Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the remnants of Lake Razzaza, an artificial lake situated a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> was created in the late 1970s as a flood control measure to regulate the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. 



Razzaza covers an area of approximately 1,562 square kilometers and is located in a depression where excess water from Lake Habbaniyah is diverted through a controlled escape channel or canal.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-lake-razzaza">The colors of Lake Razzaza</h2>



“The lake, also known as Baḩr al-Milḩ (‘Sea of Salt’ in Arabic), is fed by overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, which lies just outside the top left corner of the image,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153756/iraqs-sea-of-salt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The difference in water color results from the various communities of algae that thrive in the lake depending on the water temperature and salinity.”



“Green areas contain lower salt concentrations than red areas. At times when the lake receives no overflow from Habbaniyah Lake, as shown in this image, most of the lakebed is exposed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salinity-of-lake-razzaza">Salinity of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Over the years, the salinity of Lake Razzaza has been increasing due to inadequate water supply from the linked canal and high evaporation rates during Iraq's hot summers.&nbsp;



This rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> has led to a decline in fish populations, adversely affecting local fishermen who once relied on the lake for their livelihoods. 



By 2008, only the fish species locally known as "al-Shanik" (Acanthopagrus arabicus), of marine origin and stocked by the government, was reported to survive in the lake.&nbsp;



The lake's fluctuating water levels and increasing salinity have also impacted its recreational appeal, with few recreational areas existing around the lake.&nbsp;



Additionally, the surrounding desert landscape and low cliff shores contribute to its limited accessibility for leisure activities.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-razzaza">Wildlife of Lake Razzaza</h2>



Despite these challenges, Lake Razzaza remains an important habitat for various bird species. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, supporting significant numbers of wintering waterfowl and serving as a breeding ground for species such as the marbled duck.&nbsp;



The lake's mudflats attract large numbers of waders and shorebirds during migration periods.&nbsp;



The surrounding area features vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Juncus acutus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Salicornia herbacea, and Schoenoplectus litoralis, along with desert shrublands including Tamarix aucherana, Prosopis farcta, and Haloxylon salicornicum.&nbsp;



Mammals reported in this region include Rüppell's fox, golden jackal, Indian grey mongoose, jungle cat, and wildcat.&nbsp;



In recent years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> has faced environmental challenges due to reduced water inflows and increased evaporation, leading to higher salinity levels and a decline in biodiversity. 



Efforts to address these issues are essential to preserve the ecological and economic significance of Lake Razzaza.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-euphrates-river-nbsp">The Euphrates River&nbsp;</h2>



The Euphrates River is one of the most significant rivers in the Middle East and holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological importance.&nbsp;



Stretching approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,740 miles), it originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before merging with the Tigris River to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, supporting ancient Mesopotamian societies, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria.



The Euphrates has provided water for irrigation, enabling the development of agriculture in an otherwise arid region. Its floodplains have been vital for sustaining life and fostering the growth of cities along its course.&nbsp;



However, the river also plays a key geopolitical role, as disputes over water usage and dam construction among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq have emerged over the years, impacting water availability downstream.



Ecologically, the Euphrates supports a range of habitats, from wetlands to desert ecosystems, making it home to diverse flora and fauna.&nbsp;



However, modern challenges such as damming, pollution, and climate change threaten its flow and ecological balance. Despite these challenges, the Euphrates remains a symbol of life and resilience in the heart of the Middle East.



The image was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) on September 23, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA



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Lake Razzaza: A shrinking oasis shaped by salinity

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which is located 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



“A prominent bar of stars stretches across the center of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disk takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye,” said <a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-hubble-spies-spiral-galaxy-ngc.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“As NGC 2566 appears to gaze at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy's star clusters and star-forming regions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-appearance-of-ngc-2566">Complex appearance of NGC 2566</h2>



NGC 2566 lies at a considerable distance from Earth, making it a challenging object for amateur astronomers to observe in detail without powerful telescopes.&nbsp;



It can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere sky and is better observed from locations with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-light-pollution-influences-interest-in-astronomy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxy's arms are populated with young, bright stars, regions of active star formation, and interstellar gas and dust - giving it a dynamic and complex appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-ages-of-stars">Measuring the ages of stars</h2>



According to NASA, data from Hubble is especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old. “These stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive.”



“Using these data, researchers can measure the ages of NGC 2566's stars, which helps piece together the timeline of the galaxy's star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and the stars themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-galaxies">Star formation in galaxies</h2>



Star formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> is a fascinating and complex process that unfolds over millions of years. It begins in vast clouds of gas and dust, known as molecular clouds, which are often found in the spiral arms of galaxies or in regions of irregular or starburst galaxies.&nbsp;



These clouds provide the raw material for star formation, consisting primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements.



As the molecular clouds collapse under their own gravity, regions within them begin to condense and fragment, forming dense clumps. Within these clumps, protostars emerge. Their formation is driven by the gravitational pull drawing in surrounding gas. 



During this process, the gas heats up due to increasing pressure, eventually igniting nuclear fusion in the core, signaling the birth of a new star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-star-formation-nbsp-across-galaxies">Rate of star formation&nbsp;across galaxies</h2>



The rate of star formation varies across galaxies is influenced by numerous factors. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, star formation is most active in the spiral arms, where density waves compress gas and dust, triggering the collapse of molecular clouds. 



In contrast, elliptical galaxies, which often have little cold gas and dust, typically exhibit low rates of star formation or none at all.



Starburst galaxies, on the other hand, experience episodes of exceptionally high star formation, often triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/">galactic collisions</a> or interactions. 



These events can funnel large amounts of gas into central regions, leading to intense star-forming activity. However, such bursts are usually short-lived on cosmic timescales, exhausting the available gas quickly.



The environment within a galaxy also plays a significant role. Stellar winds and supernova explosions from existing stars can both inhibit and promote star formation. They may disperse gas, preventing further collapse, or compress nearby clouds, triggering new star formation.&nbsp;



Over time, as galaxies evolve, the availability of gas diminishes, leading to a gradual decline in star formation activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puppis-constellation-nbsp">The Puppis constellation&nbsp;</h2>



The Puppis constellation in the southern sky represents the stern of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation known as Argo Navis, which depicted the mythical ship of Jason and the Argonauts. 



However, Argo Navis was later divided into three separate constellations: Puppis, Carina (the keel), and Vela (the sails). Puppis is the largest of these three and contains many notable celestial objects.



This constellation is home to several bright stars, including Naos (Zeta Puppis), a hot, massive star that emits intense ultraviolet radiation. Puppis also hosts a wide variety of deep-sky objects, such as open <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-star-clusters-captured-in-the-extreme-outskirts-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and nebulae. 



Among these, Messier 46 and Messier 47 stand out. Both are beautiful star clusters that are visible through binoculars or small telescopes. The region is dense with stars because it lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, making it a prime area for stargazing and astrophotography. 



Image Credit: NASA



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NGC 2566: A cosmic eye in the Puppis constellation

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.&nbsp;



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study. 



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of South Georgia, a remote and rugged island located in the southern Atlantic Ocean. 



"Linked with the South Sandwich Islands to form a British Overseas Territory, this southern Atlantic island is a haven for a vast array of wildlife," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Around five million seals call the islands home, as well as 65 million birds of 30 different species. Migrating whales and various fish species populate the surrounding waters and there is a large penguin population."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife-of-south-georgia">Climate and wildlife of South Georgia </h2>



The island is dominated by mountains, glaciers, and fjords. Its highest peak, Mount Paget, rises to 2,935 meters, making it one of the tallest in the region.



South Georgia’s location within the Antarctic Convergence gives it a cold, maritime climate. Although not part of the Antarctic Treaty System, its environment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-efforts-are-not-enough-to-save-antarctic-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> are closely linked to Antarctica. 



The island is home to vast colonies of penguins, seals, and seabirds. The surrounding waters are rich with krill, providing an abundant food source for marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-penguins-adapted-to-harsh-environments">Penguins adapted to harsh environments </h2>



The most notable species found here are the king penguins, which are the second-largest penguin species in the world. South Georgia also hosts large populations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-the-gentoo-penguin-the-worlds-fastest-swimming-bird/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gentoo</a> and macaroni penguins. 



The island's harsh climate, characterized by strong winds, snow, and cold temperatures, makes it a tough environment, but the penguins have adapted well. 



Their colonies - some of which number in the hundreds of thousands - can be found along the island's rugged coasts and beaches. 



The island’s isolation, combined with its plentiful food supply, makes it a critical breeding ground for these penguins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-south-georgia">History of South Georgia </h2>



The island has a history of exploration and exploitation. Captain James Cook first claimed South Georgia for Britain in 1775. 



During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became a hub for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whaling</a> industry, with stations like Grytviken serving as operational centers. These stations have since been abandoned, and the island is now a haven for scientific research and ecotourism.



South Georgia is also notable for its role in Ernest Shackleton’s famed Endurance expedition. His crew reached the island in 1916 after an extraordinary open-boat journey from Elephant Island. Shackleton later died on South Georgia in 1922 and is buried in Grytviken.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pristine-nature-of-the-island">Pristine nature of the island</h2>



Today, South Georgia is a focus of conservation efforts. The eradication of invasive species, such as rats and reindeer, has been a significant success, allowing native wildlife to recover. 



Rats and mice were responsible for the decline of ground-nesting birds, including the South Georgia pipit, the island's only endemic bird. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reindeer-use-ultraviolet-vision-to-find-food-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reindeer</a>, which had been introduced for farming in the 19th century, caused extensive damage to the island’s vegetation, disrupting the habitat for native species.



South Georgia is uninhabited except for a small number of scientists and staff working at research stations and administrative facilities, emphasizing its role as a protected wilderness area and an essential site for understanding global environmental changes.



Its uninhabited status has helped preserve its pristine nature. Visitors to South Georgia must follow strict environmental guidelines to minimize human impact on this extraordinary island.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-remote-islands">Scientific significance of remote islands </h2>



Remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-life-on-islands-loses-diversity-when-humans-arrive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">islands</a> are scientifically significant for several reasons. They often serve as unique ecosystems that can provide insights into evolutionary processes, biodiversity, and adaptation. 



Due to their isolation, species on remote islands may evolve differently from their mainland counterparts, resulting in the development of endemic species that exist nowhere else in the world. 



These islands also act as natural laboratories for studying the effects of climate change, human activity, and ecological interactions, as they are more vulnerable to disturbances. 



Moreover, remote islands can offer valuable information on the health of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, as their ecosystems are often less impacted by human-induced factors. This makes them ideal for studying natural processes in relatively undisturbed environments. 



The isolation of these islands can also help scientists study the patterns of species migration, colonization, and extinction.



Image Credit: ESA 



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South Georgia: One of the most remote islands in the world

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Messak Settafet, a rocky plateau located in the central Sahara Desert. It is part of the greater Messak Plateau, which stretches between the Erg Uan Kasa and the Murzuq Sand Sea.&nbsp;



The plateau's surface is characterized by blackened sandstone, sculpted by thousands of years of wind erosion. This dark patina, often referred to as "desert varnish," adds to its distinctive appearance. The region is starkly beautiful but harsh, with extreme temperatures and minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-messak-settafet">Image of the Messak Settafet</h2>



“Towering over the desert in southwestern Libya, the Messak Settafet plateau resembles the wall of a giant fortress, with its dark, erosion-resistant sandstone separating the Ubari Sand Sea to the north and the Marzūq Sand Sea to the south,” noted NASA.



“The large outcrop of Cretaceous rock features a sharp escarpment on its north side. The cliff, some 300 meters (1,000 feet) high in places, is lined with a thin dark shadow.”&nbsp;



“Dark debris from rockfalls is visible to the north. Note that an optical illusion called relief inversion can make high-elevation areas appear low and vice versa when shadows appear on the northern side of a feature.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-archaeological-significance-of-the-plateau-nbsp">Archaeological significance of the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



Messak Settafet is often referred to as the "land of stone tools" because it is one of the world's largest sites for prehistoric tools.&nbsp;



The area is littered with countless <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fstone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a> and artifacts dating back to various prehistoric periods, including the Acheulean and Neolithic. These tools offer insights into early human technology and adaptation to desert environments.



“Signs of ancient tool making cover much of the plateau’s surface,” said <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “According to one archaeological survey, people discarded so many stone tools and rock fragments on the plateau over hundreds of thousands of years that roughly 75 artifacts per square meter now carpet the surface.”&nbsp;



“That makes this one of the earliest known examples of hominins modifying an entire landscape, according to the University of Cambridge archaeologists who conducted the survey.”



“Other signs of ancient activity include the bright spots that dot the image. These areas were likely quarrying pits where people dug up rocks and crafted them into tools, the archaeologists reported.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-art-on-the-plateau-nbsp">Rock art on the plateau&nbsp;</h2>



The plateau is home to numerous petroglyphs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negev-petroglyphs-ancient-art-rock-carvings-face-erosion-fungi-lichens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carvings</a>. These engravings depict animals, humans, and symbolic designs, providing valuable clues about the lives, beliefs, and environments of the region's ancient inhabitants.&nbsp;



“For instance, Wadi Mathendous, a prehistoric archaeological site located in the southern part of the plateau, contains engravings of rhinoceroses, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, fighting cats, giraffes, long-horned buffaloes, and elephants. The art is thought to be about 8,000 years old,” said NASA.



Some of the animals depicted, such as giraffes and elephants, indicate that the Sahara was once a <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fnews%2Fa-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much wetter</a> and more hospitable environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-messak-settafet">Cultural significance of the Messak Settafet</h2>



Messak Settafet forms part of the Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. This designation highlights the area's importance for understanding early human culture and environmental changes in the Sahara.



The plateau has been a critical area for studying the migration and adaptation of early humans. Its archaeological richness offers a glimpse into how humans thrived in this region during periods when the climate was wetter.



“Although the plateau now receives less than 0.4 inches of rain annually, clues in the landscape make clear it was once much wetter,” noted NASA.



“Deeply incised dried stream valleys, or wadis, crisscross the plateau, indicating significant past water flow. The small, bright features scattered across the plateau are sand and silt deposits left where water once pooled.”



The Messak Settafet, like many remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a> regions, faces challenges such as erosion, vandalism of ancient rock art, and the potential impacts of development. 



Efforts to preserve its archaeological treasures are vital for protecting its cultural and scientific significance.



The image was captured November 17, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 on&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Messak Settafet plateau in the Sahara Desert

As the new year of 2025 begins, the night sky of January offers an exciting lineup of celestial events for stargazing enthusiasts. These include a rare chance to see a parade of four bright planets - Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars - in one evening view. 



Additionally, Venus and Saturn will appear exceptionally close to each other in the sky during mid-January, creating a stunning visual treat. Mars will also reach its opposition - a time when it is closest to Earth, making it appear larger and brighter than usual.



To top it all off, the Quadrantid meteor shower will peak in early January, providing an excellent opportunity to watch shooting stars streak across the dark sky. These events make January an exceptional month for skywatching.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-s-planet-parade">January's planet parade</h2>



In January, the evening sky offers a chance to spot four bright <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-planets-will-align-in-a-planetary-parade-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets in a single sweep</a>. 



After sunset, Venus and Saturn grace the southwestern horizon for a couple of hours, Jupiter shines brightly overhead, and Mars rises in the east. Uranus and Neptune join the lineup, but their dimness makes them harder to spot without a telescope.



While these multi-planet views aren't annual events, they are worth observing when they happen. Such displays are often called “planet alignments,” although the term is a bit misleading. 



Planets always appear along the ecliptic, the plane of the solar system where they orbit the Sun. This alignment is simply a visual treat for those looking up.



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venus-and-saturn-s-celestial-event">Venus and Saturn’s celestial event</h2>



Venus and Saturn will put on a special show this month, drawing closer to one another each evening. By January 17th and 18th, they appear at their closest points in the sky - which is known as a conjunction.



This close approach is purely a matter of perspective, as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-sightings-nasa-skywatching-guide-for-may-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> are actually hundreds of millions of miles apart. Observing their conjunction offers a stunning reminder of our position within the vast solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-at-opposition-january-s-planet-highlight">Mars at opposition: January's planet highlight</h2>



Mars takes center stage this month as it reaches opposition, a point where Earth lies directly between the Red Planet and the Sun. 



This alignment brings Mars closer to Earth, making it appear larger and brighter in the night sky. While this opposition isn't the most spectacular in terms of proximity, it still offers an excellent opportunity for viewing.



“Mars also will be the lone planet in the sky on January mornings,” noted Preston Dyches of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



On the night of January 13th, a full Moon will cozy up to Mars. For observers in the U.S. and eastern Canada, the Moon will pass directly in front of Mars, creating a breathtaking celestial event visible over a couple of hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quadrantid-meteor-shower">Quadrantid meteor shower</h2>



The Quadrantid meteor shower peaks in the early hours of January 3rd. With minimal interference from moonlight, this year's show promises excellent viewing conditions. 



To catch the best of the meteors, find a dark location away from city lights and let your eyes adapt to the darkness. Observers in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Northwest and Pacific regions, will have prime viewing opportunities.



The shower offers its highest rates just before dawn. In rural areas, the meteors appear more vibrant and frequent, adding an extra layer of magic to the early morning sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-moon-phases">January Moon phases</h2>



In January, the Moon adds to the celestial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunters-supermoon-prepares-to-illuminate-the-october-skies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spectacle</a> by going through its regular phases, creating opportunities to observe its changes alongside other cosmic events. Each phase brings a unique view of the Moon’s illuminated surface. 



Here is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon phase</a> schedule for January:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>New Moon: January 11 - The sky is dark, perfect for stargazing.</li>



<li>First Quarter: January 18 - Half the Moon is illuminated, offering a bright contrast.</li>



<li>Full Moon: January 25 - The Moon shines its brightest, dominating the night sky.</li>



<li>Last Quarter: January 31 - Half the Moon is lit, ideal for observing its surface features.</li>
</ul>



From the brilliance of nearby planets and the magic of meteor showers to the enchanting phases of the Moon, January brings a dazzling array of celestial wonders for stargazers.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA JPL



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January 2025 stargazing: A parade of bright planets

As the new year of 2025 begins, the night sky...

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier eating habits. However, experts warn that this well-intentioned shift towards "clean" eating can sometimes go too far, leading to a dangerous obsession known as orthorexia nervosa. 



Researchers, including those from Semmelweis University in Hungary, caution that overly restrictive “clean eating” diets can result in physical malnutrition and severe mental health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allure-of-clean-eating">Allure of clean eating</h2>



In recent years, clean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating</a> has become synonymous with health and discipline. For many, this lifestyle promises physical vitality and mental clarity.



Yet, a survey conducted by <a href="https://semmelweis.hu/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Semmelweis University</a> of 179 female fashion models revealed that over one-third showed symptoms of orthorexia nervosa - an unhealthy fixation on eating only “pure” foods. Alarmingly, about one-fifth of the control group, comprising students, exhibited similar tendencies.



Orthorexia nervosa manifests when an individual’s dedication to healthy eating disrupts their daily life. Warning signs include avoiding social gatherings, such as family meals or holiday celebrations, due to dietary restrictions. 



People with this condition often experience stress when their eating routines are disrupted and may suffer from physical symptoms like hair loss, brittle nails, and chronic fatigue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-of-restrictive-diets">Risks of restrictive diets</h2>



Dr. Nikolett Bogar of Semmelweis University emphasizes the dangers of such restrictive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>. 



“If someone eats only certain types of food - for example, fish, vegetables, green foods, raw items, or exclusively carbohydrate-free dishes - they can just as easily develop nutrient deficiencies as those with eating disorders,” said Dr. Bogar. “They don’t consume enough vitamins, minerals, protein or carbohydrates.”



The obsession with food quality over quantity is particularly concerning. While prioritizing healthy foods is important, it often leads to nutritionally inadequate diets. Severe cases of orthorexia nervosa can even escalate to clinical eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-growing-trend-of-clean-eating">A growing trend of clean eating </h2>



The research highlighted a startling reality: 90% of participants reported aspiring to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-diets-can-reduce-environmental-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy</a> and clean eating, mirroring the cultural obsession with slimness from past decades.



Statistics indicate that around 35% of people attempt to adopt healthier diets in January following indulgent holiday seasons.



However, experts warn against categorizing foods as strictly good or bad. Dr. Bogar advises embracing a balanced, long-term dietary approach. 



“Eating should not simply be seen as a source of nutrients but a social and cultural event, especially during the festive season and the following weeks,” said Dr. Bogar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-orthorexia-nervosa">Origins of orthorexia nervosa</h2>



Orthorexia nervosa, first introduced in 1997 by American physician Steven Bratman, describes an unhealthy fixation on consuming only "pure" or "clean" foods. 



Unlike other eating disorders, orthorexia focuses more on the quality of food rather than its quantity. Although widely discussed in medical and psychological circles, it is not yet officially recognized as an eating disorder in diagnostic manuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-eating-disorders">Consequences of eating disorders</h2>



Dr. Bratman observed that extreme clean eating trends could lead to severe consequences, both physical and psychological. Individuals with orthorexia often isolate themselves socially, avoiding gatherings where their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specific dietary preferences</a> cannot be met.



This isolation can promote anxiety and stress, further compounding the mental toll. Over time, their limited food choices may result in malnutrition, depriving the body of essential nutrients. In extreme cases, this obsession can even lead to life-threatening outcomes.



Orthorexia impacts both men and women equally and is often linked to personality traits like perfectionism and narcissism. Many individuals with orthorexia strive for an ideal of purity or perfection in their eating habits. 



Interestingly, studies suggest that the underlying motivation for this behavior is not low self-esteem, as seen in some other eating disorders. Instead, it often stems from a desire to feel superior to others, using their strict dietary discipline as a marker of personal virtue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-new-dietary-goals">Setting new dietary goals</h2>



For those setting new dietary goals in January, experts recommend aiming for moderation. Dr. Bogar highlights the importance of indulgence without guilt. 



“Aim for a long-term, balanced diet rather than an ultra-clean one in January. Occasionally indulging in chocolates or holiday treats should be part of your diet – without guilt,” she added.



Ultimately, food should nourish the body and enrich life through shared cultural and social experiences. By embracing balance, individuals can avoid the pitfalls of orthorexia and maintain both physical and mental health.



This study, published in the journal Eating and Weight Disorders, serves as a timely reminder to approach clean eating and dietary resolutions with caution and self-compassion.



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Obsession with eating 'clean' might result in eating disorders

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier...

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New Year amidst winter chills, Mars embraces the start of spring.



On November 12, 2024, the Red Planet completed another journey around the Sun, marking this the beginning of a Martian year - a cycle that lasts 687 Earth days.



Springtime on Mars triggers unique and explosive transformations, including avalanches, as temperatures rise and ice begins to thaw.



“Springtime on Earth has lots of trickling as water ice gradually melts. But on Mars, everything happens with a bang,” said Serina Diniega, a planetary surface researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



Unlike on Earth, Mars’s thin atmosphere doesn’t support liquid water. Ice sublimates directly into gas, creating dramatic phenomena that NASA scientists are closely monitoring using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MRO</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arrival-of-spring-on-mars">The arrival of spring on Mars</h2>



Mars’s cliffs roar to life during spring as frost avalanches cascade down their slopes.



In 2015, the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (<a href="https://www.uahirise.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HiRISE</a>) camera aboard the MRO captured a remarkable moment - a 66-foot-wide chunk of frozen carbon dioxide in mid-fall.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955359"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



“We’re lucky we’ve had a spacecraft like MRO observing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-pulls-earth-closer-to-the-sun-warming-our-climate-scientists-say/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> for as long as it has,” Diniega shared. “Watching for almost 20 years has let us catch dramatic moments like these avalanches.”



These avalanches highlight the dramatic environmental shifts that occur on Mars, offering scientists a chance to understand its dynamic surface better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-gas-geysers">Explosive gas geysers</h2>



As sunlight penetrates frozen carbon dioxide, the bottom layers sublimate into gas, causing pressure to build.



Eventually, the gas erupts through the surface, creating geysers that spray dark fans of sand and dust. These explosive jets are unique to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-can-engulf-the-entire-planet-of-mars-but-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> spring and offer a stark contrast to Earth’s gentle seasonal transitions.



“You get lots of cracks and explosions instead of melting,” Diniega said. “I imagine it gets really noisy.”



While these fans are visible across the planet, the most dramatic examples appear during southern spring, which starts in December 2025.



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-like-scour-marks-on-mars">Spider-like scour marks on Mars </h2>



Mars’s southern hemisphere presents a fascinating phenomenon: spider-like patterns that form on its surface due to erupting geysers.



These patterns, known as "araneiforms," are created when sunlight penetrates layers of translucent frozen carbon dioxide.



As the ice sublimates directly into gas during spring and summer, the trapped gas builds pressure until it bursts through the surface. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955361"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This eruption sends dust and debris outward, carving branching, spider-like marks into the ground. Once all the frozen carbon dioxide has sublimated, these marks remain visible, resembling the legs of giant spiders.



To understand this process, NASA scientists have recreated it in controlled conditions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-mars-s-spring-winds">Power of Mars's spring winds</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mars-became-uninhabitable-after-being-life-supporting-ocean-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> north pole, home to a Texas-sized ice cap, experiences the relentless power of springtime winds. These gusts carve spiral troughs into the ice cap, revealing traces of the red soil beneath.



“These things are enormous,” said Isaac Smith from Toronto’s York University. “You can find similar troughs in Antarctica but nothing at this scale.”



The winds accelerate as they move down the troughs, reshaping the icy surface through what scientists call an adiabatic process. 



This process involves changes in air temperature and pressure, without the addition or removal of energy. Adiabatic processes on Earth give rise to the Santa Ana and Chinook winds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wandering-dunes-sand-on-the-move">Wandering dunes: Sand on the move</h2>



The powerful winds also affect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> sand dunes.



During winter, frozen carbon dioxide fixes the dunes in place. But when spring arrives, the frozen gas sublimates, allowing the dunes to resume their slow migration.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1s.webp" alt="Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955363"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This ongoing process, observed by researchers, highlights how seasonal changes impact Martian landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-different-world-of-ice-and-fire">A different world of ice and fire</h2>



Every northern spring on Mars is slightly different. Variations in temperature and sublimation rates influence the speed and intensity of these natural phenomena. 



The dynamic interactions between frozen carbon dioxide, winds, and sand are crucial for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars’s past</a> and future.



NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, equipped with the HiRISE camera and other sensors, has been pivotal in uncovering these extraordinary events. 



Managed by NASA’s JPL, the MRO has provided nearly two decades of continuous observations, allowing researchers to capture Mars’s explosive beauty in unprecedented detail.



With each Martian year that passes, scientists gain deeper insights into the planet’s extreme seasonal transformations, which differ vastly from Earth’s. 



Whether it’s avalanches, geysers, "spider legs" or wandering dunes, spring on Mars is a spectacle of cosmic proportions.



Video Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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New year on Mars: Avalanches, icy explosions, and the arrival of spring

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New...

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Today&#8217;s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> shows space debris orbiting the Earth. 
The objects are a variety of different sizes, and pieces of debris smaller than 10 centimeters have been derived from a statistical model created by the ESA. Data on objects larger than 10 centimeters was obtained from the U. S. Space Surveillance Catalogue. 
&#8212;
By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer
Video Credit: European Space Agency

Space debris surrounding the Earth