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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the European Space Agency features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea. "The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA. "The dark colors of the...

New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection between Mars's gravitational field and Earth's climate.



Geological evidence spanning over 65 million years suggests that deep-sea currents on Earth undergo recurring cycles of strength every 2.4 million years.



These cycles, referred to as "astronomical grand cycles," appear linked to gravitational interactions between Earth and Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-earth-s-ocean-currents">Climate and Earth's ocean currents</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep-sea currents</a>, which alternate between stronger and weaker phases, significantly impact sediment accumulation on the ocean floor.



During periods of stronger currents, often called "giant whirlpools" or eddies, these powerful movements reach the abyssal depths and erode accumulated sediment there. 



The findings of a new study now shed light on how these cycles align with Earth-Mars <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-map-exposes-ancient-structures-and-volcanic-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational interactions</a>.



"The gravity fields of the planets in the solar system interfere with each other, and this interaction, called a resonance, changes planetary eccentricity, a measure of how close to circular their orbits are," explained study co-author Dietmar Müller, a geophysics professor at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-gravitational-pull-on-earth">Mars' gravitational pull on Earth</h2>



Due to this resonance, Mars's gravitational pull draws Earth slightly closer to the Sun, which leads to increased solar radiation and a warmer climate.



Over time, Earth drifts back again, completing this cycle roughly every 2.4 million years. This subtle gravitational influence might play a role in shaping Earth’s long-term climatic patterns.



The researchers used satellite data to map sediment accumulation on the ocean floor across millions of years. 



The team discovered gaps in the geological record, suggesting that stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interactions-with-mars-influence-deep-ocean-circulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> during warmer periods, caused by Mars's influence, might have disrupted sediment deposition.



These findings add to the growing evidence that celestial mechanics, including Mars’s gravitational pull, impact Earth’s climate.



However, the researchers clarified that this warming effect is unrelated to the current global warming driven by human greenhouse gas emissions.



"Our deep-sea data spanning 65 million years suggests that warmer oceans have more vigorous deep circulation," explained Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author and a sedimentologist at the University of Sydney.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



The study’s findings suggest that these cycles could help sustain ocean currents even in scenarios where global warming might weaken them. 



One such crucial current is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a>), often referred to as an ocean "conveyor belt." 



This system transports warm water from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere and facilitates deep-ocean heat distribution.



"We know there are at least two separate mechanisms that contribute to the vigor of deep-water mixing in the oceans," Müller noted. 



While some scientists predict a possible collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenlands-melting-icebergs-may-not-be-threat-to-ocean-currents-amoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a> in the coming decades, the ventilation caused by deep-ocean eddies might help prevent the ocean from becoming stagnant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-the-basics">Orbital mechanics -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-elusive-three-body-problem-now-has-12000-new-solutions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> in our solar system is like a cosmic dance choreographed by gravity. Every planet, moon, asteroid, and even tiny dust particle follows a specific path, or orbit, around a larger body because of gravitational forces.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-our-trip-to-jupiter-taking-so-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> between Mars and Earth is all about their positions, speeds, and distances in the solar system, creating a fascinating relationship.



Both planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, but Earth is closer to the Sun and moves faster along its orbit. Earth takes about 365 days to complete one orbit, while Mars, farther out, takes roughly 687 days.



This difference means that Earth "laps" Mars in their orbits every 26 months, creating opportunities for close approaches called oppositions -- when Mars is directly opposite the Sun in the sky as seen from Earth.



These close approaches are a big deal for space exploration. When planning missions to Mars, scientists take advantage of efficient paths that align with the relative positions of Earth and Mars.



Orbital mechanics governs not just the journey itself but also the timing, ensuring we can send rovers, landers, and eventually humans to Mars with precision and efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-and-earth-s-climate">Orbital mechanics and Earth's climate</h2>



Although still speculative, this research on Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-mars-clouds-catalogued-in-stunning-new-online-photo-atlas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a> highlights the potential of astronomical cycles to influence Earth's climate and affect oceanic circulation. 



This, on top of the aforementioned alignment of space mission launch pathways for previous and future Earth missions to Mars.



These findings emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary orbital mechanics and Earth’s natural systems, and offer a new perspective on how the cosmos might shape our planet's climate over millions of years.



Understanding these interactions not only deepens our knowledge of Earth's history but also provides insights into the resilience of oceanic systems in the face of ongoing climate change. 



"This will potentially keep the ocean from becoming stagnant even if Atlantic meridional overturning circulation slows or stops altogether," Adriana Dutkiewicz concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-can-t-escape-impact-of-mars-gravity">Earth can't escape impact of Mars' gravity</h2>



Mars is smaller in size and mass than Earth, and thus has a weaker gravitational pull. However, Martian gravity still has notable effects beyond influencing Earth’s orbit.



The gravity on Mars is approximately 38% of Earth's, meaning that an object or person would weigh significantly less if standing on the surface of Mars. 



The decreased force of gravity affects the planet's ability to retain a thick atmosphere, which results in a dry and barren Martian environment.



Mars’s moons, Phobos and Deimos, also experience the planet's gravitational pull, which leads to tidal stresses that gradually alter their orbits.



Over millions of years, Phobos is expected to spiral closer to Mars and eventually break apart, forming a ring around the planet. 



Additionally, Mars's gravity has influenced the trajectories of spacecrafts during missions that make use of a technique called gravity assist to propel probes towards distant targets.



The interplay between the gravity of Mars and the dynamics of the solar system showcases the subtle yet profound impact of this planet on neighboring celestial bodies. 



Researchers continue to explore how such forces might have shaped Mars's history, including its ancient magnetic field and potential for past water systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46171-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Mars' gravity pulls Earth closer to the Sun, warming our climate, scientists say

New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection...

In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast of British Columbia had quite the thrill ride when it was lifted sky-high by a gigantic wave known as the Ucluelet wave.



This monstrous wall of water, spanning the height of a four-story building, holds the record for the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded.



Intriguingly, this is an event that statisticians would tell you only happens once every 1,300 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-rogue-waves-the-basics">Understanding rogue waves -- the basics</h2>



Rogue waves are those massive, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-waves-can-get-much-bigger-taller-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unexpected waves</a> that seem to come out of nowhere and can be incredibly powerful. 



Imagine you're cruising on a regular ocean day, and suddenly a wave taller than a skyscraper barrels toward your ship -- that's a rogue wave. 



These waves are much bigger than the surrounding waves and can appear without warning, making them especially dangerous for sailors and offshore structures. 



Unlike typical waves that follow predictable patterns, rogue waves are rare and often surprising, which is why they’ve been the stuff of legends and maritime lore for so long.



That was until 1995, when a freak wave with a height of 85 feet -- now known as the Draupner wave -- crashed into an oil-drilling platform off the coast of Norway.



This monstrous wave became the first scientific evidence that rogue waves were more than just fiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-ucluelet-wave">Understanding the Ucluelet wave</h2>



The Draupner wave towered over its neighbors at a staggering 85 feet, as the surrounding waves were 39 feet tall. 



In contrast, the Ucluelet wave off Vancouver Island, while only 58 feet tall in comparison, was almost three times the height of its surrounding waves.



"Proportionally, the Ucluelet wave is likely the most extreme rogue wave ever recorded," noted physicist Johannes Gemmrich from the <a href="https://www.uvic.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria</a>. 



Such a remarkable size difference has researchers scratching their heads about how these rogue waves form.



The buoy that captured data from the Ucluelet wave was one of many deployed by <a href="https://marinelabs.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MarineLabs</a>. 



Their mission is to gather more information about the deep-sea hazards that can wreak havoc on marine operations, wind farms, oil rigs, and potentially even beachgoers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perils-of-rogue-waves">Perils of rogue waves</h2>



While neither the Ucluelet nor Draupner waves caused any significant damage, the history books are full of tales of rogue waves causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destruction</a>. 



It has even been speculated that several ships which vanished in the 1970s could have been taken down by rogue waves.



With a predicted increase in wave heights in the North Pacific due to climate change, the Ucluelet wave's record might not stand for long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-safety-a-constant-endeavor">Marine safety: A constant endeavor</h2>



Rogue waves can cause serious damage, sinking ships and disrupting marine activities, which is why understanding and predicting them is a big focus in oceanography.



"Capturing this once-in-a-millennium wave, right in our backyard, is a thrilling indicator of the power of coastal intelligence to transform marine safety," stated MarineLabs CEO Scott Beatty.



The push for improved safety and decision-making in marine operations and coastal communities is an ongoing one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rogue-waves-vs-shore-waves">Rogue waves vs. shore waves</h2>



Normal shore waves and rogue waves are like night and day when it comes to their behavior. Shore waves are those predictable, rolling waves you see at the beach. 



They’re usually generated by winds blowing over the ocean’s surface and are shaped by the depth and contour of the seabed as they approach land. 



These waves arrive in regular intervals, and you can usually see them coming from a distance -- great for surfers and beachgoers who like to play it safe.



Rogue waves, on the other hand, are the wildcards of the ocean. As mentioned previously, they don’t follow the usual patterns and can appear suddenly, even in relatively calm seas. 



These giants aren’t tied to the shoreline -- they can pop up in the open ocean, towering over everything around them. 



While shore waves are influenced by steady, consistent factors like wind and tides, rogue waves are the result of chaotic conditions, like multiple waves combining their energy in just the right (or wrong) way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-and-rogue-waves-mystery">Antarctica and rogue waves mystery</h2>



An expedition by scientists from the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a> to the waters around Antarctica has uncovered more about the formation of rogue waves. 



Their research has found that wind plays a significant role in the formation of these oceanic giants.



The team, led by Professor Alessandro Toffoli, took to the Antarctic waters in 2017, armed with state-of-the-art technology. 



With stereo cameras mounted on the South African icebreaker SA Agulhas II, they captured unprecedented insights into rogue waves. 



Their three-dimensional imaging of the ocean's surface provided unique insights into the dynamics of rogue waves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-wind">Critical role of wind</h2>



The observations revealed that rogue waves arise during the "young" stage of waves when they are most receptive to the wind.



"The wind creates a chaotic situation where waves of different dimensions and directions coexist," explained Professor Toffoli.



Wind causes young waves to grow higher, longer and faster. During this self-amplification, a wave grows disproportionately at the expense of its neighbors." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-better-predictive-tools">Call for better predictive tools</h2>



The research in the choppy seas of Antarctica has emphasized the need to integrate wind dynamics into predictive models for rogue wave forecasting.



Advancing our knowledge of rogue waves and their connection to wind dynamics opens up a world of possibilities for improving predictive tools in ocean safety. 



By incorporating wind data into forecasting models, we can enhance our ability to anticipate and prepare for these formidable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-heat-is-popping-up-in-hotspots-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural phenomena</a>. 



This integration will not only benefit sailors and maritime industries but also enable early warnings for coastal communities, enhancing overall safety and resilience in the face of unpredictable ocean conditions. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05671-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Most extreme "rogue wave" ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean detailed in new study

In November 2020, a lonely buoy bobbing off the coast...

When thinking about the causes behind species extinctions, invasive species such as rats or snakes and the looming threat of climate change often come to mind. However, an unexpected contender tops the list of culprits: domestic cats.



Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-ranging-cats-are-one-of-the-most-problematic-invasive-species/">cats</a> may appear as gentle and lovable companions, their impact on ecosystems worldwide reveals a far more destructive side. Beneath their charming exterior lies one of nature’s most efficient predators - stealthy, adaptable, and relentless.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-predators-without-boundaries">Cats: Predators without boundaries</h2>



Whenever a cat moves with silent determination, it’s likely closing in on its next prey. With no specific preferences and an insatiable hunting instinct, both domestic and feral cats have driven the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-species-extinctions-are-often-underestimated/">extinction</a> of numerous species, earning the title of one of the most invasive predators on Earth.



According to a study published in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1602480113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> in July 2016, cats have contributed to the extinction of 63 species in modern times. Recent research has further illuminated the staggering breadth of their ecological impact.



A December 2023 study in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42766-6#citeas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a> documented over 2,000 species hunted by cats.&nbsp;



Among these, 347 species are classified as threatened, near-threatened, or extinct by the <a href="https://iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN). Cats show no favoritism when it comes to prey, but birds appear to be their preferred target.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feral-cats-are-invasive-predators">Feral cats are invasive predators </h2>



In the United States alone, cats - both domestic and feral - are responsible for the deaths of approximately 2.4 billion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and 12.3 billion small mammals annually.&nbsp;



In Australia, feral cats kill over two billion native animals every year, including marsupials, reptiles, and ground-nesting birds.



Of the 2,084 species preyed upon by cats, birds top the list at 981, followed by 463 reptile species.&nbsp;



Iconic examples of their destructive influence include the Stephens Island wren, driven to extinction by a single housecat named Tibbles, and the now-extinct Hawaiian crow and New Zealand quail. Even today, feral cats remain a top threat to endangered species like the Galápagos petrel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-vulnerability-of-island-ecosystems">Unique vulnerability of island ecosystems</h2>



Cats wreak havoc in both mainland and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">island ecosystems</a>, but the damage they cause varies significantly. Islands are especially vulnerable due to the lack of natural predators and the evolution of native species without defenses against invasive hunters.



Ground-nesting birds, slow-moving reptiles, and small mammals are particularly at risk on islands.&nbsp;



The introduction of cats, apex predators in such environments, has led to dramatic population declines and outright extinctions. Islands house three times more species of conservation concern linked to cats compared to mainland habitats.



On the mainland, the impact of cats is more nuanced. While larger landmasses often support native predators and competitors, cats still exploit fragmented habitats in urban and suburban areas.&nbsp;



They prey on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-mammals-play-a-vital-role-in-maintaining-forest-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small mammals</a> and birds in already stressed ecosystems, disrupting food chains and sometimes outcompeting native predators. However, the diversity of competitors and predators on the mainland somewhat mitigates their impact compared to the devastation seen on islands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cats-are-such-effective-predators">Why cats are such effective predators</h2>



Cats' ability to spread and thrive as invasive predators stems from a combination of biological traits and human support:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-reproduction-nbsp">Rapid reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



A single female cat can produce up to 180 kittens in her lifetime under ideal conditions, allowing feral populations to grow quickly in areas with sufficient food and few predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-versatile-hunting-skills-nbsp">Versatile hunting skills&nbsp;</h3>



Equipped with sharp claws, keen night vision, acute hearing, and razor-sharp teeth, cats are adept at hunting a wide range of prey, including birds, rodents, reptiles, and insects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-flexibility-nbsp">Dietary flexibility&nbsp;</h3>



Cats rely solely on animal protein, enabling them to survive on prey alone. Their evolutionary ability to extract water from their meat-based diet allows them to thrive in diverse environments.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-adaptability-nbsp">Behavioral adaptability&nbsp;</h3>



Cats employ stealth and ambush tactics to outwit prey, showing remarkable patience and persistence in hunting even elusive or cautious species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-support-nbsp">Human support&nbsp;</h3>



Unlike other invasive predators, cats benefit directly from humans. Feral cats often rely on food scraps, garbage, or intentional feeding, which shields them from natural selection pressures like starvation. Meanwhile, even well-fed domestic cats hunt for sport, exacerbating their ecological impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-the-invasive-cat-issue">Managing the invasive cat issue</h2>



Efforts to control cat populations, such as trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, aim to reduce feral cat numbers without removing them entirely. However, cats’ adaptability and widespread presence across all continents except Antarctica mean their ecological impact persists.



Balancing the affection many people feel for cats with the urgent need to protect vulnerable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> is an ongoing challenge.&nbsp;



While cats remain beloved companions to millions, their role as one of the most destructive invasive species highlights the necessity for responsible management. Protecting ecosystems from their predation is not merely a choice - it’s an ecological imperative.



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Cats have become one of the world’s most invasive predators

When thinking about the causes behind species extinctions, invasive species...

The shoebill is a striking bird native to the wetlands of tropical East Africa, known for its unique appearance and remarkable presence. 



The bird gets its name from its large, shoe-shaped bill, which is both powerful and highly efficient for catching prey.



Shoebills can grow up to five feet tall, with a wingspan that adds to their commanding presence. Their gray feathers and intense, piercing eyes give them a prehistoric look.



However, behind the bird's striking exterior lies a story of survival and a call to action for its protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-of-the-shoebill">Lifestyle of the shoebill </h2>



The shoebill is more closely related to pelicans than to storks. It's the sole species in its family, Balaenicipitidae, and belongs to the order Pelecaniformes. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-birds-commit-to-caring-for-young-males-abandon-family-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> is a relic, dating back millions of years.



The shoebill produces a sound resembling machine gunfire -- a behavior known as bill-clattering -- typically during nesting or interactions with other shoebills.



While these birds appear solemn, their behaviors and hunting strategies reveal an intriguing mix of precision and persistence. 



They are solitary creatures, rarely seen in groups, and their habitats are under threat due to human activities, making them a conservation priority.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pelecaniformes-the-basics">Understanding Pelecaniformes -- the basics</h2>



Pelecaniformes are a group of water-loving birds that include some of the most recognizable species, like pelicans, herons, egrets, ibises, and even the goofy-looking shoebill that we're discussing here. 



These birds are all about life near water -- whether it’s oceans, lakes, rivers, or marshes. They have a knack for fishing, thanks to their long beaks and specialized hunting techniques. 



For example, pelicans use their massive, stretchy pouches to scoop up fish, while herons patiently stalk their prey in shallow water, striking with lightning speed.



Pelecaniformes play an important role in ecosystems by controlling fish populations and acting as indicators of environmental health. 



If these birds are thriving, it’s usually a sign that the local waterways are in good shape. That's why learning that shoebills are struggling is not a good omen of things to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-on-the-menu">What’s on the menu?</h2>



Shoebills are known for their calm and deliberate movements, often standing motionless for long periods as they patiently stalk their prey.



For a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> with such a theatrical hunting style, you might expect its diet to be equally dramatic.



The shoebill is a highly specialized predator and doesn’t eat just anything it finds in the water. The bird's diet primarily consists of large aquatic prey -- particularly lungfish, catfish, and tilapia.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/shorebill_eating-prey_grassy-marsh_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/shorebill_eating-prey_grassy-marsh_1s.webp" alt="The shoebill is a carnivore through and through, specializing in hunting fish in the wetlands of central tropical Africa. Its favorite meals include large, slippery prey like lungfish, tilapia, and catfish. Shoebills will also snack on frogs, snakes, young crocodiles, and even baby turtles if the opportunity arises." class="wp-image-1952432"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The shoebill is a carnivore through and through, specializing in hunting fish in the wetlands of central tropical Africa. Its favorite meals include large, slippery prey like lungfish, tilapia, and catfish. Shoebills will also snack on frogs, snakes, young crocodiles, and even baby turtles if the opportunity arises.</figcaption></figure>



A study in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.2989/00306525.2014.977364" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of African Ornithology</a> found that catfish composes around 71 percent of the shoebill's meals.



The bird occasionally indulges in other creatures like eels, snakes, and even baby crocodiles - showcasing its adaptability and the rich biodiversity of its habitat.



Once a creature ventures too close, the shoebill lunges with incredible speed and precision, using its massive beak to seize and crush the prey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-with-limited-resources">Surviving with limited resources </h2>



While shoebills are generally solitary, they form monogamous pairs during the breeding season. 



Both parents are involved in raising the offspring, including incubating eggs and feeding chicks. Despite this cooperation, the success rate of raising chicks is relatively low.



Shoebills usually lay two eggs per breeding season, spaced a few days apart. However, their reproductive strategy often results in siblicide -- a phenomenon where the older, stronger chick dominates the weaker one.



This behavior ensures that limited resources, such as food, are focused on the chick most likely to survive to adulthood. If the first chick dies, the second egg serves as a backup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-struggles-of-the-shoebill">Struggles of the shoebill</h2>



Despite its apparent strength, the shoebill faces significant threats. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>) estimates its global population at just 5,000 to 8,000 individuals.



The bird is primarily threatened by habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and practices of the exotic pet trade. 



Conservation efforts are focused on protecting wetlands, minimizing human interference, and monitoring populations in the wild.



These initiatives strive to preserve East Africa's distinctive wildlife by balancing conservation with human development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-east-african-wildlife">Other East African wildlife</h2>



East Africa is a wildlife lover’s dream, bursting with some of the most iconic animals you can imagine. The incredible wildebeest migration unfolds each year, showcasing one of nature’s greatest spectacles. 



You’ll also encounter majestic elephants, elegant giraffes, swift cheetahs, and the powerful lions that reign over the savannas. 



Beyond the open plains, East Africa is home to lush forests and breathtaking landscapes that shelter unique species, such as the elusive snow leopard in the mountainous regions.



But the magic of East Africa’s wildlife doesn’t stop with the big mammals. The region is teeming with diverse birdlife, like the Shoebill, vibrant reptiles, and fascinating insects that add layers of beauty to its ecosystems. 



Along the stunning coastlines of Zanzibar and the Seychelles, you can explore vibrant coral reefs and swim with playful dolphins and graceful sea turtles. 



Conservation efforts are strong here, with numerous reserves and community projects dedicated to protecting these incredible creatures and their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-shoebill">Significance of the shoebill </h2>



The shoebill serves as a symbol of ecological balance, both in East Africa and around the world as it's reputation spreads. 



Its presence reflects the vitality of the wetlands it inhabits -- critical ecosystems that support both wildlife and humans.



Wetlands provide a range of invaluable services, such as water purification, flood control, and carbon storage. They are also biodiversity hotspots, supporting a multitude of plant and animal species. 



By protecting and conserving wetlands, we ensure the preservation of not only the shoebill but also the many other species that rely on these vital ecosystems.



Education plays a critical role in raising awareness about the importance of the shoebill and the broader environmental issues it faces.



Regardless of where you live, you can play a part in the shoebill’s survival. Promoting educational initiatives and sharing information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-have-regional-accents-just-like-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird's</a> challenges are great ways to help. Together, we can create a future where the shoebill thrives.



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These human-sized birds are tough enough to eat baby crocodiles, yet they face extinction

The shoebill is a striking bird native to the wetlands...

Crop yields are at the heart of a pressing global issue: can we produce enough food to sustain an estimated 10 billion people by 2050?



Amid growing concerns of production stagnation, a new study has emerged, offering promising insights that bring a silver lining to an otherwise cloudy forecast.



The findings challenge the prevailing narrative of agricultural decline, instead highlighting a steady trajectory of growth over the last sixty years.



This revelation highlights the potential to address future food demands, provided we continue to innovate and adapt to evolving global challenges.



The research was conducted by scientists from the <a href="https://www.uidaho.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Idaho</a> and the World Bank.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-global-crop-yields">A new perspective on global crop yields</h2>



"Utilizing a comprehensive caloric-based index of production and yield for 144 crops, covering 98% of global agricultural land and food output, this paper reveals that, on an aggregate level, global yield growth - a vital indicator of agricultural productivity - has not slowed over the past six decades," wrote the study authors. 



The researchers noted that much of the growth in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food production</a> over the past 60 years has been driven by technological advancements. This has led to the creation and widespread use of superior crop varieties.



In response to worrying claims of production growth leveling off, particularly in low and middle-income countries with surging populations, the authors provided a counter narrative.



"This steady growth equates to an annual increase of approximately 33 kilograms of wheat per hectare, highlighting continued productivity gains worldwide," said the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-challenges-for-food-security">Ongoing challenges for food security </h2>



However, the study is not all roses. The researchers caution that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-heat-is-threatening-wheat-and-the-global-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food supply</a>'s sustainability and affordability will continue to pose significant challenges for global food security.



It's essential to understand that observed slowdowns in specific crops or areas have been compensated by gains in others, reminding us that the issue is complex and multifaceted.



The concern becomes even more pertinent when considering the intensifying impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and the increased demand for food due to population growth and income increase. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crop-yields-and-a-sustainable-food-supply">Crop yields and a sustainable food supply</h2>



Even though the overall global yield growth hasn't slowed, these factors will weigh heavily on our ability to secure a stable, affordable, and sustainable food supply for everyone.



The study matters because it offers a new perspective and brings a glimmer of hope to an otherwise grim picture.



It's a stepping stone with valuable implications for scientists and policymakers alike because it allows a more nuanced view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-cut-agricultural-productivity-by-21-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural productivity</a> across different countries and regions.



Still, the challenges are real and pressing. Therefore, it's essential to continue exploring, innovating, and implementing solutions that can ensure we sustainably feed the growing global population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crop-diversity-and-agricultural-stability">Crop diversity and agricultural stability</h2>



The study emphasizes the role of crop diversity in maintaining global yield growth. By cultivating a wide range of crops that are adapted to varying climates and conditions, farmers worldwide have contributed to a steady increase in agricultural productivity.



This diversity acts as a buffer against localized crop failures, and ensures a stable food supply, even in the face of climate-related challenges.



Regions that adopt diverse agricultural practices often display increased resilience to external pressures, such as fluctuating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-influences-us-weather-patterns-ai-machine-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a> and resource limitations.



This highlights the importance of continuing efforts to promote diverse agricultural systems, particularly in low and middle-income countries where populations are increasing rapidly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-crop-productivity-with-sustainability">Balancing crop productivity with sustainability</h2>



While the findings reveal sustained growth in global crop yields, they also point to a critical challenge: balancing increased productivity with sustainable practices. 



The intensive cultivation of high-yielding crops often requires significant inputs such as fertilizers, water, and energy, which raises concerns about environmental degradation and resource depletion.



Innovative agricultural technologies and practices are key to enhancing crop yields without compromising ecological balance. 



Approaches like precision agriculture, soil health monitoring, and the development of drought-resistant crop varieties are pivotal in achieving this balance. 



These strategies are essential to meeting future food demands while protecting the planet's ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0313088" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



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Crop yields have grown steadily over the last six decades

Crop yields are at the heart of a pressing global...

Clothing is more than just fabric and fashion -- our clothes tell stories about who we are as humans, where we've been, and how we've adapted over time. 



But when did our human ancestors first decide that we needed to cover up and wear clothes? 



This question has puzzled scientists for years. David Reed, associate curator of mammals at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, has been digging into this mystery by studying an unlikely source: lice.



Reed's work focuses on these tiny parasites that have been our unwelcome companions for thousands of years. 



"We wanted to find another method for pinpointing when humans might have first started wearing clothing," Reed said. 



"Because they are so well adapted to clothing, we know that body lice or clothing lice almost certainly didn’t exist until clothing came about in humans."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lousy-clues-hidden-in-our-hair">Lousy clues hidden in our hair</h2>



By examining the DNA of modern human lice, Reed and his team have calculated that we started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago. 



This was a significant technological leap that allowed our ancestors to migrate out of Africa into colder climates. 



"It’s just interesting to think that humans were able to survive in Africa for hundreds of thousands of years without clothing and without body hair," Reed noted. 



"And that it wasn’t until they had clothing that modern humans were then moving out of Africa into other parts of the world."



This research, funded by the National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>), suggests that there was a substantial period when humans roamed the African continent without the warmth of body hair or the protection of garments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lice-humans-and-the-first-clothes">Lice, humans, and the first clothes</h2>



Lice are more than just a nuisance; they're evolutionary markers. Unlike many parasites, lice stick closely to their hosts over long periods. 



This host-parasite relationship allows scientists like Reed to trace changes in human history based on changes in lice populations. 



"We use these lice as a marker, if you will, as a marker of their host’s evolutionary history," he explained.



Interestingly, the study shows that we began wearing clothes around 70,000 years before venturing into colder regions -- a move that started about 100,000 years ago. 



This gap implies that clothing wasn't just a response to colder climates but perhaps a development that had other social or practical motivations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-humans-got-cold-too">Early humans got cold, too</h2>



Back in 2003, geneticist Mark Stoneking from the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a> estimated that clothing use began around 107,000 years ago. 



Reed's study, however, includes new data and refined calculation methods, offering a different perspective. 



"The new result from this lice study is an unexpectedly early date for clothing, much older than the earliest solid archaeological evidence, but it makes sense," noted Ian Gilligan, a lecturer at <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Australian National University</a>.



The timing of clothing's emergence seems to align with the harsh conditions of the Ice Ages. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disastrous-climate-changes-of-the-last-ice-age-could-happen-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Last Ice Age</a> occurred about 120,000 years ago, but Gilligan suggests that humans started bundling up during the preceding Ice Age, around 180,000 years ago. 



With modern humans appearing about 200,000 years ago, this period was crucial for developing technologies that would ensure our survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-humans-needed-clothes-to-survive">First humans needed clothes to survive</h2>



Clothing wasn't the only advancement that helped our ancestors thrive. Reed pointed out that other innovations played a role. 



"The things that may have made us much more successful in that endeavor hundreds of thousands of years later were technologies like the controlled use of fire, the ability to use clothing, new hunting strategies, and new stone tools," he said.



One of the challenges in studying ancient clothing is the lack of physical evidence. Early garments wouldn't have survived millennia buried in the earth. 



Direct evidence like eyed needles only appeared about 40,000 years ago, and tools suitable for scraping animal hides date back to about 780,000 years ago. 



Reed's lice research fills in the gaps, offering a biological clue where archaeological evidence is scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lice-aren-t-often-seen-as-heroes">Lice aren't often seen as heroes</h2>



Collecting lice samples from around the world, including places like homeless shelters and health clinics, was essential for the study's success. 



These parasites provide a unique dataset that can be applied across various fields, from medicine to ecology. 



"It gives the opportunity to study host-switching and invading new hosts, which has everything to do with diseases that do the same thing, like emerging infectious diseases that affect humans," Reed explained.



"From an evolutionary standpoint, it’s interesting to learn about the evolutionary histories of a mammal and its parasite that are so intertwined, so interconnected over vast, long time scales. They just generate such interesting evolutionary questions," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



To sum it all up, by examining lice, Reed and his team found clues about when our early human ancestors first decided to wear clothes.



This was a pivotal moment in Earth history that allowed humans to migrate around the globe and adapt to new environments and extreme weather.



If our distant relatives hadn't figured out how to create and wear clothes roughly 170,000 years ago, chances are the species would not have survived, and we wouldn't be here today reading this article.



This fun but important research highlights the fact that humans have always been resourceful, even the very first ones. 



The incremental survival steps they took during the Last Ice Age led to the complex societies we have today. Whether that's a good thing, or a bad thing, will be left open for discussion on another day.



-----



Study co-authors were Melissa Toups, previously with UF and now at Indiana University, Andrew Kitchen, formerly with UF and presently at The Pennsylvania State University, and Jessica Light of Texas A&amp;M University. The researchers completed the five-year project with the help of Reed’s NSF Faculty Early Career Development Award, which is granted to researchers who exemplify the teacher-researcher role.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/28/1/29/984822" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a>.



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When did early humans first start wearing clothes? Follow the lousy lice

Clothing is more than just fabric and fashion -- our...

According to a recent study, the first summer on record when nearly all of the Arctic's sea ice melts - an alarming milestone for the planet - could occur as soon as 2027.



For the first time, an international team of researchers, including climatologist Alexandra Jahn from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> and Céline Heuzé from the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a> in Sweden, has used computer models to forecast when the Arctic Ocean might experience its first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice-free</a> day. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-an-ice-free-arctic-nbsp">Implications of an ice-free Arctic&nbsp;</h2>



An ice-free Arctic could have significant impacts on ecosystems and Earth's climate by altering weather patterns.



“The first ice-free day in the Arctic won’t change things dramatically,” said Jahn, associate professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and fellow at CU Boulder’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.&nbsp;



“But it will show that we've fundamentally altered one of the defining characteristics of the natural environment in the Arctic Ocean, which is that it is covered by sea ice and snow year-round, through greenhouse gas emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-warming-arctic">A rapidly warming Arctic</h2>



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, sea ice in the Arctic has been disappearing at an unprecedented rate of more than 12% each decade.



In September, the <a href="https://nsidc.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a> reported that this year’s Arctic sea ice minimum - the day with the least amount of frozen seawater - was among the lowest recorded since 1978.



At 1.65 million square miles (4.28 million square kilometers), this year’s minimum was above the all-time low observed in September 2012.&nbsp;



However, it still represents a significant decline compared to the average coverage of 6.85 million square kilometers between 1979 and 1992.



Scientists consider the Arctic to be ice-free when the ocean has less than one million square kilometers of ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focusing-on-the-first-ice-free-day">Focusing on the first ice-free day</h2>



Previous projections of Arctic sea ice have centered on predicting when the ocean will remain ice-free for an entire month. Jahn’s earlier research suggested that the first ice-free month is almost certain and could occur by the 2030s.



As this critical point approaches, Jahn became interested in pinpointing when the first summer day might occur that melts virtually all Arctic sea ice.



“Because the first ice-free day is likely to happen earlier than the first ice-free month, we want to be prepared. It’s also important to know what events could lead to the melting of all sea ice in the Arctic Ocean,” Heuzé said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-and-early-melt">Extreme weather and early melt</h2>



Jahn and Heuzé estimated the timing of the first ice-free Arctic day using data from over 300 computer simulations.&nbsp;



They found that most models predict the first ice-free day could happen within nine to 20 years after 2023, regardless of human efforts to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The earliest ice-free day could occur within three years.



While this is an extreme scenario, it remains a possibility based on the models. In total, nine simulations indicated that an ice-free day could happen in three to six years.



The researchers discovered that a sequence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-does-climate-change-influence-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a> could melt two million square kilometers or more of sea ice rapidly. An unusually warm fall could weaken the sea ice, followed by a warm Arctic winter and spring that prevent new ice from forming. 



If the Arctic experiences such extreme warming for three or more consecutive years, the first ice-free day could occur in late summer.



Such warm periods have already occurred. For example, in March 2022, areas of the Arctic were 50°F warmer than average, and regions near the North Pole were nearly melting. According to Heuzé, climate change will only increase the frequency and intensity of these weather events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-through-emission-reductions">Hope through emission reductions</h2>



Sea ice protects the Arctic by reflecting incoming sunlight back into space. With less reflective ice, darker ocean waters absorb more heat from the Sun, further increasing temperatures in the Arctic and globally.&nbsp;



Additionally, warming in the Arctic could alter wind and ocean current patterns, leading to more extreme weather events worldwide.



But there is also positive news: a significant reduction in emissions could delay the timeline for an ice-free Arctic and decrease the duration the ocean remains ice-free, according to the study.



“Any reductions in emissions would help preserve sea ice,” Jahn concluded.



The findings were published on December 3 in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54508-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>. Jahn will also present the results on December 9 at the <a href="https://www.agu.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union annual meeting</a> in Washington D.C.



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First ice-free day in the Arctic may arrive in 2027

According to a recent study, the first summer on record...

International Cheetah Day, celebrated each year on December 4, is dedicated to raising awareness about the challenges faced by this iconic big cat.&nbsp;



With fewer than 7,000 individuals remaining in the wild, this day highlights the urgent need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts to protect cheetahs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-cheetahs">Fascinating facts about cheetahs</h2>



Cheetahs are extraordinary animals. They are the fastest land mammals - capable of reaching speeds of up to 70 miles per hour in short bursts during a chase.&nbsp;



What’s even more impressive is their acceleration, going from 0 to 60 miles per hour in just a few seconds.&nbsp;



Their slim, aerodynamic bodies, long legs, and specialized spine allow them to achieve this remarkable speed, while their semi-retractable claws provide extra grip during sprints.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetah-vision">Cheetah vision</h3>



Beyond their speed, cheetahs have exceptional vision, enabling them to spot prey from distances of up to three miles.&nbsp;



The black "tear marks" running from their eyes to their mouths reduce glare from the sun, aiding in precision hunting during the day.&nbsp;



Interestingly, cheetahs rely more on sight than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheetah-marking-sites-are-communication-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scent</a> when tracking prey, setting them apart from other big cats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Socially, male cheetahs often form coalitions, usually with their brothers, which help them defend territories and hunt cooperatively.



Females, on the other hand, are solitary and raise their cubs alone, teaching them crucial survival skills over the course of about 18 months.



Cheetahs also have unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/empathetic-humans-are-better-at-understanding-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocalizations</a>, including chirps and purrs. To communicate with their cubs, mothers use a high-pitched meow-like call. Unlike other big cats, they do not roar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-faced-by-cheetahs">Threats faced by cheetahs</h2>



Cheetahs face a range of threats that have led to their classification as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List - with some populations critically endangered.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



One of the primary challenges is habitat loss and fragmentation, caused by expanding agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.&nbsp;



As their natural habitats are converted into farmland or settlements, cheetahs lose vital hunting grounds and are often confined to smaller, isolated populations.&nbsp;



This fragmentation not only limits their movement but also reduces genetic diversity, making them more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-wildlife-conflict">Human-wildlife conflict</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reintroduced-cheetahs-may-cause-conflicts-with-nearby-farmers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-wildlife conflict</a> is another significant threat. Cheetahs are frequently killed by farmers who see them as a danger to livestock, especially in areas where traditional grazing lands overlap with cheetah territories.&nbsp;



Overgrazing by livestock further compounds the issue by depleting the natural prey base for cheetahs. These prey populations are also declining due to poaching and habitat degradation, leaving cheetahs with fewer options for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illegal-wildlife-trade">Illegal wildlife trade</h3>



Illegal wildlife trade poses a dire risk to cheetahs, particularly to cubs, which are often captured to meet the demand for exotic pets. This practice not only disrupts family groups but also leads to high mortality rates among trafficked cubs.&nbsp;



Furthermore, roadkills and other accidental human impacts, such as collisions with vehicles in areas where roads intersect habitats, take a toll on their numbers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-nbsp">Climate change&nbsp;</h3>



Adding to these challenges is climate change, which alters ecosystems and disrupts prey availability and water sources. In some regions, invasive plant species further degrade their habitats, reducing the quality of the ecosystems cheetahs depend on.&nbsp;



Taken together, these threats create a complex web of challenges that endanger the survival of this iconic species. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-are-highly-effective-for-wildlife-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation efforts</a> aim to address these issues, but the cheetah’s future remains uncertain without sustained and coordinated global action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-cheetah-day-nbsp">International Cheetah Day&nbsp;</h2>



International Cheetah Day was initiated by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF). It is tied to the birth date of an orphaned cheetah cub named Khayam, rescued by CCF’s founder, Dr. Laurie Marker.&nbsp;



The day emphasizes education, community involvement, and spreading awareness to ensure a future for cheetahs in the wild. People worldwide are encouraged to participate by learning about cheetahs and supporting conservation initiatives.



For over six decades, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has been working to protect nature in more than 100 countries. To support the conservation efforts of WWF, you can symbolically <a href="https://gifts.worldwildlife.org/gift-center/gifts/Species-Adoptions/Cheetah?sc=AWY1800OQ18352A01716RX&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAiAmMC6BhA6EiwAdN5iLc4M6DO7TxYQTu60VtHJhdSs_JnBIREMzgpGYyUiO2Jlz7DdNV9fLxoCbmEQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adopt a cheetah</a>. 



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International Cheetah Day 2024: Racing against extinction 

International Cheetah Day, celebrated each year on December 4, is...

Astronomers have stumbled upon a cosmic treasure trove by using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in an unexpected way. They've discovered over a thousand photos of asteroids that had been hiding in Hubble images, unnoticed until now.



Lead researcher Pablo García Martín from the Autonomous University of Madrid delved into 19 years' worth of Hubble images to find these elusive space rocks.



Working alongside co-author Bruno Merín of the European Space Astronomy Centre, they found 1,701 asteroid trails, with 1,031 of them being entirely new discoveries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-ugc-12158-has-a-surprise-guest">Galaxy UGC 12158 has a surprise guest</h2>



One of the standout images features the barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158, which got an unexpected visitor -- a photobombing asteroid passing by during the telescope's exposure.



Barred spiral galaxies like UGC 12158 are fascinating. They have swirling arms that extend from a central bar-shaped region. 



These bars are more than just cosmic eye candy; they play a crucial role in channeling gas toward the galaxy's center, fueling the birth of new stars.



These bar structures aren't permanent fixtures. Astronomers believe they slowly disperse over time, and the galaxies eventually evolve into regular spirals. It's like watching a cosmic dance that changes steps over millions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-hunt-for-hidden-asteroids">Hubble's hunt for hidden asteroids</h2>



But how did these asteroids go unnoticed for so long? The answer lies in the sheer volume of data. 



Hubble has been snapping pictures of the universe for decades, amassing a vast archive that's simply too massive for astronomers to sift through alone.



Enter the citizen scientists -- over 11,000 volunteers from around the globe who teamed up with the researchers. 



Their mission? To comb through nearly 20 years of images in search of asteroid trails.



"We are getting deeper into seeing the smaller population of main belt asteroids. We were surprised with seeing such a large number of candidate objects," García Martín remarked.



"There was some hint of this population existing, but now we are confirming it with a random asteroid population sample obtained using the whole Hubble archive. This is important for providing insights into the evolutionary models of our solar system," he added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-we-care-about-asteroids">Why do we care about asteroids?</h2>



You might be wondering, why all the fuss about asteroids? These space rocks are like time capsules, holding clues about the early solar system.



The abundance of small asteroids supports the idea that they are fragments from larger bodies that collided and broke apart over billions of years. 



It's like piecing together a cosmic jigsaw puzzle, helping us understand how planets and other celestial bodies formed.



This finding challenges an alternative theory suggesting that these smaller fragments formed as such billions of years ago. Understanding which theory holds true can significantly impact our knowledge of solar system evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-science-asteroids-and-hubble">Citizen science, asteroids, and Hubble</h2>



The Hubble Asteroid Hunter project, launched in 2019, was a true team effort. 



Volunteers provided nearly 2 million identifications, which were then used to train a machine learning algorithm to find even more asteroids.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Galaxy-UGC-12158_asteroid-photobomb_annotated-hubble-image_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Galaxy-UGC-12158_asteroid-photobomb_annotated-hubble-image_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Annotated image of barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158 against the black background of space, with compass arrows, a scale bar, and color key for reference. The galaxy has a pinwheel shape made up of bright blue stars wound around a yellow-white hub of central stars. The galaxy is tilted face-on to our view from Earth. A slightly S-shaped white line across the top is the Hubble image of an asteroid streaking across Hubble’s view. Indicated filters are expressed as: “F475W” in blue, “F606W” in green, and “F814W” in red. At the bottom left corner is a scale bar labelled “60,000 light-years” over “30 arcseconds.” At the bottom right corner, the “E” compass arrow points towards the 2 o’clock position. The “N” compass arrow points towards the 5 o’clock position. Credit: NASA/ESA" class="wp-image-1952414"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Annotated image of barred spiral galaxy UGC 12158 against the black background of space, with compass arrows, a scale bar, and color key for reference. The galaxy has a pinwheel shape made up of bright blue stars wound around a yellow-white hub of central stars. A slightly S-shaped white line across the top is the Hubble image of an asteroid streaking across Hubble’s view. Credit: NASA/ESA</figcaption></figure>



"Asteroid positions change with time, and therefore you cannot find them just by entering coordinates, because at different times, they might not be there," explained Merín. 



"As astronomers we don't have time to go looking through all the asteroid images. So we got the idea to collaborate with over 10,000 citizen-science volunteers to peruse the huge Hubble archives."



This innovative approach may be effectively applied to other datasets in the future, showcasing the power of combining human effort with technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-hubble-finds-asteroids">How Hubble finds asteroids</h2>



Hubble's unique position orbiting Earth allows it to capture images of asteroids as they move. Unlike stars, which stay relatively fixed, asteroids can appear as streaks or trails in photographs.



From Earth-based telescopes, an asteroid leaves a straight streak across the picture. But in Hubble's images, they appear as curved trails due to the telescope's motion around Earth.



By analyzing these trails, scientists can determine how far away the asteroids are and estimate their orbits. 



The faintest asteroids they found are incredibly dim -- about one forty-millionth the brightness of the faintest star visible to the naked eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snapshot-of-the-universe">Snapshot of the universe</h2>



The image of UGC 12158 holds more than just an asteroid. It also contains a supernova -- an exploding star -- called SN 2004ef. 



This bright blue point near the galaxy's center was first spotted by two British amateur astronomers in September 2004.



At around 400 million light-years away, this supernova offers a glimpse into the life cycles of stars far beyond our own galaxy. It's a reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the universe.



The team plans to study these newly discovered asteroids further, looking into their orbits and properties like rotation periods.



However, since many of these images were taken years ago, tracking the asteroids now isn't possible. But the data still provides valuable insights that can be used to refine models of asteroid behavior and solar system evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



This discovery highlights how much can be achieved when professionals and the public join forces.



By tapping into the enthusiasm and curiosity of citizen scientists, the team was able to process an enormous amount of data that would have been overwhelming otherwise.



"This is important for providing insights into the evolutionary models of our solar system," García Martín emphasized.



Understanding asteroids isn't just an academic exercise. These objects can tell us about the building blocks of planets, including our own Earth.



They can also help us learn about potential hazards. After all, asteroids have impacted Earth before, and knowing more about them can help us prepare.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aanda.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>.



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Hubble gets photobombed by an asteroid in beautiful image of a spiral galaxy

Astronomers have stumbled upon a cosmic treasure trove by using...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Puglia, a coastal region in southern Italy. Puglia forms the heel of Italy’s "boot," and has the longest coastline of any Italian mainland region.



"Covering almost 20,000 sq km, it is Italy’s seventh largest region and its coastline, dotted with some of Italy’s finest sandy beaches and azure seas, runs for around 800 km," reports ESA. "With a population of around four million, Puglia borders the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west."



"Puglia is the least mountainous region of Italy, consisting of broad plains and low-lying hills. It is home to two national parks, the Alta Murgia National Park and Gargano National Park. The area is one of the largest and most productive plains in Italy where a significant amount of both wine and olive oil is produced."



Puglia, which is also called Apulia, is known for its vibrant culture. The region provides around 40 percent of Italy’s olive oil, and is the birthplace of many unique Italian foods.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The coastal region of Puglia in southern Italy

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Seal,On,Ice,Floe,In,Antarctica

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/">National Science Foundation</a> describes the sacrifices made by Weddell seal moms for their offspring. A recent study led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution revealed that Weddell seals give so much iron to their pups during lactation that they dramatically limit the energy they have left over for diving and foraging.&nbsp;



“Offload of large amounts of iron hinders female Weddell seals’ ability to maintain their own endogenous heme (hemoglobin and myoglobin) stores, and post-partum females have shorter dive durations following weaning than skip-breeders,” wrote the study authors. “High iron demand during lactation ultimately impacts dive capacity as a cost of reproduction in marine mammals.”



Study lead author Michelle Shero explained that seals have much greater iron loads than terrestrial mammals because the seals need those proteins to carry oxygen in their bodies.



“That basically acts as a sort of internal scuba tank for those animals that allows them to dive for so long,” said Shero. “The females are essentially transferring their dive capacities to the pups when they nurse, through this transfer of iron. No one has looked at that before.”



The experts determined that a female seal transfers 309 to 614 milligrams of iron per day to her pup. “This is an exceptional rate of transfer relative to terrestrial mammals,” wrote the researchers.



Weddell seals are incredible divers. They routinely dive and hunt for food underwater for 20 minutes at a time. The longest recorded dive by a Weddell seal was 96 minutes. When the mothers are lactating, however, they are giving up the hemoprotein levels they need to carry oxygen for long dives.



Video Credit: National Science Foundation&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Weddell seals sacrifice large amounts of energy for their pups

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Nasser, a vast reservoir located in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. Nasser is one of the largest artificial lakes in the world.



"The lake was created as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam across the waters of the Nile in the late-1960s. This ambitious project was designed to provide irrigation to new agricultural developments and attract people to the region," reports ESA.



"The dam impounds floodwaters from the Nile, releasing them when needed to maximise their utility on irrigated land, to water hundreds of thousands of hectares of land downstream, but also in the nearby area. The dam also helps improve navigation through Aswān and generates an enormous amount of hydroelectric power."



The Toshka Lakes are natural depressions that are filled by overflow from Lake Nasser. They were created in the 1980s and 1990s by the diversion of water from Lake Nasser through a man made canal.



"The rise and fall of the lakes depend on multi-year fluctuations in water flow from the Nile," explains ESA. "From 2012 to 2018, the lakes had shrunk significantly, leaving only small remnants of water in the basins."&nbsp;



"Summer rainfall in Sudan in 2019 and record-breaking floods in 2020, resulted in the rapid filling of the lake’s waters. The lakes are relatively salty, with visible signs of eutrophication and algae formation."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Nasser in southern Egypt

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) describes how the graphite used in lead pencils could ultimately revolutionize the future of electronics, medicine, and even space travel.&nbsp;



Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon which consists of stacked layers of graphene. It is also one of the best conductors in the world because electrons can zip through graphene sheets faster than any other known material.&nbsp;



In the future, scientists hope to use graphene for renewable energy in batteries, fuel cells and other energy storage methods.



Graphene could also be useful in various biomedical applications, such as sensors that could be placed under the skin to track heart rate or blood sugar.



"The chemistry world has been excited about the possibility of buckyballs, graphene and carbon nanotubes for decades," says ACS. "But the science has taken a long time to catch up to the hype. So where are we now, and how far away are we from a carbon-powered jetpack future?"



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Pencils may hold the key to future electronics

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features San Francisco Bay in California. The shallow estuary is surrounded by an extensive metropolitan area that includes major cities like San Francisco and Oakland. In the image, green forests and parks are easy to distinguish from urban areas.



The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta appears brown from sediment as it flows into San Pablo Bay. In the bottom right portion of the photo, salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge appear bright green and yellow.&nbsp;



The Golden Gate Bridge is visible crossing the opening of the bay into the Pacific Ocean between Marin County and San Francisco. The bay was searchable as far south as San Jose until the 1850s, when hydraulic mining released large amounts of sediment from the rivers that settled in those parts of the bay that had little or no current.&nbsp;



Later on, the wetlands and inlets were deliberately filled in, reducing the Bay’s size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bay’s size.



Despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands and other parts of the bay as landfill.



Treasure, Angel and Alcatraz islands can also be seen in the photo, along with several bridges connecting the eastern and western shores of San Francisco Bay.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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San Francisco Bay in western California

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Gulf of Morbihan, a natural harbor with numerous islands and islets in northwest France. 



In this region, Brittany is an important cultural center that is divided into four departments: Ille-et-Vilaine, Côtes d'Armor, Finistère, and Morbihan.



According to ESA, Brittany is known for its rich and varied agriculture including meats and dairy products and a variety of high quality fruit and vegetables.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The Gulf of Morbihan opens onto the Bay of Quiberon by a narrow passage between Locmariaquer and Port-Navalo.



Morbihan is known for its Alignements de Carnac, which consists of around 3,000 standing stones and megalithic tombs. The stones were erected during the Neolithic period, around 4500 BC.&nbsp;&nbsp; 



The towns and villages around the edges of the Morbihan Gulf are a popular destination with visitors and the bay itself contains numerous small islands, some of which can be visited, and is a haven for wildlife, especially birds. 



The most important towns around the coast of the Morbihan Gulf are Vannes to the north-east and Auray to the north-west. The Morbihan Gulf is an area of sea that extends 20 kilometres inland from the Bay of Quiberon.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Gulf of Morbihan in northwest France

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Aerial,Photo,Of,River,In,Amazon,Rainforest,Jungle,In,Peru

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

[sendtonews key="u0TYxxqfF7-2186404-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA’s...