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Record ocean heat has taken a devastating toll on one of the world’s greatest natural wonders, with coral bleaching on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef reaching “catastrophic” levels, a new study has found.&nbsp;



More than 50% of affected corals monitored near an island in the reef’s south were killed last year during the most severe and widespread bleaching to ever hit the area, according to a team of Australian scientists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-leading-to-coral-bleaching">Factors leading to coral bleaching</h2>



In 2024, the reef experienced its worst summer on record. Soaring ocean temperatures shattered previous highs, causing the reef’s seventh mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching</a> event.&nbsp;



Corals are bleached white when marine heat waves put corals under stress, causing them to expel algae from their tissue, draining their color. This damaging process ultimately weakens the corals, leaving them vulnerable to disease and potential death.



The underlying cause is the ongoing combustion of planet-heating fossil fuels, which is driving global temperatures upward.&nbsp;



Coral damage was further accelerated last year by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> weather pattern, known for raising ocean temperatures in this region. As a result, reef areas that had never endured such intense heat came under severe strain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-coral-mortality-and-disease">Extensive coral mortality and disease</h2>



Scientists from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> tracked 462 coral colonies at One Tree Island over five months, beginning in early February when the heat wave was at its peak.&nbsp;



By May, 370 of these colonies had bleached; by July, more than half of the bleached corals were gone. Some coral species suffered mortality rates of up to 95%, with researchers observing “colony collapse,” a phenomenon in which the coral skeleton detaches from the reef and disintegrates.



The Goniopora species encountered additional damage, contracting black band disease that invades the corals’ tissues and often proves fatal.



“Our findings underscore the urgent need for action to protect coral reefs, which are not only biodiversity hotspots but also crucial for food security and coastal protection,” said lead author Maria Byrne from the University of Sydney’s School of Life and Environmental Sciences.



Byrne noted that the region studied is in a remote, protected area of the reef, far from tourist and industrial influences. However, the reef, “despite its protected status, was not immune to the extreme heat stress that triggered this catastrophic bleaching event,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-barrier-reef-under-threat">Great Barrier Reef under threat</h2>



Spanning nearly 133,000 square miles (345,000 square kilometers), the Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, hosting over 1,500 species of fish and more than 400 types of hard corals. Its significant contribution to Australia’s economy, mainly through tourism, underscores its global importance and the urgency of protective measures.



Nevertheless, recent bleaching episodes illustrate a troubling trend of more frequent and intense heat waves, making it increasingly difficult for corals to recover. 



The study’s authors warn that mass bleaching has become “a biennial event,” which “reinforces the need for urgent global action now to adhere to ambitious climate and reduced emissions targets.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-spreads-to-previously-unaffected-areas">Impact spreads to previously unaffected areas</h2>



The latest bleaching event also hit parts of the reef previously spared from mass bleaching, indicating that the crisis is extending into new territories. Even coral species once deemed resilient have exhibited signs of disease and elevated mortality rates.



“Seeing the impacts on a reef that has largely avoided mass bleaching until now is devastating,” said marine scientist and co-author Shawna Foo. “The high rates of mortality and disease, particularly in such a remote and pristine area, highlight the severity of the situation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-emergency-for-coral-reefs">A climate emergency for coral reefs</h2>



Severe bleaching events have occurred on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a> in 1998, 2002, 2016, 2017, 2020, and 2022. The 2022 episode was particularly concerning, as it coincided with a La Niña event - El Niño’s cooler counterpart - raising further doubts about the reef’s resilience to future climate extremes.



The new findings underscore the fragile condition of the reef and the urgent necessity to curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-carbon-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel emissions</a> that contribute to global warming.&nbsp;



With bleaching now seemingly inevitable in many locations, the survival of coral reefs hinges on global efforts to limit temperature rises, offering hope that the reef’s vibrant ecosystems can still be preserved for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lol2.10456" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Letters</a>.



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Coral bleaching has reached "catastrophic" levels on the Great Barrier Reef

Record ocean heat has taken a devastating toll on one...

Most people are left confounded and flummoxed when presented with the most basic concepts of quantum mechanics. That's because they make no sense to any rational mind, so please don't take this statement as any type of slight. 



This is especially true when discussing something called "superposition" - where a particle can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exist in multiple states</a> at the same time until someone actually measures it.



One of the most memorable thought experiments used to explain superposition is through the story of Schrödinger’s cat, which paints a picture of a hypothetical feline that is simultaneously alive and dead inside a box. 



When someone opens the box to observe the cat, the superposition is broken, and the cat definitively becomes one or the other: alive or dead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schrodinger-s-cat-explains-quantum-strangeness">Schrödinger’s cat explains quantum strangeness</h2>



Of course, we never encounter boxes containing real animals in that type of bizarre dual state, yet researchers continually explore and test superpositions of much smaller particles. 



They do this for many reasons, but for the purposes of this research, a team of scientists focused on particle superposition because they believe it holds the secret to error-free <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>.



Quantum computers display processing <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/quantum-computation-and-quantum-information/01E10196D0A682A6AEFFEA52D53BE9AE#overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">power</a> that monumentally eclipses anything that modern traditional computers or supercomputers can manage.



<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/andrea-morello" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andrea Morello</a> from the University of New South Wales (<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNSW</a>) has been at the forefront of turning these quantum properties into a secure and efficient way to store and process information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimony-as-the-quantum-cat">Antimony as the quantum cat</h2>



<a href="https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=pYmHeC8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xi Yu</a>, a researcher in the same UNSW group, describes their latest feat as creating a quantum atomic take on this cat story.



“In our work, the ‘cat’ is an <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Antimony" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atom of antimony</a>,” explains Xi Yu, who was lead author of the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02745-0#Abs1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a>.



Antimony is no ordinary atom. It has a nuclear spin with <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033105" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eight possible directions</a>, unlike simpler two-state systems called qubits.



That larger range protects the encoded data from sudden changes that would normally disrupt more fragile qubits.



A typical qubit can flip if anything nudges it, and one flip may turn a zero into a one, foiling any crucial calculation. The antimony approach helps avoid that vulnerability.



“As the proverb goes, a cat has nine lives. One little scratch is not enough to kill it,” says Xi Yu.



Each small error leaves most of the data intact, making it easier to notice and fix any trouble before it gets worse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schrodinger-s-cat-inside-a-silicon-chip">Schrödinger’s cat inside a silicon chip</h2>



<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/staff/danni-holmes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Danielle Holmes</a> at UNSW built a silicon chip that can hold this single antimony atom. It grants full control over the spin state, and it is fashioned with the same material found in typical consumer electronics.



This opens the door for large-scale production methods that already exist. 



The prospect of connecting many atoms on a chip may allow <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/quantum-device" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum devices</a> to be assembled using machinery that has served the regular semiconductor industry for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-error-correction-with-quantum-cats">Error correction with quantum cats</h2>



“A single, or even a few errors, do not immediately scramble the information,” says Morello, a professor at UNSW. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-teleportation-of-logical-qubits-performed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum error correction</a> is a central challenge, since even minute glitches can cascade and ruin complicated tasks. 



By using antimony’s expanded spin space, the design does not topple when faced with a small slip. That extra buffer slows down error accumulation, so there is a higher chance of fixing mistakes in time.



Each quantum bit, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubit</a>, remains stable under minor disturbances that would derail simpler systems. Once a disturbance shows up, the device can often preserve the right values.



This relieves some of the burden from correction algorithms. With fewer surprises to manage, researchers hope these extra-robust qubits will lead to larger, more complex quantum circuits that can solve problems outside the reach of standard computers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-in-quantum-computing">Next steps in quantum computing</h2>



Scientists plan to refine their tools for spotting and fixing errors the moment they pop up. They aim to push reliability high enough for lengthy <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-superposition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computing</a> tasks.



Morello notes that this “Schrödinger’s cat” analogy shows how quantum systems can be both delicate and sturdy. 



By improving this technology, the team hopes to overcome one of the toughest hurdles to a fully fledged quantum computer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Quantum machines could support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/code-breaking-encryption-quantum-computers-takes-big-step-closer-to-becoming-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safer cryptography</a>, simulate large-scale phenomena, and sift through colossal data sets.



Engineers foresee a hybrid model where single-atom components work alongside today’s circuits, taking advantage of industrial processes that are already in place.



Though it may take time to perfect, early results suggest these unusual, cat-like states might boost the resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum hardware</a>, and pave the way for a new era of computing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-quantum-rules">Rewriting quantum rules</h2>



Teams worldwide keep testing different spins and elements, hunting for ways to control errors without overloading hardware resources. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45368-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High-dimensional nuclear spins </a>may be a vital stepping stone in this pursuit.



By letting these spins act like sturdy bits, researchers cut down the complicated fixes usually required. The hope is that robust qudit-based strategies will open the door to leaner and more powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> machines.



Experts from UNSW Sydney, the <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="https://www.sandia.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sandia National Laboratories</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Ames</a>, and the <a href="https://ucalgary.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Calgary</a> joined forces for this research. They tackled materials growth, device engineering, and advanced theoretical modeling.



Together, they turned a classic thought experiment into a workable unit that might, someday soon, accelerate quantum technology to the point where we achieve error-free quantum computing at mass scale.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02745-0#Abs1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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Claim: Schrodinger's cat used in the real world, results in 'holy grail' for quantum computing

Most people are left confounded and flummoxed when presented with...

Earth,Structure,,Globe,And,Planet,Science,Or,Outer,Space,Information

Scientists have discovered two continent-sized regions hidden deep within Earth's mantle, referred to in a recent study as "islands." Research from <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a> reveals that these regions are not only hotter than their surroundings, but are also ancient, dating back at least half a billion years or longer.



The findings challenge conventional theories about the Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-mantle-shapes-surface-topography/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a> being a well-mixed and rapidly flowing system. Instead, the research suggests there is much less flow within the mantle than previously believed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-islands-inside-earth">Hidden islands inside Earth</h2>



These subterranean islands are buried 1,200 miles (2,000km) beneath our feet, and reach heights of roughly 620 miles (1,000km), dwarfing every mountain peak found on Earth's surface and every other planet in our solar system.



The regions in question, located beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean, were first identified in the late 20th century through seismic analysis.&nbsp;



When large earthquakes strike, they cause the Earth to resonate like a bell, producing oscillations that seismologists can analyze to reveal subsurface anomalies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-low-seismic-velocity-provinces-llsvps">Large Low Seismic Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs)</h2>



The studies showed the presence of what scientists now call Large Low Seismic Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs).



“Nobody knows what they are, and whether they are only a temporary phenomenon or if they have been sitting there for millions or perhaps even billions of years,” explained study senior author Arwen Deuss, a seismologist at Utrecht University.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/subterranean-islands_earth-mantle_continent-size_LLSVPs_illustration_Utrecht-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/subterranean-islands_earth-mantle_continent-size_LLSVPs_illustration_Utrecht-University_1s.webp" alt="Schematic representation of the process of subduction of tectonic plates and of a mantle plume rising from an LLSVP. In the latter, the mineral grains are larger than those in the subducted plates. Credit: Utrecht University" class="wp-image-1957790"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Schematic representation of the process of subduction of tectonic plates and of a mantle plume rising from an LLSVP. In the latter, the mineral grains are larger than those in the subducted plates. Credit: Utrecht University</figcaption></figure>



Surrounding these “islands” is a graveyard of cold, sunken tectonic plates that have descended through Earth's mantle via subduction - the process by which one plate sinks beneath another. 



Unlike the surrounding regions, seismic waves slow down significantly in the LLSVPs due to their elevated temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-mantle-is-still-a-mystery">Earth's mantle is still a mystery</h2>



To delve deeper into these structures, Deuss and her colleague Sujania Talavera-Soza incorporated a novel approach to studying seismic waves.&nbsp;



Beyond analyzing how much waves slow down, they also measured “damping,” or how much energy the waves lose as they travel through the Earth.



“Against our expectations, we found little damping in the LLSVPs, which made the tones sound very loud there. But we did find a lot of damping in the cold slab graveyard, where the tones sounded very soft,” Talavera-Soza said.



The findings revealed that the LLSVPs, despite being hot, do not significantly dampen seismic waves. This contradicted expectations based on the behavior of waves in the hotter upper mantle, where both slowing and damping are observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grain-size-plays-a-role-in-llsvps">Grain size plays a role in LLSVPs</h2>



The unexpected results prompted the team to investigate the material properties of the LLSVPs. According to mineralogical analyses suggested by study co-author Laura Cobden, grain size plays a pivotal role.&nbsp;



In the cold slab graveyard, tectonic plates recrystallize into small grains as they sink into the mantle, leading to significant energy loss as seismic waves cross numerous grain boundaries. 



In contrast, the LLSVPs appear to consist of much larger grains, which allow waves to pass with minimal damping.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/subterranean-islands_earth-mantle_continent-size_LLSVPs_wave-speed_Utrecht-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/subterranean-islands_earth-mantle_continent-size_LLSVPs_wave-speed_Utrecht-University_1s.webp" alt="Location of the LLSVPs and a schematic representation of the Earth's cross-section for speed and damping of the seismic waves. Credit: Utrecht University" class="wp-image-1957792"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Location of the LLSVPs and a schematic representation of the Earth's cross-section for speed and damping of the seismic waves. Credit: Utrecht University</figcaption></figure>



Since those mineral grains do not grow fast, it means that LLSVPs are much older than the surrounding slab graveyards.



This insight suggests the LLSVPs are not part of the mantle’s convection processes and have remained largely unchanged for vast periods - which is in stark contrast to the constantly recycling material around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



The rigidity and age of the LLSVPs challenge the notion of the mantle as a uniformly mixed system. “After all, the LLSVPs must be able to survive mantle convection one way or another,” Talavera-Soza said.



This has profound implications for understanding Earth’s evolution. The mantle drives surface phenomena such as volcanism and mountain building.&nbsp;



For instance, mantle plumes - columns of hot material rising from deep within the Earth - are believed to originate at the edges of LLSVPs. These plumes eventually cause <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-trees-predict-volcano-eruptions-when-viewed-from-space-satellites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, such as that seen in Hawaii.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-hidden-islands">Studying the hidden islands</h2>



To study these deep regions, seismologists rely on oscillations caused by massive earthquakes, particularly those occurring at great depths, such as the 1994 Bolivia earthquake.



“It never made it into the newspapers because it took place at a large depth of 650 km and luckily did not result in any damage or casualties at the Earth's surface,” Deuss said.



Seismometers have been recording high-quality data since 1975, allowing researchers to revisit past earthquakes to gather valuable insights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-llsvps-and-earth-s-mantle">LLSVPs and Earth’s mantle</h2>



This research provides a transformative view of Earth’s mantle. Instead of a uniform, well-mixed system, the mantle contains ancient, stable structures that defy conventional models.&nbsp;



Understanding these regions is crucial for interpreting surface phenomena and offers a clearer picture of Earth’s complex inner workings.



“The Earth's mantle is the engine that drives all these phenomena. Take, for example, mantle plumes, which are large bubbles of hot material that rise from the Earth's deep interior as in a lava lamp. And we think that those mantle plumes originate at the edges of the LLSVPs,” Deuss said.



The discovery of the LLSVPs’ unique properties and their role in shaping Earth’s surface processes marks a significant step forward in the study of our planet’s dynamic interior.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08322-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Continent-sized 'islands' found inside Earth are 100 times taller than Mount Everest

Scientists have discovered two continent-sized regions hidden deep within Earth's...

Money troubles don't just empty wallets - they can shape young minds in ways that echo through generations. New research reveals that children born into financially struggling families tend to show more challenging behaviors throughout their poor childhood years, regardless of where they live.



The findings paint a stark picture of how economic circumstances at birth can cast long shadows over a child's development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-living-in-poverty">Children living in poverty </h2>



Children who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poverty-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">struggle</a> with self-regulation often face difficulties forming friendships, experience poor academic performance, and display reduced cognitive abilities.



Over time, these challenges can contribute to a cycle of disadvantage, leading to high school dropouts, unemployment, and poor financial management.



The study emphasizes that economic status at birth plays a significant role in shaping a child's behavioral development, regardless of the neighborhood in which they grow up.



However, for children from wealthier families, the environment matters more. At age three, children from affluent families who lived in poor neighborhoods displayed similar behavioral challenges as their low-income peers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-status-at-birth">Economic status at birth</h2>



The link between childhood poverty and behavioral problems is well established. But this study goes further, showing that these effects persist throughout childhood and adolescence.



“We know that family socioeconomic status affects children’s development a lot,” said Soobin Kim, the study’s lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at UGA’s <a href="https://ssw.uga.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Social Work</a>.



“The major takeaway of this paper is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-takes-a-major-toll-on-childrens-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> born into poor families have consistently higher rates of behavior problems throughout their first 15 years of life than children who were born into not poor families. But we also highlight how living in a poor neighborhood can influence kids from wealthier families too.”



For children born into low-income households, behavior problems remain a constant challenge, regardless of where they grow up. But for children from wealthier families, their neighborhood has a significant impact.



When children from high-income families live in poor neighborhoods, they exhibit increased behavioral issues at a young age. However, as they grow older and interact with broader social groups, the influence of their environment diminishes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-poverty-on-children-s-development">Impact of poverty on children's development</h2>



Growing up in poverty does not just affect a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-now-the-reality-for-nearly-half-a-billion-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child’s behavior</a> in the short term. It has long-lasting effects on their educational attainment, mental health, and access to essential resources.



Children from low-income families are less likely to complete school, more likely to experience crime, and often struggle with mental health conditions due to increased stress at home. These disadvantages create additional barriers, making it even harder for them to break free from poverty as adults.



One of the major challenges for children in low-income families is access to quality healthcare and education. Without proper medical care, childhood illnesses can go untreated, which can also affect development.



Limited access to early childhood education means that many children from poor backgrounds start school already behind their peers, and they struggle with literacy, numeracy, and social skills. These initial gaps can widen over time, making it difficult for disadvantaged children to catch up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poor-families-and-child-development">Poor families and child development</h2>



The effects of poverty do not stop at external resources. They also influence family dynamics and parenting styles. Parents facing financial insecurity often experience high levels of stress, which can affect how they interact with their children. 



When parents worry about paying bills, putting food on the table, or keeping a stable job, they may struggle to provide emotional support and engage in positive parenting.



Parents in financial distress are more likely to adopt stricter, more controlling parenting methods in an attempt to maintain order. While discipline is necessary, overly strict or authoritarian parenting can sometimes backfire. Instead of promoting good behavior, it may lead to increased rebellion and misbehavior in children.



In addition, parents with financial concerns may have less time and energy to participate in their children's education. 



They may work long hours or multiple jobs, leaving little time for school involvement, homework help, or extracurricular activities. This lack of parental engagement can negatively impact children's academic progress and social development.



“When children are very young, children and their families are highly affected by the lack of safety and resources in poor neighborhoods,” said Kim.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-equal-opportunities">Creating equal opportunities</h2>



Addressing disparities in both family income and neighborhood conditions is crucial for ensuring all children have an equal opportunity to succeed. The researchers emphasize that tackling resource shortages at an early age is the key to preventing long-term developmental disadvantages.



Expanding programs like Head Start, a U.S. Department of <a href="https://www.hhs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health and Human Services</a> initiative that supports early childhood education, could help reduce behavioral differences between children from contrasting economic backgrounds.



By providing access to quality daycare, preschool, and early learning opportunities, these programs equip children with the foundational skills they need to succeed in school and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-children-from-poor-background">Older children from poor background</h2>



For older <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-is-harming-kids-memory-and-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a>, school social workers play a crucial role in promoting strong peer relationships and creating a sense of belonging. Social workers can provide emotional support, mediate conflicts, and help students navigate the challenges that come with growing up in poverty. 



Schools that invest in mental health support services and after-school programs can also help at-risk children to build positive relationships and develop healthy coping mechanisms.



Anti-poverty initiatives aimed at supporting families need to start early. By addressing developmental and environmental gaps from infancy, society can help children from low-income backgrounds overcome obstacles and achieve better long-term outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-the-cycle-for-future-generations">Breaking the cycle for future generations</h2>



The findings highlight an urgent need to address childhood poverty and its far-reaching consequences.



While children from wealthier families may experience temporary behavioral challenges if they live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, children born into poverty face consistent obstacles throughout their first 15 years of life.



By investing in early intervention programs, supporting struggling families, and creating safer, resource-rich communities, society can help level the playing field. Every child deserves the chance to reach their full potential, regardless of the circumstances into which they are born.



Addressing the root causes of childhood poverty is not just about improving individual lives - it is about creating a stronger, more equitable society for future generations.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01488376.2024.2435345" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Social Service Research</a>. 



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Children who were born into poverty struggle to control their emotions

Money troubles don't just empty wallets - they can shape...

A couple of months from now, the world will witness the launch of a satellite that promises to change the way we understand our planet. This isn't just any satellite - it's NISAR, a marvel of scientific innovation that will map our planet in breathtaking detail, all thanks to a special technique.



Designed to provide unparalleled insights into Earth's dynamic processes, NISAR will monitor changes - from the shifting of tectonic plates to the melting of polar ice caps - with remarkable precision.



Its exceptional capabilities will empower scientists and policymakers to better address pressing global challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and resource management.



As anticipation builds, the mission stands as a remarkable example of international collaboration, with NASA and ISRO (the Indian Space Research Organization) joining forces to bring this revolutionary technology to life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-nisar-s-technology">The promise of NISAR's technology</h2>



Taking its name and function from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sentinel-2c-satellite-delivers-first-breathtaking-images-of-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satellite</a> will produce a detailed view of Earth's surface. 



The objective? To track the slightest movements on our planet, right down to the scale of an inch (2.5 centimeters).



From the growth of a forest to the motion of glaciers and the flex of Earth's crust - nothing will escape the watchful eye of NISAR.



Unlike conventional radar, SAR steps up its genius by capturing multiple measurements as it hovers above, thereby refining the scene below.



Think of it as looking at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-earth-had-planetary-rings-like-saturn-466-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> with a super-powered magnifying glass. The beauty of SAR is that it doesn't need massive antennae to function.



NISAR's radar antenna reflector, for instance, is 39 feet wide (around 12 meters) - as long as a city bus. Yet, without SAR, it would have to be a staggering 12 miles in diameter to achieve this level of precision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-sar">The journey of SAR</h2>



SAR isn't a new technology. In the early 1970s, a team of engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory - including Caltech graduate Charles Elachi - developed SAR to study the surface of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-sends-missy-elliotts-hip-hop-music-to-venus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Venus</a>.



The experts realized the technology's potential to reveal intricate details of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2023-20-reasons-to-cherish-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our planet</a> and made it their mission to harness its power.



"The NISAR mission will open a whole new realm to learn about our planet as a dynamic system," said Elachi. 



The advantage of radar lies in its ability to collect data both day and night, undeterred by clouds, which makes it a perfect tool for studying a distant planet.



The JPL venture led to many successful NASA space shuttle radar missions, with each one refining the use of SAR.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sar-a-high-resolution-solution">SAR: A high-resolution solution</h2>



"It’s a technique to create high-resolution images from a low-resolution system," noted Paul Rosen, NISAR’s project scientist.



SAR works by constantly transmitting microwaves and receiving echoes from Earth's surface. As the satellite moves, these return signals exhibit slight changes in frequency.



This is where the magic happens. Akin to a camera lens focusing light to produce a photograph, SAR’s processing adjusts for these "shifts" to generate a sharp, focused image.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nisar-will-transform-earth-observation">NISAR will transform Earth observation</h2>



Wondering how SAR will revolutionize our understanding of Earth? Imagine a composite of two images that reveals the slightest differences by measuring changes in echo delays - an interferogram.



Picture it as modern art, with each multicolor band signifying the motion of land surfaces. Or envision polarimetry, another SAR technique, which measures the orientation of return waves relative to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-details-on-wow-signal-transmitted-from-deep-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transmitted signals</a>.



It's an insightful tool for identifying an area’s land cover and tracking changes such as deforestation and flooding. This will create exceptional opportunities for researchers across the globe.



"This mission packs in a wide range of science toward a common goal of studying our changing planet and the impacts of natural hazards," said Deepak Putrevu, co-lead of the Space Applications Centre in India.



Developed in partnership with NASA and the <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>, NISAR is set to take off from India in March 2025.



The mission will provide us with an unprecedented understanding of changes taking place on Earth's solid surfaces, including the Antarctic ice sheet.



The anticipation is building as we get ready to see our planet through SAR vision - revealing, insightful, and awe-inspiring.



Information for this article came from a JPL <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-new-nasa-india-earth-satellite-nisar-will-see-earth/">press release</a>.



Image Credit: Credit: ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech<a href="https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/original_images/2-Aleutians-16.jpg"></a>



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NISAR: The satellite that will change how we see Earth

A couple of months from now, the world will witness...

More than 618,000 Americans will likely die from cancer in 2025 - a toll greater than wiping out two mid-sized California cities. 



Beyond these fatalities, cancer touches nearly half of the country every year. Whether through a personal diagnosis or a loved one’s struggle, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-help-the-body-kill-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> has a far-reaching impact that spans generations, communities, and economic classes.



For Jeff Yoshimi, a professor of cognitive science at UC Merced, cancer became personal when his wife, Sandy, was diagnosed with breast cancer. The disease had already spread to her lymph nodes by the time doctors discovered it. 



What followed was a grueling journey of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and endless medications. Sandy’s battle took an emotional toll on Yoshimi, but it also ignited something within him - a determination to contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-microrna-may-change-the-fight-against-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fight against cancer</a> in a way that extended beyond his immediate circle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-game-based-learning-and-cancer">Game-based learning and cancer</h2>



One night, while staying with Sandy in the hospital, Yoshimi found himself drifting in and out of sleep. His mind, shaped by years of philosophy, cognitive science, and game-based learning, began piecing together an idea.



He understood cancer as an elusive enemy, constantly mutating and taking on new forms, making it difficult for researchers to keep up.



But what if the fight against cancer didn’t just rest in the hands of scientists and medical professionals? What if millions of minds - gamers, problem solvers, and puzzle enthusiasts - could be harnessed to help in this battle?



At that moment, inspiration struck. Yoshimi left the hospital and walked across the street to an all-night coffee shop. He pulled out his laptop and started typing. That night, a new approach to fighting cancer was born.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-actionable-plan-gaming-cancer">An actionable plan: Gaming cancer</h2>



What Yoshimi envisioned was not just another research study, but a complete rethinking of how people engage with scientific problems.



He knew that video games had the power to captivate, challenge, and inspire players to solve complex problems. What if that power could be redirected toward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-activated-molecules-kill-cancer-cells-with-precision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer research</a>?



Over the next eleven years, that initial spark of an idea evolved into a compelling action plan, culminating in the book&nbsp;<a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262550727/gaming-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gaming Cancer</a>, published by MIT Press. 



In it, Yoshimi explores how gamified citizen science, combined with artificial intelligence, can drive significant advances in cancer research. 



The book argues that with the right structure, motivation, and technological framework, gamers could help accelerate discoveries in ways never before imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-mission-fueled-by-loss">A mission fueled by loss</h2>



Yoshimi’s mission was deeply personal. Sandy ultimately survived her battle with breast cancer, but cancer was not done with the family.



Shortly after he began writing the book, Sandy’s sister lost her life to colon cancer. In 2023, her father succumbed to bile duct cancer. These losses reinforced Yoshimi’s conviction that more had to be done.



“Much of this book was written in cancer wards and chemo rooms,” Yoshimi writes in the first chapter - a testament to the deeply personal nature of his work.



The book’s subtitle,&nbsp;How Building and Playing Video Games Can Accelerate Scientific Discovery, lays out its ambitious goal. It is not just about theorizing possibilities but providing a roadmap for turning this vision into reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-video-games-can-help-fight-cancer">Video games can help fight cancer</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecular-fingerprints-could-be-key-to-early-cancer-detection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer research</a> is one of the most complex scientific fields, requiring immense resources and intellectual firepower. While artificial intelligence and machine learning have made tremendous strides, they still cannot replace the intuitive and creative problem-solving abilities of the human mind. 



Yoshimi argues that by breaking down complex scientific problems into structured game mechanics, citizen scientists - everyday people - could contribute to real breakthroughs in cancer research.



Gamified citizen science is not an entirely new concept. There have already been smaller-scale successes in the field. 



One example is&nbsp;Foldit, a game where players manipulate the structure of proteins. The results from this game have helped researchers better understand how proteins fold, an essential process in cellular biology. Protein misfolding is involved in many diseases, including cancer. 



By turning this challenge into an engaging game,&nbsp;Foldit&nbsp;has enabled citizen scientists to contribute to real scientific advancements.



In 2020, approximately 750,000 people played&nbsp;Foldit, generating valuable insights for researchers. While this number is impressive, Yoshimi envisions something far bigger. 



His goal is not just niche scientific games but blockbuster hits - games on the scale of Baldur’s Gate or Candy Crush, where millions of players worldwide can contribute to cancer research in meaningful ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-cognitive-science-to-gaming-cancer">From cognitive science to gaming cancer</h2>



Yoshimi has long explored how visual tools and interactive learning can help people grasp complex ideas. In 2008, he created&nbsp;Simbrain, a software platform that allows users to build and explore neural networks using simplified visuals. 



He has used it in his courses and research to help students understand neuroscience, psychology, and artificial intelligence.



Yoshimi's experience with game-like simulations and problem-solving tools made him uniquely suited to develop the concept of Gaming Cancer.



During an interview, Yoshimi recalled a childhood memory that helped shape his thinking. One day, while eating at a restaurant with his father, he noticed a young boy bouncing his knee rapidly under the table. 



His father, an engineer, turned to him and said, “I wonder if we could make a little generator, attach it to that knee, and capture all that energy.”



That moment stuck with Yoshimi. It was a reminder that human ingenuity is everywhere - often in unexpected places. People naturally love solving problems. It is an intrinsic part of who we are.



The challenge, Yoshimi argues, is finding ways to channel that untapped intellectual energy toward something as meaningful as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microscopic-discovery-reveals-how-cancer-cells-grow-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer research</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-the-meta-game-for-cancer">Building the meta-game for cancer</h2>



In&nbsp;Gaming Cancer, Yoshimi details what would be required to bring this idea to life. The creation of a large-scale citizen science gaming platform would require a combination of skilled programmers, innovative game designers, visionary leaders, and substantial financial investment. 



The games would need to be engaging, rewarding, and seamlessly linked to real-world research.



At the heart of his vision is Simbody, a proposed game engine capable of simulating biological systems at various scales - from entire organs to microscopic cellular interactions. Players would take on different challenges, solving problems in ways that could provide real insights for scientists.



Yoshimi imagines a full suite of games, which he calls Cancer Wars, covering every genre - from action and adventure to RPGs, first-person shooters, and strategy games.



Each game would tackle a different aspect of the cancer battle, such as identifying patterns in genetic mutations and optimizing treatment strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-human-ingenuity-a-powerful-alliance">AI and human ingenuity: A powerful alliance</h2>



Since Yoshimi first conceived this idea, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-the-next-frontier-in-cancer-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> has made significant leaps, particularly with the rise of large language models like ChatGPT. 



Some may wonder why human input is still necessary when AI can process massive amounts of data. Yoshimi believes that the best approach is a partnership between AI and human intelligence.



“We want to have human-AI symbiosis,” he noted. “AI can do raw number crunching and statistical generalization. Humans see the bigger picture, the relevance of one thing to another, the creative insight that a machine finds harder to capture.”



He likens this dynamic to famous sci-fi duos: Captain Picard and Data, Luke Skywalker and C-3PO, Kirk and Spock. AI can handle the brute force calculations, but humans bring intuition, creativity, and context.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-forward-in-the-cancer-fight">Path forward in the cancer fight</h2>



Through&nbsp;Gaming Cancer, Yoshimi presents a roadmap for revolutionizing cancer research. 



While the ultimate goal is to eradicate cancer, he emphasizes that even incremental victories - better detection, improved treatments, and increased public understanding - would be invaluable.



Cancer remains one of humanity’s deadliest adversaries, second only to heart disease in U.S. fatalities. With millions of gamers worldwide, why not mobilize that untapped potential for one of the most important fights of our time?



“It’s worth the effort,” Yoshimi said. “Even if you don’t hit the moon shot, all the intermediate shots are valuable.”



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Video games could accelerate discoveries in cancer research

More than 618,000 Americans will likely die from cancer in...

Solar flares are fierce flashes of plasma erupting from the Sun, releasing jets and loops of charged particles into space - a breathtaking cosmic phenomenon.



But as awe-inspiring as these solar eruptions are, they also carry potential dangers for technology and astronauts in space and to humans on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares-and-flickering-loops">Solar flares and flickering loops</h2>



A group of dedicated researchers has made a significant breakthrough in understanding solar flares. The team has been using NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory to observe the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-the-suns-corona-hotter-than-its-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sun's corona</a>, or outer atmosphere.



The experts focused their attention on a peculiar phenomenon: loops of light flickering in the Sun's corona. 



According to their observations, these flickering loops seem to serve as a lighted beacon signaling the onset of a massive solar flare.



This discovery holds enormous potential. It could assist NASA, along with other organizations involved in space and technology, to anticipate and protect against the harmful effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coronal-loops-and-solar-flares">Coronal loops and solar flares</h2>



The research was led by Emily Mason, a heliophysicist at <a href="https://www.predsci.com/portal/home.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Predictive Sciences Inc</a>.



The team examined structures known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-covered-with-moss-peculiar-structure-sunspot-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal loops</a>, which are arching, shimmering waves of light that jet out from magnetically charged areas of the Sun. It's in these active regions that solar flares find their birthplace.



The researchers analyzed coronal loops in close proximity to 50 strong solar flares. They observed the fluctuation in brightness of these loops in the hours leading up to the flare, and compared them to loops above areas of the Sun where no flares occurred.



The findings were intriguing: the loops above flare-active regions showed significantly more variations, serving as a kind of cosmic warning system.



"We found that some of the extreme ultraviolet light above active regions flickers erratically for a few hours before a solar flare. The results are really important for understanding flares and may improve our ability to predict dangerous space weather,” said Mason.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-flares-the-basics">Understanding solar flares - the basics</h2>



Solar flares are powerful explosions on the Sun’s surface that release immense amounts of energy, primarily in the form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-can-comets-tell-us-about-solar-activity-and-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-rays and ultraviolet radiation</a>.



These powerful eruptions appear in active areas around sunspots, where the Sun’s magnetic fields gets twisted and tangled. 



When these magnetic fields suddenly snap back into place, through a process called magnetic reconnection, they shoot out particles at nearly the speed of light and blast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-sparks-the-discovery-of-a-new-electromagnetic-wave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electromagnetic radiation</a> into space.



The high-energy particles and radiation from a flare can mess with our planet’s magnetosphere, causing problems for satellites, GPS signals, and even power grids. 



Plus, solar flares often come hand-in-hand with coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are huge bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields that can trigger geomagnetic storms.



But it’s not all bad news - solar flares also play a key role in creating those stunning auroras we love to watch, like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kinetx-rocket-experiment-how-are-auroras-made-closer-look-at-northern-lights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Lights</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-on-previous-research">Building on previous research</h2>



The experts noted that more research is needed to strengthen the correlation, especially concerning stronger flares from the Sun where the flickering seems to peak earlier.



Various other groups of scientists have turned to different methods to predict solar flares, such as studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-dynamo-sun-magnetic-field-origin-generated-near-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields on the Sun</a> or searching for consistent patterns in other coronal loop features. 



However, Mason and her colleagues propose that monitoring the brightness variations in coronal loops might offer a more accurate warning, as they predict incoming flares 2 to 6 hours in advance with a 60 to 80 percent accuracy rate.



“A lot of the predictive schemes that have been developed are still predicting the likelihood of flares in a given time period and not necessarily exact timing," explained Seth Garland, a team member from the <a href="https://www.afit.edu/ABOUT/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Air Force Institute of Technology</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-safer-space">Towards a safer space</h2>



The researchers believe their observations about coronal loops could significantly boost safety measures in space and on Earth, as they could protect astronauts, spacecraft, electrical grids, and other assets from harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientist-sun-umbrella-tethered-to-an-asteroid-will-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar radiation</a>.



An automated system could potentially monitor real-time images of coronal loop brightness shifts from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, thus enabling scientists to issue timely alerts.



“We could build on this and come up with a well-tested and, ideally, simpler indicator ready for the leap from research to operations," said Vadim Uritsky, an expert in space physics at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GSFC</a>) and <a href="https://www.catholic.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Catholic University</a> in Washington D.C.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flickering-loops-on-the-sun">Flickering loops on the Sun</h2>



The discovery of flickering coronal loops as a precursor to solar flares opens up transformative possibilities in both research and technology. 



By incorporating these findings into predictive algorithms, researchers hope to see the development of automated systems capable of monitoring solar activity in real-time.



Such systems could alert satellite operators and power grid managers to potential disruptions, minimizing economic losses and enhancing global preparedness.



Moreover, this breakthrough has implications for deep space exploration. As human missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond become more ambitious, the ability to predict solar flares with precision could be a vital tool for astronaut safety. 



Protective measures, such as temporary shielding or adjustments to mission schedules, could be implemented based on timely warnings, which would ensure that missions proceed with minimal risk.



Ultimately, this research could serve as a foundation for the integration of solar weather data into everyday life, influencing decisions ranging from airline route planning to GPS optimization.



The team presented their findings at the 245th meeting of the American Astronomical Society. The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad94dd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/Solar Dynamics Observatory



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Warning lights: Flickering "loops" appear on the Sun before it erupts

Solar flares are fierce flashes of plasma erupting from the...

Woman,With,Sun,Protection,Cream,On,Her,Shoulder,In,The

Sunburn is painful skin damage that we've all experienced after spending a bit too much time outdoors without protection from UV rays. 



Whether it's from a lazy beach day or an exhilarating hike, the aftermath tells a singular tale - crimson skin and a nagging sting.



We've long believed that stepping out into the sun requires ample sunscreen slathering, shade-seeking, and hat-wearing, especially between the peak hours of 12 noon and 3 p.m.



However, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a> and <a href="https://www.ntu.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanyang Technological University</a> (NTU Singapore) have made surprising new strides in our understanding of sunburn.



As it turns out, the DNA damage we've always associated with sunburn might not be the complete story.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-rna-and-sunburn-damage">DNA, RNA, and sunburn damage</h2>



When it comes to sunburn, the prevailing wisdom suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-collect-human-dna-from-water-air-and-basically-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> damage triggers inflammation and subsequent cell death.



However, this recent research suggests that the real offender might be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, not DNA. 



"Sunburn damages the DNA, leading to cell death and inflammation. So the textbooks say," stated assistant professor Anna Constance Vind from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the <a href="https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/en/organisations/institut-for-cellul%C3%A6r-og-molekyl%C3%A6r-medicin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>. 



"But in this study we were surprised to learn that this is a result of damage to the RNA, not the DNA that causes the acute effects of sunburn." 



But what's the difference between DNA and RNA? While they share similarities, the two aren't interchangeable. 



DNA is a more consistent molecule, whereas RNA is more transitory. 



A particular type of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), carries information from DNA to create proteins - the fundamental building blocks of cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-rna-the-basics">Understanding RNA -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA, or ribonucleic acid</a>, is like the cell’s versatile messenger, playing several key roles in keeping our bodies running smoothly. 



Unlike DNA, which holds the long-term genetic blueprint, RNA is more dynamic and can move around the cell to help build proteins.



RNA essentially acts as the bridge between our genetic code and the actual production of the proteins that do all the work in our cells.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-fix-faulty-genes-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mRNA</a>, or messenger RNA, is a special type of RNA that has gained a lot of attention, especially with the development of mRNA vaccines. 



mRNA carries the instructions from DNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where proteins are made. 



Think of mRNA as a temporary copy of a specific gene that tells the cell exactly which protein to produce and when. This makes mRNA incredibly important for everything from growth and repair to responding to infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mrna-and-ultraviolet-rays">mRNA and ultraviolet rays</h2>



The importance of mRNA in our body's response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-skin-become-leathery-after-too-much-uv-light-from-sun-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UV radiation</a> can't be understated. 



"DNA damage is serious as the mutations will get passed down to progenies of the cells, RNA damage happens all the time and does not cause permanent mutations," Vind explained. 



"Therefore, we used to believe that the RNA is less important, as long as the DNA is intact. But in fact, damages to the RNA are the first to trigger a response to UV radiation."



Investigating more deeply into the matter was no small task.



The researchers embarked on a study involving both mice and human skin cells to better understand the consequences of UV radiation on the skin. They discovered a consistent response in both species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zak-alpha-and-sunburn-damage">ZAK-alpha and sunburn damage</h2>



RNA damage activates a response in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-the-cellular-mortality-timer-that-dictates-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ribosomes</a> (protein complexes that interpret the mRNA to assemble proteins).



This process is managed by a protein known as ZAK-alpha, which triggers what is referred to as the "ribotoxic stress response."



Think of it like a vigilant watchman, always on the lookout for RNA damage. When it detects any, it won't hesitate to call for backup.



"We found that the first thing the cells respond to after being exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-sunbathing-help-you-lose-weight-uv-radiation-triggers-fat-burning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UV radiation</a> is damage to the RNA, and that this is what triggers cell death and inflammation of the skin," explained Professor Simon Bekker-Jensen, who was also from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.



In mice exposed to UV radiation we found responses such as inflammation and cell death, but when we removed the ZAK gene, these responses disappeared, which means that ZAK plays a key role in the skin's response to UV-induced damage.



"So you could say that everything depends on this one response, which monitors all protein translations occurring,” Bekker-Jensen elaborated.



“The cells respond to the RNA damage, realizing that something is wrong, and this is what leads to&nbsp;cell death.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradigm-shift">Paradigm shift</h2>



The study's findings question our long-held beliefs about sunburn and how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skins-secret-strength-shields-against-puncture-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin</a> safeguards itself. 



It suggests that RNA damage sparks a quicker, more efficient response, which safeguards the skin from additional harm.



"The fact that the DNA does not control the skin's initial response to UV radiation, but that something else does and that it does so more effectively and more quickly, is quite the paradigm shift," reflected Vind.



Knowing how our skin reacts to UV damage at a cellular level could potentially transform prevention and treatment approaches to sunburn and other inflammatory skin conditions.



"Many inflammatory skin diseases are worsened by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-parents-are-not-using-sunscreen-properly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun exposure</a>. Thus, understanding how our skin responds at the cellular level to UV damage opens the door to innovative treatments for certain chronic skin conditions," explained Dr. Franklin Zhong, Nanyang assistant professor at NTU's Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and a co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-the-textbooks">Rewriting the textbooks</h2>



In closing, it seems now is the time to revise our textbooks and rethink how we perceive the effects of UV radiation on our skin. 



"This new knowledge turns things upside down. I think most people associate sunburn with DNA damage; it is established knowledge," Professor Simon Bekker-Jensen concluded. 



"But now we need to rewrite the textbooks, and it will affect future research on the effects of UV radiation on the skin."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1097276524008840" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Cell</a>.



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Main cause of sunburn is finally identified, and it's time to rewrite the textbooks

Sunburn is painful skin damage that we've all experienced after...

Shell-dwelling cichlids are known for their remarkable parental care, raising their young in abandoned snail shells.&nbsp;



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.bi.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence</a> have uncovered the intricate dynamics inside these shells using 3D-printed models.&nbsp;



The findings reveal synchronized but independent routines between mothers and their larvae, offering valuable insights into the species' brood care behaviors and innate biological processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delicate-balancing-act-of-cichilds">Delicate balancing act of cichilds</h2>



For many species, deciding when offspring leave the safety of home is a delicate balancing act. 



If the young depart too early, they risk being ill-equipped to survive; staying too long, however, can overstrain the parents’ resources. This pivotal moment can greatly impact the survival of both parents and offspring across the animal kingdom.



The team at Herwig Baier’s research department focused on Lamprologus ocellatus, a species of shell-dwelling cichlids found in Africa’s Lake Tanganyika. These fish exhibit highly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-of-cichlid-fish-boosts-biodiversity-in-lake-tanganyika/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social behavior</a> and devoted parental care, which is uncommon among many fish species. 



Raising their offspring within abandoned snail shells adds an intriguing layer to their parenting, but until now, the activities within these homes remained largely a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creative-solution-to-study-hidden-behaviors">Creative solution to study hidden behaviors</h2>



To investigate the hidden world inside the shells, lead researcher Ash Parker and her colleagues devised an ingenious method. They used 3D printers to create modified snail shells, designed to function as optimal homes for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-diversity-has-changed-dramatically-on-the-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> while leaving one side open.&nbsp;



When these shells were placed against the aquarium glass, researchers could capture videos and photos of the cichlids' behaviors.



Using AI-assisted image analysis, the team identified fascinating behaviors unfolding in a precise sequence.&nbsp;



After the mother lays the eggs in the upper chamber of the snail shell, the father fertilizes them. After two to three days, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-reef-sounds-inspire-coral-larvae-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larvae</a> hatch and the mother carries them with her mouth to the lowest chamber of the shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dedicated-maternal-care-of-cichlids-nbsp">Dedicated maternal care of cichlids&nbsp;</h2>



Throughout the early days of the larvae’s development, the mother remains vigilant. She not only guards the shell but actively tends to the eggs and larvae by cleaning them with her mouth.&nbsp;



Additionally, she uses rapid movements of her rear fins to ensure a steady flow of fresh water inside the shell, maintaining optimal conditions for her young.



By the seventh or eighth day, the larvae begin feeding independently and make tentative attempts at swimming. However, they remain in the darker, lower chambers of the shell until the ninth day, when their behavior undergoes a dramatic shift.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cichlids-ready-to-leave-the-shell">Cichlids ready to leave the shell</h2>



On the ninth day after fertilization, the larvae show a sudden preference for brighter areas. This intrinsic change in light sensitivity appears to signal their readiness to leave the shell for the first time.



The timing of their emergence, however, also relies on their mother’s brood-care efforts.&nbsp;



When the researchers removed the mother from the setup, the larvae left the shell earlier, likely due to deteriorating water quality caused by the absence of her fin fanning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-independent-but-synchronized-schedules">Independent but synchronized schedules</h2>



Interestingly, the mother’s behavior follows a separate internal schedule. When presented with an older clutch of larvae that swam out earlier than she anticipated, she actively pushed them back into the shell, disregarding their advanced development.



These observations show that both the mother and the offspring follow independent, innate schedules that are nevertheless perfectly synchronized. Both mother and juveniles seem to instinctively align their routines, agreeing that the ninth day marks the ideal time for the young to leave the shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-evolution-and-behavior">Implications for evolution and behavior</h2>



This study offers a rare glimpse into the intricate processes governing parental care in shell-dwelling cichlids. By identifying innate behavioral patterns and their coordination, the research lays the groundwork for exploring the evolutionary and neurological underpinnings of such complex behaviors.



The findings also highlight the role of environmental conditions, maternal intervention, and innate biological timing in ensuring the successful transition of offspring to independence.&nbsp;



With 3D-printed technology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-reveals-hidden-climate-extremes-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a>-driven analysis, the researchers have provided an unprecedented view into the hidden dynamics of these fascinating fish.&nbsp;



Image Credit: MPI for Biological Intelligence/ Axel Griesch



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Fish leaving home: How cichlids perfectly time independence

Shell-dwelling cichlids are known for their remarkable parental care, raising...

A recent study&nbsp;by Global Fishing Watch has uncovered an immense quantity of previously untracked vessel activity at sea.



The ocean has long been a vast and mysterious frontier, covering over 70% of the Earth’s surface. It is the lifeblood of global trade, a crucial source of food, and a key player in energy production. Yet, despite its importance, much of what happens on its surface remains shrouded in secrecy. 



By leveraging satellite imagery, vessel GPS data, and artificial intelligence, researchers have created a detailed map of industrial vessel movements and offshore energy infrastructure.



The findings reveal staggering gaps in public tracking systems, raising urgent concerns about maritime transparency, environmental sustainability, and global security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-vessels-at-sea">Dark vessels at sea</h2>



For years, maritime organizations and governments have relied on the&nbsp;Automatic Identification System (AIS)&nbsp;to track vessel movements. While AIS is useful for monitoring registered ships, it has significant limitations. 



Not all countries mandate its use, and many vessels turn off their transponders to avoid detection, particularly those engaging in illegal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-gets-a-boost-from-genomics-roadmap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, smuggling, and other illicit activities.



The&nbsp;experts found that between&nbsp;72% and 76% of the world’s industrial fishing vessels are not publicly tracked - a striking figure that highlights the hidden scale of commercial fishing operations.



Even more concerning,&nbsp;21% to 30% of transport and energy vessel activity is missing from public monitoring systems, further obscuring the true scale of industrial use of the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-fishing-activity">Hidden fishing activity </h2>



Most of this untracked activity occurs in&nbsp;South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the northern and western coasts of Africa. These regions, rich in marine biodiversity, are also hotspots for illegal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-consequences-of-catch-and-release-sport-fishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, overexploitation of marine resources, and environmental degradation. 



Without a reliable and transparent tracking system, governments and conservationists struggle to enforce regulations, protect fish stocks, and monitor maritime security.



The implications of this dark vessel activity extend far beyond fishing. More than&nbsp;one billion people depend on the ocean as their primary food source, and&nbsp;260 million people are directly employed by global marine fisheries.



Additionally,&nbsp;80% of all traded goods are transported via ocean routes, and&nbsp;nearly 30% of the world’s oil production occurs offshore. Without accurate tracking, illegal activities such as&nbsp;forced labor, human trafficking, and environmental crimes&nbsp;can continue unchecked, undermining efforts to promote sustainable ocean management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-satellites-reveal-dark-vessels">AI and satellites reveal dark vessels </h2>



To address the limitations of AIS and other conventional tracking systems, the researchers turned to artificial intelligence and satellite technology.



They used deep learning models to scan a staggering&nbsp;two petabytes of satellite imagery&nbsp;from the&nbsp;European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 satellite constellation. This AI-powered system was trained to detect and classify vessels with remarkable accuracy, far surpassing previous methods.



The team&nbsp;designed and trained three deep convolutional neural networks&nbsp;to analyze satellite imagery and vessel GPS data. 



These models achieved an&nbsp;object detection accuracy of over 97%, a&nbsp;classification accuracy of 98% for offshore infrastructure, and a&nbsp;90% accuracy rate for distinguishing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-must-be-redefined-to-halt-ocean-destruction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> vessels from non-fishing vessels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-untracked-vessel-activity">Unveiling untracked vessel activity</h2>



The dataset used for this analysis was massive. Researchers examined&nbsp;67 million image tiles, including&nbsp;53 billion AIS vessel positions, to determine which ships were actively broadcasting their location and which were operating in the shadows. 



The&nbsp;resolution of the satellite radar allowed the team to detect objects as small as 15 meters, making it possible to track industrial fishing vessels, cargo ships, tankers, and offshore infrastructure with unprecedented clarity.



"Our satellite mapping revealed high densities of vessel activity in large areas of the ocean that previously showed little to no vessel activity by public tracking systems," the research team stated.



The study’s findings have already&nbsp;reshaped our understanding of global maritime activity, revealing areas where fishing and transport vessels operate without oversight. 



This new method of tracking vessels will be&nbsp;instrumental in identifying illegal fishing hotspots, detecting human rights violations at sea, and improving enforcement of marine protected areas (MPAs).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-offshore-energy-wind-vs-oil">Rise of offshore energy: Wind vs. oil</h2>



Beyond vessel movements, the study also mapped the rapid expansion of offshore energy infrastructure. 



By&nbsp;2021, offshore wind turbines had surpassed oil structures in number, a significant milestone in the transition toward renewable energy. Wind power accounted for&nbsp;48% of all offshore structures, while oil installations made up&nbsp;38%.



Despite the growth of wind energy,&nbsp;oil-related vessel traffic still dwarfs that of wind infrastructure, with oil platforms generating&nbsp;five times more vessel activity&nbsp;than wind farms. The global shift to offshore renewables is happening, but oil remains dominant in terms of maritime traffic and industrial footprint.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-footprint-of-offshore-energy">Growing footprint of offshore energy</h2>



The study from <a href="https://globalfishingwatch.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Fishing Watch</a> found that offshore wind farms are&nbsp;highly concentrated in northern Europe (52%) and China (45%), with China experiencing an extraordinary&nbsp;900% increase in offshore wind turbines from 2017 to 2021. 



Meanwhile, offshore oil infrastructure remains concentrated in&nbsp;the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, and Southeast Asia, with the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia leading in oil platform installations.



As renewable energy infrastructure continues to grow, understanding how these structures interact with existing maritime industries will be crucial. The study found that&nbsp;trawlers avoid fishing within one kilometer of oil platforms, likely to prevent net entanglement. 



However, other fishing activities&nbsp;increase around offshore infrastructure, as these structures can serve as artificial reefs that attract marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-maritime-surveillance">Future of maritime surveillance</h2>



In addition to satellite-based vessel tracking, new AI-driven technologies are set to&nbsp;revolutionize real-time ship detection. The&nbsp;Rapid Earth Monitoring Information System (REMIS), developed in partnership with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, <a href="https://www.stcorp.nl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">S[&amp;]T</a>, <a href="https://www.vake.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vake</a>, and <a href="https://emlogic.no" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EmLogic</a> in Norway, promises to&nbsp;locate ships in hours instead of days.



Current satellite monitoring relies on&nbsp;downlinking images, processing them on the ground, and analyzing them manually, which can take days. By the time authorities receive data, dark vessels may have moved on, making enforcement difficult.



REMIS will&nbsp;pre-filter images in space, prioritizing those containing ships before sending them to ground stations. This drastically reduces&nbsp;data transmission time and processing costs, enabling authorities to&nbsp;track vessels in near real-time.



“If we can already identify ships onboard and potentially even combine it with AI systems, we could mark dark vessels and prioritize the scenes containing ships or their locations,” explains&nbsp;Maris Tali, the technical officer leading the project.



This system will be particularly valuable for&nbsp;detecting illegal fishing vessels, preventing ship collisions, and redirecting maritime traffic during emergencies. It represents a&nbsp;significant leap forward in global ocean monitoring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-covid-19-on-fishing-activity">Impact of COVID-19 on fishing activity</h2>



The study also examined how maritime activity was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. While&nbsp;global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-has-caused-a-50-decline-in-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> activity dropped by 12% in 2020, it has&nbsp;not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels. However, transport and energy-related vessel activity remained relatively&nbsp;unaffected&nbsp;during the same period.



This decline in fishing is part of a&nbsp;longer-term trend. Since the 1980s,&nbsp;global marine fish catch has remained stagnant, as many fisheries have reached or exceeded sustainable limits. Meanwhile,&nbsp;offshore energy and maritime trade continue to expand, reshaping human interactions with the ocean.



As industrialization of the ocean accelerates, conflicts between fisheries, energy developers, and conservationists are likely to increase. 



Understanding these trends is essential for&nbsp;policymakers, environmental groups, and industry leaders&nbsp;to make informed decisions about marine resource management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-transparency-and-accountability">Call for transparency and accountability</h2>



The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for&nbsp;greater transparency in maritime activity. With three-quarters of industrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-freshwater-fish-toward-the-poles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> occurring&nbsp;outside public tracking systems, governments must adopt&nbsp;stricter regulations and better enforcement mechanisms.



AI-powered satellite monitoring and real-time detection systems like REMIS offer&nbsp;powerful new tools to combat illegal fishing, improve ocean governance, and enforce environmental protections.



As human activity in the ocean continues to grow, the need for&nbsp;accountability, sustainability, and international cooperation&nbsp;has never been greater. By illuminating the&nbsp;hidden industrial fleet&nbsp;operating in our oceans, science and technology are paving the way for a&nbsp;more transparent and sustainable future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06825-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



Image Credit: European Space Agency 



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Earth's oceans are filled with what scientists are calling "dark vessels"

A recent study&nbsp;by Global Fishing Watch has uncovered an immense...

The story of how dinosaurs came to rule our planet has captivated scientists and the public alike for generations. Now, an intriguing new study on fossils suggests we might be looking in the wrong places for their earliest ancestors. 



While we've found countless dinosaur fossils in places like Argentina and Zimbabwe, the very first dinosaurs might have emerged from the steamy equatorial regions of ancient Earth - areas that today make up the Amazon rainforest, Congo basin, and Sahara Desert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gap-in-the-dinosaur-fossil-record">Gap in the dinosaur fossil record</h2>



The oldest known dinosaur fossils date back around 230 million years and have been found in Argentina, Brazil, and Zimbabwe. 



However, the differences between these fossils indicate that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tracks-discovered-on-uks-dinosaur-highway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> had already been evolving for millions of years before these specimens emerged. This implies an even earlier origin, but direct fossil evidence of this has yet to be found.



The new study, published in the journal Current Biology, addresses this issue by using advanced modeling techniques to account for gaps in the fossil record.



The researchers analyzed fossils, evolutionary trees, and ancient geography to reconstruct the likely emergence of dinosaurs. 



Instead of assuming that fossils have not been found in certain areas because they never existed there, the study treats those regions as simply missing data.



“Dinosaurs are well studied but we still don’t really know where they came from. The fossil record has such large gaps that it can’t be taken at face value,” noted study lead author Joel Heath from <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University College London</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-dinosaurs-and-their-world">First dinosaurs and their world</h2>



According to the study, the earliest dinosaurs likely appeared in western low-latitude Gondwana, a region that was hot and dry, resembling today’s deserts and savannas. This challenges the previous assumption that dinosaurs first evolved in more temperate environments. 



Despite the study’s findings, no fossils from these early dinosaurs have been discovered in the Amazon or central Africa. 



Heath suggests that this is due to a combination of accessibility issues and a lack of focused research in these regions.



The world of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-evolved-feathers-for-much-more-than-just-flying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> was vastly different from the one their descendants would later dominate. During the Late Triassic period, dinosaurs were only a minor part of a diverse ecosystem filled with other reptilian creatures. 



These included the ancestors of crocodiles, known as pseudosuchians, some of which grew up to 10 meters (33 feet) long. 



Another major group in this prehistoric world was pterosaurs, the first vertebrates to develop powered flight. These flying reptiles would eventually evolve into species as large as modern fighter jets.



In contrast to their massive successors like Diplodocus or Tyrannosaurus rex, the earliest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-extinction-of-dinosaurs-was-not-caused-by-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> were much smaller, typically the size of a chicken or a medium-sized dog.



They walked on two legs, making them agile hunters and scavengers, and most were likely omnivorous. Their small size and adaptability may have helped them survive in the challenging environments of early Gondwana.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rise-of-dinosaurs">The rise of dinosaurs</h2>



For millions of years, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-triassic-fossil-gondwanax-paraisensis-may-rewrite-history-of-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> remained in the shadow of their reptilian cousins. That changed around 201 million years ago, when a series of massive volcanic eruptions led to the end-Triassic mass extinction. 



This catastrophe wiped out many of the dominant reptile species, creating an ecological vacuum that the surviving dinosaurs quickly filled. 



With their competitors gone, dinosaurs began to spread and diversify, eventually becoming the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.



The modeling study suggests that dinosaurs and other reptiles may have first evolved in low-latitude Gondwana before spreading outward. 



They expanded southward into what is now Argentina and Zimbabwe, and northward into Laurasia, the northern supercontinent that would later split into Europe, Asia, and North America. 



This idea is supported by fossil evidence showing that some of the dinosaurs’ closest relatives, including early crocodile-like reptiles, were found in northern Laurasia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-link-in-dinosaur-evolution">Missing link in dinosaur evolution</h2>



One of the study’s key findings concerns the evolutionary relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-worlds-best-preserved-psittacosaurus-dinosaurs-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early dinosaurs</a> and their close relatives. There is ongoing debate about how different groups of dinosaurs evolved from their reptilian ancestors. 



To address this, the researchers tested their model against three different evolutionary trees. The strongest support for a Gondwanan origin came from a model that classified silesaurids, traditionally seen as distant cousins of dinosaurs, as direct ancestors of ornithischians.



This finding is significant because ornithischians - one of the three major dinosaur groups, which later included the stegosaurs and Triceratops species - are mysteriously absent from the fossil record in the earliest years of dinosaur history.



If silesaurids were indeed their ancestors, this would help fill a major gap in the evolutionary tree and provide a clearer picture of how dinosaurs diversified over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaurs-and-climate-adaptation">Dinosaurs and climate adaptation</h2>



The study also sheds light on how dinosaurs adapted to different climates over millions of years. “Our results suggest early dinosaurs may have been well adapted to hot and arid environments,” noted Professor Philip Mannion, a senior author of the study.



This is particularly evident in sauropods, the group that includes massive plant-eaters like Brontosaurus and Diplodocus. These dinosaurs appear to have retained their preference for warm climates, remaining in lower latitudes throughout their existence.



On the other hand, theropods - the group that includes T. rex and modern birds - and ornithischians seem to have developed the ability to generate their own body heat.



This adaptation allowed them to expand into colder regions, including the polar regions, by the time of the Jurassic period. This shift in climate tolerance may have contributed to their long-term evolutionary success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-dinosaur-fossils">Future research on dinosaur fossils</h2>



Despite the study’s compelling findings, direct fossil evidence of the earliest dinosaurs in the Amazon, Congo, or Sahara remains absent. 



Future expeditions to these regions may uncover this elusive evidence that could redefine our understanding of dinosaur origins.



If dinosaurs did originate in equatorial Gondwana, as the study suggests, their earliest ancestors may still lie buried beneath the dense rainforests of the Amazon or the shifting sands of the Sahara. 



These areas remain some of the least-explored fossil sites on Earth, meaning that the missing chapters of dinosaur evolution may still be waiting to be revealed.



As paleontologists continue to refine their understanding of early dinosaur evolution, this study highlights the importance of exploring new frontiers in fossil research. 



The true story of dinosaur origins is still being written, and future discoveries in these regions could change everything we thought we knew about the dawn of the dinosaurs.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01722-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Where did dinosaurs come from? Scientists say they figured it out

The story of how dinosaurs came to rule our planet...

Have you ever noticed how aggression plays a role in people's personalities, with some seeking competition while others prefer to avoid confrontation?



Much like humans, mice engage in territory and mate competitions, displaying increased confidence and aggression as they accumulate victories.



A recent study has revealed the critical influence of dopamine, a potent brain chemical, in aggressive behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dopamine-and-male-aggression">Dopamine and male aggression</h2>



While dopamine has been associated with male aggression for many years, the influence of past experiences on this relationship has remained a mystery. 



A group of researchers from <a href="https://nyulangone.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Langone Health</a> decided to dig deeper, particularly focusing on the role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-enhances-brain-function-during-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dopamine</a>.



The team discovered that young, inexperienced male mice, when given a dopamine boost, fought twice as long as they would naturally fight.



Blocking the release of dopamine from certain cells made these novice fighters completely passive. 



However, this was not the case for males with extensive fighting experience. Regardless of the increase or decrease of dopamine, the duration of their attacks remained the same. 



Interestingly, the researchers noted that more victories bred more challenges, with victorious mice instigating more fights in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dopamine-aggression-and-fighting-experience">Dopamine, aggression, and fighting experience</h2>



Study senior author Dr. Dayu Lin is a professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience at NYU Grossman School of Medicine.



“Our findings offer new insight into how both ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ shape aggression in males,” said Dr. Lin. "While aggression is an innate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a>, dopamine - and fighting experience - is essential for its maturation during adulthood.”



The research wasn't restricted to the relationship between dopamine and aggression. The team also explored the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-daydream-to-awareness-the-brains-alert-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain mechanisms</a> at play during aggression learning.



They blocked dopamine release in certain brain areas related to aggression regulation and observed that novices stopped learning to fight, while experienced fighters continued their aggressive behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-diminishing-role-of-dopamine">The diminishing role of dopamine</h2>



As the mice gained experience, the initial dopamine release in the brain became less potent, suggesting dopamine’s critical role in initial aggression learning. 



The research also debunked any similar role of dopamine in female aggression, as altering dopamine levels did not affect female mice's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tourists-cause-anxiety-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aggressive behaviors</a>.



Dr. Lin believes the results could potentially assist in addressing mental health conditions characterized by intense mood and behavior shifts, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder.



“Our results suggest that targeting dopamine may not be an effective tool when treating those with a long history of aggression,” noted Dr. Lin. “As a result, healthcare providers may need to consider a patient’s history, as well as their age and sex, when considering which therapy to use.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antipsychotic-medications-in-humans">Antipsychotic medications in humans</h2>



These findings may further explain why antipsychotic drugs have a stronger and longer-lasting effect in children than in adults, as adult aggression often resurfaces once they stop receiving medication. 



However, Dr. Lin cautions that while mice share similar brain chemistry with people and the current findings echo human clinical results, further research is needed to establish the influence of past behavior on the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-behavior-and-mental-health">Implications for human behavior and mental health</h2>



Even though the study was focused on mice, the findings open up intriguing questions about human aggression and behavior regulation.



The experts believe that the interplay between dopamine and experience could help explain why some individuals exhibit persistent aggressive tendencies, while others learn to regulate their responses over time.



This research may have implications for understanding behavioral disorders such as conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and even workplace aggression.



Management strategies for aggression are complex. Interventions that focus exclusively on dopamine systems may not be effective, as long-standing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pandemic-restrictions-had-a-lasting-effect-on-behavior-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns of behavior</a> often require a more comprehensive approach.



Experts propose that a well-balanced application of behavioral therapy and medication for such conditions may result in better handling of aggression-related conditions.



While exploring the connection between brain chemicals and learned behaviors, scientists aim to develop more precise methods for treating mental health conditions, taking into account an individual’s life experiences and unique neurochemical responses.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08459-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Dopamine's role in male aggression fades with fighting experience

Have you ever noticed how aggression plays a role in...

Picture this: You're a male bird trying to get lucky. Traditional wisdom says pump up those testosterone levels, fight off the competition, and strut your stuff. But some clever birds have figured out a totally different game plan - one that involves producing more testosterone than their macho counterparts, only to destroy it moments later.



Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in collaboration with international colleagues, have discovered that these birds produce a super enzyme that rapidly breaks down testosterone. 



The findings reveal that a single gene drives this process and that it happens in the blood, a tissue previously overlooked in hormone regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-testosterone-in-male-behavior">Role of testosterone in male behavior</h2>



Testosterone is a key hormone in male physiology. It plays an essential role in sexual development, aggression, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-are-moving-north-and-breeding-earlier-in-a-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive behavior</a>. 



Most testosterone is produced in the testes, where it supports sperm production and influences secondary sexual characteristics. The blood then carries the hormone to other parts of the body, including the brain, where it affects aggression and courtship behavior.



Traditionally, scientists have viewed high testosterone levels as advantageous for male animals, helping them compete for mates and establish dominance. However, recent research led by Clemens Küpper challenges this notion in ruffs. 



The researchers found that some males actively eliminate testosterone from their bloodstream, raising an important question: why would a sexually competitive bird species reduce a hormone typically linked to mating success?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-morphs-with-distinct-mating-strategies">Three morphs with distinct mating strategies</h2>



Male ruffs are unique because they exist in three different morphs, each with a distinct appearance and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-wild-bird-is-expecting-again-at-74/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive strategy</a>. The majority of males belong to the "Independent" morph, characterized by darker plumage and territorial behavior. 



These males compete aggressively in mating arenas known as leks, where they defend small territories and display for females. Their high testosterone levels support this assertive and dominant approach.



The second morph, known as "Satellites," is slightly smaller and has lighter-colored plumage. Unlike Independents, Satellites do not defend territories. Instead, they form alliances with Independents, peacefully positioning themselves within the lek to increase their chances of attracting a mate. 



Their mating success does not depend on aggression, making high testosterone levels unnecessary.



The rarest morph, "Faeders," takes an entirely different approach. These males mimic females in both size and appearance, allowing them to slip into the lek unnoticed. 



Disguised as females, they avoid direct competition while still managing to mate. For both Satellites and Faeders, excess testosterone could be a disadvantage, as it promotes aggressive behaviors that conflict with their alternative strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basis-of-testosterone-regulation-in-birds">Basis of testosterone regulation in birds</h2>



Until recently, little was known about the genetic mechanisms that regulate testosterone in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-blue-tits-have-a-mating-advantage-that-involves-cheating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>. 



The study of ruffs has provided key insights, as the three male morphs differ due to a single "supergene" - a section of DNA containing approximately 100 genes.



This genetic variation emerged around four million years ago when a chromosome fragment broke off and reinserted itself in the opposite direction, leading to the evolution of distinct morphs.



As researchers analyzed gene expression, they identified a crucial gene within the supergene that codes for an enzyme responsible for breaking down testosterone. This enzyme was produced in high quantities in Satellites and Faeders but was absent in Independents.



Surprisingly, when the team measured testosterone levels in the testes, they found that Satellites and Faeders actually produced more testosterone there than Independents. 



This finding raised another question: if these males produce more testosterone in their testes, how do they maintain significantly lower levels of the hormone in their blood?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-enzyme-in-the-blood">Super enzyme in the blood</h2>



The answer lies in an exceptionally powerful enzyme - what researchers call a "super enzyme" - that rapidly degrades testosterone.



This enzyme is present in large amounts in the blood of Satellites and Faeders, breaking down the hormone before it can circulate through the body. 



In contrast, Independents completely lack this enzyme in their bloodstream, allowing them to maintain high testosterone levels that fuel their aggressive territorial behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-breaking-down-testosterone">Birds breaking down testosterone </h2>



Before this discovery, scientists assumed that testosterone breakdown occurred primarily in the liver and other organs, with little to no regulation occurring directly in the blood. 



"Based on previous research in other animals, we had assumed that this enzyme plays no role in the blood," explained Alex Zemella, one of the first authors of the study from <a href="https://www.bi.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence</a>.



"But our results revealed a previously unknown site there that the enzyme acts on. This means that the amount of circulating testosterone can be regulated directly in the blood – something that had previously been overlooked."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-single-gene-shapes-complex-behavior">A single gene shapes complex behavior</h2>



This discovery highlights the sophisticated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strategies</a> male ruffs have evolved to maximize their reproductive success. Instead of relying solely on aggression, Satellites and Faeders have adapted a biochemical mechanism to regulate their behavior in a way that benefits their unique mating tactics.



"All males need testosterone in their testes for producing sperm," noted Jasmine Loveland, a lead author of the study.



"But the hormone also has other effects, for example in the brain, where it can promote aggressive and courtship behavior. It is interesting that the non-aggressive ruffs seem to have increased levels of the super enzyme throughout the brain too, especially in the hypothalamus." 



"These results, along with the low testosterone levels in the blood, likely play an important role in shaping their mating strategies."



The ability to control testosterone levels so precisely allows Satellites and Faeders to optimize their reproductive success without the drawbacks of excessive aggression. 



By modifying the way testosterone circulates in the body, they have developed a more subtle but equally effective way to compete for mates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-birds-and-testosterone">Future research on birds and testosterone</h2>



The finding that a single gene can significantly influence testosterone regulation opens up new possibilities for research. Understanding how hormone levels shape complex social behaviors in ruffs may provide broader insights into other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-struggle-to-survive-spring-migration-after-bad-winters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>, including mammals.



Going forward, the research team aims to explore how these genetic mechanisms affect brain function and social interactions in ruffs. They also plan to investigate how similar processes might influence reproductive strategies in other animals. 



By continuing to study the genetic basis of behavioral diversity, scientists hope to uncover new details about the intricate relationship between hormones, genes, and mating success.



This study challenges conventional wisdom about testosterone and aggression, showing that high testosterone is not always an advantage. 



In ruffs, a well-adapted enzyme allows some males to take a completely different route to reproductive success - proving that in evolution, strategy matters just as much as strength.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5936" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Some birds trick their way into mating by removing testosterone from their bodies

Picture this: You're a male bird trying to get lucky....

The stark reality of how education shapes our lifespan has never been clearer. New research reveals a troubling gap in life expectancy between Americans with different education levels - one that's been steadily widening. 



The divide has grown so dramatic that college graduates in some U.S. counties are living nearly four decades longer than those without a high school diploma in others.



A new study from the&nbsp;Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)&nbsp;at the&nbsp;University of Washington analyzed data from more than 3,000 U.S. counties and found that the gap in life expectancy between the most and least educated has widened dramatically over the past two decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-life-expectancy">Education and life expectancy</h2>



The findings reveal that education plays a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-healthspan-people-are-living-longer-but-not-healthier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">determining lifespan</a>. In 2000, the gap in life expectancy between the most and least educated individuals was about eight years. By 2019, this disparity had grown to nearly eleven years. 



Over this period, individuals with higher education levels saw notable increases in their life expectancy, while those with lower levels of education experienced little to no improvement.



College graduates saw the most significant gains, with their average lifespan increasing by 2.5 years to 84.2 years. Those who completed some college experienced a more modest increase of 0.7 years, reaching an average lifespan of 82.1 years. 



High school graduates saw only a slight improvement of 0.3 years, with their life expectancy reaching 77.3 years. Most concerning, individuals without a high school diploma saw no increase in life expectancy over the two decades, remaining at 73.5 years.



These findings highlight how formal education is closely tied to economic stability, health outcomes, and overall longevity.



"In the US, more formal education often translates to better employment opportunities, including higher-paying jobs that have fewer health risks. This puts people in a better position to build a healthy life and, when needed, obtain high-quality health care," noted Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, the study’s senior author and an associate professor at <a href="https://www.healthdata.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IHME</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographic-differences-in-life-expectancy">Geographic differences in life expectancy</h2>



Beyond education, geography plays a significant role in determining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-high-resilience-live-up-to-ten-years-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a>. The study found that lifespans varied widely across U.S. counties. When examining all education levels combined, life expectancy ranged from 68.2 years in the lowest counties to 93.2 years in the highest counties.



However, the disparities were particularly striking among those with the least education. Life expectancy for individuals without a high school diploma varied by more than three decades, from 57.9 years in some counties to 90.1 years in others. 



In contrast, life expectancy among college graduates showed less variation, ranging from 75.2 years to 93.9 years, a difference of 18.7 years.



To put this into perspective, college graduates in the U.S. county with the highest life expectancy (93.9 years) are living&nbsp;36 years longer&nbsp;than those without a high school diploma in the county with the lowest life expectancy (57.9 years). 



These disparities are staggering even on a global scale. If U.S. college graduates were considered as a separate country, their life expectancy would have ranked fourth in the world in 2019. In contrast, individuals with less than a high school diploma would have ranked 137th out of 199 countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regions-with-declines-in-life-expectancy">Regions with declines in life expectancy</h2>



The study identified specific regions where life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/longevity-pills-for-dogs-could-help-humans-live-longer-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expectancy</a> has declined the most, particularly among individuals with lower levels of education. 



Counties in the&nbsp;Southeast, Appalachia, and parts of South Dakota&nbsp;had some of the lowest life expectancies, particularly for those without a high school diploma.



Among those with some college education, significant declines in life expectancy were observed in counties across&nbsp;Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida, as well as in northern&nbsp;Arizona.



For high school graduates, counties in&nbsp;Virginia, the Carolinas, Texas, Louisiana, and Nebraska&nbsp;experienced some of the steepest declines. However, the largest declines for individuals without a high school diploma were concentrated in&nbsp;Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-lifespan-in-california">Education and lifespan in California</h2>



While many parts of the country experienced declining life expectancy for those without a high school diploma, California stood out as an exception. 



In several counties, individuals with low education levels actually saw&nbsp;significant increases in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-less-could-extend-your-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a>. Researchers suggest that&nbsp;California’s large immigrant population&nbsp;may be a key factor behind this trend.



Studies have shown that immigrants in the U.S. tend to have&nbsp;longer life expectancies than their U.S.-born counterparts, likely due to the selective nature of immigration. 



Individuals who migrate to the U.S. are often healthier than the general population, and they may also benefit from&nbsp;stronger community ties, healthier lifestyle habits, and lower rates of smoking and substance abuse&nbsp;compared to native-born Americans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-education-for-men">Role of education for men</h2>



The study also highlighted&nbsp;significant gender disparities in life expectancy, particularly among those with lower education levels. Women consistently outlived men, with the gap being most pronounced among those with the least education.



Nationally, women without a high school diploma had an average life expectancy of&nbsp;almost 72 years, while men in the same category had an average lifespan of&nbsp;just under 68 years. 



Over the two decades studied, the gap between the least and most educated grew more for men than for women, suggesting that education plays an even&nbsp;more critical role in determining men’s longevity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-as-a-determinant-of-lifespan">Education as a determinant of lifespan </h2>



This study is the first to analyze&nbsp;educational disparities in life expectancy across 3,110 U.S. counties over a 20-year period, providing a comprehensive look at how education influences health outcomes. 



The findings make it clear that education is more than just a pathway to better job opportunities - it is a fundamental determinant of health and longevity.



The widening gap in life expectancy underscores the urgent need for policies that address&nbsp;educational inequalities, economic disparities, and access to quality healthcare. 



Investing in education could not only improve economic outcomes but also&nbsp;help close the health divide&nbsp;that continues to grow between the most and least educated Americans.



As the gap widens, the consequences become harder to ignore. Without targeted efforts to improve education and health equity, the U.S. risks becoming a country where lifespan is increasingly dictated by socioeconomic status and geographic location. 



Addressing these disparities will require a&nbsp;comprehensive approach&nbsp;that includes&nbsp;improving access to education, increasing economic opportunities, and expanding healthcare access for the most vulnerable populations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(24)00303-7/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Public Health</a>.



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Education and lifespan: College graduates live an average of 11 years longer

The stark reality of how education shapes our lifespan has...

A species of free-living coral, Cycloseris cyclolites, defies traditional coral behavior by actively migrating toward light using a movement strategy reminiscent of jellyfish.



A new study from Queensland University of Technology (<a href="https://www.qut.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">QUT</a>) sheds light on the coral’s sophisticated navigation and mobility mechanisms, with implications for understanding its survival strategies amid changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-free-living-corals-that-migrate">Free-living corals that migrate</h2>



Unlike <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isolated-coral-reefs-survive-with-the-help-of-their-local-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most corals</a> that remain anchored to the reef substrate, Cycloseris cyclolites is a solitary, free-living mushroom coral capable of migrating in search of better habitats. 



Dr. Brett Lewis, the lead author from QUT’s School of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences and the <a href="https://gbrrestoration.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program</a>, emphasized the unique lifestyle of these mobile corals.



“Not all corals are attached to the substrate; some are solitary and free-living, allowing them to migrate into preferred habitats,” Lewis explained. 



Despite their remarkable behavior, the mechanisms underlying their movement and navigation have largely remained a mystery - until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-strategy-of-corals">Migration strategy of corals</h2>



Using high-resolution time-lapse imaging, the research team discovered that Cycloseris cyclolites moves through a process called pulsed inflation. 



This mechanism involves rhythmic inflating and deflating of the coral’s tissue, propelling it forward in a manner strikingly similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-more-than-just-a-snack-for-predatory-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> locomotion.



“Our findings suggest that pulsed inflation is not just a survival strategy but a critical mechanism for migration and navigation,” Lewis noted.



This movement enables the coral to perform several essential functions, including righting itself when flipped upside down, expelling sediment that might bury it during storms, and migrating toward optimal environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corals-move-to-optimal-depths-nbsp">Corals move to optimal depths&nbsp;</h2>



One of the study’s key findings was the coral’s strong preference for blue light. When exposed to various light sources, 86.7% of the corals migrated toward blue light, compared to only 20% for white light. 



This behavior aligns with the coral’s preference for deeper water habitats, where blue wavelengths dominate.



“The ability of Cycloseris cyclolites to move towards specific light sources is a fascinating parallel to other marine species like jellyfish, which suggests they are more neurologically sophisticated than previously thought,” Lewis said.



This light sensitivity likely helps the corals navigate to optimal depths, where conditions are better suited for survival, reproduction, and dispersal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sgnificance-of-coral-migration">Sgnificance of coral migration</h2>



The discovery of such advanced mobility and light sensitivity in Cycloseris cyclolites offers new insights into the evolution of nervous systems.&nbsp;



The study draws parallels between the coral’s behavior and the movement strategies of jellyfish, a key evolutionary point in the development of centralized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-arms-function-with-unparalleled-precision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nervous systems</a>, which humans also possess.



But the findings aren’t just an evolutionary curiosity - they carry important ecological implications. 



By understanding how these migratory corals navigate their environment, scientists can better predict how they might adapt to the escalating challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-may-not-adapt-quickly-enough-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-reefs-and-climate-change-the-basics">Coral reefs and climate change - the basics</h2>



As ocean temperatures rise, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coral-reefs-deeper-zones-currently-safe-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals become stressed</a> and expel the tiny algae that give them their vibrant colors and provide them with essential nutrients. 



This process, known as coral bleaching, leaves the corals pale and weak, making it harder for them to survive and grow. 



Without these algae, the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-coral-transplants-could-revolutionize-reef-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef ecosystem</a> struggles, affecting countless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-diversity-has-changed-dramatically-on-the-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a> that rely on the reefs for shelter and food.



On top of the warming waters, ocean acidification is another major threat corals are facing. 



Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are being absorbed by the oceans, lowering the pH levels and making it harder for corals to build their calcium carbonate skeletons. 



This not only slows their growth but also makes them more vulnerable to erosion and breakage from storms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corals-migrate-to-survive">Corals migrate to survive</h2>



As sea surface temperatures rise and other climate-driven changes impact coral habitats, the ability of Cycloseris cyclolites to migrate toward more favorable conditions could be crucial.&nbsp;



By moving to deeper waters dominated by blue wavelengths, these corals may escape the warming and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/60-percent-global-coral-reefs-face-bleaching-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching</a> events that devastate many other reef species.



“Understanding their movement strategies could help scientists predict how migratory corals might resist, survive, or adapt to changes in environmental conditions,” Lewis explained. “With these climate-driven factors increasing, the faster the migration, the higher the chance of survival.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-climate-change-and-the-future">Coral, climate change, and the future</h2>



This research highlights the remarkable adaptability of Cycloseris cyclolites, offering a new perspective on coral resilience and survival.&nbsp;



As climate change continues to threaten coral reefs worldwide, these insights provide a foundation for further studies on coral behavior and potential conservation strategies.&nbsp;



By unraveling the mechanisms that allow corals to thrive in dynamic and challenging environments, scientists hope to uncover new ways to protect these vital marine ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315623" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.



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Corals that walk and migrate? Fascinating climate change survival strategy discovered

A species of free-living coral, Cycloseris cyclolites, defies traditional coral...

The SnugSoft Deluxe Pillow Sham is made from 100% wool, surrounding your pillow with a 1" pile height for a comfortable sleep. Read more Overview The SnugSoft Deluxe Pillow Sham is a cozy way to complete your sleeping comfort. Made from 100% wool, these shams surround your pillow and transform it into a comfortable delight! Shams are backed with a 100% cotton French tuck enclosure. Size Options: Standard 20" x 26" Queen 20" x 30" King 20" x 38" Features & Benefits: 1-inch wool pile height Made from 100% wool Machine washable Made in the USA Why use wool? A natural thermostat Wool has the ability to act as a natural thermostat. In the summer, you'll stay cool because of wool's ability to wick moisture away from you on humid summer nights. A single fiber can absorb up to 30% of its weight in body vapor. In the winter, you'll stay cozy because wool also acts as a natural insulator. Air spaces between the fibers trap body heat, and circulate warm air next to your body. The result is an undisturbed, quality sleep like never before. Enhances comfort Wool's naturally crimped fibers form a springy, cushioned support that cradles your body. This support relieves pressure points, muscle aches, and back pain. While it is not a miracle cure, it has soothing qualities that help those who suffer from arthritis, rheumatism, and injuries. It has been used in hospitals for years to enhance their patient's comfort. By soothing the body and reducing fatigue, you will quickly fall into a restful sleep and wake up recharged for the day ahead. SnugFleece products are made from 100% American wool, which has a higher degree of crimp than its foreign competitors. Easy care and cleaning Because sheets protect your cover, it will require little cleaning. Wool's low static fibers resist dust and staining, and its natural lanolin oil resists liquids. Occasionally leaving your bed unmade during the day will allow your SnugFleece to breathe and rejuvenate itself. Because of the natural resilience of the wool fiber, your cover will spring back to its original shape with a simple vacuuming. SnugFleece products can be dry cleaned. SnugSoft products are designed for machine wash and dry. Environmentally safe Wool and cotton are natural fibers. You can rest easy knowing that synthetic materials were not released into the environment from the manufacturing of SnugFleece products. Infant care Studies have shown that wool is soothing and swaddling for babies, resulting in reduced stress and a higher quality sleep. Because wool repels dust, it also makes a cleaner environment for babies to sleep or play.

SnugSoft Deluxe Wool Pillow Sham

The SnugSoft Deluxe Pillow Sham is made from 100% wool,...

The SnugSoft Imperial is constructed with a 1.25" pile height and a weight of 55 oz./linear-yard, and is machine washable! Read more Overview SnugSoft products are knitted through a durable poly backing that allows the added convenience of machine washing. This makes them perfect for infants, children, and the elderly. SnugFleece products are made from 100% American virgin wool, and offer superb craftsmanship and quality. The natural solution for a perfect night's sleep, the wool products offer soft, springy, body-conforming support. Sleep studies have shown that wool induces a more relaxed sleep, and can offer relief from stiffness and pain. SnugFleece wool is sanitized with Ultra-Fresh to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Ultra-Fresh prevents odors and guards against premature deterioration caused by mold, mildew, or dust. It is locked within the fibers during wool blending, meaning that it will withstand dry cleaning and washing and last the life of the product. Features & Benefits: 1.25" pile height 55 oz. wool/linear-yard 2" elastic corner straps secure the cover to your bed Made from 100% American virgin wool Machine wash and dry Available Sizes Crib: 28" x 52" - $76.00 Twin: 39" x 75" - $145.00 XL-Twin: 39" x 80" - $156.00 Full: 54" x 75" - $195.00 Queen: 60" x 80" - $213.00 King: 78" x 80" - $271.00 Cal-King: 72" x 84" - $290.00 Massage: 30" x 73" - $137.00 Why use wool? A natural thermostat Wool has the ability to act as a natural thermostat. In the summer, you'll stay cool because of wool's ability to wick moisture away from you on humid summer nights. A single fiber can absorb up to 30% of its weight in body vapor. In the winter, you'll stay cozy because wool also acts as a natural insulator. Air spaces between the fibers trap body heat, and circulate warm air next to your body. The result is an undisturbed, quality sleep like never before. Enhances comfort Wool's naturally crimped fibers form a springy, cushioned support that cradles your body. This support relieves pressure points, muscle aches, and back pain. While it is not a miracle cure, it has soothing qualities that help those who suffer from arthritis, rheumatism, and injuries. It has been used in hospitals for years to enhance their patient's comfort. By soothing the body and reducing fatigue, you will quickly fall into a restful sleep and wake up recharged for the day ahead. SnugFleece products are made from 100% American wool, which has a higher degree of crimp than its foreign competitors. Easy care and cleaning Because sheets protect your cover, it will require little cleaning. Wool's low static fibers resist dust and staining, and its natural lanolin oil resists liquids. Occasionally leaving your bed unmade during the day will allow your SnugFleece to breathe and rejuvenate itself. Because of the natural resilience of the wool fiber, your cover will spring back to its original shape with a simple vacuuming. SnugFleece products can be dry cleaned. SnugSoft products are designed for machine wash and dry. Environmentally safe Wool and cotton are natural fibers. You can rest easy knowing that synthetic materials were not released into the environment from the manufacturing of SnugFleece products. Infant care Studies have shown that wool is soothing and swaddling for babies, resulting in reduced stress and a higher quality sleep. Because wool repels dust, it also makes a cleaner environment for babies to sleep or play.

SnugSoft Imperial Wool Mattress Cover

The SnugSoft Imperial is constructed with a 1.25" pile height...

Use this cork bowl in the kitchen for fruit, on the table for bread, or in the living room as a catch-all container for items around your home. Read more Shape it or fold it down to modify its size for whatever you put in it. The durable cork fabric will get even softer and more pliable over time. Our cork fabric is anti-microbial, water-resistant and stain-resistant too. Features & Benefits: Adjustable cork fabric bowl to use around the home Made from natural, renewable cork Beautiful, durable and washable Measures 10 inches in diameter Hand wash and wipe dry Cork Fabric Cork is harvested from the cork oak tree. The cork oak grows in the forests of Mediterranean countries. The largest concentration of plantations is found in Spain and Portugal. The Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis) is a wild crop in China. The average lifespan of a cork oak is approximately 170 years. The bark, from which cork is made, is harvested every 10-12 years. Harvesting cork does not harm the tree and a new layer of cork re-grows. Cork is an abundant natural and renewable resource. Cork fabric is produced using thin sheets of natural cork laminated to a cotton blend backing. This versatile and lightweight fabric is stain-resistant and easy to wipe clean. Cork does not retain moisture, and is therefore waterproof and washable.

Soft Cork Fabric Bowl

Use this cork bowl in the kitchen for fruit, on...

Designed to attract bluebirds, and deter sparrows. Your local bluebirds will feel right at home when you put out this Kentucky style, slot entrance house. Read more Overview Approved by the North American Bluebird Society, this bluebird house is designed to deter sparrows. Some studies have shown that bluebirds prefer a slot entrance to the standard circular hole entrance and sparrows prefer the opposite. Also, sparrows tend to avoid shallow homes so the Sparrow-Resistant Bluebird House was constructed to be only 5" deep and includes a wooden insert to adjust the depth to a mere 3-1/2". Sparrows will avoid this depth, but bluebirds will still occupy the house. Features & Benefits: Front panel has latch opening for easy cleaning House is rough-sawn to give fledglings a foothold when they are ready to climb out of the nest Ventilation slots located at the top of the sides prevent overheating Slots in the bottom corners provide drainage Floor is also recessed to keep inside dry Mounting hardware not included (2/1-1/2" wood screws recommended) Handcrafted from 1" white pine for insulation and durability Made in the USA About the Bluebird House Our nest boxes are correct in every detail for each species and come with species specific literature and mounting instructions. All of our nest boxes are crafted of custom milled, premium grade, sustainably grown, Eastern white pine, from Robbins Lumber mill in Maine. Robbins Lumber is a leader in responsible forestry management practices. They replant where they harvest, secure the soil from erosion, preserve wildlife habitats and ensure that a sixth generation of the Robbins family can depend on a healthy and productive forest. Product Quality: Customers tell us again and again that the Coveside products are "the best on the market" with the unique rougher-head finish and secure construction. Environmental Concern: The dimensions are correct for each species and care is given to ventilation and drainage for the well being of the inhabitants. Conservationists Prefer: Coveside products are manufactured from eastern white pine which is preferable because it is a second-growth tree which rejuvenates quickly. Educational Materials: Each product comes with a brochure and a card telling about the wildlife inhabitant that will use it, recommending ideas for location and suggestions for maintenance procedures. Experts Select: Coveside habitats were selected to be on permanent display in the United States Arboretums Buchheister National Bird Garden in Washington, DC and the Wildlife Garden at River Farm Gardens of the American Horticultural Society in Alexandria, VA.

Sparrow-resistant Bluebird House

Designed to attract bluebirds, and deter sparrows. Your local bluebirds...

Help change shower habits from long to short showers and save resources. Read more Overview Encourage efficient showering with the Stop In Time shower timer. This timer is an easy, inexpensive way to save water and save energy by providing a way to monitor and reduce showering time. The Stop In Time shower timer comes with a suction cup to set it up on you shower wall. At the beginning of a shower, simply rotate the Stop In Time shower timer to activate the hour glass style sand timer for an approximate 5 minute shower time. When the sand has traveled from one cavity to another, you know enough time has elapsed and you should be clean and out of the shower.

Stop In Time Shower Timer

Help change shower habits from long to short showers and...

An emergency water distiller so effective that it can create high-purity drinking water from virtually any water source, including ocean water. Read more Overview The Survival Still is a non-electric water distiller that purifies water by boiling the water and collecting only the pure steam (a process called distillation). The result; consistently pure water from virtually any water source, without the use of filters. If you're in an emergency, you can purify water from your swimming pool, a stream or even the ocean, for as long as is needed. Features & Benefits: Converts contaminated water and ocean water into high purity drinking water Meets Red Cross, FEMA and AWWA recommendations for the process of distillation when treating water in emergency situations Kills and removes bacteria and viruses Fail Safe Protection (unlike filters, the Survival Still has a permanent air gap that separates the raw water from the purified water) Effective on radioactive contaminants Effective on toxic metals Designed and made in the USA Lifetime performance guarantee, reusable and no deterioration in performance over time Package Includes: Two Piece Survival Still, High-Temp Silicone Tubing, Instruction Manual, Product Key for a Free E-Book titled, "How to Use the Survival Still to Save your Life". **POTS AND COLLECTION BOTTLE ARE NOT INCLUDED.** Important Information Raw Water Requirements: Source water should be potable water, ocean water or pool water. FEMA and the Red Cross recommend using the process of distillation on contaminated water during an emergency, but user does so at their own risk. Performance: Third-party testing demonstrated the reduction of contaminated ocean water from over 30,000 parts per million (ppm) to less than 3 ppm. In bringing the water to a boil before placing the Survival Still on top, we can remove Volatile Organic Compounds and other contaminants which has lower boiling points with water. These contaminants will have vented away before putting the Survival Still on the pot. In addition, the Survival Still received a perfect rating for the removal of biological contaminants. The Survival Still was further tested by the University of Nebraska for removal of uranium, and received a greater than 98% removal. Furthermore, the Survival Still removes bacteria, viruses and parasites up to 99.9+%. No claim is made that the Survival Still is perfect or that it offers 100% removal of contaminants, because there is no water treatment process that is perfect nor is there such a thing as 100% pure water. Production Rate: The production rate depends upon the amount of heat/energy you put into the boiling water. Our tests showed a rate of 1/2 gallon of distilled water per hour. Pot Sizes: The Survival Still is designed to be used with the pots you already have at home. The bottom pot should provide a stable base and should have an inner diameter no smaller than 9a ^2 and an outer diameter no larger than 11a ^2. The top pot should have a bottom diameter no smaller than 8 5/8a ^2 and no greater than 9 5/8a ^2. The top pot should be made of stainless steel, be clean on the bottom and hold at least 8 to 12 quarts of water. The bottom pot does not need to be stainless steel. Heat Source: You can use many different heat sources. We recommend the use of a controlled heat source which you can turn off after the batch is complete. In addition, the heating surface must be level and stable.

Survival Still Water Purifier and Desalinator

An emergency water distiller so effective that it can create...

SWITCH 3-WAY is the industry's first LED 3-way lamp. This adjustable bulb replaces 30, 60 and 75-watt incandescent bulbs, while consuming 80% less power than an incandescent bulb! Omnidirectional, use anywhere you would use a standard incandescent bulb, up, down or sideways. Frosted bulb. Read more Overview The industry's first 3-way LED lamp, SWITCH 3-WAY is an adjustable, omnidirectional LED bulb. It can be used in any three way fixture in any orientation to provide three levels of warm, shade filling light. It has three settings to give you control over light intensity and energy use in each fixture. Features & Benefits: Incandescent quality light: Provides the same light distribution and performance as an incandescent bulb Exceptional design: Stunning visual design that looks as good off as it does on, all within the standard A form factor LQD Cooling System: Industry leading technology offers up to 40% better thermal performance than standard air-cooled lamps (details below) Reduced energy costs: SWITCH 3-WAY uses 75% less energy and lasts 25 times longer than an incandescent 3 Lighting Levels: 30/60/75-watt equivalent light for three way fixtures Complete functionality: Instant on, operates in any orientation and with any three way fixture, such as a table or floor light Fully certified: UL/cUL listed for damp use; RoHS; FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Eco friendly: Uses less energy, lasts thousands of hours, free of hazardous materials Liquid Cooling System: Switch's breakthrough liquid-cooling technology allows for the bulb to be fully enclosed, unlike most LED bulbs. LQD Cooling System is a blend of two technologies: a cooling liquid that bathes the LEDs inside the bulb, and a highly efficient patented driver. This design cools the LEDs by using the bulb's entire surface to disperse heat. LQD Cooling System uses a liquid silicone that is electrically non-conductive, non-toxic, and colorless. Will not degrade bulb components or harm the environment. General Information about LED Lights: LED stands for "light-emitting diode" 90% more efficient than halogen and incandescent lamps Last much longer than incandescent bulbs (eg 1,000 hrs vs 30,000 hrs) No toxic chemicals. CFLs contain mercury, and LEDs do not No UV emissions Durable, and shock-resistant Starts up instantly, unlike CFL bulbs Stays cool and does not give off much heat Frequent cycling on/off will not shorten lifespan (unlike CFLs)

SWITCH 3-WAY LED - Frosted

SWITCH 3-WAY is the industry's first LED 3-way lamp. This...

For recessed downlights and track lights, this PAR30 LED flood reflector replaces 75-watt incandescent bulbs, while consuming just 14 watts of power. Read more Overview This PAR30 flood reflector is ideal for recessed downlights and track lights. With a beam angle of 40 degrees, it is suitable for most residential and office applications. Dimmable from 100% down to 10%. Features & Benefits: Power Consumption: 14 Watts Replaces: 75-watt recessed lights or spot lights Input Voltage: 120V Lumens: 950 Lumens Color Temperature: 4100K (neutral white) CRI: 85 Beam Angle: 40 degrees Lifespan: 50,000 hours Construction: Aluminum with integrated heatsink Base Type: E26 (standard screw-in base) Cost to run for one year:* - $4.96 Calculated assuming 8 Hours a day operation, 365 Days a Year with $.10 KWh Electricity Cost. The LED would last over 17 years at this usage. A comparable incandescent or halogen light would cost $21.90 per year. General information about LED lights 90% more efficient than halogen and incandescent lamps Last much longer than incandescent bulbs (eg 1,000 hrs vs 30,000 hrs) No toxic chemicals. CFLs contain mercury, and LEDs do not. No UV emissions Durable, and shock-resistant Starts up instantly, unlike CFL bulbs Stays cool and does not give off much heat Frequent cycling on/off will not shorten lifespan (unlike CFLs)

TCP PAR30 LED Flood Reflector 14-Watts

For recessed downlights and track lights, this PAR30 LED flood...