It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms.



Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. 



But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-fuel-for-evolution">Energy: Fuel for evolution</h2>



The boring billion period appears to mark a time when the evolution of complex life was delayed and conditions were so stable as to border on stagnant. 



Scientists state that oxygen levels at this time were drastically decreased and conditions were fairly harsh for most forms of life.



A new study by Michael Lynch of <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> has revealed that the transition from unicellular to multicellular life forms would have come at a cost.



Using the water flea, Daphnia, as a <a href="https://phys.org/tags/model+organism/">model organism</a>, the study shows that multicellular organisms require more than a tenfold increase in energy compared with the simpler, unicellular organisms characteristic of the boring billion period. 



"No one doubts that multicellularity can bring substantial advantages to the table, but the privilege of attaining such benefits comes at a steep investment cost," said Lynch, who directs the <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodesign.asu.edu%2Fmechanisms-of-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution</a> at ASU.



The study emphasizes the importance of respiration and other metabolic processes in navigating the transition to more complex life forms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-of-complexity">Cost of complexity </h2>



Every organism, from the smallest bacterium to a human, is driven by energy. Having an entire body made of only one cell reduces the need for energy and nutrients to grow and reproduce. 



But multicellular organisms, like plants, animals, and fungi, have to maintain a multitude of cells in complex tissues, organs and structures. And this places a far higher energy demand on the organism.



As the cell count increases in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-life-and-environment-co-evolved-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organism</a>, so does the demand on ATP synthase, the molecular machinery in cells that manufactures ATP, the universal energy currency. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1s.webp" alt="A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś" class="wp-image-1950209"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś</figcaption></figure>



Each new cell in a multicellular body is another mouth to feed in terms of energy, and the cost increases with the number of cells.



The findings of the Daphnia study show that metazoans - the group that includes multicellular creatures - need a lot more ATP synthase complexes in each cell than their simpler, unicellular counterparts.



In fact, for every increment in body mass, these organisms require 30 to 50 times more oxygen than simpler, unicellular creatures. This additional oxygen supports the complex needs for metabolism, cellular communication, and tissue maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-comes-at-a-price">Size comes at a price</h2>



Growth isn't cheap, particularly for multicellular organisms. 



While larger, unicellular organisms, like some amoebas, become more efficient as they grow, multicellular organisms face unique challenges that require extra energy to sustain their larger sizes and more complex structures.



Given this steep energy price, why did multicellularity evolve at all? 



The answer seems to be that multicellular life offers evolutionary advantages, such as being able to consume unicellular organisms en masse, evade predators, and live in various environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-energy-barriers">Overcoming energy barriers</h2>



To surmount the energetic challenges presented by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-snowball-earth-conditions-drove-evolution-complex-multicellular-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellularity</a>, organisms have developed remarkable adaptations to utilize their resources efficiently. 



One key adaptation is the division of labor between specialized cells, tissues, and organs; this specialization allows for optimized energy usage where cells perform distinct functions more efficiently than they would if they had to carry out all the different life activities.



For example, mitochondria within eukaryotic cells have evolved highly efficient pathways to generate ATP, thus maximizing the energy harvested from different substrates.



Furthermore, the development of vascular systems in plants and circulatory systems in animals allows for the effective distribution of energy resources, and ensures that all cells have access to the oxygen and nutrients necessary to produce energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-boring-billion">Implications of the "boring billion"</h2>



Understanding the evolutionary narrative of the "boring billion" holds powerful implications for modern scientific research. 



This era not only reflects the energy-centric challenges of the past but also informs the fields of synthetic biology, evolutionary biology, and bioengineering.



By studying the metabolic pathways and energy efficiencies developed during this period, researchers can potentially design bio-inspired systems and organisms with enhanced functionalities and sustainability.



Furthermore, insights gained from this epoch's evolutionary innovations could pioneer future advancements in medical therapies, agriculture, and ecosystem management. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This study primarily focuses on aerobic, animal-like organisms. But there's a vast and varied spectrum of life out there, including plants and fungi, and the researchers plan to extend their investigations to these life forms. 



Future insights could shed light on why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life forms</a> took a considerable time to appear and diversify on our planet.



Multicellular life has high energy demands and this study suggests that the constraints of bioenergy could be a universal phenomenon that is applicable to any carbon-based, oxygen-breathing life, no matter where it exists in the universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2414742121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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'Boring billion' wasn’t a dull period, it fueled a shift to complex life

It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms. Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us. Energy: Fuel for evolution The boring billion...

After two and a half years of exploring the Jezero Crater’s floor and river delta, NASA’s Perseverance Rover is ready to push boundaries and climb up the Martian Crater rim.



This upcoming month-long journey, scheduled to begin the week of August 19, will undoubtedly include some of the steepest and most challenging landscapes the rover has experienced yet, marking the start of the mission's fifth science campaign since its landing in February 2021.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-samples-bunsen-peak-rock-jezero-crater-martian-lake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseverance</a> has completed four science campaigns, collected 22 rock cores, and traveled over 18 unpaved miles,” said Art Thompson, Perseverance project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California.



“As we start the Crater Rim Campaign, our <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Perseverance-rover_Mars-tracks_Bright-Angel-area_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rover is in excellent condition</a>, and the team is raring to see what’s on the roof of this place.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-stops-on-martian-crater-tour">Next stops on Martian crater tour</h2>



The scientific team is particularly interested in <a href="https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/original_images/_PIA-26373---QZCAM_SOL1229_ZCAM09279_R0_Z110_SERPENTINE_RAPIDS_MARGIN_UNIT.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two key areas atop the crater</a>, Pico Turquino and Witch Hazel Hill.



Imagery from NASA’s Mars orbiters indicates that Pico Turquino contains ancient fractures that may have been caused by hydrothermal activity in the distant past. 



Orbital views of Witch Hazel show layered materials that likely date from a time when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/was-mars-past-climate-supportive-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars had a very different climate</a> than today. 



Those views have revealed light-toned bedrock similar to what was found at “Bright Angel,” the area where Perseverance recently discovered and sampled the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-finds-best-evidence-yet-life-on-mars-cheyava-falls-rock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Cheyava Falls” rock</a>, which exhibits chemical signatures and structures that could possibly have been formed by life billions of years ago when the area <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contained running water</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-significance-of-sedimentary-rock-samples">The significance of sedimentary rock samples</h2>



During the river delta exploration phase of the mission, the rover collected the only sedimentary rock ever sampled from a planet other than Earth. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-discovery-ancient-mars-earth-like-water-lake-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sedimentary rocks</a> are important because they form when particles of various sizes are transported by water and deposited into a standing body of water; on Earth, liquid water is one of the most important requirements for life as we know it.



“Among these rock cores are likely the oldest materials sampled from any known environment that was potentially habitable,” said Tanja Bosak, a geobiologist at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in Cambridge and member of Perseverance’s science team. 



“When we bring them back to Earth, they can tell us so much about when, why, and for how long Mars contained liquid water and whether some organic, prebiotic, and potentially even biological evolution may have taken place on that planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-ahead-onward-to-the-martian-crater-rim">The path ahead: onward to the Martian crater rim</h2>



As scientifically intriguing as the samples have been so far, the mission expects many more discoveries to come. 



“Our samples are already an incredibly scientifically compelling collection, but the crater rim promises to provide even more samples that will have significant implications for our understanding of Martian geologic history,” said Eleni Ravanis, a <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiì at Mānoa</a> scientist on Perseverance’s Mastcam-Z instrument team.



“This is because we expect to investigate rocks from the most ancient crust of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>. These rocks formed from a wealth of different processes, and some represent potentially habitable ancient environments that have never been examined up close before.”



The journey, however, holds its challenges. To reach the crater's rim, Perseverance will rely on its auto-navigation capabilities, encountering slopes of up to 23 degrees. 



By the time it summits at a location dubbed “Aurora Park,” the rover will have gained about 1,000 feet (300 meters) in elevation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-main-goal">The main goal</h2>



One of the primary objectives of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseverance's mission</a> is astrobiology, which involves caching samples that may contain signs of ancient microbial life. 



The rover will also characterize the planet's geology and past climate, all of which will pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, marking the first mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith.



NASA’s Mars Sample Return Program, in cooperation with the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>), aims to send a spacecraft to Mars to collect these sealed samples and return them to Earth for comprehensive analysis.



The Mars 2020 Perseverance mission is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars exploration approach, which includes Artemis missions to the Moon that aim to prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet.



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Perseverance Rover begins a steep climb up the Martian crater rim

After two and a half years of exploring the Jezero...

Have you ever thought life was filled with similar looking faces? Turns out, the animal kingdom follows the same rule, only with a twist of evolution. Meet Ontocetus posti, an extinct walrus-like mammal who existed way before our current chunky friend, the walrus.



Filched from the depth of the North Atlantic by an ardent team of paleontologists, this marvel of the past brings unique insights into how evolution tinkers with life forms.



Dr. Mathieu Boisville, a paleontologist from <a href="https://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tsukuba</a>, Japan, was the one leading this group of fossil hunters. 



The team's work shines a spotlight on an extinct species that reportedly shared surprising similarities with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/is-a-walrus-a-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern-day walruses</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ontocetus-posti-wrong-identity-right-species">Ontocetus posti: Wrong identity, right species</h2>



Norwich, United Kingdom, and Antwerp, Belgium -- from the storied soils of these regions, the fossils of Ontocetus posti emerged. 



Initially mistaken for another species, Ontocetus emmonsi, it took a rigorous examination of the mandibles to realize the truth.



A fantastic ensemble of features including four post-canine teeth, a larger lower canine, and a fused and short mandibular symphysis hinted that the remains actually belonged to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mammals-have-evolved-over-66-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a new species</a>.



These features paved the way for Ontocetus posti's walrus-like suction-feeding capability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-of-the-walrus-like-mammal">Extinction of the walrus-like mammal</h2>



What's interesting is how this genus managed to navigate from the North Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic. 



The journey, that took place during the Mio-Pliocene transition, was likely aided by the Central American Seaway.



This passage of water, crucial before the closure of the Panama Isthmus, expedited this intriguing migration. However, as the world began to cool down in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vanishing-giants-study-reveals-shocking-decline-of-large-mammals-in-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Late Pliocene</a>, marine life was significantly impacted.



This led to the unfortunate extinction of Ontocetus posti during the Early Pleistocene, paving the way for the cold-adapted Odobenus rosmarus, our present-day walrus, to evolve and thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ontocetus-posti">Significance of Ontocetus posti</h2>



Examining the unique features of Ontocetus posti not only illuminates its own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-mammals-live-depends-more-on-climate-than-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary path</a> but also provides a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of adaptation in marine mammals.



The morphological adaptations seen in this species underscore how environmental pressures can shape anatomical structures over millions of years. 



For instance, the development of specific dental traits, such as the enlarged lower canine, speaks volumes about the feeding strategies employed by these ancient mammals. 



Such adaptations enhance our understanding of the ecological roles that Ontocetus posti may have played within its environment, including its dietary habits and the competition it faced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



The study of Ontocetus posti opens new avenues for research into the evolutionary history of marine mammals and their responses to historical climate changes.



As paleontologists continue to uncover fossil evidence, there lies immense potential to deepen our understanding of biodiversity during periods of significant geological transition. 



Furthermore, the insights gained from Ontocetus posti's adaptation and eventual extinction could provide valuable lessons concerning current marine species facing rapid climate change.



By learning from the past, we may better prepare for the challenges that lie ahead in preserving marine biodiversity amidst shifting environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparative-anatomy-of-ontocetus-posti">Comparative anatomy of Ontocetus posti</h2>



A closer inspection of Ontocetus posti reveals important anatomical similarities and differences when compared to its modern counterpart, the walrus.



Notably, while both species exhibit traits suited for suction feeding, Ontocetus posti displays a distinctively narrower snout, which may imply different feeding strategies in response to ecological niches.



The arrangement and morphology of its teeth serve as a testament to its dietary adaptations, suggesting that it thrived on a varied diet that possibly included both hard-shelled prey and softer marine organisms. 



Additionally, the robust skeletal structure of Ontocetus posti hints at a different locomotion strategy within the water, one that could have influenced its ability to navigate both coastal and open-sea habitats.



Understanding these anatomical nuances not only enhances our comprehension of Ontocetus posti’s lifestyle but also enriches our knowledge of how evolutionary forces sculpt physical traits in response to environmental needs, thereby offering <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/is-a-walrus-a-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deeper insights</a> into the adaptability of marine mammals through time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-and-survival">Adaptation and survival</h2>



The unearthing of Ontocetus posti illuminates the evolutionary path of walruses, underscoring how environmental changes have influenced the need for adaptation and survival mechanisms in marine mammals.



The feeding adaptations similarities between Ontocetus posti and the modern walrus best exemplify this process. It’s these dynamic evolutionary shifts across different periods and environments that keep the story of existence perpetually interesting.



It's quite thought-provoking how millions of years ago, an extinct species mirrored certain characteristics we find in existing species today. Truly, in the theatre of existence, the curtain never falls. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/17666/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeerJ</a>.



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Extinct mammal discovered that resembles a modern-day walrus

Have you ever thought life was filled with similar looking...

The humble banana, a staple of many healthy diets, is on the brink of extinction due to Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). This is a devastating disease caused by a strain of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) Tropical Race 4 (TR4).



Thanks to an international team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.umass.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, we now know that Foc TR4 did not evolve from the strain that wiped out commercial banana crops in the 1950s.



Instead, the virulence of this new strain seems to be associated with certain accessory genes linked to the production of nitric oxide. 



These insights could pave the way for treatments and strategies that can slow, if not control, the unchecked spread of Foc TR4.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-two-bananas">A tale of two bananas</h2>



“The kind of banana we eat today is not the same as the one your grandparents ate. Those old ones, the Gros Michel bananas, are functionally extinct, victims of the first Fusarium outbreak in the 1950s,” noted Li-Jun Ma, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at UMass Amherst and the paper’s senior author.



Today, the most popular type of commercially available banana is the Cavendish variety, which was bred as a disease-resistant response to the Gros Michel extinction. 



For about four decades, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-will-help-keep-bananas-on-supermarket-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cavendish banana</a> thrived across the globe in the vast monocultured plantations that supply the majority of the world’s commercial banana crop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-banana-disease-and-its-impact">Banana disease and its impact</h2>



By the 1990s, the glory days of the Cavendish banana were slowly fading with another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-banana-disease-has-arrived-in-southeast-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreak of banana wilt</a>. This outbreak rapidly spread from Southeast Asia to Africa and Central America. 



“There was another outbreak of banana wilt,” said lead author Yong Zhang, who completed his doctorate in UMass Amherst’s Organismic and Evolutionary Biology program under Ma’s direction. “It spread like wildfire from Southeast Asia to Africa and Central America.”



“We have spent the last 10 years studying this new outbreak of banana wilt,” noted Ma, who is an expert in Fusarium oxysporum, which is not a single species but a “species complex” with hundreds of different varieties that specialize in affecting different plant hosts.



These varieties are determined by the acquisition of strain-specific accessory genes in addition to a shared core genome.



“We now know that the Cavendish banana-destroying pathogen TR4 did not evolve from the race that decimated the Gros Michel bananas," said Ma.



"TR4’s genome contains some accessory genes that are linked to the production of nitric oxide, which seems to be the key factor in TR4’s virulence.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-mitigate-banana-disease">Strategies to mitigate banana disease </h2>



Yong, Ma, and their co-authors from China, South Africa, and various U.S. universities rigorously sequenced and compared 36 different Foc strains from around the globe.



The team discovered that Foc TR4 uses some accessory genes for both the production and detoxification of fungal nitric oxide to invade the host.



This key discovery revealed the immense impact of nitric oxide production on TR4’s virulence, thus offering several strategic pathways to control the spread of this pathogen.



While the team doesn’t yet know exactly how these activities contribute to disease infestation in Cavendish bananas, they were able to determine that the virulence of Foc <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-disease-threatens-banana-production-in-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TR4</a> was greatly reduced when two genes that control nitric oxide production were eliminated. 



“Identifying these accessory genetic sequences opens up many strategic avenues to mitigate, or even control, the spread of Foc TR4,” said Yong.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversifying-the-bananas-we-buy">Diversifying the bananas we buy</h2>



Even so, Ma is quick to point out that the ultimate problem threatening our much-loved breakfast fruit is the practice of monocropping. 



“When there’s no diversity in a huge commercial crop, it becomes an easy target for pathogens,” she said. “Next time you’re shopping for bananas, try some different varieties that might be available in your local specialty foods store.”



Diversifying the types of bananas we consume could help reduce the pressure on the Cavendish variety, making the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-breakthrough-will-promote-disease-resistance-in-bananas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">banana industry</a> more resilient. 



Supporting biodiversity in banana crops is not just about preserving a favorite fruit; it’s about ensuring food security for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-024-01779-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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Banana apocalypse: Can science save our favorite fruit?

The humble banana, a staple of many healthy diets, is...

The world has a significant plastic problem, that much is obvious. Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste pollute our oceans and landscapes, posing serious threats to wildlife and ecosystems. What if we could turn the environmental hazard of microplastics into something truly valuable, like graphene?



Well, oddly enough, that's what we're here to talk about. Some innovative and forward-thinking scientists at <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> have found a way to convert microplastics into graphene.



Graphene is a remarkable material known for its exceptional strength, conductivity, and versatility. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">revolutionary substance</a> is making waves across multiple industries, from electronics to energy storage, paving the way for new technological advancements.



Behind this important study, we find Professor Mohan Jacob, an acclaimed expert in plastic degradation, and Dr. Adeel Zafar, a scholar with intricate knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic behavior</a>.



Together, they are tackling one of the biggest environmental concerns of modern times - microplastics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-converting-microplastics-into-graphene">Converting microplastics into graphene</h3>



Microplastics, which are no larger than your average sesame seed, are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-antarctica-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causing significant harm</a> to marine life, wildlife, and indirectly to human beings.



"These microplastics are notorious for their non-degradable and insoluble nature in water and are an evolving threat to fish and animals and humans," said Professor Jacob.



They break into smaller pieces and infiltrate food chains, potentially landing up on our dinner plates. To make matters worse, they have a knack for absorbing harmful organic pollutants.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/microplastic-conversion-graphene_APMP-system_graphic_credit-Small-Science_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/microplastic-conversion-graphene_APMP-system_graphic_credit-Small-Science_1s.webp" alt="Schematic representation of APMP system for the synthesis of graphene from PE microplastics. Credit: From Small Science (2024)" class="wp-image-1941876"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Schematic representation of APMP system for the synthesis of graphene from PE microplastics. Credit: From Small Science (2024)</figcaption></figure>



Dr. Zafar expands on this, explaining that once in water, microplastics are taken up by marine life, and over time, also end up in our food.



"Once they are in water, they are ultimately integrated into both marine and human food chains. Disturbingly, microplastics disrupt&nbsp;<a href="https://phys.org/tags/marine+life/">marine life</a>&nbsp;and coral reproduction," said Dr. Zafar.



The process of recycling microplastics has always been a daunting task due to the significant labor and resources required to separate these tiny particles from other materials.



"Upcycling, which involves transforming plastic waste into higher-value materials rather than simply breaking it down, has a high demand," said Dr. Zafar.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-graphene-revolutionary-child-of-microplastics">Graphene: Revolutionary child of microplastics</h3>



Through a cutting-edge technology called Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma synthesis, the team at James Cook University has discovered a method that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/destroying-microplastics-tap-water-surprisingly-simple-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transforms microplastics</a>, sourced from plastic bottles, into graphene.



This extraordinary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">one-atom-thick carbon material</a> is stronger than steel, harder than diamond, and lighter than aluminum.



"Approximately 30 mg of microplastics produced nearly 5 mg of graphene in 1 minute. This production rate is remarkably higher than achieved previously, and offers a simpler, more environmentally friendly alternative to current techniques," said Dr. Zafar.



This technique not only efficiently converts microplastics into graphene, but it also offers a simpler, more environmentally friendly alternative to current recycling methods.



Graphene, frequently referred to as a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanotech-material-graphene-passes-human-safety-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wonder material</a>," is distinguished by its extraordinary properties. As mentioned above, it boasts remarkable strength while remaining astonishingly lightweight. It also conducts electricity more efficiently than copper.



With its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-superhighway-allows-electronic-devices-to-use-much-less-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique structure</a> -- merely one atom thick -- graphene exhibits flexibility and near transparency.



These exceptional qualities pave the way for a myriad of possibilities, from transforming electronics to improving water purification processes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-huge-step-for-the-environment">Huge step for the environment</h3>



This research's implications are vast. As Professor Jacob notes, this is a significant milestone for environmental science.



"The research not only pioneers a novel approach to graphene synthesis but also contributes to the broader goal of mitigating the adverse effects of&nbsp;microplastic&nbsp;pollution on our ecosystems," Professor Jacob concluded.



While these findings bring a wave of optimism, we must remember that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-every-semen-sample-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fight against plastic pollution</a> is far from over. The methods developed by Professor Jacob and Dr. Zafar are significant, but there's a long road ahead.



The work done at James Cook University offers a glimmer of hope. With continued research and development, the transformation of waste into valuable resources could soon be a common reality, propelling us towards a greener planet.



Imagine a world where waste is not a problem but a resource—an exciting prospect, isn't it? Well, this might not be too far from reality. Time will tell. But for now, let's celebrate this giant leap towards a cleaner, greener future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smsc.202400176">Small Science</a>.



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Microplastics converted into valuable graphene 'wonder material' with new tech

The world has a significant plastic problem, that much is...

In the annals of biological history, perhaps no creature has been as widely known yet so poorly understood as the Dodo, a bird often depicted as the epitome of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-the-dodo-bird-be-brought-back-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> itself. 



Known to many as the poster child of extinction and mistakenly deemed a slow, unintelligent creature destined for a bleak fate, the Dodo has long been shrouded in misconceptions and myths. 



However, new research aims to challenge these long-held beliefs and unshroud the mystique surrounding the Dodo and its closest relative, the Rodriguez Island Solitaire, offering a fresh perspective on their true nature and place in history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dodo-s-true-origins">Dodo’s true origins</h2>



The newly published study, hailing from the collaborative efforts of the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>, Natural History Museum (NHM), and <a href="https://www.oumnh.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a>, sets out to rectify the taxonomy of these long-gone birds. 



An exhaustive review of over 400 years of scientific literature and UK collections has been undertaken to ensure that the Dodo and the Solitaire are correctly classified.



According to Dr. Neil Gostling, a key author of the study, the Dodo was the first living thing that was recorded as being present and then disappeared.



This key event hinted at mankind's potential to influence the natural world in unprecedented ways, marking the beginning of a profound realization of human impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quest-for-the-truth">Quest for the truth</h2>



Historical depictions of the Dodo and the Solitaire were largely shaped by sailors' accounts, artists' representations, and incomplete remains, each contributing to a fragmented and often inaccurate picture of these birds. 



The absence of a definitive reference point led to centuries of misidentifications and the creation of non-existent species like the Nazarene Dodo, the White Dodo, and the White Solitaire, all of which fueled misconceptions and added layers of mystery to these already enigmatic creatures. 



Over time, these mythological beings were stripped of their mythical status and were rightly classified as giant ground doves, thanks to the tireless efforts of Victorian-era scientists who sought to bring clarity to the confusion. 



However, despite these advances, the exact count of species within this group remained contentious, with debates and discrepancies persisting for years. 



To unravel this complex puzzle, researchers embarked on a meticulous journey. They carefully sifted through hundreds of dated accounts and specimens housed in collections across the UK, striving to piece together the true story of these iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-wiped-out-hundreds-of-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinct birds</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-the-record-straight">Setting the record straight</h2>



"More has been written about the Dodo than any other bird, yet virtually nothing is known about it in life," said Dr. Julian Hume, a co-author of the paper.



The Dodo and Solitaire, even after 400 years of their extinction, continue to prompt heated debate. Through persevering work, the scientists have confirmed these birds were members of the columbid family.



Dr. Gostling emphasized that their loss equated to the extinction of a unique branch of the pigeon family tree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupting-the-dodo-stereotypes">Disrupting the Dodo stereotypes</h2>



The widely accepted notion of the Dodo being a fat, sluggish creature predisposed for extinction is flawed, according to the researchers. 



"Was the Dodo really the dumb, slow animal we've been brought up to believe it was?" asked Dr. Young.



Contrary to popular belief, the Dodo, as per eyewitness accounts, was an agile creature favoring the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivore-extinctions-drastically-affect-forest-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest ecosystem</a>. 



Dr. Gostling further supports this by indicating physical similarities between Dodos and today's running and climbing birds, suggesting that the Dodo was likely an active animal that was well-adapted to forest environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relevance-for-today-s-conservation">Relevance for today’s conservation</h2>



"Understanding them might aid in ecosystem recovery in Mauritius, perhaps starting to undo the damage that began with the arrival of humans nearly half a millennium ago," said Dr. Gostling.



The research forms the bedrock of a broader project to decipher the biology of these iconic birds. 



"By understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-birds-evolved-bright-colors-to-avoid-collisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds evolved</a> in the past, we are learning valuable lessons that could help protect bird species today," noted study co-author Dr Markus Heller.



The efforts of scientists in unraveling the mystery of the Dodo are supported artistically by paleoartist Karen Fawcett, who beautifully brings this extinct creature to life through her detailed models.



With the backing of the University of Southampton’s Institute for Life Sciences, this interdisciplinary research promises to rewrite the history of these iconic birds.



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Dodo birds were much more active than we previously thought

In the annals of biological history, perhaps no creature has...

Dns,Genetic,Structure,And,Chromosome,Cell,Nucleus,With,Telomere,And

It's no revelation that the human body undergoes natural wear and tear as we age. But you might be surprised to discover that this process isn't as gradual as we'd presumed. 



A recent study reveals some remarkable truths about aging, specifically when and how our bodies start to 'break down'.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-the-human-body-start-to-age">When the human body start to age</h2>



The man at the helm of the study is Michael Snyder. Chair of genetics at <a href="https://med.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford School of Medicine</a> and recognized for his exceptional contribution to the field, his team's research provides some fascinating insights into the specifics of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological aging process</a>.



Snyder and his team explored data from individuals ranging from 25 to 75 years old. Their research focused on the different molecules playing significant roles in aging, including those constituting our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiomes</a> -- the microcosm of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that exist within us.



Interestingly, they discovered that 81% of these molecules don’t follow a predictable, chronological pattern as one might expect. Instead, our bodies experience two periods of rapid change as we age. 



Sharp molecular and microbial shifts occur precisely at ages 44 and 60, a finding that may alter our understanding of how our bodies age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-microbiome">Understanding the microbiome</h2>



The microbiome is a huge community of tiny microorganisms -- like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes -- that live in and on your body. These little guys are super important for your overall health, affecting everything from digestion to immunity.



For instance, the gut microbiome helps break down your food, produces essential vitamins, and shields you from harmful pathogens. Everyone's microbiome is unique, like a fingerprint, shaped by things like genetics, diet, environment, and lifestyle.



Disruptions to this fragile ecosystem, whether from antibiotics, a poor diet, or stress, can lead to various problems like digestive issues, weakened immunity, and even mood disorders, all of which can accelerate the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-correlation-between-aging-and-diseases">Correlation between aging and diseases</h2>



The molecules related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, a leading cause of death worldwide, showed substantial changes at both of these age intervals.



Furthermore, molecules connected to our immune function - our body’s vital defense mechanism against disease - changed significantly in individuals entering their early 60s.



The researchers were driven to investigate these trends after noticing a sharp rise in the risk of developing age-related conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-why-some-brains-resist-alzheimers-disease-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a> and cardiovascular disease during mid-life, rather than a steady increase.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-age-and-the-human-body">Studying age and the human body</h2>



The study's findings are based on data obtained from 108 participants, aiming to unlock the mysteries of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-could-be-the-key-to-better-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biology of aging</a>. 



Over several years, participants' biological samples were analyzed every few months, allowing the scientists to track an astonishing 135,000 age-related changes in different molecules.



The team discovered thousands of molecules and microbes that undergo shifts, either increasing or decreasing in their abundance. 



A whopping 81 percent of the molecules studied experienced dramatic changes at specific ages. Notably, these transformations were most prevalent when participants were in their mid-40s and early 60s.



Dr. Xiaotao Shen, who was part of the Stanford Medicine team, pointed out significant changes in the number of molecules related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>, caffeine, and lipid metabolism; cardiovascular disease; and skin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecule-in-coffee-trigonelline-keeps-muscles-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle health</a> in individuals in their 40s.



For those in their 60s, changes were observed in carbohydrate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-coffee-good-for-you-it-may-depend-on-your-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caffeine metabolism</a>, immune regulation, kidney function, cardiovascular disease, and skin and muscle health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-lifestyle-a-factor">Is lifestyle a factor?</h2>



Could our lifestyles be contributing to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/losing-loved-ones-can-speed-up-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-related changes</a>? Snyder suggests it’s a possibility worth considering. 



For instance, alcohol metabolism may falter due to the increased alcohol consumption that often occurs in people's mid-40s, a decade frequently marked by significant life stressors such as career changes, family obligations, or personal challenges. 



This shift in behavior can lead to a cascade of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physiological changes</a>. The scientists plan to delve deeper into the various triggers for these periods of rapid change, exploring how factors like diet, exercise, and stress management interplay with aging. 



Understanding these connections could pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier aging strategies</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-genetics-in-aging">Role of genetics in aging</h2>



Alongside our environment and lifestyle choices, our genes significantly impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-certain-odors-pheromones-speeds-up-aging-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how we age</a>. Everyone has a unique genetic blueprint that can make them more susceptible to certain health issues as they get older.



For example, some gene variations can affect how well our bodies break down substances, handle stress, and even heal from injuries. 



By understanding these genetic markers, we can gain valuable insights into why some people face age-related health problems sooner than others. 



This knowledge opens the door to personalized medicine, allowing us to create tailored interventions that could boost prevention efforts and enhance our quality of life as we age.



Given these findings, paying special attention to our health in our 40s and 60s becomes even more critical. 



Simple measures like increasing physical activity to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption, could go a long way in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monthly-aging-treatment-helps-you-live-long-die-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delaying the 'break down' process</a>.



"I’m a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we’re still healthy," Snyder aptly concludes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Human bodies begin breaking down at a very precise age

It's no revelation that the human body undergoes natural wear...

Did you realize that clean, safe drinking water is more than a luxury; it's a fundamental human right? It's a jarring fact, but a whopping 4.4 billion individuals, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, suffer from inadequate access to this bare necessity.



Yes, more than half of our global family is flirting with the dire risks of ingesting dangerously tainted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-raises-your-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a>. This is what the latest geospatial analysis throws light on - highlighting how fecal contamination is now jeopardizing almost half of these populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-torchbearers-of-transformation">Torchbearers of transformation</h2>



These alarming statistics aren't just hollow numbers but the result of diligent efforts of a dedicated group of researchers, including Esther Greenwood from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (<a href="https://www.aaas.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AAAS</a>).



These relentless professionals have made it their mission to awaken, motivate, and revolutionize our comprehension of crucial global matters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-reality-check-on-safe-drinking-water">A reality check on safe drinking water</h2>



The breakthrough research unveils that merely one in three individuals residing in these nations had access to safely managed drinking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> in 2020. Adding salt to the wound, this number is almost double the previous estimates.



Contrary to this, the <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> and United Nations Children’s Fund <a href="https://washdata.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joint Monitoring Programme</a> revealed a much lesser number - only 2 billion individuals were estimated to be dealing with a lack of access to safe water in 2020. 



This glaring discrepancy implies the need for improvement in how we monitor and address the issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ticking-time-bomb-e-coli">Ticking time bomb - E.Coli</h2>



Taking you further into the rabbit hole, let's talk about E. coli. This notorious bacteria, usually found nesting in human and animal intestines, are more than often an uninvited guest in the primary drinking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-source-water-exceeds-safe-drinking-limits-of-pfas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> source of many inhabitants of low- and middle-income countries.



This unfortunate occurrence is a mirror held up to the deplorable sanitation conditions prevalent in these areas, hinting towards widespread fecal contamination. 



The chances of ingesting such harmful pathogens from tainted water are truly worrisome, bearing significant public health hazards and acting as a significant contributor to global child mortality rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intervention-for-safe-drinking-water">Intervention for safe drinking water</h2>



This revelation rings a loud bell for the entire world, emphasizing the dire need for strategic investments bent towards enhancing water quality monitoring and infrastructure in the most vulnerable areas. 



The United Nations has penned down a clear goal - universal access to clean water by 2030. 



But going by the data on our hands, we seem to be missing our target by a substantial margin. Resources need redirecting, and determined efforts need mobilizing, to tackle the water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-it-safe-for-dogs-to-drink-from-public-water-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crisis</a> head-on.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-future">Sustainable future</h2>



Addressing the stark realities of water access requires a concerted global effort, where collaboration becomes paramount. Engaging local communities in both the planning and implementation of clean water initiatives fosters a sense of ownership and accountability. 



Recent studies advocate for innovative solutions such as rainwater harvesting and decentralized water treatment systems, which can be tailored to the unique contexts of these regions. 



Moreover, partnerships among governments, NGOs, and private sectors can amplify financial resources and technical expertise, enabling the scaling of successful water management practices. 



By fostering a culture of cooperation and leveraging diverse capabilities, we can create a resilient infrastructure that not only provides immediate relief but also ensures sustainable access to safe drinking water for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-amidst-hopelessness">Hope amidst hopelessness</h2>



Despite the grim scenario, there is still room for optimism. Rob Hope, a renowned water expert, who has meticulously inspected this study and its findings, believes that with heightened awareness, planned action, and persistent research, we stand a chance to bridge this gap and ensure everyone's right to safe drinking water.



In essence, the road lies long and winding, and the stakes are sky-high. But remember, water is the fountainhead of our existence, and every individual holds an irrefutable right to drink clean, safe water. 



By putting this issue under the limelight and unifying our collective efforts, we have the potential to bring about a meaningful change. 



It's time we ask ourselves: What can each one of us do to help? What collective actions can we, as a one world community, take to ensure safe water for all our brothers and sisters? 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9578" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Over 4.4 billion people lack access to safe drinking water

Did you realize that clean, safe drinking water is more...

The humble bumblebee, with a brain no bigger than a speck, is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-showcase-smart-logical-reasoning-abilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capable of feats</a> that might leave us humans with our big brains feeling a bit inadequate. A new piece of research from Lund University in Sweden has shed light on the fantastic navigation of little bumblebees. 



Their secret? According to Rickesh Patel, a researcher in sensory biology at <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lund University</a>, bumblebees constantly monitor their direction and distance while flying, storing this information as spatial vectors in their long-term memory.



"Our study provides important keys to understanding how bumblebees can seemingly perform navigational feats similar to those of mammals despite their brain being the size of a pinhead," says Patel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigation-bumblebees-vs-humans">Navigation: Bumblebees vs. humans</h2>



In quizzes between humans and bumblebees, the score might just be in the insects’ favor! The research, revealed in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests bumblebees' sense of direction may indeed be superior to ours.



The bumblebees' capacity to store multiple spatial memories for convenient retrieval makes them expert navigators, even after long and winding flights. Don't you wish you had that when trying to come home late at night? It would save a lot of time fumbling with Google Maps and missed turns!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-expert-navigation-skills">Bumblebees' expert navigation skills</h2>



Yet, there’s much more to this story than just the fascinating secrets of bumblebee navigation. Imagine the potential impact of this knowledge on inspiring technological applications, particularly in the rapidly evolving field of robotics. 



The insights gained from studying how these remarkable insects navigate can lead to groundbreaking advancements in robotic systems designed for complex navigation tasks. 



We are talking about challenges that require innovative solutions that are not only effective but also economical in terms of computation and energy usage.



Patel noted that leveraging nature's strategies can pave the way for the development of energy-efficient robots capable of performing intricate maneuvers in various environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-gps-no-problem">No GPS? No problem</h2>



Clueless about where to go without GPS? Well, that's not a problem for our buzzing friends. And this has potential benefits for us, too. Notably, in cases of autonomous navigation robots operating sans GPS satellites.



Picture robots navigating through disaster zones, war fields, or caves where satellite signals may not work. 



The bumblebee's way of handling geographic information could be the key to developing such autonomous robots. These bots could be indispensable in search-and-rescue missions in crisis situations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-network-of-bumblebees-navigation">Network of bumblebees navigation</h2>



Bumblebees don't just navigate expertly; they also thrive in their social structures, which plays a crucial role in their survival. 



These insects operate within colonies that can consist of dozens to hundreds of members, each fulfilling specific roles, from foragers to nest guardians. 



Their ability to communicate effectively through intricate dances and pheromones ensures that vital information - like the location of rich pollen sources - is shared swiftly amongst the colony.



Understanding this social dynamic not only sheds light on bumblebee behavior but also provides <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-may-be-capable-of-cultural-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valuable insights</a> into cooperative strategies that could enhance team-based approaches in both ecological studies and robotics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystems">Impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems</h2>



The remarkable navigation skills of bumblebees extend beyond their individual survival; they have significant ecological implications as key pollinators in various ecosystems. 



By effectively locating and accessing floral resources, bumblebees contribute to the reproduction of numerous plant species, which in turn supports overall biodiversity. 



This highlights the interconnectedness of life forms within an ecosystem, emphasizing the importance of preserving bumblebee populations. 



As we delve deeper into their navigational prowess, we must also reflect on the conservation of their habitats and the challenges they face, such as habitat destruction and climate change, to ensure the stability of the ecosystems they help sustain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



But Patel and his team aren't done. They believe this study has more implications. It throws a light on how we view animals and their cognitive abilities, especially those with small brains.



It shows us that complex navigational skills, which we assumed were the privilege of the big-brained (like us humans), aren't so exclusive after all. It makes us wonder, what else could we learn from the humble bumblebee and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-bumblebees-hold-their-breath-and-survive-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny-brained kin</a>?



Science has a way of making us realize that wisdom and intelligence come in all sizes. And it's in the nature of science, and indeed the nature of humankind, to never stop learning. Our buzzing friends the bumblebees just taught us a new lesson!



Perhaps it’s time we put our big brains to the task and learn to navigate life with a little help from our winged guides? 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2402509121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Can bumblebees navigate better than humans?

The humble bumblebee, with a brain no bigger than a...

Who says autumn has to be mellow? This time around, it seems as though the warm summer will extend its stay, as almost all 50 US states are expected to witness a hotter than usual fall. Not happy news if you were expecting a relief from the sweltering summer.



Our understanding of this heated predicament comes from the brilliant minds of our scientific community. Experts indicate that the periodic cooling of sea-surface temperatures across the east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean, known as La Niña, may be driving this abnormally warm forecast.&nbsp;



At the same time, let's not forget the significant part played by global climate change as average temperatures continue their relentless ascent year after year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warm-temperatures-of-fall">Warm temperatures of fall</h2>



The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) released their seasonal outlook for September to November, painting a rather warm picture across the nation when regions typically take a cool breather.&nbsp;



Four Corner states (Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico) and New England are expected to be warm, with a 60 to 70 percent chance of above-average temperatures.



On the West Coast, however, parts of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and Alaska are not expected to have a higher likelihood of warmer than average fall temperatures.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perspective-on-warm-fall">Perspective on warm fall</h2>



As we journey across the country, our next stop is the Midwest region, which is gearing up to embrace above-normal temperatures. This shift in weather presents an exciting opportunity for outdoor enthusiasts and those who hate to say goodbye to summer.



Northern states, including North and South Dakota, as well as some of the Great Lake states, are leaning towards above-average temperatures, setting the stage for a delightful extended summer vacation. 



Residents and visitors alike can take advantage of this warm spell by engaging in a variety of activities such as hiking, picnicking, and exploring local festivals that celebrate the vibrant culture of the Midwest. With the sun shining bright, it's the perfect time to enjoy everything this beautiful region has to offer.



Stepping down from the temperature teeter-totter, it's time to throw some light on the rain forecast for our fellow Americans. Several states throughout the central US can expect a drier-than-average fall. New Mexico and southwest Texas, we're talking about you!



The East Coast and parts of Oregon, Washington and Alaska, however, are likely to see above-average rainfall. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soaring-temperatures-of-summer">Soaring temperatures of summer</h2>



Our current weather situation didn't pop up overnight. Remember El Niño, which was caused by a shift in the distribution of warm water in the Pacific Ocean around the equator? 



Yes, the one that typically ushers in drier and warmer air to the northern US. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> had already made its mark by June, and the majority of the US had already experienced at least one major heat wave.



July proved to be an unforgiving month, with average temperatures reaching alarming highs across both the western and eastern United States. In a fitting turn of events, July also marked the day that became the hottest in recorded history. 



This extreme heat not only challenges our comfort but raises critical questions about climate change and its impacts. As we reflect on these soaring temperatures, it’s essential to acknowledge the importance of sustainable practices to combat rising global temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-we-setting-a-new-normal">Are we setting a new normal?</h2>



This year is already on track to dethrone 2023 as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest year</a> ever recorded in Earth's history, according to a report from Copernicus, the European Union's climate change service. The question then arises: Is this the new "normal" we're setting for ourselves and our future generations?



There's food for thought. The answer, perhaps, lies in how we respond to this challenge. Remember, the world around us is a reflection of our actions. 



As the great American author Edward Abbey once remarked, "“Wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit.” It's high time we rethink our actions and their impacts. Are we ready to take the leap before autumn loses its magic spell, and each season blends into a monotonous heatwave?



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Fall will be unusually warm across most US states

Who says autumn has to be mellow? This time around,...

In the realm of electromagnetic waves, new discoveries often stir the academic world. But when lightning leads to the identification of an entirely new type of wave that challenges current understanding, it generates ripples beyond academia.



This is precisely the case with a recent investigation by two scientists from the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> (UAF). 



The breakthrough research has led to the discovery of a new type of electromagnetic wave, referred to as a "specularly reflected whistler."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-lightning-energy">The role of lightning energy</h2>



The remarkable discovery was made by Vikas Sonwalkar, a highly respected professor emeritus, and Amani Reddy, a dynamic assistant professor at UAF.



The researchers identified this new wave, which intriguingly carries <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/superbolts-secrets-of-supercharged-lightning-strikes-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning energy</a> from the ionosphere at low latitudes all the way to the magnetosphere, a critical region of space surrounding Earth.



Previously, it was believed that lightning energy entering the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-rocket-launch-ripped-a-hole-in-earths-ionosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ionosphere</a> at low latitudes remained trapped within this atmospheric layer and did not reach the radiation belts - those crucial zones of charged particles encircling our planet.



However, the current study completely turns that long-held assumption on its head, revealing a much more complex interaction between lightning energy and Earth’s magnetic environment.



“We as a society are dependent on space technology. Modern communication and navigation systems, satellites, and spacecraft with astronauts aboard encounter harmful energetic particles of the radiation belts, which can damage electronics and cause cancer," said Sonwalkar.



"Having a better understanding of radiation belts and the variety of electromagnetic waves, including those originating in terrestrial lightning, that impact them is vital for human operations in space.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-the-electromagnetic-wave">Discovery of the electromagnetic wave</h2>



The newly discovered wave, which Sonwalkar and Reddy have termed a "specularly reflected whistler," carries lightning energy that is reflected upward by the ionosphere's lower boundary in the opposite hemisphere. 



Whistler waves, including this new type, produce a distinctive whistling sound when played through a speaker.



This type of wave contrasts with the magnetospherically reflected whistler, which is generated when lightning energy enters the ionosphere at higher latitudes and undergoes one or more reflections within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-solar-shockwave-has-cracked-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetosphere</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-lightning-in-earth-s-atmosphere">The power of lightning in Earth's atmosphere</h2>



Lightning is not just a spectacular natural phenomenon; it plays a crucial role in Earth's atmospheric processes and space environment. 



Each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-strike-creates-a-material-seen-for-the-first-time-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning strike</a> releases a tremendous amount of energy, not only illuminating the sky but also impacting the ionosphere and magnetosphere. 



This energy can travel vast distances, influencing the behavior of charged particles in the upper atmosphere and beyond. 



The discovery of the specularly reflected whistler wave further underscores the significance of lightning as a driver of electromagnetic activity, revealing new ways in which this powerful force of nature interacts with Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weak-magnetic-field-may-have-set-the-stage-for-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> and space weather.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-new-electromagnetic-wave">Implications of the new electromagnetic wave</h2>



The researchers used historical plasma wave data from NASA’s Van Allen Probes and lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Detection Network to support their findings. 



They developed a wave propagation model that, when accounting for specularly reflected whistlers, showed a doubling of lightning energy reaching the magnetosphere.



“This implies that specularly reflected whistlers probably carry a greater part of lightning energy to the magnetosphere relative to that carried by magnetospherically reflected whistlers,” Sonwalkar explained. 



Given that the majority of lightning occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, this discovery has significant implications for understanding the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-whistler-waves-in-earth-s-magnetosphere">Role of whistler waves in Earth’s magnetosphere</h2>



The research conducted by Sonwalkar and Reddy highlights the coexistence of specularly reflected whistlers and magnetospherically reflected whistlers in the magnetosphere, reshaping our understanding of how lightning energy interacts with Earth’s magnetic environment. 



The study continues a line of inquiry into the impact of lightning-generated whistler waves on radiation belt physics, a field that has been studied since the 1950s.



Sonwalkar and Reddy are affiliated with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the UAF College of Engineering and Mines, with Reddy also linked to the UAF Geophysical Institute. 



The research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and NASA EPSCoR.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado2657">Science Advances</a>.



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Lightning sparks the discovery of a new electromagnetic wave

In the realm of electromagnetic waves, new discoveries often stir...

A mystery has been unfolding in the region encompassing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-basin-has-lost-enough-water-to-fill-lake-mead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado River Basin</a>. For years, scientists have been scratching their heads, trying to understand why the water from Colorado's snowpack isn't making its way to the Colorado River as expected.



This conundrum has had significant implications for the seven U.S. states and Mexico that rely on the river for vital resources such as hydropower, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-irrigation-could-feed-feed-1-4-billion-more-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">irrigation</a>, and drinking water.



Traditionally, the winter snowpack accumulated over the cold months melts in spring, feeding into the river system. 



Water managers have used the snowpack's size in early April to predict the annual water supply. However, since the early 2000s, these forecasts have been consistently overestimating the actual streamflow, leaving us with one burning question: Where is the water going?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-puzzle-piece-hotter-spring-seasons">A puzzle piece: Hotter spring seasons </h2>



A recent research endeavor from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> offers a crucial insight. 



According to the findings, the discrepancy in predicted and actual water flow in the Colorado River could be largely attributed to recent warmer, drier springs. This climatic alteration is believed to account for almost 70% of the discrepancy.



The fundamental reason? <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-will-become-harder-to-predict-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Less rainfall</a> in spring spells less water making its way into the streams.



Study lead author Daniel Hogan is a UW doctoral student in the civil and environmental engineering department.



"The period of time when we were wondering, 'Oh no, where's our water going?' started around the same time when we saw this drop in spring precipitation - the beginning of the 'millennium drought,' which started in 2000 and has been ongoing to the current day," noted Hogan. 



This change in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-influences-us-weather-patterns-ai-machine-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather pattern</a> has caused local vegetation to rely more on snowmelt for water, absorbing a significant portion that would have otherwise fed into the river system. 



Decreased rainfall also translates into sunnier skies, promoting plant growth and increasing water evaporation from the soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-water-in-colorado-river">Missing water in Colorado River </h2>



Hogan and senior author Professor Jessica Lundquist studied this phenomenon as part of a broader project to solve the big "whodunit" of where the water is going.



Initially, the research team hypothesized that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decreasing snowpack</a> might be due to the snow directly transforming into water vapor, a process known as sublimation. 



However, subsequent investigations revealed that sublimation was responsible for a mere 10% of the missing water, indicating another factor was predominantly responsible.



"There are only so many possible culprits, so I started to compare things that might be important. And we saw that springtime changes are a lot more exaggerated than they are in other seasons," said Hogan.



"It's this really dramatic shift where you're going from feet of snowpack to wildflowers blooming over a very short amount of time, relatively speaking. And without spring rains, the plants - from wildflowers to trees - are like giant straws, all drawing on the snowpack."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-of-the-colorado-river-basin">Water of the Colorado River Basin</h2>



Further analysis pointed towards a marked shift in springtime environmental changes. This period witnesses a rapid transition from thick snowpack to blooming wildflowers, all relying heavily on the melting snow for their hydration needs.



The research team conducted their study in 26 headwater basins at varying elevations in the Upper Colorado River Basin, incorporating diverse datasets, including streamflow and precipitation measurements dating back to 1964. The goal was to paint a comprehensive picture of each basin's changes over time.



"We make an important assumption in the paper," Hogan said. "We assume that the plants have an unlimited amount of water even with less-than-average precipitation, because they have access to snowmelt."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spring-rainfall-in-the-colorado-river">Spring rainfall in the Colorado River</h2>



The outcomes of this research show that a lack of spring rainfall can lead to reduced streamflow in all basins. However, lower elevation basins witness a more significant deficit. This is because the snow in these basins melts earlier, providing plants with more growth time and hence, more snowmelt consumption.



"April is when everybody wants to know how much water is in the snowpack each year. But the problem with doing these calculations in April is that obviously spring hasn't occurred yet," explained Professor Lundquist.



"Now that we know spring rain is actually more important than rain any other times of the year, we're going to have to get better at predicting what's going to happen rainwise to make these April predictions more accurate."



Efforts are now focused on refining our understanding of springtime changes and their impact on water availability. For instance, investigations are underway to determine whether residual snow patches can act as mini-reservoirs, providing a sustained water supply to surrounding plants.



The study's findings also hint that the water calculations done each April will need to account for these changes, especially as the millennium drought continues. As the role of spring rain becomes more critical, its prediction will have to be factored into future forecasts for more accurate results.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109826">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Where is the Colorado River water going?

A mystery has been unfolding in the region encompassing the...

Famous,White,Horse,Rapids,On,Yukon,River,In,Miles,Canyon,

The Yukon River, winding its way westward across Alaska toward the Bering Sea, carves through Arctic permafrost along its banks, carrying sediment downstream. Hidden within this sediment is an abundance of toxic mercury, which experts are now referring to as a potential “mercury bomb.”&nbsp;



As the Arctic continues to warm due to climate change - at rates up to four times faster than global average - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> that has been locked in permafrost for millennia is being eroded by rivers and released into the environment.



In a study published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad536e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>, researchers from <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences</a> have developed a more accurate method to measure the amount of mercury released from <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a> by rivers and estimate the total mercury still awaiting release.



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ticking-mercury-bomb-nbsp">Ticking mercury bomb&nbsp;</h2>



This toxic metal poses a significant environmental and health risk to roughly five million people living in the Arctic region, more than three million of whom reside in areas where permafrost is expected to completely disappear by 2050.



“There could be this giant mercury bomb in the Arctic waiting to explode,” warned study co-author Josh West, a professor of earth sciences and environmental studies at USC Dornsife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-accumulation-in-the-arctic">Mercury accumulation in the Arctic</h2>



The planet's natural atmospheric circulation tends to funnel pollutants toward high latitudes, leading to mercury accumulation in the Arctic.&nbsp;



“Because of the way it behaves chemically, a lot of mercury pollution ends up in the Arctic. Permafrost has accumulated so much mercury that it could dwarf the amount in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-not-the-primary-source-of-mercury-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceans</a>, soils, atmosphere, and biosphere combined,” said West.



In the Arctic, plants absorb mercury, which eventually becomes part of the soil as the plants die and decay. Over thousands of years, this mercury-laden soil freezes into permafrost, where mercury concentrations build up. As climate change accelerates the thawing of permafrost, more of this mercury is being released into the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers focused their study on two northern villages in Alaska's Yukon River Basin: Beaver, located about 100 miles north of Fairbanks, and Huslia, 250 miles west of Beaver.



Previous methods for estimating mercury levels relied on core samples taken from the top three meters (about 10 feet) of permafrost. However, these estimates varied significantly - by up to fourfold - due to the shallow sampling depth.



To improve accuracy, the experts analyzed mercury in sediments from riverbanks and sandbars, which allowed them to access deeper soil layers.&nbsp;



“The river can quickly mobilize large amounts of sediment containing mercury,” explained Isabel Smith, a doctoral candidate at USC Dornsife and the study's corresponding author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-the-mercury-bomb-nbsp">Confirming the mercury bomb&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers found that mercury levels in these sediments were consistent with the higher estimates from previous studies, confirming that sediment samples are a reliable measure of mercury content. This method also provided deeper insight into the hidden dangers within permafrost.



Additionally, the team used satellite-based remote sensing data to monitor the changing course of the Yukon River over time. Such natural shifts in the river's path are crucial, since they influence how much mercury-laden sediment is eroded from riverbanks and deposited along sandbars. Understanding these dynamic changes is essential for predicting the movement of mercury in the environment.



Interestingly, the study revealed that finer-grained sediments contained more mercury than coarser ones, indicating that certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-mercury-arctic-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a> types may pose greater risks.



“Taking into account all of these factors should give us a more accurate estimate of the total mercury that could be released as permafrost continues to melt over the next few decades,” Smith said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-exposure-to-mercury-nbsp">Human exposure to mercury&nbsp;</h2>



While the mercury released from melting permafrost does not currently pose an immediate toxic threat, its effects accumulate over time, particularly as mercury builds up in the food chain through fish and game that humans consume.



West points out that the risk of mercury contamination through drinking water is minimal. “We're not facing a situation like Flint, Michigan,” he said. “Most human exposure to mercury comes through diet.”



The researchers also highlighted that while the river erodes banks and mobilizes mercury-laden sediments, it also redeposits some of these sediments on sandbars and beaches along the banks.



“There's another layer of complexity here,” West added. “The rivers are reburying a considerable amount of the mercury. To really get a handle on how much of a threat the mercury poses, we have to understand both the erosion and reburial processes.”



Despite these complexities, the long-term effects could be severe, especially for Arctic communities that rely heavily on hunting and fishing for their sustenance.



“Decades of exposure, especially with increasing levels as more mercury is released, could take a huge toll on the environment and the health of those living in these areas,” Smith warned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-the-impact-of-the-mercury-bomb-nbsp">Mitigating the impact of the mercury bomb&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers hope that the tools and methods they've developed will enable a more precise assessment of this “mercury bomb,” with the ultimate goal of mitigating its potential impact.



“Since the magnitude of calculated fluxes are significant at the scale of the Yukon river bank, our findings suggest that accounting for river migration rates, at least on shorter time scales, is critical for assessing changes to mercury transport in Arctic rivers,” the authors concluded.



Video Credit: USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences



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'Mercury bomb' close to exploding, threatens millions of lives

The Yukon River, winding its way westward across Alaska toward...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...