It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms.



Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. 



But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-fuel-for-evolution">Energy: Fuel for evolution</h2>



The boring billion period appears to mark a time when the evolution of complex life was delayed and conditions were so stable as to border on stagnant. 



Scientists state that oxygen levels at this time were drastically decreased and conditions were fairly harsh for most forms of life.



A new study by Michael Lynch of <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> has revealed that the transition from unicellular to multicellular life forms would have come at a cost.



Using the water flea, Daphnia, as a <a href="https://phys.org/tags/model+organism/">model organism</a>, the study shows that multicellular organisms require more than a tenfold increase in energy compared with the simpler, unicellular organisms characteristic of the boring billion period. 



"No one doubts that multicellularity can bring substantial advantages to the table, but the privilege of attaining such benefits comes at a steep investment cost," said Lynch, who directs the <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodesign.asu.edu%2Fmechanisms-of-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution</a> at ASU.



The study emphasizes the importance of respiration and other metabolic processes in navigating the transition to more complex life forms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-of-complexity">Cost of complexity </h2>



Every organism, from the smallest bacterium to a human, is driven by energy. Having an entire body made of only one cell reduces the need for energy and nutrients to grow and reproduce. 



But multicellular organisms, like plants, animals, and fungi, have to maintain a multitude of cells in complex tissues, organs and structures. And this places a far higher energy demand on the organism.



As the cell count increases in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-life-and-environment-co-evolved-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organism</a>, so does the demand on ATP synthase, the molecular machinery in cells that manufactures ATP, the universal energy currency. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1s.webp" alt="A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś" class="wp-image-1950209"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś</figcaption></figure>



Each new cell in a multicellular body is another mouth to feed in terms of energy, and the cost increases with the number of cells.



The findings of the Daphnia study show that metazoans - the group that includes multicellular creatures - need a lot more ATP synthase complexes in each cell than their simpler, unicellular counterparts.



In fact, for every increment in body mass, these organisms require 30 to 50 times more oxygen than simpler, unicellular creatures. This additional oxygen supports the complex needs for metabolism, cellular communication, and tissue maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-comes-at-a-price">Size comes at a price</h2>



Growth isn't cheap, particularly for multicellular organisms. 



While larger, unicellular organisms, like some amoebas, become more efficient as they grow, multicellular organisms face unique challenges that require extra energy to sustain their larger sizes and more complex structures.



Given this steep energy price, why did multicellularity evolve at all? 



The answer seems to be that multicellular life offers evolutionary advantages, such as being able to consume unicellular organisms en masse, evade predators, and live in various environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-energy-barriers">Overcoming energy barriers</h2>



To surmount the energetic challenges presented by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-snowball-earth-conditions-drove-evolution-complex-multicellular-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellularity</a>, organisms have developed remarkable adaptations to utilize their resources efficiently. 



One key adaptation is the division of labor between specialized cells, tissues, and organs; this specialization allows for optimized energy usage where cells perform distinct functions more efficiently than they would if they had to carry out all the different life activities.



For example, mitochondria within eukaryotic cells have evolved highly efficient pathways to generate ATP, thus maximizing the energy harvested from different substrates.



Furthermore, the development of vascular systems in plants and circulatory systems in animals allows for the effective distribution of energy resources, and ensures that all cells have access to the oxygen and nutrients necessary to produce energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-boring-billion">Implications of the "boring billion"</h2>



Understanding the evolutionary narrative of the "boring billion" holds powerful implications for modern scientific research. 



This era not only reflects the energy-centric challenges of the past but also informs the fields of synthetic biology, evolutionary biology, and bioengineering.



By studying the metabolic pathways and energy efficiencies developed during this period, researchers can potentially design bio-inspired systems and organisms with enhanced functionalities and sustainability.



Furthermore, insights gained from this epoch's evolutionary innovations could pioneer future advancements in medical therapies, agriculture, and ecosystem management. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This study primarily focuses on aerobic, animal-like organisms. But there's a vast and varied spectrum of life out there, including plants and fungi, and the researchers plan to extend their investigations to these life forms. 



Future insights could shed light on why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life forms</a> took a considerable time to appear and diversify on our planet.



Multicellular life has high energy demands and this study suggests that the constraints of bioenergy could be a universal phenomenon that is applicable to any carbon-based, oxygen-breathing life, no matter where it exists in the universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2414742121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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'Boring billion' wasn’t a dull period, it fueled a shift to complex life

It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms. Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us. Energy: Fuel for evolution The boring billion...

The concept of "crazy cat ladies" has been firmly etched into our cultural psyche through popular media, with iconic portrayals ranging from Eleanor Abernathy in The Simpsons to Angela Martin in The US Office.



Can you think of other such characters? The stereotypical portrayal often depicts such individuals as neurotic solitaires. But are these portrayals based on a shred of truth, or merely figments of creative imagination?



A recent study from Down Under suggests that there may, surprisingly, be a larger grain of truth to the stereotype than we initially thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crazy-cat-lady-phenomenon">"Crazy cat lady" phenomenon</h2>



This distinctive study was led by two diligent psychologists, Jessica Oliva and Leah Michelle Baines, affiliated with <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> in Queensland, Australia.



While their research did not specifically probe into the "crazy cat lady" phenomenon, it unearthed some eye-opening findings that lend credibility to its existence.



"Cat ownership positively predicted neuroticism," the experts noted in their report, which is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927936.2024.2378592" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthrozoos</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facts-on-crazy-cat-people">Facts on 'crazy cat people'</h2>



The study conducted by Oliva and Baines involved an in-depth survey of 321 Australian adults, a mix of dog owners, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mourn-the-loss-of-other-pets-similar-to-human-grief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cat</a> owners, and those who didn't own pets.



Survey participants who owned both dogs and cats were asked to choose the pet they were closest to or spent the most time with, to be classified as a dog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-people-experience-puppy-blues-with-a-new-pet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner</a> or cat owner. Overall, 60% of this group chose dogs.



Every participant was scrutinized for various personality traits that included extroversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and resilience. After accounting for other factors such as age and gender, the results were quite revealing.



Dog owners, it seems, bagged the prize for resilience. Simply put, they were evidently better at managing and adapting to challenging situations. Cat owners, on the other hand, portrayed heightened levels of neuroticism. 



Interestingly, among cat owners, it was the women who outscored men on the neuroticism scale, giving some weightage to the crazy cat lady stereotype. But it's not a woman's game alone. The research also uncovered the existence of a "crazy cat gentleman."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-the-layers">Peeling the layers</h2>



These findings may raise more questions than they answer. What's causing these differential behaviors among our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/homeless-pet-owners-need-better-options-to-protect-their-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline-loving and canine-adoring friends</a>? Could it be that people who are more introverted or neurotic choose cats, while the adaptable ones prefer dogs? Do our genes hold the key to this mystery?



"There is evidence to support the idea that genes guide ownership of a particular species," said Dr. Oliva. Another aspect to ponder is whether owning a cat can render someone more neurotic compared to owning a dog.



For instance, dogs need more outdoor time and hence, the owner naturally gets to spend more time outdoors, engage in social interactions, and potentially curb neurotic tendencies. In contrast, as cats are relatively low maintenance, their owners might not get the same level of social interaction.



Another angle Dr. Oliva brings to the light is the proven difference between "dog people" and "cat people."



"Dog ownership has been associated with reduced loneliness in people living alone during periods of prolonged isolation, like Covid lockdowns, suggestive of higher levels of resilience in dog owners," she noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



To sum it up, the study intriguingly suggests that cat owners might be more prone to anxiety and stress than dog owners. 



Whether this is down to temperament, genetics, or simply the nature and needs of the pet, requires further exploration. So, is the concept of crazy cat ladies (and gentlemen) a dramatic exaggeration, or mere art imitating life?



But remember, while these findings are fascinating to ponder, they are not universally true for every cat or dog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owning-a-pet-can-lead-to-more-restless-nights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner</a> out there. So, if you are a cat owner, don't worry - it doesn't mean you are neurotic. And if you are a dog owner, don't get too self-assured - resilience isn't a given. 



At the end of the day, we are as beautifully unique and complex as the pets we adore. Let's embrace that.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a class="" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927936.2024.2378592" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthrozoos</a>.&nbsp; 



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Are cat people really more 'crazy' than dog lovers?

The concept of "crazy cat ladies" has been firmly etched...

Researchers have collaborated to explore the unique growth and development patterns of early mammals from the Jurassic period. 



By examining growth rings in fossilized tooth roots, paleontologists have been able to determine the lifespan, growth rates, and even the timing of sexual maturity in these ancient creatures. Their findings have been published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado4555" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



“Never before have we been able to reconstruct the growth patterns of these early mammals in such detail,” said Elis Newham, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>. During the study, Newham was also a research fellow at the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammals-during-the-jurassic-nbsp">Mammals during the Jurassic&nbsp;</h2>



The experts focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teeth-fossils-prehistoric-dentistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized tooth</a> roots from various mammal species dating from the Early to Late Jurassic periods (200-150 million years ago) discovered at three distinct sites. 



The fossils found in Wales are among the oldest known mammalian precursors from the Early Jurassic, while those from Oxfordshire, UK, represent a diverse range of early mammals that coexisted. The third site in Portugal provided fossils dating from the Late Jurassic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchrotron-x-ray-tomography">Synchrotron X-ray tomography</h2>



To analyze the fossils, the team employed synchrotron X-ray tomography, a technique where electrons are accelerated to near light speed, offering several advantages over traditional X-ray imaging.&nbsp;



This method allows the fossils to be analyzed intact, without the need for slicing, and produces higher quality images than conventional X-ray microtomography.



“We use synchrotron x-ray tomography of annual growth increments in the dental cementum of mammaliaforms (stem and crown fossil mammals) from three faunas across the Jurassic to map the origin of patterns of mammalian growth patterns, which are intrinsically related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ear-canals-may-reveal-when-mammals-became-warm-blooded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammalian endothermy</a>,” explained the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microscopic-growth-rings-nbsp">Microscopic growth rings&nbsp;</h2>



Using this advanced imaging technique, the experts were able to observe microscopic growth rings in the fossilized root cement, the bone tissue that connects teeth to the jaw.&nbsp;



“The rings are similar to those in trees, but on a microscopic level,” said senior author Thomas Martin from the University of Bonn's Vertebrates – Mammals working group.&nbsp;



“Counting the rings and analyzing their thickness and texture enabled us to reconstruct the growth patterns and lifespans of these extinct animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jurassic-mammals-grew-more-slowly">Jurassic mammals grew more slowly</h2>



The study revealed that the first signs of growth patterns typical of modern mammals, such as puberty growth spurts, began to appear around 150 million years ago.&nbsp;



Unlike today's small mammals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/incredible-discovery-some-mammals-attacked-dinosaurs-and-they-often-won-the-battle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early</a> mammals grew much more slowly but had significantly longer lifespans, living eight to fourteen years instead of the one or two years typical of modern small mammals like mice. 



However, early mammals also took much longer to reach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/respiratory-stress-is-linked-to-the-sexual-maturation-of-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sexual maturity</a>, often requiring several years, compared to the few months needed by their modern counterparts.



“Although all fossils studied exhibited slower growth rates, longer life spans, and delayed sexual maturity relative to comparably sized extant mammals, the earliest crown mammals developed significantly faster growth rates in early life that reduced at sexual maturity, compared to stem mammaliaforms,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-life-history-patterns-of-mammals">Distinctive life history patterns of mammals</h2>



The experts noted that the estimation of basal metabolic rates (BMRs) suggests that some fossil crown mammals had BMRs approaching the lowest rates of extant mammals.&nbsp;



“We suggest that mammalian growth patterns first evolved during their mid-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-extinction-may-hold-clues-about-our-oceans-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jurassic</a> adaptive radiation, although growth remained slower than in extant mammals.”



According to Newham, the findings suggest that the distinctive life history patterns of mammals, characterized by high metabolic rates and extended parental care phases for example, have evolved over millions of years. “The Jurassic period appears to have been a crucial time for this shift,” said Newham.



According to the study authors, the the mid-Jurassic radiation of crown mammals occurred coevally with the acquisition of the modern mammalian growth strategy.&nbsp;



“However, physiological evolution followed a long-fuse pattern, with considerable developments remaining between the earliest crown mammals and extant species.”



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Early mammals had slower growth rates and lived longer 

Researchers have collaborated to explore the unique growth and development...

What if there were atmospheric anomalies resembling letters floating in the sky, subtly shifting and changing, that could profoundly impact our global communication signals?



This might sound like a line straight out of a science fiction novel, but it's just another fascinating phenomenon in the ever-mysterious world of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-rocket-launch-ripped-a-hole-in-earths-ionosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ionosphere</a>. 



Floating 50 to 400 miles above our heads, directly beneath the lowest reaches of space, the ionosphere is a dynamic layer of Earth's atmosphere teeming with charged particles. 



Jeffrey Klenzing, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that these discoveries are helping scientists see how complex Earth’s atmosphere is, while showing that it’s more variable than expected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-superhighway-for-radio-signals">A superhighway for radio signals</h2>



This charged plasma acts as a crucial superhighway for radio signals, which are instrumental in the functioning of navigation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/communications-satellites-may-disrupt-astronomical-observations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication satellites</a> orbiting our planet. 



However, this fascinating layer of the atmosphere is not merely a conduit for signals; it is also home to a myriad of unsolved mysteries. One such enigma comes in the form of unusual alphabetic phenomena.



These mysterious X- and C-shaped formations have perplexed astronomers for quite some time and could potentially disrupt our sophisticated and highly dependent network of satellites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formations-and-signals-in-the-atmosphere">Formations and signals in the atmosphere</h2>



Traditionally, these X-shaped structures were observed in the ionospheric plasma following <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a> or significant weather events on Earth. 



For instance, massive eruptions, such as the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption in January 2022, can create these formations by propelling particles into Earth's atmosphere, reaching as far as space. 



Similarly, thunderstorms and hurricanes can generate pressure waves that travel upward to the ionosphere, potentially shaping these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-quiet-time-formations">Unexpected quiet-time formations</h2>



But now, an intriguing discovery made by the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/gold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GOLD mission</a>, a NASA-orchestrated research initiative, has completely upended our previous understanding of atmospheric formations.



"NASA’s GOLD mission is the first one to observe the alphabetical shapes unambiguously," said Fazlul Laskar, lead author of a study on the X shapes and a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.cu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>. 



Surprisingly, the X- and C-shaped features have been observed even during "quiet times" when there were no apparent atmospheric disturbances. 



"The (appearance of the) X is odd because it implies that there are far more localized driving factors," noted Klenzing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-origins-of-atmospheric-formations">Unknown origins of atmospheric formations </h2>



The mystery deepens further when considering the phenomena's unexpected timing. Typically, the sun's radiation weakens at night, often causing low-density bubbles to form in the ionosphere during these calm periods.



Yet, these X and C formations have been detected during periods of solar tranquility, challenging our conventional explanations and prompting new questions about their origins. 



"It’s a little like a tree growing in a windy area. If the winds are typically to the east, the tree starts to tilt and grow in that direction," said Klenzing. This analogy helps illustrate how atmospheric forces may shape these formations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interference-with-gps-signals">Interference with GPS signals</h2>



Understanding the mysterious formations in the atmosphere has implications that extend far beyond mere scientific curiosity. Karan, lead author of the study on C-shapes, stated: "It’s really important to find out why this is happening."



The ionosphere's dynamic behavior can directly influence our global communication and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-is-shifting-and-putting-navigation-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation systems</a>. 



For example, these curiously shaped crests and bubbles can interfere with the transmission of GPS signals, potentially leading to signal degradation or complete loss. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-consequences">Real-world consequences</h2>



A notable instance of this disruption occurred during a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-issued-sun-begins-erupting-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storm</a> on May 10, which resulted in difficulties with GPS guidance systems, as reported by the tractor company John Deere.



"During solar storms, that signal hits a ‘fog’ of charged particles and can be lost," explained Tim Marquis, a senior product manager at John Deere.



Such disruptions can have wide-ranging effects, given the pivotal role that GPS signals play in critical sectors like agriculture, shipping, transportation, and construction. 



"There could be life-threatening impacts due to the sudden loss of GPS signals in aircraft, ships, and automobiles, which is even scary to imagine," said Karan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-atmospheric-research">Future of atmospheric research</h2>



The GOLD mission, along with future scientific endeavors, aims to unravel the complex and enigmatic mysteries of the ionosphere. 



"One thing we need to have is a space weather forecasting system that could tell us when we are going to have problems with GPS signals," said Laskar.



There is great hope that a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of these atmospheric phenomena can pave the way for accurately predicting ionospheric dynamics. 



Such predictive capability could be crucial in helping us anticipate and mitigate GPS signal loss and interruptions to satellite communications, ensuring a safer, more reliable interaction with our atmosphere and the technologies that depend on it.



Image Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio



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Alphabet-shaped formations in the atmosphere have unknown origins

What if there were atmospheric anomalies resembling letters floating in...

Once upon a time, around 135 million years ago, a unique crocodile roamed the seas during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spinosaurid-found-in-portugal-had-a-crocodile-like-skull/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age of dinosaurs</a>. This marine predator, recently identified as Enalioetes schroederi, offers a fascinating glimpse into the diversity and lifestyle of ancient marine creatures.



The discovery of this species unveils a new chapter in our understanding of prehistoric crocodiles. The tale is set in the shallow seas of Germany during the Cretaceous Period, when Enalioetes schroederi thrived. 



The crocodile belonged to the unique Metriorhynchidae family, distinguished by their dolphin-like bodies, smooth scaleless skin, flippers, and a tailfin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-well-preserved-three-dimensional-skull">Well-preserved, three-dimensional skull</h2>



Metriorhynchids, primarily known from the Jurassic Period, hunted various prey - squid, fish, and even other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-known-marine-reptile-a-giant-ichthyosaur-has-been-found/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine reptiles</a>. 



But as Earth moved into the Cretaceous Period, their fossils began to fade from the record. The well-preserved, three-dimensional skull of the Enalioetes schroederi stands as the most significant metriorhynchid discovery from this era.



Sven Sachs, the project leader from <a href="https://namu-ev.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld</a>, expressed his fascination. "The specimen is remarkable as it is one very few metriorhynchids that is known by a three-dimensionally preserved skull."



The exceptional condition of the specimen enabled CT scans, revealing hidden secrets of the internal anatomy of these marine crocodiles. The experts were able to reconstruct internal cavities and even the inner ears of the animal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-ancient-crocodiles">Evolution of ancient crocodiles</h2>



Enalioetes sheds light on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of metriorhynchids during the Cretaceous Period. Dr. Mark Young from the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences gives us a deeper understanding of the significance of the discovery.



"During the Jurassic, metriorhynchids evolved a body-plan radically different from other crocodiles - flippers, tailfin, loss of bony armor and smooth scaleless skin," explained Dr. Young. This transformation was driven by adaptations to an increasingly marine lifestyle.



Enalioetes had larger eyes and more compact bony inner ears than other metriorhynchids, which indicates it was a faster swimmer. These traits also suggest that the transformation of metriorhynchids continued into the Cretaceous.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tale-of-the-lost-and-found-fossil">The tale of the lost and found fossil</h2>



Interestingly, the perfectly preserved skull and first neck vertebrae were discovered more than a century ago by German government architect D. Hapke in a quarry near Hannover. The specimen was assumed lost during WWII, but was later rediscovered in the Minden Museum, Western Germany.



Initially studied by Henry Schroeder of the Prussian Geological Survey in Berlin, the species was eventually named in his honor.



The conclusions drawn from this discovery were possible only through a meticulous comparison of the newly found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pseudosuchians-ancient-crocodile-like-reptile-discovered-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> with other museum collections. 



This comparative study confirmed that the fossil belonged to a species new to science, reinforcing our curiosity and fascination with the world's prehistoric times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-role-of-an-ancient-crocodile">The ecological role of an ancient crocodile </h2>



Understanding the ecological role of Enalioetes schroederi provides valuable insight into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/">prehistoric marine</a> ecosystems. 



As a member of the Metriorhynchidae family, this ancient marine crocodile occupied a significant niche in the Cretaceous seas. With its streamlined body and adaptations for aquatic life, Enalioetes was likely an apex predator, preying on a variety of marine life, including fish and cephalopods.



Fossil evidence suggests that metriorhynchids, including Enalioetes, played a crucial role in maintaining the balance of prehistoric marine ecosystems. The hunting habits would have influenced the populations of their prey, helping to shape the biodiversity of their environment. 



Furthermore, the presence of such predators indicates a thriving ecosystem with a range of prey species, underscoring the importance of these creatures in our understanding of ancient marine life.



Moreover, studying the dietary habits and ecological interactions of Enalioetes schroederi can shed light on how marine reptile predators adapted over time in response to environmental changes. As climate and sea levels fluctuated throughout the Cretaceous, these adaptations would have been critical for survival. 



The fossil record not only provides a glimpse into the physical characteristics of these ancient creatures but also presents an opportunity to explore their behavior and ecological significance in the broader context of Earth’s history.



As researchers continue to analyze the find from Hannover, it opens up avenues for further studies into the evolutionary trends of marine reptiles and their ecosystems. 



Image Credit: Joschua Knüppe



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2359946" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a>.



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Ancient crocodile had dolphin-like flippers and smooth skin

Once upon a time, around 135 million years ago, a...

The moon has fascinated astronomers and poets alike for centuries, but did you know it also holds sway over the life-and-death struggles of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef</a> fish? As it turns out, for the sixbar wrasse, the moon's cycle plays a pivotal role in deciding their sex and survival.



Jeff Shima, an esteemed professor of ecology at Te Herenga Waka—<a href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, trekked into the depths of reef life to understand the spawning patterns of the sixbar wrasse. 



His latest study illuminates how this fish species manipulates the moon's cycle to give their offspring the best chance at survival, and throws open the doors to some mind-boggling biological strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-moon-cycle-code">Cracking the moon cycle code</h2>



It's no secret that sixbars spawn most often on a new moon. But here's the clincher: offspring born at this time are least likely to survive. A downright paradox, right? 



Drilling deeper, Shima's research revealed that sixbar offspring born on a new moon needed to change their developmental rates. 



"We've known sixbars spawn most often on the new moon, but this pattern has been particularly puzzling because&nbsp;offspring&nbsp;born at this time are least likely to survive. In contrast, offspring born closer to the full moon do much better.



"What we found is that in order to survive, sixbar offspring born on a new moon needed to alter their development rates, which ultimately shaped their sexual maturation and meant they were more likely to become male," said Professor Shima.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moon-gambles-and-the-reef-fish">Moon gambles and the reef fish</h2>



It may sound like a high-stakes gamble. However, the study suggests that it might be a calculated risk. Surprisingly, the few babies who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-coral-reef-fish-survive-in-the-worlds-warmest-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manage to survive</a> are more likely to become male. And in the unique mating system of the sixbar wrasse, males have the advantage as they can produce many more offspring.



"Most of these babies won't survive, but the few that do are more likely to become male and that's akin to winning the lottery as males can produce many more offspring in the sixbar mating system.



"However, we think the spawning patterns of these fish may be calculated to spread their bets, with low-risk wagers (full moon spawning) coupled with some high-risk ones - in this case, spawning on the new moon."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reef-fish-in-the-company-of-the-moon">Reef fish in the company of the moon</h2>



The moon's influence doesn't end here. Its cycle has also been linked to the growth rates of young sixbars. 



"As larvae, sixbar wrasse can lengthen or delay their development to arrive at the reefs at the most opportune times, under cover of darkness," adds Shima. 



The mystery of the lunar cycle and sea-life continues to unfold. Yet, the challenges in this delicate balance are many.



"Moonlight is affected by artificial light at night from coastal urban areas, as well as from dramatic changes in the distribution and intensity of cloud cover - a result of climate change," notes Shima.



"These human-induced changes in nocturnal illumination may have large, and largely unrecognized, consequences for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-corals-and-fish-in-an-exclusive-relationship-its-complicated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth, survival</a>, and reproductive success of organisms in some areas."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-moon-phases-for-reef-fish">Importance of moon phases for reef fish</h2>



The timing of spawning events for the sixbar wrasse is an elegant dance shaped by the rhythmic pulse of the moon’s phases. 



As Shima’s research underscores, this synchronization is not merely coincidence; it reflects an evolutionary strategy fine-tuned over generations. 



By aligning their reproductive cycles with the new moon, sixbars increase the chances of their eggs being released amid the ebb and flow of ocean currents, dispersing them across vast areas.



This strategy enhances genetic diversity, which is paramount for the species’ resilience against environmental changes and predation. The challenge lies in ensuring that enough offspring survive to continue this delicate balance, as the numbers are heavily skewed against them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-reef-ecosystems">Implications for reef ecosystems</h2>



The implications of Shima's findings extend beyond the sixbar wrasse, touching upon broader conservation concerns within marine ecosystems. 



With the moon's luminance swinging between extremes and the introduction of artificial light, there is an urgent call to preserve the natural darkness of coastal habitats. This artificial illumination can disrupt the delicate synchrony between spawning and survival, potentially leading to cascading effects on reef biodiversity. 



The resilience of the sixbar wrasse, as unveiled in Shima's research, serves as a poignant reminder of how intricately connected the lives of marine species are to their environmental context. 



Thus, understanding these interactions is critical for the effective preservation of not only the sixbar wrasse but also the rich tapestry of life within reef ecosystems.



The findings lead us to an intriguing question: Have some species evolved reproductive strategies that use the moon to determine the sex of their offspring? Has nature devised a celestial ballet between the moon and marine life?



While researchers work to unravel these mysteries, we might just have to be content with marveling at the intelligence of species like the sixbar wrasse, who've found a way to dance with the moon.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0613" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>.



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Some fish use the moon cycle to manipulate their offspring's sex

The moon has fascinated astronomers and poets alike for centuries,...

The <a href="https://www.fda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety of the U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urgent-climate-action-needed-to-secure-global-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supply</a>, but a new study reveals that the agency has taken a hands-off approach when it comes to the safety of many additives already in our food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-regulation-of-food-additives-nbsp">Self-regulation of food additives&nbsp;</h2>



Under current regulations, the FDA allows the food industry to self-regulate thousands of added ingredients. Companies decide on their own which ingredients are classified as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) and whether to disclose their use and safety data to the FDA.&nbsp;



This self-regulation has led to many new substances entering the food supply without government oversight.



“Both the FDA and the public are unaware of how many of these ingredients - which are most commonly found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-are-harmful-to-nearly-every-part-of-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultra-processed foods</a> - are in our food supply,” said Jennifer Pomeranz, associate professor at <a href="https://publichealth.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU School of Global Public Health</a> and the study’s lead author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legal-loophole">A legal loophole</h2>



Since 1958, the FDA has been responsible for evaluating the safety of new chemicals and substances added to foods. However, food safety laws distinguish between “food additives,” which require FDA review, and GRAS ingredients, which are exempt. 



Initially, GRAS status was intended for well-known substances like vinegar, but since 1997, the FDA has allowed companies to determine whether new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-additives-linked-to-higher-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substances</a> qualify as GRAS, often without notifying the FDA or sharing safety data.



Study senior author Dariush Mozaffarian, director of the Food is Medicine Institute at <a href="https://www.tufts.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tufts University</a>, said that as a result of the FDA’s policy, the food industry has been free to “self-GRAS” new substances they wish to add to foods without notifying FDA or the public. 



“There are now hundreds, if not thousands, of substances added to our foods for which the true safety data are unknown to independent scientists, the government, and the public.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-resources-needed-to-review-food-additives-nbsp">More resources needed to review food additives&nbsp;</h2>



The study highlights that the FDA lacks the resources and formal strategies needed to review existing food additives and GRAS substances. Even when new research suggests potential harm, FDA actions are rare.&nbsp;



In March, the FDA announced it would review 21 chemicals, including potassium bromate, a substance added to baked goods and drinks that has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-cancer-rates-in-young-adults-linked-to-accelerated-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a>. Potassium bromate is banned in several countries, and states like California have also moved to ban it.



“This is a stark example of the FDA’s regulatory gap,” said Pomeranz. “We’re seeing states starting to act to fill the regulatory void left by the FDA’s inaction over substances increasingly associated with harm.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-oversight-of-food-additives">Minimal oversight of food additives</h2>



The study also points out that the FDA’s oversight of GRAS ingredients is minimal. The agency rarely revokes GRAS status, and it doesn’t consistently review the safety of ingredients that may be safe in small quantities but harmful in larger amounts, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-caffeine-levels-reduce-the-risk-of-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caffeine</a>. 



“In 1977, the FDA approved caffeine as a GRAS substance for use in sodas at a low level: 0.02 percent,” said Pomeranz. “But today, caffeine is added to energy drinks at levels far exceeding this, which is causing caffeine-related hospitalizations and even deaths.”



Emily Broad Leib is a co-author of the study and director of <a href="https://hls.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Law School</a>’s Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ensuring-a-safe-food-supply">Ensuring a safe food supply</h2>



Leib argued that the sheer number of GRAS substances and food additives on the market - combined with the lack of knowledge about the existence of self-GRAS ingredients, insufficient resources, and documented time delays even for well-supported action - renders reliance on post-market authority flawed and unreliable to ensure a safe food supply.



The researchers recommend that the FDA and Congress take several actions to improve oversight, such as requiring companies to notify the FDA of GRAS ingredient use and share safety data before these ingredients are added to foods. They also suggest establishing a process to reevaluate the safety of existing GRAS ingredients and food additives.



“Both the FDA and Congress can do more to enable the FDA to meet its mission of ensuring a safe food supply,” concluded Pomeranz.



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Hundreds of ingredients in U.S. foods are potentially unsafe

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring...

Can we make Mars a bit friendlier for life as we know it? Ever since we learned how harsh and frigid the Red Planet is, the idea of terraforming Mars has been a hot topic of discussion in both science and science-fiction circles.



A team of scientists has come up with a fresh, innovative idea for terraforming Mars. They’re suggesting that we might boost Mars' temperature by over 50 degrees Fahrenheit by releasing engineered dust particles into its atmosphere. 



This approach could trigger a greenhouse effect, trapping heat and making the planet more habitable. If it works, it might be a crucial first step toward turning Mars into a place where humans could eventually live.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposal-to-terraform-mars">Proposal to terraform Mars</h2>



Behind this innovative idea are Samaneh Ansari, a graduate student in Professor Hooman Mohseni's group at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>, and Edwin Kite, an associate professor of geophysical sciences at <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a>.



So, what makes this method unique and promising? The resources necessary for this approach already exist on Mars, which is a far cry from earlier proposals that would require importing materials from Earth or mining rare Martian resources.



The proposed method is also touted to be 5,000 times more efficient than previous schemes, marking a substantial leap forward in our potential ability to transform the Martian environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-human-habitation-on-mars">Challenges of human habitation on Mars</h2>



However, the question arises: Can humans ever stroll the Martian landscape without protection? The answer is not as easy. 



While this method could lay the groundwork for making Mars habitable for microbes and food crops, it doesn't make the planet hospitable for humans right off the bat. 



In theory, these crops could slowly introduce oxygen to the atmosphere, much like Earth's geological history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-warming-up-mars">Challenges in warming up Mars</h2>



Any plan to make Mars habitable has an array of challenges that must be addressed, including fatal UV rays, salty soil, and the planet’s exceedingly cold temperature. Mars' surface averages around -80 degrees Fahrenheit!



The proposed strategy uses Mars' natural greenhouse effect, wherein released material in the atmosphere traps solar heat at the surface. 



But simple dust particles rich in iron and aluminum are not suitable to warm the planet. The story takes an interesting turn when these particles are engineered and given different shapes or compositions. These modified particles could potentially improve heat trapping.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-particle-design-to-warm-mars">Innovative particle design to warm Mars</h2>



“How light interacts with sub-wavelength objects is fascinating. Importantly, engineering nanoparticles can lead to optical effects that far exceed what is conventionally expected from such small particles,” said study co-author Ansari Mohseni.



“We believe it is possible to design nanoparticles with higher efficiency, and even those that can dynamically change their optical properties.”



Take glitter, for example. The team designed particles similar to it in size but shaped like short rods, capable of trapping escaping heat and scattering sunlight towards the surface. 



This approach could not only change how we see Mars but also opens up fascinating insights into how light interacts with sub-wavelength objects.



But will this revolutionary idea sail smooth? Maybe not. There are a lot of unknowns. For instance, how fast would the engineered dust cycle out of Mars’ atmosphere?



What would happen if the planet, once warmed, starts producing rain due to condensation around these dust particles? Tackling these potential issues would require more data from both Mars and Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-and-private-collaboration">Public and private collaboration</h2>



As we ramp up efforts to terraform Mars, the partnership between public space agencies and private companies is more important than ever. 



Organizations like NASA and the European Space Agency, teaming up with companies like SpaceX, can combine their resources and talents to push Martian exploration forward. This collaboration can speed up research and help us test terraforming ideas more effectively. 



Plus, involving the public through educational outreach and citizen science projects can spark the curiosity of a new generation of scientists and engineers, encouraging them to tackle the exciting challenges of making Mars a friendlier place to live.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considerations-in-warming-up-mars">Considerations in warming up Mars</h2>



Amid the excitement surrounding terraforming, ethical considerations must also be addressed. The implications of altering an entire planetary ecosystem cannot be understated. 



Questions arise about the potential impact on any existing Martian microbial life and the moral responsibility humanity holds when intervening in natural processes beyond Earth. 



Additionally, as we pursue making Mars habitable, it is crucial to ensure that the exploitation of Martian resources does not mirror historical injustices experienced on Earth. 



Establishing a clear framework of ethics and regulations governing terraforming efforts will be vital in guiding our stewardship of the Red Planet and safeguarding its integrity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-the-future">Hope for the future</h2>



Despite the challenges ahead, the study leaves us with hope and intrigue. The new research has not only opened fresh avenues for exploration but also brought us one step closer to potentially establishing a sustainable human presence on Mars.



So, while we might not be packing our bags for a Martian trip just yet, the future does seem brighter - and just a bit warmer - for our celestial neighbor.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn4650#:" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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New plan to terraform Mars would make it habitable for humans

Can we make Mars a bit friendlier for life as...

A recent study has stirred up conversations in scientific circles and even rippled out to capture public intrigue. The captivating subject matter? Intermittent fasting and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-ingredient-to-healthy-aging-your-midlife-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential anti-aging perks</a>—a topic far more digestible than the dread-spurred headlines of fresh diseases or impending pandemics.



Riding the wave of this eye-opening research were noteworthy scientists, directed by Dr. Ioanna Daskalaki and Dr. Ilias Gkikas. They worked under the guidance of Dr. Nektarios Tavernarakis of the <a href="https://en.uoc.gr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Crete</a> and FORTH, Greece.



The researchers partnered with Dr. Guido Kroemer's team at <a href="https://u-paris.fr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Cité University</a>, France, and Dr. Frank Madeo's group at the <a href="https://www.uni-graz.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Graz</a>, Austria. Together, they took on the task of unraveling the enigma of aging and longevity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-intermittent-fasting">Decoding intermittent fasting</h2>



Lately, Intermittent Fasting (IF) has been the buzzword. But what does it mean? IF is a pattern of eating that alternates between fasting and eating intervals. 



It's more of a lifestyle choice than a diet, propelled by regimes like the 16/8 method and the 5:2 method. IF has won favor for its potential benefits in metabolic health, cellular repair, and speculated anti-aging perks. 



In essence, intermittent fasting gives our bodies a much-needed hiatus to rest, reset, and repair, thereby fostering longevity and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autophagy-the-cellular-cleanup-crew">Autophagy: The cellular cleanup crew</h2>



In this enlightening study, the researchers underscored an incredible revelation: Intermittent fasting boosts spermidine levels. This naturally occurring polyamine bolsters our cells with phenomenal resilience and survival rates. This increase is facilitated by a process known as autophagy.



In plain terms, autophagy is like a cellular cleanup crew, eliminating unrequired or dysfunctional cellular components. 



However, any disruption to autophagy, much like a congested garbage chute in a residential building, often paves the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">way for aging</a> and the onset of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, heart diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spermidine-cells-valiant-defender">Spermidine: Cells' valiant defender</h2>



In our cells' battle against aging, spermidine steps up as a valiant defender. As we age, our bodies produce less spermidine, which dwindles autophagic activity and heightens the risk of age-related diseases. 



This theory was put through its paces using experimental models ranging from simple organisms like nematodes and yeasts to fruit flies, mice, and even human cell lines.



Across all these models, spermidine was a protective force. Intermittent fasting noticeably increased cellular spermidine levels, boosting autophagy, and excitingly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-diet-positively-influences-the-brains-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extending lifespan</a> in these organisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-tweaks-gigantic-impacts">Small tweaks, gigantic impacts</h2>



Could our longevity actually be linked with our eating habits? The study certainly points towards that, echoing the time-honored wisdom, "You are what you eat." 



It underscores the importance of maintaining cellular balance, a critical factor in slowing aging and promoting longevity. Consuming less calorie-dense food and adopting IF are suggested as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">powerful strategies</a>.



The consistency of spermidine's role in regulating autophagy and aging across diverse organisms emphasizes its fundamental role in maintaining cellular balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-effects-of-intermittent-fasting">Far-reaching effects of intermittent fasting </h2>



The repercussions of intermittent fasting stretch beyond merely enhancing autophagy and increasing spermidine levels. 



Research indicates that this eating pattern positively affects several health markers, including insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and inflammatory responses. Improved insulin sensitivity reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, while lower blood pressure correlates with decreased cardiovascular events. 



Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of fasting could strengthen the immune system, potentially reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases. 



Significantly, these health markers mirror a holistic approach to well-being, underlining the idea that our dietary choices significantly shape our overall health journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intermittent-fasting-and-aging">Intermittent fasting and aging </h2>



As scientific interest in intermittent fasting and its myriad benefits heightens, promising avenues for future research appear. Probing the molecular mechanisms behind increased spermidine levels during fasting could expose new therapeutic targets for age-related conditions. 



Furthermore, longitudinal studies involving diverse populations will be key in determining the long-term effects of intermittent fasting on human health. 



As we untangle the complexities around aging and cellular maintenance, continued exploration of lifestyle choices like intermittent fasting may shine a light on new routes for enhancing healthspan, the period of life spent in good health, especially pertaining to the aging global population.



These promising findings kindle hope for innovative strategies to arrest age-related decline, augmenting life expectancy and the quality of life for our elderly population. 



As we anticipate more enlightening studies, it's a question worth mulling over - could simple adjustments to our diet and lifestyle guide us towards longer, healthier lives?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-024-01468-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Cell Biology</a>.



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Intermittent fasting slows aging by boosting cell health

A recent study has stirred up conversations in scientific circles...

New research from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has revealed significant differences in how male and female wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honoring-the-king-of-the-jungle-on-world-lion-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lions</a> experience changes in their social networks as they age, and these differences may have a profound impact on their survival. 



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.040" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>, provides new insights into the emerging field of social aging, which examines how individuals' social behavior evolves with age and the consequences this has for various aspects of their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-relationships-of-lions">Social relationships of lions</h2>



Among big cats, African lions (Panthera leo) are unique in their heavy reliance on social relationships for essential activities, including hunting, territory defense, and raising cubs.&nbsp;



Despite this, until now, it was not well understood how a lion's social connections change over time and what implications these changes might have for their survival and overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-aging-in-lions">Social aging in lions</h2>



This study is the first to investigate social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> in wild lions, taking into account both sexes and spanning multiple generations. 



The research is based on an extensive dataset compiled over 30 years, involving more than 150,000 field observations of 665 individual lions in the Serengeti, collected by the Serengeti Lion Project from 1984 to 2013.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-patterns-in-social-connections-nbsp">Distinct patterns in social connections&nbsp;</h2>



The findings reveal distinct patterns in how social connections evolve with age for male and female lions. For female lions, their connections to males are strongest in midlife, after which they gradually weaken as the females age.&nbsp;



In contrast, their connections to other females steadily decline from early adulthood onwards. This decline in female-to-female social connectivity suggests that as female lions grow older, they become less socially integrated within their pride.



Male lions, on the other hand, exhibit a different pattern. Their social connections to other males are weakest during midlife but strengthen again as they age.&nbsp;



Males' connections to females, however, are strongest during midlife and weakest at the beginning and end of their lives. These shifting social dynamics reflect the complex and competitive nature of male lion life, where alliances and rivalries can change rapidly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-social-lions">Survival of the social lions</h2>



The study highlights the critical role that these social connections play in the survival of lions. For female lions, maintaining strong connections with “friends” is crucial for a longer life. 



The researchers found that females with stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonds-are-more-advantageous-for-long-lived-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> tend to live longer, likely because these connections provide protection and support in critical activities such as defending territory, rearing cubs, and cooperative hunting. 



“The importance of close female bonds, particularly in early adulthood, could be because 'friends' can help protect against threats such as infanticidal males,” explained lead author Lauren Rudd from the Department of Biology at Oxford.&nbsp;



“They could also be valuable allies for territory defense, hunting, and cub rearing - all of which require cooperation. Combined these factors potentially explain why better-connected females live longer.”



For male lions, however, it is not just the strength but the number of social connections that appears to be key for survival.&nbsp;



The study suggests that having a larger number of associates is associated with a longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-mammals-live-longer-than-males-in-the-wild/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a> in males. This may be because a broad social network provides males with greater opportunities to form coalitions, which are vital for acquiring and maintaining dominance and access to mates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of these findings extend beyond understanding lion behavior. The researchers pointed out that changes in sociality based on age and sex could have significant consequences for the dynamics of disease outbreaks in wild lion populations.&nbsp;



Rudd noted that while aging females may be less exposed to pathogens as their social connections decline, aging males' exposure risk could increase as they gain new associates. This insight could be critical for wildlife management and conservation efforts, particularly in predicting and controlling disease transmission in lion populations.



This study marks an important step forward in the field of social aging, but there is still much more to learn. The researchers are now focusing on how the loss of social connections throughout a lion's life influences their behavior and position within their social network.&nbsp;



This ongoing research aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms of social aging and to understand how the death or departure of certain individuals affects the social structure and dynamics of the remaining population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-aging-across-various-species-nbsp">Social aging across various species&nbsp;</h2>



“Natural animal populations, where many individuals are being simultaneously monitored in detail across their entire lives and across many generations, offer unique opportunities to better understand social aging and how this process operates across many different types of societies,” said co-author Josh Firth from the Department of Biology at the University of Oxford and the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>.



This work on lions could pave the way for similar studies in other wild animal societies, helping to reveal how different sex roles influence social aging across various species.&nbsp;



The research underscores the complex interplay between social behavior and survival, providing valuable insights into the life dynamics of one of the most socially intricate big cats in the wild. As scientists continue to explore these patterns, our understanding of social aging and its broader implications for animal populations will undoubtedly deepen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Male and female lions have different social strategies for survival 

New research from the University of Oxford has revealed significant...

The universe is setting the stage for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/august-nights-perseid-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mesmerizing celestial spectacle</a>. Two of its most famous stars (well, technically planets) - Mars and Jupiter - are ready for their grand entrance, a rendezvous that will not happen again until 2033. 



This stunner of a scene, a planetary conjunction, is the planetarium gift that keeps on giving.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-mars-jupiter-conjunction">Science behind Mars-Jupiter conjunction</h2>



The date for this significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-meteor-showers-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-skies-august-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronomical event</a> is scheduled for Wednesday, August 14th. 



Although Mars and Jupiter are separated by an impressive distance of approximately 350 million miles, they will appear closely aligned from an Earth-based perspective, positioned merely 20 arcminutes apart. This separation is approximately one-third the width of the Moon as observed from Earth.



According to space scientist Jon Giorgini from NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, planetary conjunction events occur with relative frequency, approximately every three years, contrary to common perceptions of their rarity.



"Such events are mostly items of curiosity and beauty for those watching the sky, wondering what the two bright objects so close together might be," Giorgini said. "The science is in the ability to accurately predict the events years in advance."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-best-time-to-view-mars-and-jupiter">Best time to view Mars and Jupiter</h2>



If you're seeking an optimal vantage point to witness this celestial event, direct your attention to the eastern sky, near the constellation Taurus, just before dawn on Wednesday.



Fortunately, the planets will also appear closely positioned the evening prior, providing an additional opportunity to observe this rare occurrence.



Observers located in the Americas, Europe, and Africa will enjoy the best views, as the planets will be bright enough to see with the naked eye. Those equipped with binoculars or a small telescope will have enhanced visibility.



Jupiter will significantly outshine Mars, appearing approximately 20 times brighter, which will make it easy to distinguish between the two planets. Mars, exhibiting its characteristic reddish hue, will create a striking contrast against Jupiter's bright, steady light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-view-mars-jupiter-conjunction">How to view Mars-Jupiter conjunction</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-august-13-evening">August 13 (Evening)</h3>



Begin your stargazing journey by looking towards the eastern sky after sunset. Mars and Jupiter will start drawing closer, setting the stage for the main event. 



This evening offers a sneak peek, with the planets appearing almost as close as they will be on the day of the conjunction. It’s a great time to familiarize yourself with their positions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-august-14-pre-dawn-nbsp">August 14 (Pre-dawn)&nbsp;</h3>



The pre-dawn hours are the best time to witness the celestial dance. Wake up early, and find a spot with a clear view of the eastern horizon, away from city lights. 



Just before dawn, Mars and Jupiter will appear incredibly close - only 20 arcminutes apart, roughly one-third the width of the moon.



The planets will be bright enough to see with the naked eye. The constellation Taurus and the bright star Aldebaran will add to the beauty of the scene.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-august-15-pre-dawn">August 15 (Pre-dawn)</h3>



If you missed the main event, don’t worry. Mars and Jupiter will still appear close together in the eastern sky, though they’ll start to move apart.



The morning of August 15th offers a final opportunity to witness the conjunction before the planets continue on their separate paths in the sky. Make sure to arrive early and let your eyes adjust to the darkness for the best <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storm-alert-auroras-radio-blackouts-expected-weekend-august-9-11-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viewing experience</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-perspective">Historical perspective</h2>



The orbits of Mars and Jupiter last brought them close together in 2018, but this year's proximity will be even closer. Looking ahead, another significant conjunction is anticipated in 2348. These alignments provide valuable insights into the long-term dynamics of our solar system.



Additionally, this notable planetary event coincides with the Perseid meteor shower, which is expected to peak tonight, August 12th, offering approximately 50-75 shooting stars per hour at its height.



Named after the constellation Perseus, from which they appear to radiate, the Perseids are known for their bright fireballs that can outshine most other meteors in the sky.



As the shower begins to wane by the time of the conjunction, stargazers can still anticipate a spectacular celestial display in the night sky. Even with reduced activity, there will be several shooting stars to catch your eye. 



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Mars and Jupiter will have a close encounter in the sky this week

The universe is setting the stage for a mesmerizing celestial...

Scientists often look to nature for solutions to humanity's most pressing challenges, and when it comes to understanding global warming, Earth's geological history provides a long-term perspective that is both enlightening and alarming.



Throughout Earth's history, catastrophic volcanic eruptions have periodically released vast amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and oceans. These massive carbon releases triggered rapid climate warming, leading to mass extinctions both on land and in marine ecosystems.&nbsp;



Such periods of intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-volcanoes-chaos-poisoned-ferns-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanism</a> may have also disrupted the planet's carbon-climate regulation systems for millions of years, leaving lasting impacts on the global environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-eruptions-and-major-climate-shifts-nbsp">Volcanic eruptions and major climate shifts&nbsp;</h2>



A recent study led by environmental scientists at <a href="https://ethz.ch/de.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> explored how vegetation responds and evolves in the face of major climatic shifts. Moreover, the experts examined how these shifts influence Earth's natural carbon-climate regulation system. 



The research team conducted geochemical analyses of isotopes found in ancient sediments and compared these data with a specially designed model that incorporates vegetation's role in regulating Earth's geological climate system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-shifts-in-earth-s-history">Climate shifts in Earth's history</h2>



By using this model, the scientists were able to simulate how the Earth system responds to intense carbon releases from volcanic activity under different scenarios. They focused on three significant climatic shifts in geological history, including the Siberian Traps event, which caused the Permian-Triassic mass extinction about 252 million years ago.



“The Siberian Traps event released some 40,000 gigatons (Gt) of carbon over 200,000 years,” said ETH Zurich professor Taras Gerya. “The resulting increase in global average temperatures between 5–10°C caused Earth's most severe extinction event in the geologic record.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-recovery-took-millions-of-years-nbsp">Plant recovery took millions of years&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that the recovery of vegetation following such a catastrophic event could take several million years. During this extended period, Earth's carbon-climate regulation system would have been severely weakened and inefficient, leading to prolonged climate warming.&nbsp;



“The recovery of vegetation from the Siberian Traps event took several millions of years and during this time Earth's carbon-climate regulation system would have been weak and inefficient, resulting in long-term climate warming,” explained lead author Julian Rogger, a scientist at ETH Zurich.



A critical finding of the study was that the severity of these catastrophic events was largely determined by how quickly emitted carbon could be sequestered back into Earth's interior. This process occurs through mechanisms such as silicate mineral weathering or the production of organic carbon, which effectively remove carbon from the atmosphere.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-earth-s-climate-evolution">Shift in Earth's climate evolution </h2>



The time required for the climate to stabilize and reach a new state of equilibrium depended significantly on how rapidly vegetation could adapt to the rising temperatures.



Some plant species managed to adapt by evolving or migrating to cooler regions. However, in many instances, the geological events were so catastrophic that plant species simply did not have enough time to migrate or adapt to the sustained increase in temperature.&nbsp;



The inability of vegetation to respond quickly enough to these drastic changes left a geochemical imprint on Earth's climate evolution that persisted for thousands, if not millions, of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diminished-carbon-capacity-in-plants">Diminished carbon capacity in plants</h2>



The study's findings have critical implications for today's human-induced climate crisis. The research shows that disruptions in vegetation can prolong and intensify climate warming, as was the case in the geologic past.&nbsp;



In some historical instances, it took millions of years for the climate to achieve a new stable equilibrium due to the diminished capacity of vegetation to regulate Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-plankton-play-a-big-role-in-the-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a>.



“Today, we find ourselves in a major global bioclimatic crisis,” said senior author Loïc Pellissier, a professor of ecosystems and landscape evolution at ETH Zurich and WSL.&nbsp;



“Our study demonstrates the role of a functioning vegetation to recover from abrupt climatic changes. We are currently releasing greenhouse gasses at a faster rate than any previous volcanic event. We are also the primary cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global deforestation</a>, which strongly reduces the ability of natural ecosystems to regulate the climate.”



Pellissier warns that the current trajectory of human activity mirrors the catastrophic disruptions of the past, but at a much faster pace. “This study, in my perspective, serves as a 'wake-up call' for the global community,” he concluded.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3450" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Earth's volcanic past reveals the shocking reality of global warming

Scientists often look to nature for solutions to humanity's most...

Ever pondered about the psychological discrepancy between genders when it comes to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's welfare</a> and climate change? How does this concern tie into our educational system?&nbsp;



Research led by <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL</a> has recently brought to light rather intricate details about our future generation's concern for climate change. A distinctive pattern has been identified – girls, apparently, bear more climate worries and actively involve themselves more in climate education as compared to boys.



The experts behind these revealing insights are Professor Nicola Walshe, Executive Director of UCL Center for Climate Change and Sustainability Education, and her diligent team at IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education &amp; Society. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grand-investigation-from-climate-change">Grand investigation from climate change</h2>



The team at UCL examined the perceptions and experiences of 2,429 students aged 11-14 from 30 different English schools. Their objective? To understand how these youngsters comprehend climate change and sustainability education within the school curriculum and beyond.



Around 36% of students reported considerable concern about the future of our world. Half of them confirmed that climate troubles them to some degree. A majority, 53% to be exact, selected "anxious" when asked about the emotions climate stirs in them. As for faith in adults handling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental issues</a> – a scant 16% concurred.



Now, here's where the gender disparity comes into play. Girls expressed significantly higher levels of worry – 44% to be precise, as opposed to 27% of boys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socioeconomic-twist">Socioeconomic twist</h2>



Societal brackets are a significant influence too. The study found that children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were less likely to appreciate the learning of climate change compared to their more privileged peers.&nbsp;



So, we see here how the impact of climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-days-getting-longer-rotation-slows-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concerns</a> varies across both gender and socioeconomic lines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perceptions-on-climate-change">Perceptions on climate change</h2>



The survey also revealed a lack of engagement with climate-focused career guidance in schools.&nbsp;



Only around one-third of the students felt their knowledge of climate change and sustainability could translate into job opportunities. Even fewer, a mere 17%, expressed interest in pursuing a sustainability-related career.



Among the less advantaged students, the figure was disappointingly low at only 14%. A stark reality indeed, given the demand for green careers in our rapidly evolving job market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-depth-knowledge-on-climate-change">In-depth knowledge on climate change</h2>



Despite these worrying stats, there is a silver lining. The majority of students did express a desire to learn more about climate and sustainability.&nbsp;



Who wouldn't want to spend more time outside the classroom? However, just like the worries about climate change, the interest in learning seems to have a gender difference.



"Three quarters of the girls surveyed wanted to learn about how climate change impacts&nbsp;human health&nbsp;and well-being, compared to 60% of boys," explained Professor Walshe.



"We know climate anxiety is higher among&nbsp;girls, so a more holistic climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">education</a> that addresses a broader range of areas, including health and well-being, may help mitigate young people's worries."



Does this call for a more holistic climate change education that addresses multiple realms including health and wellbeing? Perhaps this could alleviate the climate anxieties resonating among our young ones, particularly the girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-for-the-future">Recommendations for the future</h2>



To put these findings into perspective, the UCL research team presented five key recommendations. These include:



<ul>
<li>Fostering green careers provision.</li>



<li>Offering more hands-on climate-related projects within schools.</li>



<li>Embedding climate change and sustainability education across all subjects.</li>



<li>Addressing students' anxiety and hopelessness regarding the climate crisis.</li>



<li>Integrating more outdoor learning opportunities into the curriculum.</li>
</ul>



With their unique insights, the researchers have laid the groundwork for improved climate change and sustainability education. 



This research will prove invaluable to educators, policymakers, and the wider community, and I, for one, am eager to see what changes this will bring to our educational landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-parents-and-community">Role of parents and community</h2>



While schools play a pivotal role in climate education, the involvement of parents and the wider community is equally critical. Research shows that parental engagement can significantly bolster a child's interest and understanding of environmental issues. 



When families engage in discussions about climate change at home and participate in community initiatives focused on sustainability, children are more likely to internalize these lessons. 



Engaging local organizations, community leaders, and environmental activists can also enrich the educational experience by providing real-world contexts to theoretical knowledge. 



Collaborative events, workshops, and educational programs that include both students and their families can foster a culture of sustainability, encouraging the next generation to take meaningful action toward combating climate change. 



Cultivating this triadic relationship - students, parents, and the community - holds the potential to empower young minds, making them not just passive recipients of information but active participants in the fight for our planet’s future.



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Girls are more worried about climate change than boys

Ever pondered about the psychological discrepancy between genders when it...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...