their preservation</h2>



Adult whiteflies measure about 3mm (0.12 inches), while immature ones are even smaller.



The fossils discovered at Hindon Maar are preserved in their natural living positions, attached to the underside of fossil leaves. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemicals-are-changing-insects-in-subtle-yet-deadly-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>, with oval black bodies, share similarities with modern whiteflies but feature distinctly defined body segments separated by deep sutures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-discovery-of-whitefly-fossils">Rare discovery of whitefly fossils</h2>



"Fossils of adult whitefly insects are not uncommon, but it takes extraordinary circumstances for the puparia – the protective shell the insect emerges from – to become fossilised," Dr. Kaulfuss explained.



"Some 15 million years ago, the leaf with the puparia must have become detached from a tree, blown into the small lake and sank to the deep lake floor to be covered by sediment and become fossilized. It must have happened in rapid succession as the tiny insect fossils are exquisitely preserved."



According to Dr. Kaulfuss, this new genus and species confirm that whiteflies were part of ancient forest ecosystems on New Zealand’s South Island.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-whitefly-fossils">Importance of whitefly fossils</h2>



Professor Daphne Lee from the <a href="https://www.otago.ac.nz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Otago</a>’s Department of Geology emphasized the rarity and significance of these fossils.



"The fact that they are still in life position on the leaf is incredible and extremely rare. These little fossils are the first of their kind to be found in New Zealand and only the third example of such fossil puparia known globally," said Professor Lee.



Twenty years ago, only seven insect fossils older than the Ice Ages had been found in the country. Today, that number exceeds 750, with most housed at the Otago Geology Department. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-biodiversity">Broader implications for biodiversity</h2>



The findings from whiteflies' fossils showcase the long history of insects in Aotearoa New Zealand. 



With 14,000 insect species in the country - 90 percent of which are unique to New Zealand - these fossils add a critical data point for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary histories</a>.



"Discovery of these minute fossils tells us this group of insects has been in Aotearoa New Zealand for at least 15 million years. This provides a well-dated calibration point for molecular phylogenetic studies," explained Professor Lee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-knowledge-through-collaboration">Expanding knowledge through collaboration</h2>



The discovery from <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a> is part of a broader trend of uncovering new insect fossils in Otago. 



In addition to whiteflies, researchers have identified fossils of danceflies, craneflies, phantom midges, and marsh beetles this year. 



These studies highlight extensive global collaborations, with contributions from scientists in Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-value-of-small-fossils">Value of small fossils</h2>



While large fossils often capture public attention, Professor Lee stressed the significance of tiny fossils. 



Most animals in forests are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-leaf-eating-insects-have-a-huge-impact-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>. These small but vital creatures form the backbone of forest ecosystems. 



Each discovery - whether whiteflies or other insects - adds to the growing appreciation of their ecological roles in shaping ancient environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-whiteflies">More about whiteflies</h2>



Whiteflies belong to the insect family Aleyrodidae and are known for their small size and winged forms. These insects thrive in warm climates and are often found on the underside of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. 



Whiteflies are significant agricultural pests, as their feeding habits can damage crops and transmit plant diseases. Their life cycle consists of four main stages: egg, nymph, pupa, and adult, with each stage adapted to different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-are-changing-color-to-adapt-to-human-destruction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental conditions</a>.



Despite their agricultural impact, whiteflies also play a role in ecosystems by serving as food for predators like ladybugs and lacewings. Their ability to adapt to various plant hosts and environments has made them a subject of study in evolutionary biology. 



Research on modern whiteflies often focuses on controlling their population while understanding their genetic diversity. These studies provide a backdrop for examining their ancient counterparts, highlighting changes and continuities over millions of years.



Ultimately, the discovery of whitefly fossils at Hindon Maar offers a rare glimpse into New Zealand’s ancient forests. These fossils not only enhance our understanding of past biodiversity but also highlight the importance of small creatures in ecological research.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12549-024-00628-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Extremely rare' fossils reveal how whiteflies live on leaves

In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unearthed fossils of tiny...

Scientists have finally determined the number of bonobos residing in one of the largest pristine tropical forests on Earth. This region, Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), serves as a critical sanctuary for these endangered great apes. 



A comprehensive study, conducted over two decades by 48 scientists, estimates that between 8,000 to 18,000 adult bonobos inhabit Salonga. While the population appears stable, researchers have noted signs of a potential decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimating-the-park-s-bonobos-population">Estimating the park's bonobos population</h2>



The findings not only shed light on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-are-more-endangered-than-previously-known/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobo numbers</a> but also identify factors essential for their survival, offering actionable steps for their conservation.



"Estimating the population of bonobos in Congo's largest protected park is a significant step in conservation efforts," said Mattia Bessone, first author on the study.



"We highlight the effectiveness of park rangers in preserving this endangered species, showing that Salonga’s success can serve as a model for other conservation projects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-africa-s-largest-pristine-forest">Africa's largest pristine forest</h2>



Salonga National Park, Africa’s largest protected forest, spans an area equivalent to Switzerland. 



Its untouched primary forest provides a haven for bonobos, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-group-cohesion-common-enemy-effect-do-not-kill-inside-their-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species of great ape</a> found exclusively in the Congo. 



Unlike other regions, Salonga shields bonobos from the severe threats of deforestation and commercial hunting. Despite its reputation as a stronghold, the actual number of bonobos within the park had remained unknown due to the lack of comprehensive surveys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-bonobo-data-in-salonga">Revisiting bonobo data in Salonga</h2>



"There was an old number floating around of how many bonobos there were in Salonga, but this was an assumption based on surveys covering less than twenty percent of the entire park," said Barbara Fruth, a group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (<a href="https://www.ab.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPI-AB</a>).



Salonga's unique research opportunity: 33,000 km² (12,741 sq miles) of protected forest and 9,000 km² (3,475 sq miles) of human settlement corridors offer vital insights into bonobo conservation.



"The unique thing about Salonga is that it is the only place where surveys have been repeated in the same areas. In this vast country, only Salonga offers the opportunity to model trends and assess whether bonobos are declining in Congo," noted Fruth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compiling-two-decades-of-data">Compiling two decades of data</h2>



The monumental task of compiling two decades of survey data fell to Mattia Bessone, a postdoctoral researcher with Fruth. 



Between 2000 and 2018, 13 surveys were conducted by a team of 48 scientists. However, varying survey methods - ranging from traditional nest counting to modern motion-triggered cameras - posed challenges.



Bessone applied statistical techniques to reconcile these differences, ensuring the data provided a clear picture of bonobo populations across the park, even in previously unstudied areas.



The resulting analysis represents the most extensive temporal comparison of bonobo populations to date, offering insights critical for conservation planning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bonobos-in-salonga-stable-yet-vulnerable">Bonobos in Salonga: Stable yet vulnerable</h2>



The study estimates that 8,000 to 18,000 adult bonobos inhabit Salonga, a figure aligning with past extrapolations from smaller surveys. 



While the population has remained stable since 2000, the researchers noted a concerning downward trend in density and distribution. Although this trend is not statistically significant, it signals the need for vigilance.



"What this tells us is that bonobos are not in immediate danger, but we need to stay vigilant and to keep investing in conservation efforts if we are to ensure their survival," said Bessone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-bonobos-thrive-in-salonga-park">How bonobos thrive in Salonga Park</h2>



The study highlights factors that influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-cooperation-challenges-beliefs-about-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobo distribution</a> and abundance. 



Primary forest cover emerges as the main predictor of bonobo presence, while proximity to villages has a negative impact. Interestingly, bonobos are more frequently found near park ranger posts, suggesting a protective effect of law enforcement.



"We can’t say what the rangers do specifically that leads to this effect," noted Bessone. "It could be that rangers are a possible deterrent to poachers. Whatever the reason, it is clear that just the presence of law enforcement has a positive effect on bonobos."



Another intriguing finding relates to the park’s southern side, home to traditional minority communities who have coexisted with bonobos for generations. 



"In these villages there is a cultural taboo that prevents hunting of bonobo," said Bessone. "It could be this that creates the positive effect they have on bonobo abundance."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-for-bonobo-conservation">Benefits for bonobo conservation</h2>



Overall, the findings underline the importance of preserving forest cover and investing in law enforcement to ensure bonobo survival. Salonga’s long-term monitoring efforts have provided a model for other conservation initiatives across Africa.



"The biggest threats to bonobos are deforestation and commercial hunting, and our findings show that preserving forest and investing in law enforcement has concrete benefits for <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/chimpanzees-vs-bonobos-whats-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobo</a> conservation," said Fruth.



"We hope this motivates national and international conservation authorities to invest more into Salonga and other protected areas to ensure that bonobos remain part of our world far into the future."



By combining decades of research with actionable recommendations, this study has laid a strong foundation for future conservation efforts, offering hope for one of the world’s most endangered species.



The study is published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-024-00468-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Primatology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bonobos are thriving in Salonga National Park

Scientists have finally determined the number of bonobos residing in...

A cascading chain reaction of events often follows when a tipping point is crossed in Earth’s climate system. Much like toppling dominoes, these events can lead to accelerated warming, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather patterns.&nbsp;



While the environmental consequences of such tipping points have been widely studied, new research sheds light on a lesser-explored aspect: the financial and logistical costs of reversing these changes.



A recent study published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00768-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">npj Climate and Atmospheric Science</a> reveals that the cost of undoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate tipping point</a> damage surges dramatically once these thresholds are breached.&nbsp;



For example, restoring melted polar sea ice becomes nearly four times more expensive after a tipping point is crossed compared to preventive action beforehand. 



This marks the first time researchers have quantified the economic implications of pre- and post-threshold interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-climate-tipping-points">Dangers of climate tipping points</h2>



Climate tipping points represent critical thresholds in Earth’s systems. When crossed, they lead to significant, often irreversible changes.&nbsp;



Common examples include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildly-unexpected-consequences-polar-ice-melt-earth-rotation-spin-day-length/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting polar ice sheets</a>, the die-off of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-may-be-more-resilient-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a>, and collapsing ecosystems. 



These events can trigger catastrophic effects like coastal flooding, biodiversity loss, and disrupted weather patterns.



Despite widespread understanding of their dangers, the costs of addressing tipping points have remained elusive. 



How much effort would be required to halt the damage just before a tipping point? And how would those costs change after crossing the threshold?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-sea-ice">Polar sea ice</h2>



In the case of polar sea ice, reversing the damage means halting the melting process and reestablishing ice cover. 



However, as lead author and mathematician Parvathi Kooloth explains, waiting to intervene until after a tipping point significantly increases the effort required.



“You either shoulder the cost now, just before the threshold is crossed, or you wait,” said Kooloth. “And if you wait, the degree of intervention needed to bring the climate system back to where it was rises steeply. Corrective action after the fact is much more costly and intrusive than preventive action.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-tipping-points">The science behind tipping points</h2>



Each tipping point is unique, shaped by factors like ocean heat transport or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cloud-engineering-can-temporarily-cool-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud</a> cover. 



These characteristics influence the trajectory of post-tipping changes and determine the specifics of any potential intervention strategy. 



Yet, beneath this complexity lies a universal equation describing the fundamental nature of tipping points.



By employing simplified mathematical models, researchers can study these shared behaviors, offering insights that may one day enable early warnings for impending tipping points.



“It’s actually really hard to pin a tipping point down,” Kooloth said. “We know a great deal about the climate system today. But even now, we’re never really sure how far or close we are to a tipping point. Could we one day use observable precursors to provide early warning? My hope is that we can.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-overshoot-window-a-brief-reprieve">The overshoot window: A brief reprieve?</h2>



The study also uncovered a phenomenon called the “overshoot window,” a period just after a tipping point is crossed where intervention costs rise only gradually. 



During this time, nearby systems - such as ocean waters - may take longer to heat up, delaying rapid changes.



While this offers a fleeting opportunity to mitigate damage, it comes with a caveat: the longer we wait within this window, the steeper the eventual cost of intervention becomes.



“This is no free lunch,” Kooloth warns. “The extra leeway comes with an even steeper increase in intervention costs once the overshoot window is fully crossed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-nature-of-climate-effects">Irreversible nature of climate effects</h2>



Not all consequences of crossing tipping points are reversible. Wildlife and ecosystems lost to prolonged environmental shifts may never recover, and certain changes could demand more effort to undo than what caused them initially. This asymmetry complicates restoration efforts.



“The path forward and the path backward are often not the same,” Kooloth explained. “Imagine that we go down a high-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> pathway, where the planet warms enough to melt all our sea ice by the end of the century.”&nbsp;



“If we arrive in the year 2100 with no sea ice, it may not be sufficient to bring the ice back if we dialed our emissions down to the levels we’re emitting now in 2024, when we still have some ice left.”



“We may need to dial emissions down much further, to levels predating 2024 - that asymmetry is important for us to consider as we choose our path forward.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proactive-measures-to-address-tipping-points">Proactive measures to address tipping points</h2>



The findings underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to address climate tipping points.&nbsp;



Waiting until these thresholds are crossed not only deepens environmental damage but also multiplies the costs and challenges of intervention.&nbsp;



By acting now, policymakers and global leaders can minimize the long-term repercussions of climate change and avoid plunging Earth into a state of irreversible decline.



Image Credit: CC0 Public Domain



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

After tipping point is crossed, cost of reversing climate change rises out of reach

A cascading chain reaction of events often follows when a...

The shoebill is a striking bird native to the wetlands of tropical East Africa, known for its unique appearance and remarkable presence. 



The bird gets its name from its large, shoe-shaped bill, which is both powerful and highly efficient for catching prey.



Shoebills can grow up to five feet tall, with a wingspan that adds to their commanding presence. Their gray feathers and intense, piercing eyes give them a prehistoric look.



However, behind the bird's striking exterior lies a story of survival and a call to action for its protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-of-the-shoebill">Lifestyle of the shoebill </h2>



The shoebill is more closely related to pelicans than to storks. It's the sole species in its family, Balaenicipitidae, and belongs to the order Pelecaniformes. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-birds-commit-to-caring-for-young-males-abandon-family-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> is a relic, dating back millions of years.



The shoebill produces a sound resembling machine gunfire -- a behavior known as bill-clattering -- typically during nesting or interactions with other shoebills.



While these birds appear solemn, their behaviors and hunting strategies reveal an intriguing mix of precision and persistence. 



They are solitary creatures, rarely seen in groups, and their habitats are under threat due to human activities, making them a conservation priority.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-on-the-menu">What’s on the menu?</h2>



Shoebills are known for their calm and deliberate movements, often standing motionless for long periods as they patiently stalk their prey.



For a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> with such a theatrical hunting style, you might expect its diet to be equally dramatic.



The shoebill is a highly specialized predator and doesn’t eat just anything it finds in the water. The bird's diet primarily consists of large aquatic prey -- particularly lungfish, catfish, and tilapia.



A 2015 study in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.2989/00306525.2014.977364" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of African Ornithology</a> found that catfish composes around 71 percent of the shoebill's meals.



The bird occasionally indulges in other creatures like eels, snakes, and even baby crocodiles - showcasing its adaptability and the rich biodiversity of its habitat.



Once a creature ventures too close, the shoebill lunges with incredible speed and precision, using its massive beak to seize and crush the prey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-with-limited-resources">Surviving with limited resources </h2>



While shoebills are generally solitary, they form monogamous pairs during the breeding season. 



Both parents are involved in raising the offspring, including incubating eggs and feeding chicks. Despite this cooperation, the success rate of raising chicks is relatively low.



Shoebills usually lay two eggs per breeding season, spaced a few days apart. However, their reproductive strategy often results in siblicide -- a phenomenon where the older, stronger chick dominates the weaker one.



This behavior ensures that limited resources, such as food, are focused on the chick most likely to survive to adulthood. If the first chick dies, the second egg serves as a backup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-struggles-of-the-shoebill">Struggles of the shoebill</h2>



Despite its apparent strength, the shoebill faces significant threats. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>) estimates its global population at just 5,000 to 8,000 individuals.



The bird is primarily threatened by habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and practices of the exotic pet trade. 



Conservation efforts are focused on protecting wetlands, minimizing human interference, and monitoring populations in the wild.



These initiatives strive to preserve East Africa's distinctive wildlife by balancing conservation with human development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-east-african-wildlife">Other East African wildlife</h2>



East Africa is a wildlife lover’s dream, bursting with some of the most iconic animals you can imagine. The incredible wildebeest migration unfolds each year, showcasing one of nature’s greatest spectacles. 



You’ll also encounter majestic elephants, elegant giraffes, swift cheetahs, and the powerful lions that reign over the savannas. 



Beyond the open plains, East Africa is home to lush forests and breathtaking landscapes that shelter unique species, such as the elusive snow leopard in the mountainous regions.



But the magic of East Africa’s wildlife doesn’t stop with the big mammals. The region is teeming with diverse birdlife, like the Shoebill, vibrant reptiles, and fascinating insects that add layers of beauty to its ecosystems. 



Along the stunning coastlines of Zanzibar and the Seychelles, you can explore vibrant coral reefs and swim with playful dolphins and graceful sea turtles. 



Conservation efforts are strong here, with numerous reserves and community projects dedicated to protecting these incredible creatures and their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-shoebill">Significance of the shoebill </h2>



The shoebill serves as a symbol of ecological balance, both in East Africa and around the world as it's reputation spreads. 



Its presence reflects the vitality of the wetlands it inhabits -- critical ecosystems that support both wildlife and humans.



Wetlands provide a range of invaluable services, such as water purification, flood control, and carbon storage. They are also biodiversity hotspots, supporting a multitude of plant and animal species. 



By protecting and conserving wetlands, we ensure the preservation of not only the shoebill but also the many other species that rely on these vital ecosystems.



Education plays a critical role in raising awareness about the importance of the shoebill and the broader environmental issues it faces.



Regardless of where you live, you can play a part in the shoebill’s survival. Promoting educational initiatives and sharing information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-have-regional-accents-just-like-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird's</a> challenges are great ways to help. Together, we can create a future where the shoebill thrives.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

These human-sized birds are tough enough to eat baby crocodiles, yet they face extinction

The shoebill is a striking bird native to the wetlands...

Water,Fills,The,Tulare,Lakebed,Following,Recent,Floodwaters,,Illustrating,The

For the first time in about 130 years, Tulare Lake reappeared in California's San Joaquin Valley, stirring both wonder and concern among locals and experts alike as it submerged almost 100,000 acres of privately owned farmland.



Vivian Underhill, a researcher formerly at <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a>, has been studying this unexpected phenomenon. 



"Tulare Lake was the largest body of fresh water west of the Mississippi River. It's really difficult to imagine that now," she says.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tulare-lake-returns">Tulare Lake returns</h2>



Often dubbed the "ghost lake," Tulare Lake vanished about 130 years ago due to extensive human intervention. 



But in the spring of 2023, after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consecutive-atmospheric-rivers-cause-far-more-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive winter storms</a> and significant snowmelt from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/record-snowpack-in-the-sierra-nevada-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sierra Nevada</a>, the lake roared back to life. 



The water overwhelmed human-made systems designed to drain the basin, submerging thousands of acres of fertile farmland that once produced pistachios, almonds, cotton, and safflower.



The reborn lake stretches out with a seemingly endless blue horizon. 



Yet, unlike Lake Tahoe's cool breezes and recreational appeal, Tulare Lake offers little respite from the heat. The air is still, and a thin layer of high clouds does little to shield the sun.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reclaims-the-land">Nature reclaims the land</h2>



Despite the challenges, the lake's return has revitalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-feeding-pollutes-local-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local ecosystems</a>. Ducks, egrets, and other waterfowl have flocked to its shores. 



Frogs now wade at the water's edge, ready to dive in at the slightest disturbance. Tule grass has begun to sprout along the shoreline, signaling a revival of plant life that hasn't been seen here in generations.



Underhill notes the historical significance, saying, "Once, there was so much water that a steamship could carry agricultural supplies from the Bakersfield area up to Fresno and then up to San Francisco." 



That's nearly 300 miles of navigable waterways that connected communities and supported commerce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tulare-lake-hidden-in-plain-site">Tulare Lake hidden in plain site</h2>



To travelers passing through the arid San Joaquin Valley today, the existence of such a vast lake seems almost mythical. 



"It's hard to imagine such a large body of water co-existing alongside such an arid landscape," Underhill remarks. Yet, in the 1800s, "Fresno was a lakeside town."



Back then, Tulare Lake was fed primarily by snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada. 



"There's no natural outlet within the valley," Underhill explains, "so the water collects to form a lake." The indigenous Tachi Yokut tribe called it "Pa'ashi," and it was central to their way of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-of-tulare-lake">Human impact of Tulare Lake</h2>



The disappearance of Tulare Lake began in the late 1850s and early 1860s. 



"The state of California's desire to take public land and put it into private ownership propelled the lake's decline," Underhill explained.



"When we say 'public land,' that is historically indigenous land that the state of California blanket-proclaimed as 'public.'"



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/tulare-lake_june4-2023_june4-2024_comparison_modis_nasa_1m.webp" alt="The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired a false-color image of Tulare Lake on June 4, 2024, and a second one of the same region on June 3, 2023. Each image can be viewed by clicking on the respective date. This makes it easy to compare the change in the lake level over time. This type of false-color image helps separate water, which appears blue, from vegetation (bright green) and open land (tan). Deeper water appears darker blue and very shallow water looks pale blue. In contrast, snow (frozen water) looks bright electric blue. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1952049"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite acquired a false-color image of Tulare Lake on June 4, 2024, and a second one of the same region on June 3, 2023. Each image can be viewed by clicking on the respective date. This makes it easy to compare the change in the lake level over time. This type of false-color image helps separate water, which appears blue, from vegetation (bright green) and open land (tan). Deeper water appears darker blue and very shallow water looks pale blue. In contrast, snow (frozen water) looks bright electric blue. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



This process, known as "reclamation," aimed to convert inundated or desert land into arable farmland. 



"If people could drain that land," Underhill says, "they would be granted ownership of parts of that land. So there was a big incentive for white settlers to start doing that work." 



This led to the construction of hundreds of irrigation canals crisscrossing the valley, diverting water away from the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-day-concerns">Modern-day concerns</h2>



Today, the reemergence of Tulare Lake poses new challenges. The floodwaters have engulfed private lands, turning fields into vast stretches of water. 



Signs warning against trespassing dot the shoreline, reminding everyone that wading or boating is technically prohibited.



More troubling is what's hidden beneath the surface. The waters have submerged storage sheds containing fertilizers and chemicals, manure piles, electrical wires, and sharp farm machinery. 



These hazards not only pose risks to anyone venturing into the lake but also raise environmental concerns about contamination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertain-future-of-tulare-lake">Uncertain future of Tulare Lake</h2>



Local officials now speculate that this latest incarnation could also take years to fully recede.



"California just got inundated with snow in the winter and then rain in the spring," Underhill points out. 



Such weather patterns accelerate snowmelt, causing rapid runoff into the basin where Tulare Lake sits.



"All that snow and rain in the Sierra still runs into the depression where Tulare Lake once sat," she adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflecting-on-the-past">Reflecting on the past</h2>



The story of Tulare Lake is not just about water returning to a dry basin; it's a narrative intertwined with history, culture, and environmental change. 



The lake's disappearance was a result of deliberate actions to reshape the land for agriculture, often at the expense of indigenous communities and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-ecosystems-constantly-share-energy-to-achieve-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural ecosystems</a>.



Underhill emphasizes the colonial undertones of this transformation. "It was a deeply settler colonial project that proceeded in fits and starts," she says. 



The push to privatize land and the incentives offered for reclamation led to dramatic alterations of the landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



As Tulare Lake reclaims its historic footprint, it serves as a reminder of nature's resilience and the lasting impacts of human intervention. 



The revival has brought back species that haven't been seen in the area for decades, offering a glimpse into what the region might have looked like before extensive farming took over.



At the same time, the challenges posed by the lake's return highlight the complexities of balancing human needs with environmental stewardship. 



The submerged farmlands represent significant economic losses, and the potential environmental hazards lurking beneath the water pose risks that will need to be addressed.



As Underhill aptly puts it, witnessing the lake's return is both surprising and profound. It challenges us to reconsider our relationship with the land and the long-term consequences of our actions.



The full report by Underhill is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://openrivers.lib.umn.edu/article/the-return-of-paashi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open Rivers</a>.&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Ghost lake returns after 130 years and buries 94,000 acres of farmland

For the first time in about 130 years, Tulare Lake...

In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast of British Columbia had quite the thrill ride when it was lifted sky-high by a gigantic 58-foot wave known as the Ucluelet wave. 



This monstrous wall of water, spanning the height of a four-story building, holds the record for the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded.



Intriguingly, this is an event that statisticians would tell you only happens once every 1,300 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-rogue-waves-the-basics">Understanding rogue waves - the basics</h2>



Rogue waves are those massive, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-waves-can-get-much-bigger-taller-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unexpected waves</a> that seem to come out of nowhere and can be incredibly powerful. 



Imagine you're cruising on a regular ocean day, and suddenly a wave taller than a skyscraper barrels toward your ship -- that's a rogue wave. 



These waves are much bigger than the surrounding waves and can appear without warning, making them especially dangerous for sailors and offshore structures. 



Unlike typical waves that follow predictable patterns, rogue waves are rare and often surprising, which is why they’ve been the stuff of legends and maritime lore for so long.



That was until 1995, when a freak wave with a height of 85 feet -- now known as the Draupner wave -- crashed into an oil-drilling platform off the coast of Norway.



This monstrous wave became the first scientific evidence that rogue waves were more than just fiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-ucluelet-wave">Understanding the Ucluelet wave</h2>



The Draupner wave towered over its neighbors at a staggering 85 feet, as the surrounding waves were 39 feet tall. 



In contrast, the Ucluelet wave off Vancouver Island was almost three times the height of its surrounding waves.



"Proportionally, the Ucluelet wave is likely the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded," noted physicist Johannes Gemmrich from the <a href="https://www.uvic.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria</a>. 



Such a remarkable size difference has researchers scratching their heads about how these rogue waves form.



The buoy that captured data from the Ucluelet wave was one of many deployed by MarineLabs. Their mission is to gather more information about the deep-sea hazards that can wreak havoc on marine operations, wind farms, oil rigs, and potentially even beachgoers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perils-of-rogue-waves">Perils of rogue waves</h2>



While neither the Ucluelet nor Draupner waves caused any significant damage, the history books are full of tales of rogue waves causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destruction</a>. 



It has even been speculated that several ships which vanished in the 1970s could have been taken down by rogue waves.



With a predicted increase in wave heights in the North Pacific due to climate change, the Ucluelet wave's record might not stand for long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-safety-a-constant-endeavor">Marine safety: A constant endeavor</h2>



Rogue waves can cause serious damage, sinking ships and disrupting marine activities, which is why understanding and predicting them is a big focus in oceanography.



"Capturing this once-in-a-millennium wave, right in our backyard, is a thrilling indicator of the power of coastal intelligence to transform marine safety," stated MarineLabs CEO Scott Beatty.



The push for improved safety and decision-making in marine operations and coastal communities is an ongoing one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-and-rogue-waves-mystery">Antarctica and rogue waves mystery</h2>



An expedition by scientists from the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a> to the waters around Antarctica has uncovered more about the formation of rogue waves. 



Their research has found that wind plays a significant role in the formation of these oceanic giants.



The team, led by Professor Alessandro Toffoli, took to the Antarctic waters in 2017, armed with state-of-the-art technology. 



With stereo cameras mounted on the South African icebreaker SA Agulhas II, they captured unprecedented insights into rogue waves. 



Their three-dimensional imaging of the ocean's surface provided unique insights into the dynamics of rogue waves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-wind">Critical role of wind</h2>



The observations revealed that rogue waves arise during the "young" stage of waves when they are most receptive to the wind.



"The wind creates a chaotic situation where waves of different dimensions and directions coexist," explained Professor Toffoli.



Wind causes young waves to grow higher, longer and faster. During this self-amplification, a wave grows disproportionately at the expense of its neighbors." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-better-predictive-tools">Call for better predictive tools</h2>



The research in the choppy seas of Antarctica has emphasized the need to integrate wind dynamics into predictive models for rogue wave forecasting.



Advancing our knowledge of rogue waves and their connection to wind dynamics opens up a world of possibilities for improving predictive tools in ocean safety. 



By incorporating wind data into forecasting models, we can enhance our ability to anticipate and prepare for these formidable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-heat-is-popping-up-in-hotspots-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural phenomena</a>. 



This integration will not only benefit sailors and maritime industries but also enable early warnings for coastal communities, enhancing overall safety and resilience in the face of unpredictable ocean conditions. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05671-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Most extreme 'rogue wave' ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean revealed

In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast...

Physicists continue to grapple with the mystery of dark matter, the elusive substance that makes up approximately 80% of the matter in the universe but has defied detection.&nbsp;



Now, a team of researchers has proposed an innovative model suggesting that dark matter might have originated before the Big Bang, during an inflationary phase when the universe underwent rapid exponential expansion. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-inflation-and-dark-matter-formation">The role of inflation and dark matter formation</h2>



Inflation, a concept developed about 45 years ago, describes a brief period in the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a> when its size expanded exponentially by a factor of about about 1026 in 10-36 seconds.&nbsp;



This rapid expansion, theorized to have occurred before the conventional Big Bang, provides explanations for several cosmological puzzles, including the flatness and homogeneity of the universe and the origins of its structure.&nbsp;



Despite being widely accepted among cosmologists, the mechanism driving inflation remains unknown. It is attributed to a hypothetical field called the inflaton, which spans all of spacetime.



During inflation, the universe exists in a state of supercooled expansion, with temperatures dropping drastically. When inflation ends, a process called reheating occurs, restoring the universe to pre-inflation temperatures and initiating the production of standard particles, including photons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-theories-of-dark-matter-formation">Traditional theories of dark matter formation</h2>



Existing theories propose that dark matter emerges through interactions with a thermal bath of particles, with its abundance determined by either a "freeze-out" or "freeze-in" mechanism.&nbsp;



In the freeze-out model, dark matter remains in equilibrium with the thermal bath during the earliest moments, while in the freeze-in model, dark matter never reaches equilibrium due to suppressed interactions.



In ultraviolet (UV) freeze-in, for instance, the temperature of the thermal bath is always lower than the masses of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-spooky-action-at-a-distance-persists-between-top-quarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a> connecting dark matter to the Standard Model of particle physics.&nbsp;



This scenario relies on quantum field interactions, where dark matter is produced under specific energy conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-novel-mechanism-dark-matter-during-inflation">A novel mechanism: Dark matter during inflation</h2>



The new model, dubbed WIFI (Warm Inflation via ultraviolet Freeze-In), introduces an alternative perspective. It posits that dark matter was created during the inflationary phase through rare interactions in a hot, energetic environment.&nbsp;



Unlike traditional models, which assume anything produced during inflation is diluted away by the universe's rapid expansion, the WIFI model suggests that dark matter formed during this period could survive and account for the dark matter observed today.



“The thing that’s unique to our model is that dark matter is successfully produced during inflation,” explained Katherine Freese, lead author and director of the <a href="https://weinberg.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weinberg Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> at The University of Texas at Austin.&nbsp;



“In most other models, anything that is created during inflation is then ‘inflated away’ by the exponential expansion of the universe, to the point where there is essentially nothing left.”



In this scenario, the inflaton field driving inflation loses some of its energy to radiation, which then produces dark matter particles through the freeze-in mechanism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-big-bang-singularity">Beyond the Big Bang singularity</h2>



This model aligns with the idea that inflation predates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-the-big-bang-theory-is-correct-what-exactly-happened/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a>, challenging the notion of a singularity with infinite density and curvature. Instead, the universe is thought to have had a small but finite size post-inflation, approximately 10-26 meters in diameter.&nbsp;



From there, the standard processes of radiation and particle production unfolded, leading to the universe as we know it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-validation-and-implications">Future validation and implications</h2>



The WIFI model is not yet confirmed by observations, but it could be tested within the next decade through experiments studying the cosmic microwave background (CMB).&nbsp;



Warm inflation, a key component of the WIFI model, will be a focus of these studies. If warm inflation is verified, it would bolster the model’s credibility and open avenues for understanding other particles and processes in the early universe.



“In our study, we focused on the production of dark matter, but WIFI suggests a broader applicability, such as the production of other particles that could play a crucial role in the early universe's evolution,” said co-author Barmak Shams Es Haghi. “This highlights new opportunities for exploration in future research.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-chapter-in-dark-matter-research">A new chapter in dark matter research</h2>



While the origins of dark matter remain an enigma, the WIFI model offers an exciting framework that ties its formation to one of the universe’s earliest and most dramatic phases.&nbsp;



By exploring this unconventional path, researchers hope to uncover not only the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-true-nature-of-dark-matter-may-be-revealed-in-a-supernova/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a> of dark matter but also new insights into the universe’s infancy and evolution.



Image Credit: Geralt on Pixabay.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Dark matter formation may have occurred before the Big Bang

Physicists continue to grapple with the mystery of dark matter,...