Our gut is a bustling metropolis of microbes, a complex ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in our overall health. Recent research from King's College London has thrown a fascinating light on two key residents of this microbial city.



Persistent colonizing species (PCS), the good guys, help maintain a healthy gut. But there's another type, transient colonizing species (TCS), which aren't as benign. 



They can throw a spanner in the works, destabilizing the gut and potentially leading to diseases such as type-2 diabetes and colon cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-gut-microbes">Two types of gut microbes</h2>



The constant tug-of-war between PCS and TCS is crucial. Their numbers keep each other in check, maintaining a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tool-detects-changes-in-gut-health-to-help-prevent-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy gut environment</a>. 



However, outside factors like diet and lifestyle can upset this delicate balance. TCS, though typically low in number, can rapidly multiply under certain conditions, outmuscling our beneficial PCS.



The troublemakers, TCS, thrive on sugar and xenobiotics - substances foreign to living systems like pesticides and food additives. In contrast, the good PCS grow stronger with a diet high in protein and fiber.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-personalized-diets">Power of personalized diets</h2>



This breakthrough discovery suggests a roadmap to maintaining gut health: personalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-influence-our-social-behavior-and-sense-of-fairness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet plans</a> that cater to PCS and stifle the growth of TCS. 



By feeding the beneficial PCS and suppressing the detrimental TCS, we could potentially prevent diseases and boost gut health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbes-and-disease-prevention">Gut microbes and disease prevention </h2>



"The power of the gut microbiome and the dynamic pace of it in health and disease is well known. Our study shows that while the balance of these microbes can change over time, we can predict how these changes happen," said Dr. Saeed Shoaie, group leader in Systems Biology at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King's College London</a>.



"Even bacteria that are usually found in low numbers can suddenly increase, while the beneficial ones might decrease. Although these shifts in the gut don't always cause immediate symptoms, even a short period of imbalance can leave a lasting impact."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disruption-in-the-gut-microbe-balance">Disruption in the gut microbe balance</h2>



According to Dr. Shoaie, a disruption in the balance of gut microbes can lead to harmful changes in the gut environment that may persist, potentially contributing to the development of various diseases over time. 



"Moreover, we showed that transient bugs can rapidly grow under specific conditions and produce toxins," said Dr. Shoaie.



"This finding suggests that understanding the proportion of these two types of species categories can help for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personalized diet plan</a>. These two categories of microbes can act as potential markers to check the success of the dietary plan, which could be important for patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-disease">A new understanding of disease</h2>



Dr. Sunjae Lee, the first author of the paper, noted that the new categorizations of gut microbes will change the way researchers understand disease and think of new ways to build effective treatments.



"By including these labels in a freely available Gut Microbiome Atlas that identifies gut bacteria appearing in individuals with 23 separate diseases across 19 countries, we can share this work with the world," said Dr. Lee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-nutrition-for-gut-microbes">Personalized nutrition for gut microbes</h2>



With the insight provided by this study, personalized nutrition emerges as a promising frontier in health science. By tailoring dietary recommendations based on the unique composition of an individual's gut microbiome, there is potential to optimize health outcomes. 



This approach requires detailed profiling of one's gut microbial landscape to identify dietary components that could foster beneficial PCS while inhibiting the proliferation of TCS. 



Such precision in dietary interventions could not only enhance general well-being but also serve as a preventative strategy against chronic diseases. 



The idea is to move beyond one-size-fits-all dietary guidelines to a more customized regimen that capitalizes on the dynamic interplay of microbes in the gut.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-gut-microbiome-research">Future of gut microbiome research</h2>



The burgeoning field of gut microbiome research holds vast potential for future discoveries that could revolutionize how we approach health and disease. 



The research led by Dr. Shoaie and Dr. Lee paves the way for more intricate studies that examine the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial dynamics</a>. 



Future research endeavors might explore how modern stressors, from processed foods to increased antibiotic usage, impact gut health.



Additionally, further studies into the gut-brain axis could yield innovative treatments for mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. 



Ultimately, understanding the multifaceted interactions within the gut microbiome will not only enhance disease prevention but could lead to new therapeutic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breast-milk-lowers-asthma-risk-in-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strategies</a> that harness these microorganisms for healing.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-024-00561-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">npj Biofilms and Microbiomes</a>.



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Balancing gut microbes could protect us from disease

Our gut is a bustling metropolis of microbes, a complex ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in our overall health. Recent research from King's College London has thrown a fascinating light on two key residents of this microbial city. Persistent colonizing species (PCS), the good guys, help maintain a healthy gut. But there's another type, transient colonizing species (TCS), which aren't as benign. They can throw a spanner in the works, destabilizing the gut and potentially leading to diseases such as type-2 diabetes and colon cancer. Two...

Researchers from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">UC Davis</a> have gathered some of the first scientific evidence that climate change can affect the distribution of pathogens. The team studied the incidence of white pine blister rust in the forests of the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. White pine blister rust is caused by a fungus Cronartium ribicola that infects several types of pine trees, including whitebark pine, and has caused serious damage to white pine populations in the United States.&nbsp;



The pathogen was introduced by accident in 1900 and is an invasive species that inevitably causes tree mortality. Part of the life cycle of C. ribicola is completed in secondary hosts, namely currant and gooseberry plants.



In the past, blister rust infections did not occur in high-altitude forests because the pathogen prefers warmer, milder conditions. Consequently, the forests above the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks acted as a refuge from this disease. However, with changing climatic conditions, the pathogen has begun to infect trees that are higher up the slopes.&nbsp;



“Because pathogens have thermal tolerances, we are seeing expansions and contractions in this disease's range,” said study lead author Joan Dudney, a postdoctoral researcher at UC Davis in the lab of Professor Andrew Latimer. “Climate change isn’t so much leading to widespread increases in this disease but rather shifting where it is emerging.”



The researchers used data from long-term monitoring plots in the National Park forests in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains. Data spanned the period between 1996 and 2016, which is considered to be a warmer, drier period than normal. Observations from over 7,800 potential host trees were included and, in addition, the scientists measured stable isotope ratios in pine needles.&nbsp;



They found that the optimal climatic conditions for blister rust moved, during the 20-year study period, from lower to higher elevations. The incidence of blister rust decreased by 5.5 percent in the more arid, lower-elevation forests and increased by 7 percent in forests at cooler, higher elevations.



“Our study clearly demonstrates that infectious plant diseases are moving upslope, and they're moving fast,” said Dudney. “Few pines are resistant to what is basically a Northern Hemisphere white pine pandemic.”



The high-elevation refuges where pine trees were protected from pathogens by the inhospitable conditions, are now under threat because of climate warming; conditions there are becoming tolerable to the diseases and pests. Pathogens are expanding their ranges into these higher elevation areas while contracting in the lower areas where the climate is now too warm and dry for their survival.



"It's kind of a race between evolution and climate change," said Professor Latimer. "So far, climate change is winning."



Although it seems inevitable that blister rust will impact severely on white pine populations as the climate becomes warmer, Dudney stated that employing disease prevention methods could help to slow the spread of the disease.&nbsp;



The study is published recently in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms/">Nature Communications</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:bosman@truewan.co.za">Alison Bosman</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

High altitudes no longer protect pine trees from disease

Researchers from UC Davis have gathered some of the first...

A new study carried out with the support of eight universities and seven environmental organizations in Australia has identified the most endangered plants and animals on the continent. This is the most comprehensive national-scale dataset describing the threats that are faced by Australia’s flora and fauna.&nbsp;



The researchers identified 1,339 species of plants and 456 species of animals that are listed as threatened under the Australian Commonwealth law by habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, other invasive species, and disease. Among these, ten birds, seven mammals, twenty fish, six reptiles, and one butterfly are likely to become extinct in the next two decades if no major conservation actions are undertaken.



Some of these species are struggling with a large variety of threats. The swift parrot, for instance, is facing no less than 17 different threats, including habitat loss from agricultural processes and logging, invasive weeds, and climate change. Similarly, koalas are severely afflicted by habitat loss from urban development and agriculture, diseases, dog attacks, and many other stressors.&nbsp;



The publication of this dataset in the journal <a href="about:blank">Ecology and Evolution</a> is an important step forward for increasing the efforts to save these endangered animals. 



“Before now we didn’t have comprehensive information on the threats to these species, and more importantly, the severity of those threats,” explained study co-author Dr. April Reside from the&nbsp;<a href="https://agriculture.uq.edu.au/">School of Agriculture and Food Sciences</a>.



“More accurate conservation efforts are now possible due to the ability to categorize and address these threats facing our at-risk species,” said study lead author Michelle Ward, a doctoral student at UQ’s&nbsp;<a href="https://sees.uq.edu.au/">School of Earth and Environmental Sciences</a>.



“Looking at the data, conservation managers can see that mitigating habitat loss, invasive species, and disease, while also improving fire regimes and curtailing the impact of climate change wherever possible is crucial for curbing species decline.”



The database has already been widely distributed to federal and state governments, as well as conservation groups such as the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/">World Wildlife Fund</a>, <a href="https://www.birdlife.org.au/">BirdLife Australia</a>, and the <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/">Nature Conservancy</a>. In order to protect these numerous endangered plant and animal species, collaborative action is urgently needed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Action needed to save Australia’s plants and animals

A new study carried out with the support of eight...

Bird dispersal has long been thought to be controlled by complex factors. New research by Dr. Santiago Claramunt, Associate Curator of Birds at the <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en">Royal Ontario Museum</a>, provides a different explanation.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Published in the journal Ecology, the study suggests that bird dispersal from hatching site to breeding territory depends on the shape, size and physiology of the wing.&nbsp;



A basic question in ecology is how far a bird disperses from where it hatches to its adult territory. For many species, the question of bird dispersal has still not been answered, despite the prevalence of tracking devices.&nbsp;



"The factors responsible for variation in dispersal distances across species remain poorly understood. Previous comparative studies found differing results and equivocal support for theoretical predictions," wrote Dr. Claramunt.



"Here I re-examine factors that influence natal dispersal distances in British birds while taking into account the cost of transport as estimated from proxies of long-distance flight efficiency."



Using specimens from several locations and dispersal data on birds from the British Isles, Dr. Claramunt matched various wing types with different dispersal distances.&nbsp;



Previous research already suggested that long wings are more efficient for long flights. The current study has simply confirmed that birds with long wings do indeed dispersal further afield. Birds with shorter, rounder wings such as the omnipresent house sparrow (Passer domesticus) fly shorter distances.&nbsp;



The idea has important implications for conservation of birds. Previous research shows that flightless birds, such as the dodo, are at much greater risk of extinction. It’s possible that birds with poor flight ability might also be at risk.&nbsp;



By using the research predictions and museum specimens of birds, those species at greater risk can more easily be identified and hopefully protected. “Climate change and habitat fragmentation are having a huge impact on bird populations and the capacity of species to move across the landscape can determine which species will thrive and which may become endangered," explained Dr. Claramunt.



"Species with reduced flight capabilities will have a harder time dealing with these impacts.”



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By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Bird dispersal controlled by wing shape

Bird dispersal has long been thought to be controlled by...

A new report from the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/">UN</a> says that weather disasters are five times more prevalent today than in the 1970’s and cause seven times more damage. A silver lining to this storm cloud is that weather disasters are now less deadly.&nbsp;



In the 70s and 80s, an average of 170 people were killed each day by weather events worldwide. This number dropped to 40 by the 2010’s.&nbsp;



“The number of weather, climate and water extremes are increasing and will become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world as a result of climate change," <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en">WMO</a> Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement.&nbsp;



"That means more heat waves, drought and forest fires such as those we have observed recently in Europe and North America."&nbsp;



"We have more water vapor in the atmosphere, which is exacerbating extreme rainfall and deadly flooding. The warming of the oceans has affected the frequency and area of existence of the most intense tropical storms,”&nbsp;



The dynamic that is driving the increased financial cost seems to be people moving into areas with a greater risk of extreme weather as the human population grows and the threat of climate change looms. At the same time, better warning technology allows more people to escape with their lives.&nbsp;



Professor Taalas noted that "we are better than ever before at saving lives" with improved multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster management methods. At the same time, however, some of the hardest hit countries are yet to benefit from improved technology.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"The good news is that we have been able to minimize the amount of casualties once we have started having growing amount of disasters - heatwaves, flooding events, drought, and especially intense tropical storms like Ida, which has been hitting recently Louisiana and Mississippi in the United States," said Professor Taalas.



"But the bad news is that the economic losses have been growing very rapidly and this growth is supposed to continue."



The report analyzed 11,000 weather disasters that have occured since the 1970s, looking at the economic cost as well as the death toll. All of the five most expensive weather disasters happened in the United States, with Hurricane Katrina being the most costly. The United States also bears over one-third of all costs associated with weather, climate and water extremes.&nbsp;



Of the deadliest weather disasters, droughts killed the most people (650,000) followed by storms (577,232). In addition, extreme heat killed 55,736 people during the study period. Weather disasters are only set to get worse, but how much money and lives they cost will depend on how prepared we are.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Weather disasters are getting even worse

A new report from the UN says that weather disasters...

Experts in disaster and emergency response from <a href="https://www.ecu.edu.au/">Edith Cowan University</a> (ECU) report that responders to the 9/11 terrorist attacks of 2001 are still battling significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-who-value-their-leisure-time-have-better-mental-health/">health</a> issues two decades later.



More than 91,000 people were directly exposed to a variety of hazards during the recovery and clean-up operations following the terrorist attacks. After the event, 80,785 of the responders enrolled in the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/">World Trade Center Health Program</a> (WTCHP).



The researchers found that 3,439 of these participants are now dead – a significantly larger number than the 412 who died during the attacks. The main causes of death were aerodigestive illnesses (34 percent), cancer (30 percent) and mental health issues (15 percent).&nbsp;



Since 2016, deaths attributed to these causes as well as to musculoskeletal and traumatic injuries increased six-fold. Leukemia has been one of the main health problems to emerge in the past five years.



“Leukemia has overtaken colon and bladder cancer in the rankings,” said study lead author Erin Smith, an associate professor at ECU’s School of Medical and Health Sciences. “This equates to an increase of 175 per cent in certified leukemia cases within this cohort of responders over a five-year period. &nbsp;



“It’s not surprising: there is a proven link between benzene exposure and acute myeloid leukemia, and benzene is found in jet fuel which was one of the toxic exposures at the WTC site.” &nbsp;



Prostate cancer is also increasingly common among responders, with an increase of 181 percent since 2016. “Inhaling the toxic dust at the WTC site potentially caused a cascading series of cellular events, increasing the number of inflammatory T-cells in some of these 9/11 responders,” explained Professor Smith. &nbsp;“This increased inflammation may eventually lead to prostate cancer.” &nbsp;



However, physical illness is not the only issues that 9/11 responders face. Scientists estimate that 15 to 20 percent of these individuals struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder, which is over four times the rate of this mental illness in the general population. Moreover, the brain scans of many responders have shown evidence of the onset of early-stage dementia.



“Even almost 20 years later, the prevalence of mental health disorders and need for mental health treatment remains elevated among this group of 9/11 responders: almost half of all responders report an ongoing need for mental health care,” Professor Smith said. &nbsp;



The comorbid conditions that many 9/11 responders&nbsp; struggle with makes them particularly vulnerable to other illnesses too - most recently COVID-19.&nbsp;



The research is published in the journal <a href="about:blank">Prehospital and Disaster Medicine</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

9/11 responders are battling long-term health issues

Experts in disaster and emergency response from Edith Cowan University...

According to a new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.16127">Molecular Biology</a>, the Indian wolf could be much more endangered than previously thought. After sequencing their genome for the first time in history, scientists at <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">UC Davis </a>&nbsp;found the Indian wolf to be one of the most evolutionarily distinct species of gray wolves and one of the most ancient surviving lineage of wolves.&nbsp;



Indian wolves inhabit the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-play-a-major-role-in-mitigating-climate-change/">grasslands</a> of lowland India and Pakistan, areas which are currently threatened by human expansion.&nbsp;



“Wolves are one of the last remaining large carnivores in Pakistan, and many of India’s large carnivores are endangered,” said study lead author Lauren Hennelly, a Ph.D. student in the <a href="https://mecu.ucdavis.edu/">Mammalian Ecology Conservation Unit</a>. “I hope that knowing they are so unique and found only there will inspire local people and scientists to learn more about conserving these wolves and grassland habitats.”&nbsp;



Prior to this research, Indian and Western Asian wolves have been considered as one population. However, by sequencing the genomes of two Tibetan and four Indian wolves, Hennelly and colleagues found that these two species are evolutionarily distinct. The genetic analysis also revealed that the two wolf species stem from an ancient lineage predating the rise of Holarctic wolves, which are found widely in North America and Eurasia.&nbsp;



This is the first study to investigate the entire genome of these wolf populations, including their nuclear DNA. Previously, scientists sequenced the mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only from the mother and could not thus offer a full picture of the species’ evolutionary lineage.



“Mitochondrial sequencing alone was not sufficient to make a case,” explained study senior author Ben Sacks. “Nuclear DNA is the big picture, and it changes the picture. You might assume most genetic diversity of gray wolves is in the northern region, where most wolves are found today. But these southern populations harbor most of the evolutionary diversity and are also the most endangered.”&nbsp;



According to Hennelly, these discoveries could be a first step toward implementing better conservation policies for Indian wolves. “I knew that if we sequenced the wolves and the results indicated a divergent lineage, answering that question could really help their conservation at a policy scale that could trickle down and bolster local efforts to help protect these wolves."



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Endangered Indian wolf is one of the world’s most distinct species

According to a new study published in the journal Molecular...

A new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.712622/full">Frontiers in Plant Science</a> has found that vineyards can use half of the irrigation water normally used by grape crops without compromising crop yields or quality (measured in terms of flavor, color, and sugar content).



The research, led by Professor Kaan Kurtural of the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">UC Davis</a>, sheds light on how the effects of drought on California’s vineyards can be mitigated in a time of severe water shortages caused by climate change.&nbsp;



“It is a significant finding,” said Professor Kurtural. “We don’t necessarily have to increase the amount of water supplied to grape vines.”&nbsp;



Professor Kurtural and his colleagues studied the correlation between irrigation levels and cabernet sauvignon grape quality at a research vineyard in Napa Valley during two growing seasons, a rainy season in 2019 and a very arid season in 2020.&nbsp;



The research team focused on <a href="http://www.fao.org/3/x0490e/x0490e04.htm">crop evapotranspiration</a>, which is the amount of evaporated water from the vineyard system based on canopy size. They used irrigation to replace 25, 50, and 100 percent of what has been lost by crops through evapotranspiration.&nbsp;



The scientists discovered that replacing only 50 percent of the water through irrigation was the most beneficial in maintaining the grapes’ yield and flavor. In addition, this level of irrigation did not compromise the amount of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are crucial for helping grapevines overcome stresses such as water deficits.&nbsp;



Moreover, the lower irrigation level proved to be more environmentally friendly, since the water used to dilute nitrogen application was significantly reduced.



“In the end, drought is not coming for wine,” concluded Professor Kurtural. “There doesn’t need to be a tremendous amount of water for grapes. If you over irrigate in times like these, you’re just going to ruin quality for little gain.”



According to Professor Kurtural, although the research was focused on cabernet sauvignon, the findings can easily be extended to account for most types of red grapes.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Vineyards can still thrive in times of water shortages

A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Plant...

Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an increased number of harmful genetic variants compared to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-dogs-understand-the-intention-behind-our-actions/">dogs</a>, according to a new study published by <a href="https://plos.org/">PLOS</a>. The researchers found that modern dog breeding practices are to blame for the disease-causing mutations, including variants linked to a dangerous heart condition.



“We find that recent breeding may have led to an accelerated accumulation of harmful mutations in certain dog breeds," explained study lead author Erik Axelsson of Uppsala University. "In the cavalier King Charles spaniel specifically, one or several of these mutations affect heart muscle protein NEBL and may predispose this breed to devastating heart disease.”



Over the last 200 to 300 years, dogs have been bred in closed populations with the goal of reinforcing specific desirable traits. While this type of selective breeding can produce extraordinarily diverse dogs, it also leads to an increased rate of inbreeding within the closed populations. This results in the loss of genetic variation and randomly promotes individual disease mutations.



The researchers set out to investigate whether recent breeding practices have increased the number of risky genetic mutations in common dog breeds. The experts sequenced and analyzed the entire genomes of 20 dogs, including beagles, German shepherds, and golden retrievers.&nbsp;



The study revealed that the cavalier King Charles Spaniel carried the most harmful genetic variants. The experts also noted that this group had experienced the most intense breeding.



The researchers also investigated which genetic variants may be linked to a common heart condition known as myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). With this condition, the mitral valve in the heart degenerates and allows blood to leak from the left ventricle back into the left atrium.



The study pinpointed two genetic variants that are tied to MMVD. These variants appear to regulate a gene that codes for a common protein in heart muscle. According to the study authors, the results offer a potential explanation for why cavalier King Charles spaniels are predisposed to the disease.



"Our finding represents the first clear indication of a relative increase in levels of deleterious genetic variation in a specific breed, arguing that recent breeding practices probably were associated with an accumulation of genetic load in dogs," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



The large number of potentially harmful genes identified in the genomes of cavalier King Charles spaniels seem to be the result of their long breeding history. There is evidence that small, spaniel-type dogs have existed for 1,000 years or longer. These particular dogs were popular at royal courts for several hundred years throughout Asia and Europe, including the court of King Charles II from 1630 to 1685.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1009726">PLOS Genetics</a>.



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Cavalier King Charles spaniels carry harmful genetic variants

Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an increased number of harmful...

New research from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> modeled how the Earth’s surface has changed over the last three million years. This data was combined with climate data and the number of species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-involved-in-more-seed-dispersal-have-evolutionary-stability/">birds</a> and mammals. The research showed that speciation, or the production of new species, speeds up when elevation increases. A similar decrease in elevation seems to have no effect on species - in these cases, climate plays more of a role in speciation.&nbsp;



“Often at the tops of mountains there are many more unique species that aren’t found elsewhere. Whereas previously the formation of new species was thought to be driven by climate, we’ve found that elevation change has a greater effect at a global scale,” explained study senior author Dr. Andrew Tanentzap.



Although scientists have long theorized that mountains played a role in biodiversity and speciation, the degree to which this study confirmed this idea is incredible.



“It’s surprising just how much effect historical elevation change had on generating the world’s biodiversity - it has been much more important than traditionally studied variables like temperature," said study first author Dr. Javier Igea.



"The rate at which species evolved in different places on Earth is tightly linked to topography changes over millions of years. This work highlights important arenas for evolution to play out."



"From a conservation perspective these are the places we might want to protect, especially given climate change. Although climate change is happening over decades, not millions of years, our study points to areas that can harbor species with greater potential to evolve.”



The research is the first of its kind to look at how mountain formation has historically impacted speciation on a global scale. Other studies were focused on the present day or on a specific mountain range. This research pieces the whole world together, showing us another way that stunning life has evolved and giving us perhaps one more tool to protect that biodiversity.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/">Nature Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Elevation changes affect the speed of evolution

New research from the University of Cambridge modeled how the...

A new study has revealed that geckos use their tails to survive a head-first crash landing. The study, a collaboration between experts in Robotics and Biology, also reveals that geckos are talented gliders despite having no major specializations for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-flight-performance-drops-under-extreme-heat/">flight</a>.



Geckos have remarkable abilities, including sticky feet that allow them to walk up walls and other smooth surfaces. In the new study, experiments with a robot show that the gecko's locomotion abilities are even more impressive than what was previously realized, and that its tail plays an underestimated role.&nbsp;



A team of scientists at the <a href="https://is.mpg.de/">Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems</a> started out by observing the gliding skills of geckos, who can evade predators by jumping many meters from one tree trunk to the next. According to the researchers, geckos accelerate so much that everything between the jump and the landing happens in the blink of an eye. Still yet, the geckos can survive a head-first collision into a tree trunk.&nbsp;



To investigate, the experts designed a robotic model of a gecko with a detachable tail. In an experiment, the robot was launched onto a wall with an embedded force-sensitive scale. The robot hit the force plate as abruptly as geckos hit the trunks of trees, tilting back its torso at a right angle to the surface.&nbsp;



The roboticists measured the force to the front and back of the feet upon impact. They discovered that the longer the tail, the lower the force, which made it easier for the geckos to hold on. When the robots had no tail to reduce the force of impact, they lost their grip and fell.



The results confirmed the team's theory that the tail is essential for the gecko to be able to stabilize itself on a vertical surface after colliding with it at high speed.



“This field discovery on the perching behavior of geckos has important implications for our understanding of tails as multi-functional appendages that animals can rely on," said study senior author Ardian Jusufi.



"Ranging from inertial to contact tails, they facilitate the most extreme transitions, such as from gliding flight to collision with a wall."



“One of the most dramatic transitions we can think of in multi-modal locomotion is to alight on a vertical surface from high-speed gliding flight to a standstill."



Until recently tails had not received as much attention as legs or wings, explained Jusufi, "but people are now realizing that we should think of these animals as five-legged, in a way - pentapedal."



Study co-author Professor Robert Full of UC Berkeley noted that as robotic engineers attempt to add more and more functions to robots, they are finding that they can’t introduce a new part for every capability. A tail is one structure that can serve multiple purposes.



"Nature has many unexpected, elegant solutions to engineering problems - and this is wonderfully illustrated by the way geckos can use their tails to turn a head-first collision into a successful perching maneuver," said study co-author Robert Siddall.



"Landing from flight is difficult, and we hope our findings will lead to new techniques for robot mobility - sometimes crashes are helpful."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/commsbio/">Communications Biology</a>.



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Geckos rely on their tails to survive a crash landing

A new study has revealed that geckos use their tails...

Research funded by the University of Florida’s <a href="https://www.epi.ufl.edu/">Emerging Pathogens Institute</a> has revealed that several Florida palm tree diseases are caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-lights-keep-insects-from-hibernation/">insects</a> traveling from Jamaica. Scientists found that the American palm cixiid, an insect species from the Caribbean basin, can transmit yellowing disease and bronzing disease, which are both lethal to many types of palm trees, especially coconut and date palms.&nbsp;



It was previously assumed that the phytoplasmas (the bacteria causing these diseases) migrated to Florida through infected plants. However, Professor Brian Badher from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a> suspected that the culprit was in fact the palm cixiid.&nbsp;



To test this hypothesis, Professor Badher and his team analyzed DNA from the insects in Florida and discovered four distinct groups. For comparison, the researchers looked at samples of insect populations from Columbia, Costa Rica, and Jamaica. While the Colombian and Costa Rican insects had different DNA, the insects from Jamaica were very similar to one of the groups in Florida.



“This told us that either the bugs in Jamaica got there from Florida or the bugs from Jamaica got introduced to Florida,” said Professor Bahder. “We followed up by looking at historical data from shipping records and reference insect collections and determined that the insects from Jamaica likely got introduced into Florida and brought the pathogen that causes lethal yellowing in coconut with it.”



Besides being the first study to investigate the epidemiology of palm phytoplasmas in the context of the transmitting insect species, the research also generated important new molecular data that can be used by other scientists to compare the DNA of insect species found in different areas.



“I hope our approach stimulates more integrated studies between entomology and plant pathology and combines historical record-keeping, molecular work, and fieldwork to better understand the epidemiology of certain diseases,” concluded Professor Bahder.&nbsp;



The research is published in the open-access journal <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTOFR-12-20-0048-R">PhytoFrontiers</a>.&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Insects from Jamaica transmit diseases to Florida palm trees

Research funded by the University of Florida’s Emerging Pathogens Institute...

A new study conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> has found that as the Earth warms and ice melts, fish that are preyed upon by ringed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cape-fur-seals-are-particularly-vulnerable-to-entanglement/">seals</a> and other predators will shrink in size. At the current rate of emissions, this process is expected to accelerate by 2025 in the Hudson Bay.



Some fish, like Arctic Cod, are expected to become less prevalent in general. This will have uncertain impacts on ringed seals, according to the computer modeling utilized by the researchers.



""All changes were relatively negligible under the low-emission scenario, but under the high-emission scenario, we projected a 5 percent percent decline in the abundance of the well-distributed, ice-adapted and energy-rich Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and an increase in the abundance of smaller temperate-associated fish in southern and coast," wrote the study authors.



"Furthermore, our model predicted that all fish species declined in mean body size, but a 29 percent increase in total prey biomass. Declines in energy-rich prey and restrictions in their spatial range are likely to have cascading effects on Arctic predators."



“We’ve never seen such drastic change so quickly," said study co-author Travis Tai, a PhD student at UBC’s Institute for the Ocean and Fisheries (IOF). "We’re rolling the dice, and we don’t know what exactly will happen."



"When we have dramatic shifts in food web structures, we can expect large changes not only to how species such as ringed seals use the oceans, but also how people use the oceans.”



Even with the uncertainty, the declining availability of large fish likely will harm the ringed seals in some way.&nbsp;



“We found that by the end of the century, the large, fatty Arctic cod may decline dramatically in terms of biomass and distribution. Then smaller fish, like capelin and sand lance, may become much more prevalent," said study lead author Katie Florko.



"The number of fish and the biomass will increase, as will the diversity of the fish, but they’ll come in smaller packages. It costs energy to forage. Does that mean the seals will need to spend more energy to get a larger number of these smaller fish for the same amount of energy as capturing a bigger fish?"



"It’s not unlike how the burgers in fast food restaurants seem to get smaller and smaller every year, and you’re getting less bang for your buck.”



Shrinking fish is just one of many problems set to affect the ocean and the rest of the planet in the future. Lowering emissions would help, if it could be achieved.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14610248">Ecology Letters</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Fish are literally shrinking in the Hudson Bay

A new study conducted by researchers at the University of...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...