An,Artist's,Illustration,Of,A,Black,Hole,In,Interstellar,Space

Astronomers recently discovered the biggest pair of black hole jets ever observed and named this system Porphyrion. Imagine something so massive that it lines up 140 Milky Way galaxies back to back. Then multiply that thought by two. It's almost too much for our minds to fathom, but that's exactly what they found.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-black-hole-jet-system-porphyrion">Meet black hole jet system Porphyrion</h2>



Martijn Oei is a <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a> postdoctoral scholar with a flair for digging into the mysteries of the universe. His recent work published in a new Nature paper has everyone talking.



Oei and his team discovered this enormous pair of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/awakening-of-a-black-hole-witnessed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> jets named Porphyrion. Derived from Greek mythology, Porphyrion is a fitting moniker for a structure with such colossal proportions.



This jet megastructure not only spans 23 million light-years in total length, but it also dates back to when our universe was just 6.3 billion years old. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/black-hole-jet_23-million-light-years_Porphyrion_credit-Caltech-Oei_Martijn_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/black-hole-jet_23-million-light-years_Porphyrion_credit-Caltech-Oei_Martijn_1s.webp" alt="An artist's illustration of the longest black hole jet system ever observed. Nicknamed Porphyrion after a mythological Greek giant, these jets span roughly 7 megaparsecs, or 23 million light-years. That is equivalent to lining up 140 Milky Way galaxies back-to-back. Porphyrion dates back to a time when our universe was less than half its present age. Credit: Caltech" class="wp-image-1945007"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">An artist's illustration of the longest black hole jet system ever observed. Nicknamed Porphyrion after a mythological Greek giant, these jets span roughly 7 megaparsecs, or 23 million light-years. That is equivalent to lining up 140 Milky Way galaxies back-to-back. Porphyrion dates back to a time when our universe was less than half its present age. Credit: Caltech</figcaption></figure>



That's less than half its present age of 13.8 billion years. To put that into perspective, it's like the universe was still in its adolescence.



These ferocious outflows of energy, with a total power output equivalent to trillions of suns, emanate from a supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/directly-detecting-dark-matter-primordial-black-holes-simple-as-monitoring-mars-orbit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> at the heart of a distant galaxy. 



Before Porphyrion, the record-holder for the largest jet system was Alcyoneus, another giant named after a figure in Greek mythology. 



Alcyoneus, discovered in 2022 by the same team, measures about the equivalent of 100 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Ways</a>. Comparatively, the Centaurus A jets, the closest major jet system to Earth, only spans 10 Milky Ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaking-up-the-neighborhood">Shaking up the neighborhood</h2>



What makes Porphyrion's discovery more groundbreaking is the implications it holds for our understanding of galaxy formation. 



Co-author George Djorgovski, professor of astronomy and data science at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>, provided some insights on this.



"Astronomers believe that galaxies and their central black holes co-evolve, and one key aspect of this is that jets can spread huge amounts of energy that affect the growth of their host galaxies and other galaxies near them,” he says. "This discovery shows that their effects can extend much farther out than we thought."



But Porphyrion's scale reveals that the effects of these jets may extend far beyond our previous understanding.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="D4GGVHtxYz-3864208-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scanning-the-cosmos-and-black-hole-jets">Scanning the cosmos and black hole jets</h2>



The discovery of Porphyrion is part of a larger sky survey, which unveiled a staggering number of similar structures -- over 10,000.



This massive population of gargantuan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-captured-redirecting-jets-beams-like-death-star-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jets</a> was found using Europe's <a href="https://www.astron.nl/telescopes/lofar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LOFAR</a> (LOw Frequency ARray) radio telescope.



"Giant jets were known before we started the campaign, but we had no idea that there would turn out to be so many," says Martin Hardcastle, second author of the study and a professor of astrophysics at the <a href="https://www.herts.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hertfordshire</a> in England. 



"Usually when we get a new observational capability, such as LOFAR's combination of wide field of view and very high sensitivity to extended structures, we find something new, but it was still very exciting to see so many of these objects emerging."



The origins of Porphyrion took the team across continents and observatories. They used the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in India and supplementary data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. 



The observations pointed the team to a hefty galaxy, about 10 times more massive than our Milky Way, as the birthplace of Porphyrion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-hole-jet-system-porphyrion-s-size">Black hole jet system Porphyrion's size</h2>



Porphyrion resides a mind-boggling 7.5 billion light-years from Earth. Its far-off residency and its emergence from a radiative-mode black hole suggest that it may not be a lone titan, but the harbinger of countless colossal jets yet to be discovered. 



Oei suggests as much, saying, "We may be looking at the tip of the iceberg."



There are still many unanswered questions surrounding these giant black hole jet systems. How do they extend so far and get so big without destabilizing? 



"Martijn's work has shown us that there isn't anything particularly special about the environments of these giant sources that causes them to reach those large sizes," says Hardcastle, who is an expert in the physics of black hole jets. 



"My interpretation is that we need an unusually long-lived and stable accretion event around the central, supermassive black hole to allow it to be active for so long -- about a billion years -- and to ensure that the jets keep pointing in the same direction over all of that time. What we're learning from the large number of giants is that this must be a relatively common occurrence," Hardcastle concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surrounding-influence-and-magnetism">Surrounding influence and magnetism</h2>



How do they influence their surroundings? And perhaps most intriguingly, have these giant jets spread magnetism throughout the cosmos?



"We know magnetism pervades the cosmic web, then makes its way into galaxies and stars, and eventually to planets, but the question is: Where does it start?" Oei rightly says.



This research is the exciting beginning of a new chapter in our understanding of the universe. With the discovery of Porphyrion, we're reminded that we still have a lot to uncover about the mysteries of the cosmos. Even a sky full of stars is just the beginning.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07879-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



Video Credit: Caltech 



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Largest black hole jets ever seen are 23 million light years long

Astronomers recently discovered the biggest pair of black hole jets ever observed and named this system Porphyrion. Imagine something so massive that it lines up 140 Milky Way galaxies back to back. Then multiply that thought by two. It's almost too much for our minds to fathom, but that's exactly what they found. Meet black hole jet system Porphyrion Martijn Oei is a Caltech postdoctoral scholar with a flair for digging into the mysteries of the universe. His recent work published in a new Nature paper has...

Comet Olbers has captured the imagination of astronomers and enthusiasts alike with its unexpected journey through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devil-comet-is-hurtling-towards-earth-but-poses-no-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a>. 



In the vast expanse of the cosmos, where science and mystery often intertwine, the peculiar pathway of this icy wanderer has sparked a wave of fascination. 



Recently, the stargazing community was thrilled by the sight of Comet Olbers zigzagging across the summer sky - a phenomenon that was captured by photographer Dan Bartlett.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-snowball-s-twisted-tale">Galactic snowball's twisted tale</h2>



Unassuming in name, this less-than-famous icy wanderer put on a fascinating show this summer as it continuously changed form.



"This is the first time we've been able to witness this creature's behavior with modern day technology. And what a creature this comet has been," said Bartlett, an astrophotographer based in east-central California.



Though the comet's tangled tail may seem strange, it is actually a well-understood phenomenon amidst the comet community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-icy-giants">Understanding the icy giants</h2>



Comets, often referred to as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comet-nishimura-may-approach-earth-so-closely-that-it-will-be-visible-to-the-naked-eye/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowballs of space</a>, are vast conglomerates of ice, dust, and rock. They hail from the outer recesses of the solar system and carry remnants from the early days of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary formation</a>, around 4.6 billion years ago, according to NASA.



As these icy bodies draw nearer to the sun, they begin to disintegrate, skipping from solid to gas without entering a liquid phase. This process spawns their signature tails- trails of debris sprawling millions of miles.



While these celestial bodies were once regarded as harbingers of doom, the tide of understanding has since turned. Comets are now seen as time capsules, preserving clues about the ancient solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comet-olbers-and-its-ever-changing-tail">Comet Olbers and its ever-changing tail</h2>



Besides their tails of dust, comets also drag plasma, often painted with a bluish hue, across the sky. The charged particles within this trail are very susceptible to changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar activity</a>.



Researchers at the Planetary Science Institute liken the solar wind to a constantly flowing river. "The ion tail is basically caught up in that river," explained researcher Henry Hsieh.



"You see a straight tail most of the time, but then every so often, you'll have this bit of a hiccup in the sun - these coronal mass ejection events - where it'll just kind of send a particularly large or denser bunch of material outward."



When the comet encounters these massive solar explosions (coronal mass ejections), it causes a disruption in the "nice flowing river." Imagine a rock coming loose in a river, momentarily increasing the flow rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-activity-and-comet-behavior">Solar activity and comet behavior</h2>



With the sun being in the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, its magnetic field can be quite chaotic. 



As the comet traverses these tumultuous changes within the inner solar system, the tail continuously tries to realign. This results in zigzags and bends observed in the comet's tail.



"There are even occasions when the comet passes through a region where the magnetic field completely changes direction (called a sector boundary), and the plasma tail will 'disconnect' from the comet, to be followed by the formation of a new tail over the next few days," noted <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>'s astronomers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-comet-olbers">The future of Comet Olbers </h2>



Olbers, officially known as 13P/Olbers, is named after its first observer, German astronomer Heinrich Olbers, who spotted it back in 1815. It was last sighted from Earth in 1956 but has recently reappeared, displaying its twisted tail for all to see.



Having made its closest approach to the sun on June 30, Olbers is now on a return journey to the Oort Cloud at the outer edge of the solar system. 



The oddly distorted tail may reflect the object's reaction to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun's intense activity</a>. However, it's also possible that something inherently unusual about Olbers is at play.



The astrophotographers and astronomers studying the comet will know more in the coming months as they complete their analyses.



"All comets are kind of like different beasts. They're all special, and that's what makes them fun to study," noted Hsieh.



Each comet, including Olbers, continues to offer new insights into the cosmos, keeping astronomers on their toes and the rest of us gazing up in wonderment.



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Shape-shifting comet has been zigzagging through space

Comet Olbers has captured the imagination of astronomers and enthusiasts...

An intense game of genetic chess is taking place beneath our very eyes, in the soil where our beloved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-threatening-pathogens-discovered-in-pennsylvania/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato crops</a> grow. This evolutionary battle between the humble potato plant and its mortal foe, Phytophthora infestans - the pathogen responsible for the devastating Irish potato famine in the 1840s - has puzzled scientists for years.



Now, research conducted at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> is shedding new light on this "arms race" with an innovative study using fragments of historic potato leaves to examine both the plant's resistance genes and the attacking pathogen's effector genes simultaneously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-down-walls-a-revolutionary-approach">Breaking down walls: A revolutionary approach</h2>



The experts utilized small, 80 base-pair chunks of DNA, akin to magnets, to isolate similar pieces within the complex "soup" of DNA found on historic leaf samples.



Previously, researchers would focus on either the host (the potato) or the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-produced-by-potato-pathogen-offers-new-hope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen</a>, but this dual enrichment strategy has opened a new front in understanding this host-pathogen relationship.



"It's a first for looking at both potato and pathogen changes at the same time," noted Jean Ristaino, William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Plant Pathology at North Carolina State University.



This radical method of investigation has only become possible recently, as the necessary genomics weren't sequenced until around 15 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathogen-evades-potato-defenses">Pathogen evades potato defenses</h2>



Findings from the study indicate that the pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is surprisingly skillful at dodging the potato's defenses against late blight disease. 



For instance, the FAM-1 strain of the pathogen was capable of overcoming the plant's R1 resistance gene before it was even introduced into potato strains by plant breeders.



Such discovery suggests that the pathogen could have resisted the R1 gene even if it had been deployed much earlier, potentially owing to exposure to the wild potato variant harboring that resistance gene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battlefield-for-pathogens-and-potatoes">Battlefield for pathogens and potatoes</h2>



The study sheds light on how the pathogen’s effector genes have largely remained steady over time, with selective mutations enhancing its infectious capabilty. 



This was particularly noticeable post-1937, when structured potato <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sugarcane-genome-finally-mapped-new-crop-breeding-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding programs</a> began in the United States and elsewhere, in an effort to boost disease resistance.



Additionally, the researchers found that the pathogen managed to add a set of chromosomes to its arsenal between 1845 and 1954, the period during which the plant samples for the study were collected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-future-studies">The promise of future studies</h2>



This research is immensely valuable, as it provides breeders with critical information about how the pathogen has transformed over time. 



This knowledge could potentially be utilized to implement more stable resistance genes or to combine multiple resistance genes from different wild hosts.



"We now know what effectors have changed over time," Ristaino stated. "Breeders may be able to use resistance genes that are more stable or pyramid multiple resistance genes from different wild hosts." 



And so, the game of genetic chess continues with new strategies and renewed hope of winning the game against the pathogen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-potatoes">The importance of potatoes</h2>



Potatoes are not just a beloved comfort food; they are a vital staple crop that nourishes millions around the world. 



Originating from the Andean region of South America, potatoes have transcended borders and cultures, becoming an essential part of diets in various countries. 



Their versatility allows them to be prepared in countless ways, from mashed potatoes to fries, making them a culinary favorite across the globe.



Moreover, potatoes are packed with nutrients, including vitamins C and B6, potassium, and dietary fiber, making them a healthy choice for many. 



As the global population continues to grow, ensuring the resilience of potato crops against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-bacteria-can-help-farmers-control-crop-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a> like late blight is crucial for food security. 



The NC State research not only aids in understanding the complex interactions between potatoes and their pathogens but also plays a vital role in developing sustainable agricultural practices.



By improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-breeding-more-resilient-potatoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato resilience</a>, we can help secure a reliable food source for future generations and support the livelihoods of millions of farmers who depend on this crop. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50749-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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How a pathogen outsmarted the potato

An intense game of genetic chess is taking place beneath...

DNA holds the fundamental blueprint for life, encoding essential information for the development and functioning of organisms. Deciphering how this information is stored and organized has been a monumental scientific challenge. 



A new tool, GROVER, developed by researchers at the <a href="https://tu-dresden.de/cmcb/biotec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biotechnology Center</a> (BIOTEC) of Dresden University of Technology, offers an unprecedented approach to understanding the complex language of DNA. 



This large language model, trained on human DNA sequences promises to revolutionize genomics and personalized medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-dna">Mysteries of DNA</h2>



Since the discovery of the double helix structure, scientists have sought to unravel the mysteries encoded in DNA. Seventy years later, it is evident that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a>'s information is intricate and multilayered, with only 1-2% consisting of genes that code for proteins. 



“DNA has many functions beyond coding for proteins. Some sequences regulate genes, others serve structural purposes, and most sequences serve multiple functions at once,” said senior author Anna Poetsch, a research group leader at BIOTEC.&nbsp;



“Currently, we don’t understand the meaning of most of the DNA. When it comes to understanding the non-coding regions of the DNA, it seems that we have only started to scratch the surface. This is where AI and large language models can help.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-as-a-language">DNA as a language</h2>



Drawing inspiration from the success of large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-reading-technology-transforms-thoughts-into-text/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language models</a> like GPT in natural language processing, Poetsch and her team approached DNA as a form of language. 



“DNA is the code of life. Why not treat it like a language?” she asked. The team trained GROVER (short for Genome Rules Obtained via Extracted Representations) on a reference human genome, enabling the model to decode and extract biological meaning from DNA sequences.



“GROVER learned the rules of DNA. In terms of language, we are talking about grammar, syntax, and semantics. For DNA, this means learning the rules governing the sequences, the order of the nucleotides and sequences, and the meaning of the sequences,” said lead author Melissa Sanabria, a scientist at BIOTEC.&nbsp;



“Like GPT models learning human languages, GROVER has basically learned how to ‘speak’ DNA.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-information-on-biological-function-nbsp">Information on biological function&nbsp;</h2>



GROVER can not only predict subsequent DNA sequences but also extract contextual information, such as identifying gene promoters or protein binding sites, and even understanding epigenetic processes - regulatory mechanisms that act on top of the DNA sequence.



“It is fascinating that by training GROVER with only the DNA sequence, without any annotations of functions, we are actually able to extract information on biological function. To us, it shows that the function, including some of the epigenetic information, is also encoded in the sequence,” said Sanabria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-dictionary-for-dna-language-nbsp">A dictionary for DNA language&nbsp;</h2>



To enable GROVER to interpret DNA, the team had to create a “DNA dictionary.” Unlike human languages, DNA has no predefined words; it consists of four letters (A, T, G, and C) that form sequences with various biological functions.&nbsp;



The researchers employed a technique from compression <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-personality-algorithm-will-improve-work-and-home-placement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algorithms</a> to identify common combinations of these letters. 



“We analyzed the whole genome and looked for combinations of letters that occur most often. We started with two letters and went over the DNA, again and again, to build it up to the most common multi-letter combinations,” said Sanabria.



“In this way, in about 600 cycles, we have fragmented the DNA into ‘words’ that let GROVER perform the best when it comes to predicting the next sequence.”



The creation of this DNA dictionary was a crucial step that set GROVER apart from previous attempts to model DNA language. This innovative approach allows the model to uncover the deeper layers of genetic information, providing insights into human biology, disease predispositions, and treatment responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-meaning-hidden-in-dna">Biological meaning hidden in DNA</h2>



GROVER's potential impact on genomics and personalized medicine is immense. By decoding the rules of DNA as one would a language, researchers can gain a more profound understanding of the biological meaning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-dna-secrets-revealed-by-genomic-time-machine-and-transposable-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hidden</a> within our genetic code. 



“We believe that understanding the rules of DNA through a language model is going to help us uncover the depths of biological meaning hidden in the DNA, advancing both genomics and personalized medicine,” Poetsch said.



As GROVER continues to analyze and interpret genetic data, it holds the promise of unlocking the mysteries of our genome, paving the way for new discoveries and advancements in medical science.&nbsp;



This tool not only enhances our understanding of the human genome but also sets the stage for a new era in genomics, where AI-driven insights can lead to more personalized and effective treatments for a wide range of conditions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00872-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Machine Intelligence</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Cracking the code of life: AI translates the secret language of DNA

DNA holds the fundamental blueprint for life, encoding essential information...

Doctors are increasingly recommending that fruits and vegetables become a central component in the treatment of patients with hypertension.&nbsp;



A diet rich in these foods has been shown to lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and improve<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-pollutants-kidney-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> kidney health</a>, largely due to their base-producing effects. 



A recent study published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.06.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Journal of Medicine</a> highlights these benefits, based on findings from a five-year interventional randomized control trial.



Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments for hypertension, related conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated cardiovascular mortality are on the rise. Notably, heart disease remains the leading cause of death among patients with chronic kidney disease.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-healthy-fruits-and-vegetables">Heart-healthy fruits and vegetables </h2>



The <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/dash-eating-plan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) diet, known for its high content of fruits and vegetables, is recommended as the first-line treatment for primary hypertension. 



However, this diet is often under-prescribed and, even when recommended, not fully implemented, despite substantial supportive evidence from epidemiological studies.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-fruits-and-vegetables-improves-overall-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diets</a> rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower blood pressure, reduced risk and progression of CKD, and lower cardiovascular disease risk and mortality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-acid-and-health">Dietary acid and health</h2>



The study, led by Dr. Donald E. Wesson of the Department of Internal Medicine at <a href="https://dellmed.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dell Medical School</a>, University of Texas at Austin, explored the effects of an acid-producing versus a base-producing diet on kidney health. 



“As a nephrologist, my acid-base laboratory studies ways by which the kidney removes acid from the blood and puts it into the urine,” said Dr. Wesson.



“Our animal studies showed years ago that mechanisms used by kidneys to remove acid from the blood can cause kidney injury if the animals were chronically exposed to an acid-producing diet.”&nbsp;



Dr. Wesson said that studies in human patients showed similar findings: an acid-producing diet (one high in animal products) was kidney-harmful, and one that is base-producing (one high in fruits and vegetables) is kidney-healthy.&nbsp;



“Other investigators showed that a diet high in fruits and vegetables is heart-healthy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



To test the hypothesis that fruits and vegetables reduce dietary acid and thereby benefit kidney and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-environments-and-sidewalks-improve-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>, the study focused on participants with hypertension but without diabetes, who also had high levels of urine albumin excretion (macroalbuminuria). 



These participants were at high risk for worsening kidney disease and developing cardiovascular diseases.&nbsp;



The researchers divided 153 participants into three groups: participants adding 2-4 cups of base-producing fruits and vegetables to their daily intake; participants prescribed NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate, common baking soda) tablets; and participants receiving standard medical care from primary care clinicians.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-benefits-of-fruits-and-vegetables-nbsp">Heart benefits of fruits and vegetables&nbsp;</h2>



The results of the analysis revealed that both the fruit and vegetable group and the NaHCO3 group experienced improvements in kidney health. However, only the group consuming fruits and vegetables showed a reduction in blood pressure and improvements in cardiovascular disease risk indicators.&nbsp;



“Importantly, fruits and vegetables achieved the latter two benefits with lower doses of medication used to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular disease risk,” noted Maninder Kahlon, a co-investigator from the Department of Population Health at Dell Medical School.



“This means that one can get the kidney health benefits with either fruits and vegetables or NaHCO3, but we get the blood pressure reduction and reduced cardiovascular disease risk with fruits and vegetables, but not with NaHCO3.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-the-need-for-medication-nbsp">Reducing the need for medication&nbsp;</h2>



The findings support the recommendation that fruits and vegetables should be the foundational treatment for patients with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>. This approach achieves multiple health benefits - kidney protection, blood pressure reduction, and lower cardiovascular risk - with potentially lower medication doses. 



The research team emphasizes that current clinical practice often prioritizes pharmacological treatment, with dietary changes being secondary. However, this study suggests the opposite: dietary interventions should be the first step in managing hypertension, with medications added as needed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-fruits-and-vegetables-more-accessible">Making fruits and vegetables more accessible </h2>



“Dietary interventions for chronic disease management are often not recommended and even less often executed because of the many challenges to get patients to implement them. Nevertheless, they are effective, and in this instance, kidney and cardiovascular protective,” said Dr. Wesson.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“We must increase our efforts to incorporate them into patient management and more broadly, make healthy diets more accessible to populations at increased risk for kidney and cardiovascular disease.”



The study also advises that patients with hypertension should ask their clinicians to measure their urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) to assess for underlying kidney disease and potential increased cardiovascular risk.&nbsp;



This proactive measure can help tailor treatment plans to better manage hypertension and its associated risks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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How fruits and vegetables improve heart health

Doctors are increasingly recommending that fruits and vegetables become a...

Sometimes, you might hear a colleague or a friend grumble, "It hurts to think!" Likely, you'd casually dismiss this as exaggerated hyperbole. But what if, they aren't blowing things out of proportion? What if the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">act of thinking</a> and putting mental effort really does make us uncomfortable?



A recent study published by the <a href="https://www.apa.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Psychological Association</a> reveals this intriguing possibility. According to the research, mental exertion is surprisingly linked to unpleasant feelings across a slew of situations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-one-likes-mental-effort">No one likes mental effort</h2>



At the heart of this research is Dr. Erik Bijleveld of <a href="https://www.ru.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radboud University</a>. A seasoned researcher, Dr. Bijleveld led the study with a clear and vital question: Do people enjoy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-maps-help-the-brain-remember-places-and-paths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking hard</a>? He found that, in general, people aren't fans of mental effort.



"Managers often encourage employees, and teachers often encourage students, to exert mental effort. On the surface, this seems to work well: Employees and students do often opt for mentally challenging activities," noted Dr. Bijleveld. "But our results suggest that people typically dislike mental effort."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-across-communities">Mental effort across communities</h2>



This study wasn't a mere observational venture. The researchers carried out a meta-analysis of an impressive 170 studies published between 2019 and 2020, involving over 4,670 participants. Each of these studies was examined to determine how people generally perceive mental effort.



Participants from different walks of life – healthcare employees, military personnel, college students, and even amateur athletes – participated in these studies spanning 29 countries. 



The studies involved a wide array of cognitive tasks. From learning a new technology to navigating an unfamiliar environment and practicing golf swings – the gamut of tasks was broad.



One commonality across all these varied studies? Participants consistently reported increased unpleasant feelings such as stress, annoyance, and irritation when they exerted greater mental effort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thinking-is-unpleasant">Thinking is unpleasant</h2>



What sticks out from the research is crystal clear: the greater the mental effort, the greater the unpleasantness experienced by people. No matter the task or the population, this remained consistently true across the board.



However, Dr. Bijleveld underscores an intriguing disparity. The nexus between mental effort and unpleasant feelings was notably less vivid in studies conducted in Asian countries compared to those in Europe or North America.



This can be attributed to the learning history of individuals; students in Asian countries typically dedicate more time to schoolwork, learning to endure higher mental exertion levels early in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-and-learning-environments">Mental effort and learning environments</h2>



Understanding the relationship between mental effort and unpleasant feelings offers a new lens through which educators and managers can evaluate their approaches. 



If students and employees are generally averse to intensive cognitive tasks, it calls for a reevaluation of how we structure learning and work environments. 



Instead of promoting sheer effort, educators might benefit from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-wishful-thinking-impacts-our-decisions-in-times-of-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">integrating strategies</a> that frame challenges as exciting opportunities for growth, thereby mitigating negative feelings associated with thinking hard. 



Furthermore, creating a supportive atmosphere that celebrates small wins and fosters collaboration can empower learners and workers to engage with difficult tasks more openly. 



Recognizing that the discomfort of mental effort is a shared experience may not only enhance motivation but also encourage resilience, ultimately leading to more productive outcomes in both academic and professional spheres.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-millions-play-chess">Why do millions play chess?</h2>



Despite the discord between mental effort and enjoyment, there’s a caveat: people still voluntarily opt for mentally challenging activities. The million-dollar question, "Why do millions of people play chess?" asks Dr. Bijleveld.



The answer lies in the intriguing balance of costs and benefits. When the gratification resultant from an activity outweighs the mental exertion involved, people opt for it. Take the chess example; the joy that stems from an immersive, engaging game could certainly outweigh the mental strain it involves.



However, Dr. Bijleveld warns against misinterpretations. People choosing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mentally</a> rigorous activities doesn't necessarily translate to them enjoying the mental effort. It is perhaps a matter of choosing an activity despite its mental strain, rather than because of it.



In conclusion, the research highlights an essential conundrum: we're often nudged to engage our brains, to think harder, to challenge our minds. 



Yet, such exertion might not be as pleasant as we'd like to believe. As we navigate through an increasingly cognitive-driven world, it's vital to remember this interesting dichotomy. 



Perhaps we might also spare a sympathetic nod the next time someone says, "It hurts to think!"



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Bulletin</a>.



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Sometimes it really does hurt to think

Sometimes, you might hear a colleague or a friend grumble,...

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and spontaneous abortions in horses during the first two months of pregnancy are caused by triploidy, a condition involving an extra set of chromosomes.&nbsp;



This finding is significant because horses share many chromosomal and pregnancy-related similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for studying reproductive issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-cause-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Primary cause of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



Mandi de Mestre, a professor of equine medicine at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, noted the rarity of reported triploidy in mammals other than humans during early pregnancy. “Over that embryonic period (up to eight weeks from conception), triploidy had rarely been reported in mammals outside of women,” she said. 



“The study tells us that over the first six weeks of gestation, this will likely be the primary cause of pregnancy loss following natural conception.”&nbsp;



De Mestre is the corresponding author of the study titled “Naturally Occurring Horse Model of Miscarriage Reveals Temporal Relationship Between Chromosomal Aberration Type and Point of Lethality,” set to be published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405636121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</a>s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-model-for-human-miscarriages-nbsp">Horses as a model for human miscarriages&nbsp;</h2>



Human miscarriages, occurring in 10-20% of pregnancies, are often linked to chromosomal errors. However, finding a suitable animal model that mirrors the human condition has been challenging.&nbsp;



This study not only sheds light on the causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-may-speed-up-aging-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a> loss in horses but also highlights their potential as a model for understanding human miscarriage.



“We were able to study the impact of chromosome errors across the entire pregnancy in the horse,” de Mestre said. “We found that triploidy is only associated with losses in early pregnancy.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-loss-in-horses">Pregnancy loss in horses</h2>



The research involved examining 256 fetus and placenta samples collected over ten years from veterinarians treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a> with failed pregnancies. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence of various chromosomal abnormalities associated with pregnancy loss.



The findings showed that chromosomal errors were present in 57.9% of pregnancy losses up to day 55 of gestation, 57.2% of losses between days 56 and 110, and only 1.4% of losses from day 111 to the end of pregnancy.&nbsp;



The study also revealed that aneuploidy, involving the loss or gain of a whole chromosome, was primarily associated with miscarriages in the first 10 weeks, while partial chromosome deletions or duplications were linked to miscarriages occurring after 110 days.&nbsp;



These results closely parallel findings from large studies on human pregnancies, reinforcing the relevance of horses as a model for human chromosomal errors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-miscarriage-in-humans-nbsp">Early miscarriage in humans&nbsp;</h2>



Horses are particularly suitable for studying human pregnancies due to their similar gestation periods - 11 months in horses compared to nine months in humans - and the comparable rate of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embryo development</a>. 



Additionally, horse chromosomes contain genetic content similar to that of human chromosomes, making them relevant for research on chromosomal anomalies.



Determining the causes of early miscarriage in humans has been challenging due to the loss of most fetuses during this period at home, which leaves scientists without necessary material and data for study.&nbsp;



This research provides crucial insights into the frequency of chromosomal errors during the equivalent of the first six weeks of human gestation.



Horses, often highly valued and receiving extensive care, provide a wealth of data through routine pregnancy tracking, unlike other animal models such as mice.&nbsp;



Mice, with a gestation period of about three weeks and a low rate of natural pregnancy loss, are not comparable to human pregnancies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-causes-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Genetic causes of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



The study's findings have practical implications for equine health, particularly in the clinical management of pregnancies. For instance, if a significant chromosomal error is detected, clinicians might reconsider using hormones to prolong the pregnancy, a common practice in managing pregnant mares.&nbsp;



The research also paves the way for developing new diagnostic tests for chromosomal abnormalities in horse fetuses and further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind these abnormalities.



“This research has provided a foundation for understanding the genetic causes of pregnancy loss in horses, often referred to as pregnancy loss of unknown cause,” said Shebl Salem, a postdoctoral researcher in de Mestre’s Equine Pregnancy Lab and co-first author of the study.



The study not only enhances the understanding of equine pregnancy but also offers valuable insights into human reproductive health, highlighting the potential for horses to serve as a key model in studying pregnancy loss due to chromosomal abnormalities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Horse miscarriages offer insights into human pregnancy loss

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and...

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of Eifel, a region synonymous with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activities</a>. Nestled within the sediment of the Kyll River are diminutive blue wonders - sapphires. But there's more to these 0.9 mm diameter gemstones than their sheer beauty. 



They are indeed the missing pieces of a captivating geological conundrum - how could they take shape amidst such tumultuous, fiery conditions, a scenario far detached from our perception of tranquil gemstone genesis?



Stepping in to solve the mystery are the seasoned researchers from <a href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heidelberg University</a>. The scientific sleuths have been delving deep into the phenomenon of these blue marvels that formed among the fiery crucible of volcanic activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demystifying-eifel-sapphires">Demystifying Eifel sapphires</h2>



Let's take a sidebar here. What are sapphires? These treasured stones are essentially 'contaminated' aluminum oxide or corundum. 



The term "contamination" alludes to a few impurities that present sapphires with their iconic blue shade. Intriguingly, most sapphires are discovered in regions boasting silicon-poor volcanic rocks.



Are these gemstones, found on Earth's surface, a tell-tale sign of having originated deep within the crust, ushered to the surface by the ascending magma?



Dr. Axel Schmitt, a researcher at <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a>, Australia, and an honorary professor at Heidelberg University, Germany, is grappling with this very question.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eifel-scenario-sapphire-central">Eifel scenario: Sapphire central</h2>



Our sapphire narrative unravels in Eifel, a volcanic hotspot tucked in Europe's heart. For about 700,000 years, magma from Earth's mantle has been inching its way up through the crust in this region, bringing forth an intriguing enigma. 



The puzzling link between the silicon-deficient, sodium and potassium-abundant magma found here and the prevalence of sapphires has left geologists in a quandary. The Heidelberg team scrutinized 223 sapphires from the Eifel region.



"Like gold, sapphire is very weathering-resistant compared to other minerals. Over protracted time periods, the grains are washed out of the rock and deposited in rivers. Because of their high density, they are easy to separate from lighter sediment components using a gold pan," explained Sebastian Schmidt, who conducted the research as part of his master's degree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-eifel-s-sapphires">Origin of Eifel's sapphires</h2>



To trace the roots of these sapphires, the investigators determined their age by deploying the uranium-lead method on mineral inclusions found within the sapphires themselves. This approach can also uncover the composition of oxygen isotopes in the sapphires.



The findings were remarkable. Sapphires in Eifel took shape simultaneously with the region's volcanism. 



Some gemstones bore the isotopic signature of mantle melts that had been tainted with the heat and partially liquefied crustal rock, at a depth of approximately 5-7 kilometers, while others seemed to have crystallized when subterranean melts permeated the adjacent rock, catalyzing their crystallization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-the-crucial-catalyst">Water: The crucial catalyst </h2>



Water plays an instrumental role in the exceptional process of sapphire formation in volcanic settings. Magma ascending through Earth's crust commonly encounters water-rich zones, propelling a phenomenon known as metasomatism. 



During this occurrence, element-laden fluids intermingle with the surrounding rock, spurring the migration of aluminum and other vital components necessary for sapphire crystallization. 



This interplay not only precipitates the growth of sapphires but also enhances their unique chemical composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



The unearthing of sapphires in Eifel doesn't just shed light on gem genesis, but it also enriches our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-tremors-can-now-be-detected-to-forecast-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehension of volcanic activities</a>. 



By examining these precious stones and the conditions under which they originated, geologists can gain insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sun-affects-magma-formation-deep-within-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics of magma</a> movement and the interactions between variant geological materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-the-puzzle">Piecing together the puzzle</h2>



"In the Eifel, both magmatic and metamorphic processes, in which temperature changed the original rock, played a role in the crystallization of sapphire," noted Schmidt.



So, as it emerges, sapphires aren't just a pretty sight; they are a testament to Earth's might, a gateway to understanding our planet's inner mechanics. 



Hence, the next time you lay eyes on a sapphire, remember to honor this blue marvel for its remarkable voyage from the scorching depths of Earth's crust right up to the sun-soaked surface.



Moreover, the interdisciplinary collaboration between geologists and gemologists is pivotal in unraveling the complex narrative encapsulated within these gemstones. 



Such synergy not only illuminates the geological history of the Eifel but also propels future research in gem formation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-magma-traced-to-melting-in-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a>. The implications extend far beyond sapphires, inviting a broader exploration of earth science.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-024-02136-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</a>.



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How blue sapphires form amidst fiery volcanic activity

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of...

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed houses, damaged wood, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest control</a> might be the first things that pop into your mind. 



Many associate these creatures with the necessity of spending money on costly repairs. However, there's much more to these tiny critters than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-white-ants">The mystery of white ants</h2>



Ironically, despite the name "white ant," these creatures are not ants at all. They're actually specialized, social cockroaches known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-are-natures-architects-building-well-ventilated-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a>. 



Living in extensive colonies that can house well over a million individuals, these insects have incredibly complex social lives and construct amazingly elaborate habitats.



Mathematical equations have even been developed by researchers to understand their complicated behaviors, such as how they dig and forage. 



Termites' abilities to build intricate nests are so astounding that they've been hailed as "one of the architectural wonders of the living world." 



These can be found everywhere, from trees and soil to power poles and towering mounds two meters high. Some of these awe-inspiring constructs are believed to be over <a href="https://apnews.com/article/oldest-termite-mounds-africa-climate-eb9b49dbbbb770c739398cef894a99a8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">30,000 years old</a> and still inhabited today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-white-ants-in-nature">The role of white ants in nature</h2>



Among the approximately 300 Australian species of white ants, only a few are recognized as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockroaches-became-global-pests-cleverly-hitching-rides-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>. In tropical forests, they are major invertebrate decomposers.



White ants are pivotal organisms that work closely with other microorganisms to cycle nutrients back into the environment. By doing so, they support the survival of both plants and animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-white-ants">Diversity of white ants</h2>



With more than 2,000 termite species worldwide and multiple feeding/nesting groups, white ants' appearances vary dramatically. 



Even within the same species, depending on their roles as king, queen, worker, soldier, or alate, they can look strikingly different. White ants usually have soft, pale-colored bodies with straight antennae and broad waist.



Not all white ants can fly. Only the sexually mature termites, known as alates, are capable of flight. Their mission is to fly out of the nest to establish a new one where they'll become the reigning kings or queens.



This occurrence, referred to as "social swarming," typically happens on warm and humid spring or summer evenings. After the swarm, the alates lose their wings and start burrowing to become the newly appointed termite royalty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-signs-of-termite-invasion">Warning signs of termite invasion</h2>



The presence of alates around a home or property is a clear signal that a mature nest is close and expanding. It's even advised to have annual termite inspections by a registered pest control company. 



Visible wood and structural damage, hollow-sounding wood, and termite droppings can indicate an invasion. 



White ants might also construct small mud tunnels and patches on both interior and exterior house walls for protection and airflow mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-termite-control">Effective termite control</h2>



The methods to control termites differ based on the type of termite present. Determining the kind of termite, locating their nests, and selecting the appropriate eradication method is a complex process. 



It's recommended to consult with a registered pest control company, and not just solely rely on preventive measures like using termite-resistant wood or adding chemical and physical barriers in the soil around buildings.



White ants, despite their notoriety as pests, play an essential role in the natural world. Their vital ecosystem services underscore their significance, yet their potential for destruction necessitates vigilant management and control. 



Fully understanding the nature of termites is crucial to both preserving natural ecosystems and protecting human infrastructure and investments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-white-ants">Fascinating facts about white ants</h2>



While white ants may often be viewed through the lens of destruction, they possess some truly fascinating traits that are worth exploring. 



For instance, termites have been around for over 250 million years, making them one of the oldest social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> on the planet. Their resilience and adaptability have allowed them to thrive in diverse environments, from rainforests to arid deserts.



One interesting aspect of termite behavior is their communication methods. Termites use pheromones, vibrations, and even touch to convey messages within the colony. This complex system enables them to coordinate tasks such as foraging, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest building</a>, and defense against threats.



Additionally, some species of termites are known to exhibit a unique form of mutualism with certain fungi. They cultivate these fungi in specialized chambers within their nests, providing a sustainable food source for the colony. This relationship not only benefits the termites but also contributes to nutrient cycling within their environment.



Understanding these fascinating characteristics can shift our perspective on white ants from mere pests to remarkable organisms that contribute significantly to the balance of nature. By appreciating their role in ecosystems, we can better navigate the challenges they present in our homes and communities.



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White ants have dual roles as builders and decomposers

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed...

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on Friday when efforts to initiate an international moratorium on the practice did not advance. 



This outcome marks a crucial point in the ongoing debate over deep sea mining, which could yield essential minerals for the green transition but poses considerable environmental risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-debate">Deep sea mining debate</h2>



Until now, proponents of deep sea mining have managed to prevent the <a href="https://www.isa.org.jm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Seabed Authority</a> (ISA) from discussing the issue. 



However, a recent debate did take place, although a draft calling for a “dialogue” towards “the development of a general policy for the protection and preservation of the marine environment” failed to move forward after a week of discussions in Kingston, Jamaica.



Delegations from several countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, and the African group of member states, argued that the draft lacked clarity and that the full assembly of 168 members was not the appropriate forum to make decisions on protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-forms-dust-clouds-that-devastate-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



Instead, these countries suggested that the ISA's Council, comprised of 36 states, should make such decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discussions-have-been-delayed">Discussions have been delayed</h2>



Facing consistent opposition, Chile withdrew the draft measure as the assembly's annual session, which makes decisions by consensus, drew to a close.&nbsp;



“We are somewhat disappointed,” said Chilean representative Salvador Vega Telias. Although he believed he had majority support, he decided to delay the discussions until July 2025, a proposal that was also not approved.



Deep sea mining in international waters involves extracting minerals like nickel, cobalt, and copper from the ocean floor. These minerals are crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> technology. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-deep-sea-environment-nbsp">Protecting the deep sea environment&nbsp;</h2>



Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the ISA is responsible for both protecting the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdictions and overseeing exploration or exploitation of resources in those zones. So far, deep sea mining has not progressed beyond the experimental and exploratory stage.



The ISA's Council, which currently only grants exploration contracts, has been working on commercial exploitation rules for over a decade, aiming to adopt a mining code in 2025.&nbsp;



Non-governmental organizations and scientists warn that deep sea mining could damage habitats and harm species that are not well understood but are potentially crucial to the food chain. They also highlight the risks of disrupting the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon emissions and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-marine-noise-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a> that could disturb species like whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploratory-contracts-have-been-secured">Exploratory contracts have been secured</h2>



Despite these concerns, many countries have secured exploratory contracts and conducted tests. Nauru, a small Pacific island nation, has pushed the ISA to allow exploitation applications even without a mining code.&nbsp;



Canada's <a href="https://metals.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Metals Company</a> (TMC) and its subsidiary Nauru Ocean Resources Inc (NORI) are preparing to submit an application to start commercial mining operations in the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (CCZ) in the Pacific.



Nauru President David Adeang emphasized the necessity of responsible deep sea mineral development for the survival of Nauru and other small island developing states in a rapidly changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-demand-to-prohibit-deep-sea-mining-nbsp">Public demand to prohibit deep sea mining&nbsp;</h2>



Over 30 countries, including France, Canada, Chile, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, have called for a moratorium on deep sea mining. A recent study showed that the mineral-rich nodules targeted by mining companies produce oxygen, marking the first instance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a> production by non-living sources without sunlight.



“Public demand and political support for stopping deep sea mining from harming the oceans has never been stronger,” said Louisa Casson, a campaigner with <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenpeace</a>. 



“With the threat of a company applying to mine the oceans hanging over us all, it's clear that we need far greater urgency from governments at the ISA to turn these words into action.”



In this context, NGOs welcomed the election of Brazil's Leticia Carvalho to replace Michael Lodge of Britain as the ISA's secretary general in January 2025. Lodge had faced criticism for his pro-business stances and allegations of fund misuse by the ISA's leadership, which the ISA Secretariat has denied.



“This is a new chapter,” the<a href="https://deep-sea-conservation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Deep Sea Conservation Coalition</a> said. “Reforming the ISA to protect and manage the deep sea for the benefit of humankind is crucial.”



The recent developments highlight the intense global debate over deep sea mining and the urgent need for effective governance to balance economic interests with environmental protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Deep sea mining debate intensifies as opponents face a setback

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on...

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a> and their role in galaxy formation continue to present fascinating puzzles for scientists.



A significant breakthrough in understanding these celestial giants has been made by an international team of astronomers in collaboration with scientists at the <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (NSF NRAO).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-cosmic-mechanism-unveiled">A new cosmic mechanism unveiled</h2>



The experts have identified a previously unknown cosmic mechanism linked to the growth dynamics of supermassive black holes.



This new discovery may be the key to unraveling the age-old mystery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rotating-wind-fuels-growth-of-a-supermassive-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole growth</a> and could potentially present a fresh perspective on our understanding of galaxy formation.



At the forefront of this investigation was the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). 



Using ALMA's high-resolution imaging, the researchers were able to uncover unique gas movement patterns that were suggestive of a spiraling, magnetic wind flowing from the supermassive black hole at the center of an active neighboring galaxy.



This observation led scientists to hypothesize that similar to the magnetic winds assisting in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation of stars</a>, this wind might also play a crucial role in increasing the mass of black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-winds-and-spinning-holes">Magnetic winds and spinning holes </h2>



Joe Pesce, NSF program officer for NRAO, emphasized the significance of the discovery. "Supermassive black holes play an integral, but yet to be fully understood, role in their host galaxy's formation and evolution. Results such as these are helping astrophysicists understand better that connection and the black holes themselves."



Indeed, the insights gained from this research could be instrumental in reshaping our understanding of these cosmic giants and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-shaped-the-universe-before-galaxies-existed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role in shaping galaxies</a>.



The researchers utilized ALMA's imaging capabilities to trace light wavelengths from hydrogen cyanide molecules back to their source at the center of the galaxy ESO320-G030. 



In doing so, they managed to delineate the outflow pattern of the magnetic winds believed to slow the black hole's rate of spin, allowing a more consistent inflow of matter towards the center.



Mark Gorski, an astronomer and lead author of the research findings, made an interesting comparison. 



"It is well-established that stars, in the first stages of their evolution, grow with the help of rotating winds accelerated by magnetic fields, just like the wind in this galaxy," said Gorski.



"Our observations show that supermassive black holes and tiny stars can grow by similar processes but on very different scales."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-growth-patterns-of-black-holes">Universal growth patterns of black holes </h2>



The next step for the researchers is to investigate whether this phenomenon is isolated or if it represents a standard growth stage in black holes.



This could potentially provide an explanation for how some supermassive black holes grow to be as massive as billions of stars. 



A deeper understanding of these cosmic life cycles may shed light on the very nature of the universe and the enigmatic supermassive black holes that reside at the heart of most galaxies, including our Milky Way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-evolution-and-star-formation">Galaxy evolution and star formation </h2>



Recent studies suggest that black holes not only influence their immediate surroundings but also play a pivotal role in the broader context of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>. 



As supermassive black holes grow and interact with their host galaxies, they can significantly affect star formation rates and the overall structure of galaxies. 



This interaction often occurs through a process known as "feedback," where the energy output from the black hole can either trigger new star formation or suppress it by dispersing surrounding gas.



For instance, when a supermassive black hole actively consumes material, it releases vast amounts of energy in the form of jets and radiation. 



This energy can heat up the surrounding gas, preventing it from collapsing to form new stars. Conversely, in some cases, the energy may compress the gas and trigger bursts of star formation in specific regions of the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-black-holes">Mysteries of black holes </h2>



Understanding the feedback mechanisms linked to black holes is crucial for astrophysicists as they seek to construct accurate models of galaxy formation and evolution. 



The interplay between black holes and their host galaxies may also shed light on why some galaxies appear to be "quenched" or have lower star formation rates compared to others. 



As researchers continue to unravel these complex relationships, the mysteries of black holes will undoubtedly offer deeper insights into the fundamental processes that shape our universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/04/aa48821-23/aa48821-23.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Magnetic winds fuel the growth of black holes

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of supermassive...

The beauty of dragonflies goes far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-develop-waxy-coating-to-withstand-warmer-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond mere aesthetics</a>. Those resplendent wings flashing in the sunlight may actually be the dragonfly's passport to survival, according to a recent study. 



Kim Medley, a contributing author and director of the <a href="https://tyson.wustl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyson Research Lab</a>, offers key insights into this phenomenon. The experts found that dragonflies with dark wing markings have a lower extinction risk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-dragonfly">Survival of the dragonfly </h2>



Ever notice how some dragonflies seem to sport extra bling? It takes the form of dark, alluring wing markings that set them apart from their brethren. 



These embellishments are not just there for show, they are apparently part of a survival strategy. Medley and her fellow researchers found that these ornamented dragonflies have a significant advantage when it comes to facing human threats and habitat destruction.



"We think ornamentation comes into play when populations become more isolated," Medley said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-shine">Science behind the shine</h2>



Study lead author Michael Moore is a former postdoctoral researcher at the Living Earth Collaborative and currently serves as an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, Denver.



For the investigation, the team examined records of 19 dragonfly species in California, covering a period from 1900 onwards. 



Remarkably, the researchers found that the ornamented species had a much higher survival rate over the long term with eight out of ten increasing their population over that time frame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-tactics-of-dragonflies">Survival tactics of dragonflies</h2>



Further investigation of 311 species across North America revealed that 301 out of these 311 species were at minimal or no risk of extinction. That is good news for conservationists and dragonfly aficionados. Interestingly, the remaining 10 species, which were at risk, all lacked ornamentation.



To better understand the dynamics of dragonfly species, the researchers also analyzed data provided by amateur naturalists who had collectively gathered 90,000 observations.



Comparing the species distribution across different landscapes, they found that a greater proportion of ornamented dragonflies were able to thrive in urban and agricultural areas.



So, why does this ornamentation matter so much? One theory is that the markings make it easier for females to select mates, and for males to spot rivals. This becomes particularly crucial when habitat loss leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-flight-is-powered-by-an-extraordinary-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fragmented populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-color-in-communication">Role of color in communication</h2>



The vivid colors of dragonflies do not merely serve aesthetic purposes; they are integral to the complex communication strategies these insects employ. Vibrant hues can indicate various states, from mating readiness to territorial claims.



For instance, male dragonflies often display brighter colors when vying for the attention of females or defending their territories from rivals. This visual signaling is particularly important in environments where such interactions are key to survival and reproductive success.



Furthermore, studies suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color patterns</a> may evolve differently in response to environmental pressures, illustrating the adaptability and resilience of dragonfly populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-c-onservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



The findings from Medley's research hold significant implications for conservation efforts aimed at maintaining healthy ecosystems. Recognizing the association between ornamentation and survival could guide prioritization in conservation strategies, especially for species at risk. 



Future research may delve deeper into the ecological roles of various morphological traits and their influence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interspecies interactions</a>. 



As urbanization and habitat destruction continue to challenge wildlife, understanding the intricacies of dragonfly adaptation and survival will be crucial in formulating effective conservation policies. 



Encouraging citizen science initiatives, like those gathering observational data, could enhance our understanding and support for these captivating creatures in their natural habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fine-line-between-flashy-and-foolhardy">Fine line between flashy and foolhardy</h2>



However, these ornamental features come with their set of challenges. The eye-catching spots could attract unwanted attention from predators or absorb extra heat on a sweltering summer day. "There's a trade-off," Medley said.



From this fascinating study, we learn that there's more to a dragonfly's beauty than meets the eye. As they flit about, dazzling under the sun, dragonflies are working hard on their survival, bearing their ornaments as badges of resilience.



Let's take a moment to admire these splendid creatures and the lessons they offer us about adapting to an ever-changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.14455" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Dragonflies developed dark wing spots for survival

The beauty of dragonflies goes far beyond mere aesthetics. Those...

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes our breath away – much like the stunning Aurora Australis that paints the Southern Hemisphere sky with dazzling natural light. Now, there's more to the story. Meet the space hurricanes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swirling spectacles</a> high above Earth that could even cause a little earthly trouble.



Dr. Rebecca Dzombak of the <a href="https://www.agu.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a> has recently reported new details about this phenomenon. 



The mysteries of the universe are often unfathomable to us earthlings, but with each revelation, we're getting a little closer to understanding the cosmos' infinite expanses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-a-space-hurricane">What exactly is a space hurricane?</h2>



In simple terms, a space hurricane is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic phenomenon</a> where plasma interacts with Earth's magnetosphere – the space owned by Earth's magnetic field. 



Imagine gusts of plasma creating massive spiral arms, whirling around a peaceful "eye," but in the sky! They're just like the terrestrial hurricanes that we know - and sometimes fear – but up in the ionosphere, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-strong-geomagnetic-solar-storms-auroras-continue-through-tuesday/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forming auroras</a> shaped like their namesakes.



The twist in this atmospheric tale is what these celestial hurricanes bring from space into our own upper atmosphere - electrons. These "rain" from the sky, potentially causing interference with our satellite communications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-space-hurricanes">Discovery of space hurricanes</h2>



The intriguing discovery of space hurricanes was made only recently. Scientists stumbled across these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-issued-sun-begins-erupting-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space phenomena</a> while scanning satellite images. 



Initially, these cosmic cyclones were found swirling over the Northern Hemisphere, given that that’s where most of our scientific observation and instrumentation are concentrated. A rough estimate suggests that about 12 space hurricanes strike the Northern Hemisphere each year.



But while the North had its share of revelations, the Southern Hemisphere wasn't far behind. Scientists led by Sheng Lu uncovered how frequently space hurricanes occur in the Southern Hemisphere. 



This groundbreaking research dovetails with previous work, helping us better comprehend when, where, and why these space hurricanes strike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-hurricanes-in-the-southern-hemisphere">Space hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere</h2>



The research team examined satellite imagery from 2005 to 2016. What they found was phenomenal - 259 space hurricane events.



The Southern Hemisphere space hurricanes turned out to be "twins" of their northern counterparts in terms of their looks and behavior, suggesting they’re driven by the same mechanisms.



These celestial hurricanes strike the Southern Hemisphere most often during the summer, probably because of the planet's magnetic tilt and sunlight exposure levels. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-hurricanes">Impact of hurricanes</h2>



But don't worry, you won't have to duck for cover. Similar to the northern storms, these hurricanes mainly occur at latitudes above 80° (over Antarctica), so the chances of casually spotting one are pretty slim.



A startling discovery was the speed at which these events happen. The researchers found the average plasma velocity around space hurricanes to be approximately 1 kilometer per second. 



To put that into perspective, it's equivalent to a head-spinning 3,600 kilometers per hour, or 2,237 miles per hour – about ten times faster than the normal speed of plasma in the polar cap.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-technology-and-communication">Implications for technology and communication</h2>



Understanding space hurricanes not only satiates our curiosity about the cosmos but also carries significant implications for our technological infrastructure. 



As these phenomena can disrupt satellite communications and navigation systems, ongoing research will inform us about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunspot-region-ar3664-blasted-earth-mars-may-2024-still-very-active/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential hazards</a> and help develop strategies to mitigate their effects. 



This knowledge is paramount in an era where our dependence on satellite technology continues to grow. As we unravel the complexities of space storms, we pave the way for advancements that ensure safer and more reliable communication networks for all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This exploration of space hurricanes sets the groundwork for further studies. The scientists are keen on investigating these hurricanes' 3D characteristics and their impact on our lower atmosphere. Would you believe that they’re even looking at ways to forecast these events?



In the grand scheme of things, the discovery of space hurricanes is just another testament to how little we know about the universe. Every shimmer in the sky or reading on a satellite might be a step towards another phenomenal revelation. 



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JA032753" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>.



Image Credit: NASA



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Space hurricanes are much more common than we thought

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...