<h2>Foghorn</h2>
Most often used in foggy conditions, is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of hazards. Generally marine transport is using the term. When lighthouses are obscured the foghorn provides an audible warning of any dangers to ships. They have been used for hundreds of years with some of the initial ones being simple bells or gongs that were manually struck. Some lighthouses shot off cannons periodically in order to warn ships. Whistles were also used in the early days.
Since most of these options were manual there were significant efforts throughout the 19th century to automate the process. Eventually clockwork systems were developed for striking bells. James William Newton claims to have been the inventor of the fog signaling technique using loud and low notes.
Robert Foulis created the first automated steam-powered foghorn. After hearing his daughter play piano in the fog, he realized the lower notes were more audible. So he designed a device to produce a low frequency sound. His fog signal was installed on Partridge Island in 1859; however, Foulis was in legal battles over his invention for the rest of his life. Celadon Leeds Daboll created a coal-powered foghorn that few lighthouses are using.
<h3>&#8211;</h3>
Foghorns use a vibrating column of air to create a tone although note all vibrations are resulting from the same method. Some use vibrating plates or metal reeds similar to a car horn. Others are similar to a siren where the air is entering through holes in revolving cylinder or disk. Semi-automatic foghorns work using a clockwork mechanism that opens the valve admitting air to the horns. Stevens Automatic Bell Striker was one of the first automated fog bells.
John Tyndall and Lord Rayleigh developed a large trumpet design that achieved maximum sound propagation. The automation of lighthouses caused the removal of many foghorns in order to avoid the need to run the complex machinery and replaced it with compressed air horns and electrically-powered diaphragm.
Through the use of laser beams the automated process works by detecting ships out at sea and if the beam reflects back the foghorn activates. Foghorns have also been used on railway lines in order to warn of dangers on the line.
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What is Foghorn?

Imagine being a dolphin, the only one of your kind, in an unfamiliar place that is far from home. This is the reality for a solo male bottlenose dolphin who lives in the Baltic Sea. 



He was spotted near the Svendborgsund channel -- a location far removed from the typical warm and bustling habitats of dolphins, where pods provide social connection and safety.



His unexpected presence has captured the attention of local residents and marine biologists alike, and sparked a wave of curiosity about the circumstances that led him to venture into such an unusual and challenging environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitary-dolphin-in-the-baltic-sea">Solitary dolphin in the Baltic Sea </h2>



Enter the scientists from the esteemed <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>. Intrigued by the solitary dolphin's presence in the Baltic Sea, and the unlikely possibility of his befriending local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harbor-porpoises-are-severely-threatened-by-fishing-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harbor porpoises</a>, they set out to investigate.



The locals had affectionately named the dolphin Delle. To better understand Delle's behavior and communication, the team gathered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-must-shout-over-underwater-noise-to-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underwater sound</a> recordings over a span of three months, from December 2022 to February 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delle-s-unique-sonic-communication">Delle’s unique sonic communication</h2>



When the researchers analyzed the recordings, they made a fascinating discovery about Delle's behavior. 



Delle wasn't just swimming in silence, as one might expect from an isolated dolphin. Instead, he was constantly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-use-baby-talk-to-communicate-with-their-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicating</a>, filling the waters with an array of sounds that hinted at his active engagement with his environment.



The underwater microphone captured an astonishing 10,833 distinct sounds or "voicings" over the course of the study, showcasing the complexity of his vocal activity.



His sonic repertoire ranged from high-pitched clicks and melodic whistles, often associated with social interactions and echolocation, to deeper, more intense noises linked with aggressive or territorial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-change-their-behavior-to-adapt-to-coastal-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior among dolphins</a>. 



This range of sounds painted a vivid picture of a dolphin adapting to his unique situation through his natural abilities.



More intriguingly, Delle was found to emulate the sounds typically used in dolphin-to-dolphin communication, suggesting that he could be talking to himself. 



He also exhibited the use of low-frequency tonal and percussive noises, which are believed to aid in navigation and locating food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-talking-dolphin">Mystery of the 'talking' dolphin</h2>



Interestingly, Delle continued his vocalizations even when there were no people in his proximity, dismissing any theory that he might be trying to communicate with humans.



The researchers believe that some of Delle's vocalizations could be emotional responses analogous to human laughter or amusement when alone.



Alternatively, they suggest that he could be venting his loneliness, using self-dialogue as a form of distraction in his solitary circumstances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The tale of Delle, the lonely dolphin in the Baltic Sea, has left marine biologists both intrigued and mystified. 



His unusual behavioral patterns present numerous questions still to be answered, and open pathways for future studies in animal behavior, marine biology, and animal communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenges-of-solitude">The challenges of solitude</h2>



Life in the Baltic Sea poses unique challenges for Delle, given its brackish waters and lack of a resident dolphin population. 



Unlike his usual marine habitats, the Baltic’s ecosystem features colder temperatures, reduced salinity, and a diet that may differ from what bottlenose dolphins are accustomed to. 



Marine biologists speculate that Delle's ability to adapt to these unfamiliar conditions reflects the remarkable resilience of dolphins. 



However, his isolation raises questions about his long-term well-being, especially as bottlenose dolphins are highly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-dolphins-whistle-to-maintain-social-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social creatures</a> that thrive in pods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-delle-teaches-us">What Delle teaches us </h2>



Delle’s story highlights the importance of monitoring marine biodiversity and the impact of environmental changes. 



His unexpected presence in the Baltic Sea could be a result of shifting ecosystems, rising water temperatures, or disrupted migration patterns. 



Researchers emphasize that such anomalies highlight the need for global conservation efforts to protect marine life. 



Delle’s vocalizations also offer a rare opportunity to study how solitary marine mammals cope with isolation, potentially contributing to our understanding of animal behavior in changing environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-dolphin-communication">Decoding dolphin communication</h2>



The researchers noted that Delle's varied repertoire, which includes clicks, whistles, and low-frequency tones, may serve multiple purposes ranging from navigation to emotional expression.



By studying his behavior, scientists hope to uncover new dimensions of dolphin cognition, such as how solitary individuals adapt their vocal patterns in the absence of a pod. 



Delle’s case could provide valuable insights into the social and emotional needs of dolphins, and could also enhance efforts to protect these intelligent marine mammals in the wild.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09524622.2024.2422092" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bioacoustics</a>.



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Lonely dolphin in the Baltic Sea is constantly "talking" to himself

Imagine being a dolphin, the only one of your kind,...

You could easily mistake this polychaete for a set of fake eyelashes shimmering under faint lights, but this creature is indeed real. Its habitat lies at the junction of three tectonic plates in the depths of the Pacific Ocean.



Researchers from the Schmidt Ocean Institute discovered the worm while using their 7,055-pound robotic explorer ROV SuBastian. They sent the underwater robot to search on the ocean floor and this spectacular bristle worm is what turned up in the <a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCUvkLLS831/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&amp;igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">video footage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-polychaete-worm">Meet the polychaete worm</h2>



This fascinating creature is better known as a polychaete, which is a type of segmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-mollusk-glowing-sea-slug-found-in-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine worm</a>. There are more than 10,000 different species of polychaetes distributed all over the world.



"To describe this polychaete, one simply must use jazz hands - it is the only way to capture this deep-sea worm's dazzle!" the experts said in an&nbsp;Instagram&nbsp;post.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-internet-reacts-to-the-sparkling-worm">Internet reacts to the sparkling worm</h2>



This creature’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-life-100-new-sea-creatures-found-in-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discovery</a> soon gained the attention of Instagram viewers. One viewer humorously dubbed it a "forbidden toilet scrubber," while another compared it to a "deep sea Xmas tree." 



And yes, there were certainly those who could only see a pair of fake eyelashes crawling tantalizingly across the ocean bed.



The researchers discovered this sparkling addition to the polychaete family while the ROV (remotely operated vehicle) pilots were exploring the Chile Margin.



This intriguing region remains largely unknown, and the international team has been undertaking formidable tasks along the margin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-laboratory">A natural laboratory</h2>



The Chile Margin, which extends from the country's west coast and suddenly drops into the Pacific Ocean, is an area of particular interest for scientific exploration. 



Its unique tectonic forces and terrestrial influences make this margin an ideal location to investigate chemosynthetic and deep-sea environments and, of course, to discover creatures like this shimmering deep-sea worm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beauty-of-the-sparkling-worm">Beauty of the sparkling worm</h2>



Videos posted to the <a href="https://schmidtocean.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt Ocean Institute</a>'s Instagram account show the animal inching along the seabed. 



Here, its iridescent bristles catch the light, adding a mesmerising sparkle to its movements. 



The term polychaete means "many bristles," and the way these bristles light up is quite unique. In this species, the bristles possess protein structures that cause the iridescence.



It's important to remember that these creatures are more than just appealing to look at. 



Polychaetes play a vital role in the global ocean, from the heat-tolerant extremophiles in hydrothermal vents to the bone-eating Osedax worms that undertake nutrient cycling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-deep-sea-ecosystems">Exploring deep sea ecosystems</h2>



The Chile Margin's unique environment, with an intermediate water depth of about 2,652 to 3,281 feet, presents a fantastic natural laboratory for exploration. 



Over a period of 55 days, the researchers aim to map, sample, and characterize the deep-sea ecosystems along the central-south Chile Margin. Will they find more aquatic wonders? Only time will tell.



The expedition's journey along the Chile Margin is a remarkable endeavor that examines the unique phenomenon of chemosynthesis.



Unlike photosynthetic processes driven by sunlight, chemosynthetic organisms derive energy from chemical reactions, typically in environments devoid of light. The bristle worms residing in such habitats exhibit a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, which facilitate this energy conversion.



This natural phenomenon supports diverse lifeforms in these dark, alien worlds and gives the polychaetes an opportunity to live in and adapt to the extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-goals">Future research goals</h2>



In addition to exploration, engaging the public in the wonders of deep-sea research is a key aspect of the Schmidt Ocean Institute's mission. 



Through their extensive online presence and their videos that showcase their findings, the scientists at the Institute stimulate public interest and awareness about marine biodiversity and the oceanic environment.



Furthermore, the data and samples collected serve as a foundation for future scientific inquiries, collaboration, and education. 



Researchers are particularly eager to study the evolutionary adaptations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-climate-impacts-threaten-key-marine-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms</a> living along such dynamic margins and to uncover more about the unexplored complexities of the ocean's hidden depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-our-understanding-of-the-ocean">Advancing our understanding of the ocean</h2>



This expedition isn't just about discovering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-seas-lakes-are-losing-their-ability-to-support-most-types-of-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>; it's about enhancing our understanding of the ocean. 



The researchers at the Schmidt Ocean Institute aim to bolster efforts to manage and protect ecosystems within Chile's waters, and to emphasize the critical need for conservation.



After all, without these explorative efforts, we might have missed out on meeting our new sparkling worm. 



Image Credit: Schmidt Ocean Institute 



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Sparkling worm discovered deep in the Pacific Ocean

You could easily mistake this polychaete for a set of...

Do you recall those childhood days when you eagerly anticipated bedtime stories about Peter Rabbit, Toad or Ratty from The Wind in the Willows? Or the excitement that washed over you every time you opened a children's book teeming with playful, animated animals? 



Well, a new study is giving us a fresh perspective on the role of these furry, iconic characters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-books-animal-characters">Children's books animal characters</h2>



The research has shed light on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddlers-learn-faster-after-witnessing-impossible-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential influence</a> of non-human characters in children's books.



The researchers aimed to gauge how these animal characters affected children's theory of mind skills - crucial abilities which include deciphering social changes in the environment based on voice tone, word choice, or facial expressions.



They worked with over 100 children aged five to 10, each of whom were tested on their theory of mind skills after hearing stories featuring animal characters, as well as those highlighting human characters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-vs-animal-characters-in-books">Human vs. animal characters in books</h2>



The study unveiled an interesting pattern. When exposed to stories centered around human characters, an age-related progression was observed. 



Older children were consistently outperforming their younger counterparts, with 3rd grade children surpassing the researchers' expectations in tests featuring human characters.



But the revelations didn't stop there. The tests that involved animal characters threw up another surprise. 



The younger participants were able to match the scores achieved by pupils in 3rd grade, who were two years their senior. That's quite a feat for our young champions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insight-into-children-s-development">New insight into children's development</h2>



These findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, highlight the importance of both human and non-human characters in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-classes-improve-childrens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children's developmental stages</a>.



The research was led by Dr. Gray Atherton and Dr. Liam Cross from the University of Plymouth’s <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/schools/psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Psychology</a>.



"Animals play a huge part of children’s stories, whether that is in books and comics or through TV and film. We wanted to test if that is down to more than simply liking the characters, and whether there are actual benefits of children learning through by watching or reading about animals and if this changes over time," said Dr. Atherton.



"Our findings showed that both human and non-human characters are important in helping children interpret the world around them, and that they play differing roles at different stages in their development. Adapting activities and lessons in nurseries and the early school years to take that into account could be hugely effective in helping to support their development."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-educators-and-parents">Implications for educators and parents</h2>



The insights gained from this study have substantial implications for educators and parents aiming to support children's cognitive and social development.



By incorporating both human and animal characters into books, educators can craft a more balanced learning environment that caters to the diverse needs of children across age groups. 



Parents, too, can enrich their children's home learning experiences by selecting a variety of stories that include both human and animal protagonists. 



This approach not only makes reading sessions more engaging but also aids in developing empathy and understanding of complex social scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



While this study provides valuable insights, it also opens avenues for further exploration. 



Future research could go deeper into the types of animal characteristics that are most effective in nurturing children's theory of mind. For instance, exploring whether anthropomorphized animals or more realistic portrayals have differing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-who-use-humor-have-better-relationships-with-their-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacts</a>. 



Similarly, cross-cultural studies could investigate whether the affinity towards animal characters holds true in diverse cultural contexts. These inquiries could refine understanding and application in educational strategies, enhancing the efficacy of storytelling as a developmental tool.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-characters-and-autism-treatment">Animal characters and autism treatment</h2>



In previous studies, Dr. Atherton and Dr. Cross examined the factors influencing the educational and social development of individuals with autism and learning difficulties.



The experts launched initiatives proving how board and online games can bolster confidence among people with autism. 



Borrowing insights from this research, the scholars now plan to dig deeper to explore if their findings could provide specific benefits to children with such conditions.



Dr. Cross envisions a significant impact of this study on individuals with autism or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-behavioral-issues-have-high-cortisol-levels-in-their-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other conditions</a> affecting their learning. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-way-of-looking-at-animal-characters">A new way of looking at animal characters</h2>



The researchers have observed how tasks involving animal characters can result in autistic individuals performing on par with non-autistic children. 



The plan is to replicate this study with autistic children in an effort to unveil more effective ways to support them at a critical stage in their development.



In a nutshell, this study has unraveled an entirely new dimension of how we view animals in children's books. 



Those delightful animal characters do more than simply entertain; they help shape our children's minds and understanding of the world around them in their formative years.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209652400256X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Child Psychology</a>. 



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Animal characters boost social and emotional skills in children

Do you recall those childhood days when you eagerly anticipated...

Picture yourself at a social event. As the gathering comes to a close, and you step out, a barrage of thoughts flood your mind. Did you talk excessively? Did you unintentionally offend someone with a misplaced comment? Were your companions entertained or burdened by your presence?



This anxiety-inducing pattern of thought might seem frustrating, but it's part of what makes us human - our brain's advanced social cognitive abilities.



In a scientific study led by Northwestern Medicine, researchers have investigated the intricate evolutionary aspects of this phenomenon.



The study suggests that the human brain's evolutionary advances in social cognition could be harnessed for future psychiatric therapies, potentially aiding those who suffer from anxiety or depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lizard-brain-and-social-cognitive-abilities">Lizard brain and social cognitive abilities</h2>



We often find ourselves caught up in thoughts, attempting to decipher the emotions and intentions of those around us. 



"What is that person feeling, thinking? Did I say something to upset them?" noted senior author Rodrigo Braga. 



This cognitive ability, however, is a recent addition to our evolutionary timeline. It involves placing oneself in another's shoes and making educated guesses about their thought process, despite not having any concrete evidence.



The study aimed to decipher the link between the relatively new social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive network</a> and the ancient part of the brain called the amygdala, also known as the "lizard brain." The amygdala typically processes fear and detects threats.



Yet, it also governs social behaviors like parenting, mating, aggression, and social dominance hierarchies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-and-advanced-brain-functions">Ancient and advanced brain functions</h2>



The researchers found that the communication between the amygdala and the social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive network</a> is ongoing.



In particular, the medial nucleus, a specific part of the amygdala that governs social behaviors, has a connection with the newly evolved social cognitive network areas that are linked to perceiving the emotions and intentions of others.



This link helps shape the social cognitive network's function by granting access to the amygdala's role in processing emotionally significant content.



To uncover these connections, the researchers turned to a noninvasive brain-imaging technique, known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is used to measure brain activity by detecting variations in blood oxygen levels.



These high-resolution scans came courtesy of Kendrick Kay, a collaborator at the <a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a>.



The scans enabled the researchers to observe details of the social cognitive network that are not seen in lower-resolution brain scans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-cognition-of-the-brain">Social cognition of the brain</h2>



Understanding the interplay between the amygdala and the social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transcendent-thinking-promotes-brain-growth-in-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> network offers significant insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the human brain. 



This unique relationship represents a sophisticated adaptation that allows for higher-order social processing, an attribute crucial for the complex social structures that define human societies.



By aligning instinctual responses with advanced cognitive capabilities, this system equips humans with the ability to navigate intricate social landscapes, promoting cooperation, empathy, and theoretical thinking.



Such advancements have likely been pivotal in humanity's survival and success as a species, reflecting an evolutionary advantage to processing social information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-anxiety-and-depression">Implications for anxiety and depression</h2>



Both anxiety and depression involve amygdala hyperactivity, which can lead to excessive emotional responses and impaired emotional regulation. Current treatments, like deep brain stimulation, are invasive because of the amygdala's deep-seated location in the brain.



With the insights this study provides, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a less intrusive procedure, might be used to target the amygdala indirectly by focusing on the interconnected regions. This could offer a new, more comfortable treatment route for those dealing with these disorders.



Does this mean we are a step closer to alleviating the emotional load carried by millions around us? Only time will tell. But it is studies like these that keep inching us forward in our quest to better understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-walking-ecosystems-and-microbes-rule-their-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ourselves</a>, our brains, and our shared humanity.



So next time you leave a social gathering and get swamped by intrusive thoughts about the way others see you, remember that it's just your evolved human brain at work. And who knows, this advanced cognitive trait might offer a lifeline to many who grapple with their emotional well-being.



The study titled “The human social cognitive network contains multiple regions within the amygdala”&nbsp; is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp0453" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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'Lizard brain' shapes social abilities in humans

Picture yourself at a social event. As the gathering comes...

What if switching to a vegan diet could not only save you money but also upgrade your health?



A new study from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine suggests that trading in red meat and dairy products for a greener diet could be kinder to both your wallet and your well-being. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-money-on-a-vegan-diet">Saving money on a vegan diet</h2>



The focus of the study was a humble vegan diet that is low in fat and bursting with fruits, grains, veggies, and beans. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary change</a> could slash your food bill by an impressive 19 percent.



That's a savings of $1.80 each day when compared to the traditional American diet consisting of meat, dairy, and other animal-derived products.



While this amount may not seem like much, if you multiply those savings over a year, they add up to $650.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-mediterranean-diet">Exploring the Mediterranean diet </h2>



But what if you find yourself gravitating towards a Mediterranean diet? 



With its emphasis on fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, low-fat dairy, and extra-virgin olive oil, this heart-friendly diet might cost you a tad more - about 60 cents per day - compared to the Standard American Diet (SAD).



But if stack up the low-fat vegan diet against the Mediterranean diet, the savings rise to a significant $2.40 per day - a whopping 25% drop in food costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costs-of-a-vegan-diet">Costs of a vegan diet </h2>



The secret to these savings is simple: swap out the costly meat and dairy for budget-friendly plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diet-shifts-the-hidden-costs-of-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternatives</a>, and you've got yourself a deal.



The study's findings revealed a daily savings of $2.90 on meat, 50 cents on dairy, and an additional 50 cents on added fats with a vegan diet. But it's not all about the money, is it?



Dr. Hana Kahleova is the study's lead researcher and the Director of Clinical Research at the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (<a href="https://www.pcrm.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PCRM</a>).



"A vegan diet won't just save money; it could save lives by helping to avoid or improve conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease," said Dr. Kahleova.



Sure, the vegan diet comes with its own additions to the bill - an extra 50 cents a day on vegetables, 30 cents on grains, and a supplementary 50 cents on meat alternatives.



Yet, it seems like even with these additions, the financial and health benefits tip the balance in favor of the vegan lifestyle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-going-vegan-worth-it">Is going vegan worth it?</h2>



The study also revealed that a low-fat vegan diet outperformed the Mediterranean diet in areas of weight, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and cholesterol levels.



So, before you turn a blind eye to that tofu or give those beans the cold shoulder, consider this: Could saving money while potentially improving your health be reason enough to give a plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> a chance?



With the cost of living on a steady incline, a vegan diet seems like an option that is worth considering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-diet-and-environmental-consciousness">Vegan diet and environmental consciousness </h2>



While we're pondering personal health and financial benefits, it's only fair that we consider the environmental implications of our dietary choices. Shifting towards a vegan diet doesn’t just favor your finances but also ticks the eco-friendly box.



Animal agriculture contributes to a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, and deforestation. By shifting towards a greener diet, we have a shot at significantly reducing our carbon footprints.



Producing plant-based foods generally calls for fewer resources like land and water, and results in fewer emissions compared to meat and dairy production. 



This compelling argument weaves together the ecological, personal, and financial advantages of going vegan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-through-the-green-transition">Navigating through the green transition</h2>



Granted, the benefits of a vegan diet are plentiful. But the transition might come with a few bumps in the road, especially when it comes to snapping out of old habits and ensuring nutritional adequacy.



Thankfully, assistance is abundant. Recipes, meal plans, and nutritional guides could ease the transition, ensuring a wholesome <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a>. 



Community support - such as online forums or local vegan groups - can provide needed motivation and answer pressing questions. Introducing plant-based meals gradually into your routine might make the shift feel less formidable and more sustainable.



Setting achievable goals, like starting with one vegan meal a day, could pave the way for lasting changes that benefit both your health and the environment.



The study is published in the journal JAMA Network Open.



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Switching to a vegan diet can cut grocery costs by a very significant amount

What if switching to a vegan diet could not only...

The Red Planet has always been a subject of intrigue and fascination. Recent research led by Curtin University has added more fuel to this age-old curiosity. The scientists discovered what could possibly be the oldest evidence of hot water activity on Mars.



This discovery opens up possibilities that at some point in its mysterious past, Mars may have been a place where life could exist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-water-on-mars">Hot water on Mars</h2>



The study focused on a zircon grain from the renowned <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> meteorite NWA7034, fondly known as Black Beauty. This tiny grain, although no larger than a grain of sand, holds secrets dating back billions of years.



The analysis of the 4.45 billion-year-old zircon grain revealed geochemical fingerprints of ancient water-rich fluids. These traces of the past suggest that hot water was once present on Mars.



Dr. Aaron Cavosie from Curtin's <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/about/learning-teaching/science-engineering/school-of-earth-and-planetary-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a> noted that this discovery opens new paths for understanding early Martian hydrothermal systems and the planet's past habitability.



"We used nano-scale geochemistry to detect elemental evidence of hot water on Mars 4.45 billion years ago," said Dr. Cavosie.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-conditions-on-mars">Early conditions on Mars</h2>



Hydrothermal systems are vital for the development of life. They were crucial for life to flourish on Earth. Dr. Cavosie noted that the same essential ingredients for habitable environments were present on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteorite-that-struck-mars-reveals-when-the-planet-had-liquid-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> during its early crust formation period. 



The team utilized nano-scale imaging and spectroscopy to identify essential elements on the zircon grain, including iron, aluminum, yttrium, and sodium.



The presence and pattern of these elements, added during the zircon's formation billions of years ago, suggest that water was present during early Martian magmatic activity. 



This intriguing discovery indicates that during the initial stages of the Red Planet's existence, conditions were conducive to the existence of water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-mars-crust">Resilience of Mars' crust</h2>



The study also highlighted the resilience of Mars' crust. Despite enduring massive meteorite impacts, causing upheaval of its surface, Mars still had <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> during the early Pre-Noachian period, which was before about 4.1 billion years ago.



In 2022, Curtin researchers studied the same zircon grain. They found that it had been "shocked" by a meteorite impact, marking it as the first and only known shocked zircon from Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-life-on-mars">Implications for life on Mars</h2>



The discovery of ancient hydrothermal activity on Mars significantly changes our understanding of the planet's potential for life. Hydrothermal systems could have created environments rich in chemical energy and nutrients vital for life.



The presence of warm, mineral-laden waters in Mars' crust could have served as a cradle for microbial communities, much like the hydrothermal vents on Earth harbor diverse ecosystems despite the absence of sunlight. 



This implies that if life ever existed on early Mars, hydrothermal systems may have been havens, providing conditions to support some form of life.



The research offers valuable insights into planetary habitability within our solar system and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The revelations from the zircon grain continue to ignite curiosity and lay the groundwork for future Mars exploration missions. 



Planetary scientists are eager to explore other ancient Martian rocks and meteorites that might hold additional clues about Mars' hydrothermal systems and geological history. 



Missions equipped with advanced technology could further investigate the surface and subsurface of Mars, searching for more evidence of past water activity and potential biological markers.



These future efforts could significantly enhance our understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-vanishing-water-mystery-new-insights-curiosity-rover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red Planet</a> and refine our search for life beyond Earth, spurring innovative technologies and methodologies in planetary science research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-mars-and-its-water-activity">Early Mars and its water activity</h2>



This recent study builds on previous research, taking us a step closer to understanding what early Mars was like. 



According to Dr. Cavosie, identifying the signs of water-rich fluids from the zircon's formation period provides geochemical markers of water in the oldest known Martian crust.



The research was conducted by scientists from Curtin’s Space Science and Technology Centre, the John de Laeter Centre, and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Dr. Jack Gillespie is the lead author of the paper detailing study, which is set to be published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq3694" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances.</a>



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Discovery: Ancient Mars had hot water that could have supported life

The Red Planet has always been a subject of intrigue...

Giraffes, the world's tallest animals, are facing a serious crisis. 



From urbanization to poaching, habitat loss and climate change-induced droughts, the long-necked wonders have been encountering challenges that have sent their populations on a rapid downward spiral.



This alarming speed of decline has prompted US wildlife officials to step in, with a proposal targeted at securing the future of many giraffe species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposal-for-giraffe-protection">Proposal for giraffe protection</h2>



In a remarkable move, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has suggested classifying various giraffe species under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered</a> or threatened groups. 



This would mark the first time these African natives enjoy federal protections under the Endangered Species Act.



Being classified as "endangered" signals an immediate risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>, and represents the highest level of threat under the Act.



On the other hand, a "threatened" tag indicates that the species is on track towards endangerment within a predictable timeframe in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-federal-protections-for-giraffes">Federal protections for giraffes</h2>



"Federal protections for giraffes will help protect a vulnerable species, foster <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, support ecosystem health, combat wildlife trafficking, and promote sustainable economic practices," explained Martha Williams, the director of <a href="https://www.fws.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Fish and Wildlife Service</a>. 



"This action supports <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-giraffe-day-2024-a-towering-celebration-of-the-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giraffe conservation</a> while ensuring the United States does not contribute further to their decline." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-and-threatened-sub-species">Endangered and threatened sub-species</h2>



The officials have proposed to include three subspecies of the Northern giraffe under the endangered category.



This includes the West African, Kordofan, and Nubian subspecies, which have seen a dramatic reduction of about 77% in their populations since 1985. Their numbers have decreased from 25,653 individuals to just 5,919.



Moreover, in East Africa, two subspecies, commonly known as the reticulated and Masai giraffes, are up for consideration to be listed as "threatened."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-america-s-role-in-the-giraffe-trade">America's role in the giraffe trade</h2>



America has emerged as a significant market for giraffe parts and products, with 40,000 being imported in a decade, according to a 2018 report.



In addition, American hunters traveling to Africa for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-hunting-fishing-connect-humans-with-nature-or-reinforce-superiority-complex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting</a> and the acquisition of a trophy means that the imported giraffe body parts have also contributed to the crisis.



“These gentle giants are suffering a silent extinction, and Endangered Species Act safeguards will curb US imports of giraffe skins and other body parts,” said Tanya Sanerib, international legal director at the Center for Biological Diversity. 



Recent data, from 2022, “shows everything coming into the US, from giraffe tails and skulls to lots of skins, leather products, bones, bone carvings, of course hunting trophies, giraffe feet, giraffe rugs and giraffe jewelery,” stated Sanerib.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressures-on-stressed-populations">Pressures on stressed populations </h2>



Meanwhile in Africa, the home of these gentle giants, frequent droughts have been causing havoc, leading to crop failures, livestock losses, and a dire need for food and water.



This has been putting additional pressure on the already stressed populations of giraffes.



Should this proposed rule come into action, it would curb illegal hunting and trade of giraffes by mandating a permit for importing the animal's body parts into the US. 



Fees from the permits will provide funding for research and giraffe conservation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-conservation-efforts-for-giraffes">Global conservation efforts for giraffes</h2>



Since 2017, several environmental groups have been urging federal officials to introduce protections for the species. 



The agency will now collect public comments on the proposal until February 19, 2025, and hopes to finalize the action plan within a year, paving the way for better and brighter days for the world's tallest animals.



While the U.S. proposal to classify giraffes under the Endangered Species Act is a milepost, conservation work for these beautiful animals is underway across the globe.



In various parts of Africa, governments and conservation organizations have instigated anti-poaching patrols, community-led habitat restoration initiatives, and educational campaigns in an effort to reduce human-wildlife conflict.



The protection strategy of Giraffe Conservation, for example, works with local communities to monitor giraffe populations and create protected corridors that allow these animals to move freely across fragmented landscapes.



Collaborative international efforts are crucial, as giraffes cross multiple boarders and face varied threats across their vast ranges. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-giraffes">Ecological role of giraffes</h2>



Beyond their iconic status as the world’s tallest animals, the giraffe has a major ecological role to play in its ecosystems.



Giraffes function as browsers and thus keep African savannas and woodlands in balance by restricting overgrowth and spreading seeds via their droppings. They are also sometimes prey to top predators.



Their decline could be devastating for other wildlife species and plant life throughout the ecosystems.



The giraffes are a focus of ecotourism, which also represents a source of income for local people. 



Saving giraffes does not only mean saving a single species; rather, it involves conserving the sensitive balance of ecosystems in which they live. 



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Giraffes are suffering a 'silent extinction' and need more protection

Giraffes, the world's tallest animals, are facing a serious crisis....

The magnetic North Pole, a vital navigational anchor for our planet, is far from stationary. Most of us remain blissfully unaware that it shifts constantly under the influence of dynamic forces beneath the Earth’s crust. 



However, recent movements have been more extreme than usual, making people take notice. Once steady, this silent sentinel has recently been speeding erratically toward Russia at an unprecedented pace.



Such rapid shifts could have dramatic consequences, disrupting modern navigation systems and, by extension, the way we navigate our daily lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-the-magnetic-north-pole">What exactly is the magnetic North Pole?</h2>



First, let's make it clear what exactly we're talking about. The magnetic North Pole is the point on Earth where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet’s magnetic field</a> points directly downward. This is the direction that your compass needle aligns with when you’re navigating outdoors. 



Unlike the geographic North Pole, which is fixed in the Arctic, the magnetic north pole is constantly on the move, drifting several kilometers each year due to changes in Earth’s molten core. 



This movement can sometimes throw off navigation systems, requiring updates to maps and compasses to stay accurate.



What makes the magnetic North Pole even more interesting is how it affects both technology and nature. 



For example, airplanes and ships rely on accurate magnetic readings for safe travel, while some animals use Earth’s magnetic field to migrate across vast distances. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northern-odyssey-from-canada-to-siberia">The northern odyssey: From Canada to Siberia</h2>



Ever since we started tracking it, the magnetic North Pole has been on the move. However, its recent behavior is quite out of the ordinary. 



Once comfortably located in northern Canada, the pole kicked into high gear in the late 20th century, making its way across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-warming-four-times-faster-than-global-average/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic Ocean</a> by the 1990s.



From there, the pace has increased progressively , peaking at an astonishing 55 kilometers per year during the 2010s.



Presently, it's hurtling at a slightly reduced but still impressive speed of 25 kilometers per year towards Siberia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-steering-the-magnetic-north-pole">What's steering the magnetic North Pole?</h2>



Intellectually stimulating debates have arisen among scientists trying to decipher the underlying cause of this unusual phenomenon.



Dr. William Brown, a renowned geomagnetic field analyst, identifies three possible culprits behind the magnetic North Pole's unusual behavior. 



First, changes in the flow of molten iron beneath the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-crust-is-dripping-under-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s crust</a> could be altering the magnetic field’s strength and direction, as the planet's outer core dynamics play a crucial role in generating the field in the first place.



Second, high-energy solar particles interacting with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-solar-shockwave-has-cracked-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetosphere</a>, such as during solar storms and winds, might be causing fluctuations in the magnetic field. 



Finally, the phenomenon may be linked to the Earth's history of magnetic pole reversals, which have occurred nearly 200 times over the past 100 million years. The most recent of these reversals occurred approximately 800,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-without-a-north-star">Navigating without a North Star</h2>



The potential chaos that the moving magnetic pole can cause is not abstract or confined to scholarly concern. 



Our technology is deeply intertwined with magnetic orientations, and any abrupt changes can cause significant turmoil. 



Devices like smartphones, cars, and military equipment rely on the World Magnetic Model (WMM), which is designed by the British Geological Survey and NOAA. 



This model tracks the pole’s movements and ensures accurate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-is-shifting-and-putting-navigation-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation</a>. If the pole's movement outpaces updates to the WMM, our devices could miscalculate locations and throw our wayfinding abilities into disarray.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-polar-paradox">Preparing for the polar paradox</h2>



Mitigating the potential risks of such a change involves a three-pronged approach: frequent updates to the WMM, expanding research to continue monitoring the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s core</a> dynamics, and raising public awareness. 



Through these efforts, industries that rely heavily on magnetic field-based navigation are being prepped for any potential upcoming disruptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gearing-up-for-a-world-upside-down">Gearing up for a world upside down?</h2>



While the pole's movement is no longer as rapid, it remains a crucial area of research.



Scientists from <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a> and other organizations are keeping a close eye on its shifting trajectory, ensuring our technological world is prepared for any seismic shifts in Earth's magnetic nature. 



In the face of a potential world where the poles flip, these insights and precautionary measures could prove indispensable.



So, the magnetic North Pole's flight towards Russia isn't just an intriguing natural occurrence. Its implications for our global navigation systems and technologies could be profound and far-reaching. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-north-pole-and-earth-s-future">Magnetic North Pole and Earth’s future</h2>



Rapid movement of the magnetic North Pole&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;just&nbsp;an&nbsp;issue&nbsp;for&nbsp;technology&nbsp;and navigation but&nbsp;also&nbsp;offers&nbsp;insight&nbsp;into the inner workings&nbsp;of the Earth. The&nbsp;erratic&nbsp;behavior of the&nbsp;pole&nbsp;reflects&nbsp;what is happening in&nbsp;the dynamic processes&nbsp;deep within our&nbsp;outer core, where molten iron generates&nbsp;a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doughnut-shaped-region-discovered-in-earths-liquid-core-impacts-our-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a>. By studying this phenomenon, scientists can gain a better understanding of Earth's geodynamo,&nbsp;which is&nbsp;the engine behind the magnetic field that shields us from harmful solar radiation. The&nbsp;shifting&nbsp;pole&nbsp;also&nbsp;raises questions over the possibility of a full magnetic reversal - a natural process&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;the North and South magnetic poles swap places. While such reversals have happened thousands of times in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Earth's history, their effects&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;be predicted.



A reversal could temporarily weaken Earth's magnetic field,&nbsp;meaning that&nbsp;the planet would be exposed to&nbsp;more intense and damaging cosmic radiation,&nbsp;which would affect living organisms, ecosystems and infrastructure. Monitoring&nbsp;changes&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;manner&nbsp;helps researchers&nbsp;keep&nbsp;an eye on&nbsp;the Earth's interior and also&nbsp;prepares&nbsp;humanity for potential future challenges.



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Magnetic North Pole is moving and changing faster than ever, surprising scientists

The magnetic North Pole, a vital navigational anchor for our...

The Chinese Mars rover Zhurong is adding an exciting twist to the story and history of water on Mars. 



After landing in southern Utopia Planitia on Mars in May 2021, the now-defunct Zhurong rover went to work exploring the Martian surface, and its latest findings might just change the way we think about the Red Planet.



Bo Wu and a team of researchers from <a href="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> believe they've found compelling evidence of an ocean shoreline for a massive body of water that once covered Mars' northern lowlands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-zhurong-mars-rover">What is the Zhurong Mars rover?</h2>



The Zhurong rover is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-plans-to-inhabit-a-space-station-on-the-moon-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China's first foray</a> into Martian exploration, landing successfully on Mars in May 2021 as part of the <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-049A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tianwen-1</a> mission. 



Weighing around 240 kilograms (530 lbs) -- about the size of a small car -- Zhurong is packed with scientific instruments, including navigation and topography cameras, a multispectral camera for analyzing surface materials, and a ground-penetrating radar that can probe up to 100 meters beneath the surface. 



These tools allow Zhurong to capture detailed images, study the composition of rocks and soil, and investigate the planet's subsurface structures.



What sets Zhurong apart is its ability to study Mars both above and below ground. The ground-penetrating radar is particularly exciting because it helps scientists search for signs of water ice and understand the geological layers hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-life-exist-below-the-icy-surface-of-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beneath the surface.</a> 



The rover also carries instruments to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-internal-structure-of-mars-core-is-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars' magnetic field</a> and atmospheric conditions, contributing valuable data to our understanding of the planet's climate and potential for habitability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zhurong-sees-water-related-features-on-mars">Zhurong sees water-related features on Mars</h2>



For years, scientists have pondered the possibility of a vast ocean on Mars, especially during the Hesperian period about 3.7 billion years ago. Concrete proof, however, has been hard to come by. 



Using a mix of Zhurong's onboard cameras and ground-penetrating radar, plus remote sensing data from orbiting satellites, the team identified several intriguing water-related features around the rover's landing area.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zhurong-mars-rover_china_landing-site_ocean-shore_Sci-Reports_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zhurong-mars-rover_china_landing-site_ocean-shore_Sci-Reports_1s.webp" alt="The Zhurong landing site (red cross) shown on the geologic map by Tanaka et al. Regions of different colors indicate different geologic units. The red box shows the study area, covering an area of ~ 1800 km × 800 km. The thick black line is the Deuteronilus contact indicating a possible shoreline across the region. The background map is a shaded relief of the MOLA topography." class="wp-image-1951081"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Zhurong landing site (red cross) shown on the geologic map by Tanaka et al. Regions of different colors indicate different geologic units. The red box shows the study area, covering an area of ~ 1800 km × 800 km. The thick black line is the Deuteronilus contact indicating a possible shoreline across the region. The background map is a shaded relief of the MOLA topography.</figcaption></figure>



Since touching down, Zhurong has traveled about 1.2 miles, studying the geology of its surroundings in search of signs of water or ice. 



The features spotted include crater-like pitted cones, troughs, sediment channels, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-frost-detected-on-mars-enormous-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mud volcano formations</a>. If that sounds like the remnants of a beachfront, you're onto something. 



According to Bo Wu and his colleagues, these formations are consistent with what you'd expect to find in a nearshore zone, suggesting this area was once a coastline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dating-the-martian-ocean">Dating the Martian ocean</h2>



Based on the composition of surface deposits, the team estimates that the ocean likely existed around 3.68 billion years ago. 



"The water was heavily silted, forming the layering structure of the deposits," study co-author Sergey Krasilnikov of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University told Reuters. 



This silt-laden water would have created distinct sedimentary layers, much like those found in ancient seabeds on Earth.



Interestingly, the researchers propose that after forming, the ocean froze over for about 10,000 to 100,000 years -- a mere <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-was-mars-habitable-much-more-recently-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blink in geological terms</a>. 



This freezing period etched out the coastline features observed today before the ocean eventually dried up roughly 260 million years later. Imagine a vast frozen ocean, sitting quietly on Mars, waiting for its turn to disappear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-everyone-agrees">Not everyone agrees</h2>



However, not everyone is jumping on the bandwagon. 



Benjamin Cardenas of <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> points out that erosion over billions of years would likely have erased such delicate features. It's a fair concern -- Mars isn't exactly a place where things stay preserved forever. 



Wu acknowledges this skepticism but suggests that asteroid impacts might have resurfaced portions of the shoreline, making them detectable today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-martian-life">Implications for Martian life</h2>



So, what does all this mean in the grand scheme of things? Well, the presence of an ancient ocean has profound implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteorite-that-struck-mars-reveals-when-the-planet-had-liquid-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our understanding of Mars</a>. 



Water is a key ingredient for life as we know it. If Mars had oceans, could it have also hosted life? It's a tantalizing thought that keeps scientists up at night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-insight-lander">NASA's Insight Lander </h2>



Adding another layer to the mystery, <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/insight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA's Insight lander</a> found that a significant amount of water had seeped into Mars's crust. 



"At least we have identified a place that should, in principle, be able to sustain life," Michael Manga of the <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California</a>, one of the study authors, said in a previous statement. 



This underground water could have provided a stable environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insights-alien-life-mars-water-sulfur-discovered-gained-studying-extreme-life-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life to develop</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-zhurong-and-mars-water">What's next for Zhurong and Mars water?</h2>



But here's the kicker: to get definitive answers, we need to bring Martian samples back to Earth for detailed analysis. 



China's Tianwen 3 Mars sample return mission aims to do just that by 2031, potentially beating NASA's own sample return mission to the punch. 



If all goes according to plan, we'll have pieces of Mars right here on Earth in less than a decade.



As we await these missions, Zhurong continues to send valuable data, inching us closer to understanding the Red Planet's watery past. 



Could Mars have been teeming with life billions of years ago? It's the million-dollar question. Only time -- and more research -- will tell.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75507-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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China’s Mars Zhurong rover finds an ocean shoreline on the Red Planet

The Chinese Mars rover Zhurong is adding an exciting twist...

Uranus has long captivated scientists with its mysteries, particularly those that remain hidden within our solar system. 



Decades-old data from Voyager 2, a NASA spacecraft, has now breathed new life into our understanding of this distant, enigmatic planet, settling age-old questions that have puzzled researchers for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basics-of-planet-uranus">Basics of planet Uranus</h2>



Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and it has this wild tilt -- it's basically spinning on its side with an axis tilt of about 98 degrees. 



This unique tilt leads to some extreme seasons that last over 20 Earth years each. The planet's blue-green hue comes from methane in its atmosphere, which absorbs red light and reflects blue, giving it that cool color.



Uranus has a set of rings and 27 known moons, most of which are named after characters from Shakespeare's plays. While its rings aren't as flashy as Saturn's, they're still pretty interesting.



 And talk about cold -- Uranus has the coldest planetary atmosphere in the solar system, dipping down to -224 degrees Celsius (-371 Fahrenheit). 



Finally, it takes about 84 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun, so a single year on Uranus is basically a lifetime for the average human.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-voyager-2-meets-uranus">Voyager 2 meets Uranus</h2>



In 1986, Voyager 2 embarked on a momentous journey that brought it into close proximity with Uranus, providing the first -- and so far, only -- detailed examination of this unique, sideways-rotating planet.



This flyby not only unveiled new moons and rings but also introduced perplexing enigmas that challenged the scientific community. 



Solving these mysteries and understanding their broader implications is akin to piecing together a cosmic puzzle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexplained-oddities-of-uranus">Unexplained oddities of Uranus</h2>



The presence of energized particles around Uranus was a conundrum. Here was a planet, rotating on its side and challenging the established understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> trap particle radiation. 



Uranus, known for its unusual properties, was once again surprising the experts.



Scientists re-analyzed data from the notable flyby a few decades ago and, in an exciting twist, identified that an unexpected, cosmic occurrence had thrown this distant planet a curveball.



The experts discovered that, just before the spacecraft’s flyby, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a> had peculiarly squashed the planet’s magnetic field, leading to a dramatic compression of Uranus' magnetosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-timing">The importance of timing</h2>



“The spacecraft saw Uranus in conditions that only occur about 4% of the time,” stated Jamie Jasinski, a scientist based at <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> in Southern California and the lead author of a new study published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02389-3">Nature Astronomy</a>.



Imagine the odds. Had Voyager 2 arrived just a few days earlier, it would have recorded a completely different magnetosphere around Uranus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-the-magnetosphere">Mysteries of the magnetosphere</h2>



Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-solar-shockwave-has-cracked-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetosphere</a> plays a crucial role in maintaining life on our planet by protecting us from the ionized gas jets that the Sun releases.



Comprehending how magnetospheres operate carries immense significance not just for us, but for understanding the distant, less-explored planets in our solar system.



In their quest to understand Uranus' magnetosphere, scientists were confused by what they witnessed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-lost-contact-with-voyager-2-spacecraft-12-billion-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager 2</a> data. 



Despite a marked absence of plasma, the planet's magnetosphere boasted electron radiation belts with an intensity second only to the notorious radiation belts of Jupiter. 



This posed an enigma, as the Uranian moons, which should have been a significant source of water ions, were believed to be inactive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-solar-wind-event">Unexpected solar wind event</h2>



The latest data analysis suggests that the solar wind, a flow of charged particles released from the Sun's upper atmosphere, could be the key to solving this puzzle.



It is possible that, as the solar wind compressed the planet's magnetosphere, it also drove the plasma out of the system.



The intensity of the solar wind event could have increased the magnetosphere's dynamics, thereby providing a source for the radiation belts.



This discovery has led researchers to speculate that the five major moons of Uranus might be geologically active, contradicting previous beliefs. 



They suggest that these moons could have been continually spewing ions into the surrounding magnetosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-renewed-focus-on-uranus-and-future-exploration">Renewed focus on Uranus and future exploration</h2>



The National Academies’ 2023 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey has highlighted the study of Uranus as a key objective for future NASA missions.



Linda Spilker from the JPL, who was involved in the Voyager 2 mission, elaborated on the findings.



“The flyby was packed with surprises, and we were searching for an explanation of its unusual behavior. The magnetosphere Voyager 2 measured was only a snapshot in time," said Spilker.



"This new work explains some of the apparent contradictions and will once again change our view of Uranus." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legacy-of-voyager-2">The legacy of Voyager 2</h2>



Despite being billions of miles away, Voyager 2 continues to communicate with Earth using NASA's Deep Space Network, specifically via the antenna in Canberra, Australia. 



It is still operational, collecting data on the interstellar medium and is expected to continue transmitting data until at least 2025​​​​​​.



Decades after it was launched, Voyager 2 continues to serve as a cornerstone for scientific discovery, offering invaluable insights into the mysteries of our solar system.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02389-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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Uranus mystery finally solved almost 40 years after flyby from Voyager 2 spacecraft

Uranus has long captivated scientists with its mysteries, particularly those...

Speech often betrays us at the most inconvenient moments: we grasp for a word, knowing exactly what we mean to say, but are unable to retrieve that elusive term.



This experience, known as "lethologica," is a common symptom of aging but, in some cases, may also signal the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease, long before more obvious signs appear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-brain-health-through-speech">Tracking brain health through speech</h2>



Recently, a fascinating analysis sprang from the research halls of the <a href="https://learn.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a>. 



Contrary to popular belief, they found that the speed of speech is more diagnostic of neurological health than the inability to retrieve words. 



Studying a group of 125 adults - aged 18 to 85 - the researchers asked them to describe a scene in as much detail as they could.



The responses were recorded and then examined by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-boosts-creativity-but-reduces-variety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> software, which measured their speech speed, the length of their pauses, and the diversity in their vocabulary.



In addition, all participants completed a range of tests aiming to evaluate their focus, thinking speed, and task management abilities. 



Notably, the researchers found a correlation between a participant's everyday speech pace and age-related cognitive decline in these "executive" skills, indicating a broader decline than just difficulty in finding the right word.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-lens-for-analysis">A new lens for analysis</h2>



Especially noteworthy was the introduction of a unique "picture-word interference task." This method requires participants to first identify an object and then instruct their mouths to form the words.



Further exploring the rich tapestry of cognitive and linguistic changes that come with age, the study demonstrated a correlation between a person’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-can-predict-human-speech-before-we-say-a-word/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural speech</a> speed and their ability to name images quickly .



However, to paint a more accurate picture of our verbal adaptability, it would be beneficial to combine the results of picture-naming tests with "verbal fluency tasks" that require participants to produce as many words as possible within a short time from a given category or starting with a specific letter.



Such tasks are better indicators of everyday conversations as they involve active retrieval and production of words from one's vocabulary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speech-and-cognitive-decline">Speech and cognitive decline</h2>



Verbal fluency tasks have another crucial function: they serve as markers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-for-the-aging-brain-mediterranean-diet-protects-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a>. 



Age-related changes in word retrieval ability are perfectly normal, but struggling disproportionately on these tests may be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.



To take their research even further, the Toronto team might consider gauging participants' personal experiences of word-finding difficulties in addition to the objective measures like speech pauses. 



These personal narratives could give added perspective on the cognitive processes at play.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-to-the-future">Looking to the future</h2>



This study is a significant stride forward, and reveals that our cognitive health can be gauged not just by what we say, but also by how quickly we say it.



By harnessing our ever-advancing natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caregiver-speech-shapes-infant-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> processing technologies to detect changes in speech rate, we can identify people at risk before more severe symptoms appear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-brain-health-through-speech">Monitoring brain health through speech </h2>



The study highlights the growing importance of speech as a marker for understanding how the brain changes with age. 



Unlike traditional cognitive tests that rely on deliberate responses, natural speech offers an organic reflection of underlying cognitive processes.



The researchers found that everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/songbirds-and-humans-use-similar-speech-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">speech patterns</a> - such as the speed of delivery, the length of pauses, and the diversity of vocabulary - provide valuable clues about a person's executive functioning and processing ability.



What makes speech analysis particularly compelling is its accessibility, as conversations are a part of daily life. Analysis of speech is thus a low-cost, non-invasive method for monitoring brain health.



This approach not only reduces the barriers to early detection but also opens the door for widespread use in community health settings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



By leveraging speech, healthcare providers may identify early signs of cognitive decline in aging populations without the need for specialized equipment.



Furthermore, speech-based assessments have the potential to complement other diagnostic tools. When paired with imaging techniques or genetic testing, they can provide a more complete picture of an individual's cognitive trajectory.



This multi-faceted approach ensures a more personalized understanding of aging and neurological health, and may lay the groundwork for proactive care strategies in the fight against Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13825585.2024.2315774" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Taylor and Francis online</a>.



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How speech speed can signal brain health

Speech often betrays us at the most inconvenient moments: we...

A recent capture by the powerful European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer (ESO’s VLTI) has enabled researchers to view the scene of a lifetime -- a first-ever close-up image of a dying star outside of our galaxy.



This celestial spectacle details the dramatic death throes of a giant star, named WOH G64, that is situated in a galaxy beyond our Milky Way. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dying-star-s-last-breath">Dying star's last breath</h2>



Keiichi Ohnaka, an astrophysicist at <a href="https://www.unab.cl/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Andrés Bello</a> in Chile, shared the exciting news.



Ohnaka and his team found an egg-shaped shell of dust and gas surrounding WOH G64 -- a dying star about 160,000 light-years away from us.



“We are excited because this may be related to the drastic ejection of material from the dying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-dandelion-year-1181-leaves-behind-zombie-star-defying-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> before a supernova explosion,” said Ohnaka.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-the-behemoth-star">Tale of the "behemoth star"</h2>



For decades, astronomers referred to WOH G64 as the "behemoth star."



It is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small galaxy that orbits our Milky Way. With its humongous size, around 2,000 times that of our own sun, WOH G64 is a red supergiant star.



Viewing such stars that are hidden in far-off galaxies has been a challenge until now, but ESO’s VLTI’s sharpness has brought WOH G64 to our virtual doorstep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-a-dying-star">Observing a dying star</h2>



Ohnaka and his team at Universidad Andrés Bello have long been intrigued by WOH G64. The researchers first used observations from ESO's VLTI in 2005 and 2007 in Chile's Atacama Desert.



Despite their persistent efforts, the actual image of the star remained elusive until the development of one of VLTI's second-generation instruments known as GRAVITY.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-changes-in-woh-g64">Significant changes in WOH G64 </h2>



GRAVITY allowed the team to examine WOH G64 with a fresh pair of eyes, leading them to a surprising discovery. Over the last decade, the star has dimmed considerably.



Study co-author Gerd Weigelt is an astronomy professor at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany.



"We have found that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earth-will-meet-its-demise-astronomers-witness-a-star-devour-a-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> has been experiencing a significant change in the last 10 years, providing us with a rare opportunity to witness a star’s life in real-time,” said Weigelt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shedding-layers-of-gas-and-dust">Shedding layers of gas and dust</h2>



Red supergiants like WOH G64 are known to discard their outer layers of gas and dust in a process that spans thousands of years. 



The team suspects that the dimming of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/binary-systems-with-living-and-dead-stars-reveal-stellar-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> and the unexpected egg-like shape of the dust cocoon surrounding it could be due to this shedding.



"This star is one of the most extreme of its kind, and any drastic change may bring it closer to an explosive end," noted study co-author Jacco van Loon, director of Keele Observatory at Keele University, UK.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-closely">Looking closely</h2>



As the star continues to fade, capturing detailed images of it becomes increasingly challenging, even for the VLTI. 



However, with planned upgrades like GRAVITY+, we can expect to get even better insights into the life of this far-off stellar giant.



“Similar follow-up observations with ESO instruments will be important for understanding what is going on in the star,” said Ohnaka, who is the lead author of the study. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eso-s-very-large-telescope-interferometer">ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer</h2>



The VLTI is an impressive piece of technology that combines light collected by ESO’s Very Large Telescope array to create detailed cosmic images.



The process is highly complex and needs instruments specifically dedicated to this task. In 2005 and 2007, Ohnaka’s team had access to the first generation of these instruments, MIDI. 



However, it was the second-generation instrument, GRAVITY, that made the image of WOH G64 possible. But this is just the beginning. With imminent upgrades like GRAVITY+, we're set to witness cosmic phenomena like never before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-capturing-a-dying-star">Significance of capturing a dying star</h2>



The wondrous universe is always ready to surprise and inspire us. Today, it is the unique image of a dying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> beyond our galaxy, courtesy of ESO’s VLTI and the relentless curiosity of scientists like Keiichi Ohnaka.



In the ever-evolving field of astronomy, this is just one of the countless wonders that await us. With each star we scrutinize, each galaxy we explore, we inch closer to understanding the cosmos and our place in it. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/11/aa51820-24/aa51820-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>.



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Astronomers reveal the first detailed image of a dying star in another galaxy

A recent capture by the powerful European Southern Observatory’s Very...