Pregnancy is a crucial period that shapes a baby’s future health. While much attention is given to physical well-being, new research highlights the impact of maternal stress on fetal development. 



A study published in the journal European Neuropsychopharmacology suggests that stress during pregnancy may leave epigenetic imprints on placental genes linked to cortisol regulation.



Cortisol plays a key role in fetal growth and stress response, and disruptions in its regulation could have lasting effects on a child’s development.



This discovery emphasizes the importance of maternal mental health. A mother’s emotional state during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-use-during-pregnancy-has-unexpected-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a> does not only affect her but could influence her baby’s well-being from the earliest stages. 



As science uncovers new connections between stress and fetal development, it becomes increasingly clear that prenatal care must include psychological support alongside physical health monitoring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-stress-and-the-placenta">Pregnancy stress and the placenta</h2>



The study was led by Lourdes Fañanás, a professor at the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Biomedicine (<a href="https://www.ub.edu/ibub/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBUB</a>) at the University of Barcelona. The research was co-led by Elisabeth Binder from the <a href="https://www.psych.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a>.



The investigation was focused on how maternal stress can leave biological marks on the placenta. 



The placenta is a vital organ during pregnancy, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. It also responds to external factors, including maternal stress, to help the fetus adapt to its environment.



However, the exact ways in which the placenta adjusts to stressors and influences <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-may-speed-up-aging-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fetal development</a> are still not fully understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-placenta-and-stress-regulation">Placenta and stress regulation </h2>



Epigenetics refers to modifications that affect gene function without changing the DNA sequence. The study found that maternal stress can cause epigenetic changes in placental genes. These changes particularly affect genes involved in cortisol regulation, such as HSD11B2, NR3C1, and FKBP5.



Cortisol is an essential hormone that helps the body respond to stress. In pregnancy, it plays a critical role in fetal development by influencing growth, metabolism, and brain function.



When stress disrupts the proper regulation of cortisol, it could impact the baby’s ability to handle stress after birth. The placenta usually acts as a barrier, controlling how much maternal cortisol reaches the fetus. 



However, if stress alters the placenta’s function through epigenetic changes, it may affect fetal exposure to cortisol and have long-term consequences for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-pregnancy-changes-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child’s health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-stress-related-genes">Changes in stress-related genes</h2>



This pilot study, funded by a CIBERSAM Intramural project, involved 45 first-time pregnant women who were considered healthy. 



Researchers measured their cortisol levels and depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy. After delivery, they collected and analyzed placental samples to examine potential epigenetic changes.



Seven weeks after birth, the babies underwent neuro-developmental assessments using Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (<a href="https://www.childrenshospital.org/research/centers/brazelton-institute-research/nbas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBAS</a>). This test evaluates reflexes, motor abilities, and social responses, providing insights into early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calcium-zinc-are-keys-to-healthier-pregnancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">developmental outcomes</a>. 



The team used advanced sequencing technology to study epigenetic changes in large sections of DNA, offering a detailed look at how the placenta responds to maternal stress.



The findings indicate that stress during early pregnancy may have the strongest effect on these epigenetic changes. The altered genes linked to cortisol regulation suggest that maternal stress may influence fetal development in ways that extend beyond pregnancy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-early-maternal-support">Need for early maternal support</h2>



Águeda Castro, first author of the study and a CIBERSAM researcher at the University of Barcelona, highlighted the importance of supporting maternal mental health from the start of pregnancy.



“This study reinforces the importance of taking care of the mental health of mothers from the beginning of pregnancy, since stress could leave a biological imprint on the baby’s development through epigenetic mechanisms that we are just beginning to understand,” said Castro.



This research adds to growing evidence that maternal stress is not just a temporary concern but one that could shape a child’s future health. 



Mental health care should be an integral part of prenatal care, ensuring that pregnant women receive emotional support alongside physical health monitoring. Addressing stress early on may help prevent long-term developmental challenges in children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-research">Significance of the research</h2>



The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona selected this study as the best scientific publication of November 2024. Its recognition highlights the study’s innovative approach to understanding prenatal health and epigenetics. 



While the research offers important insights, the sample size remains small. More extensive studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore potential interventions.



Future research could focus on identifying risk factors that make some mothers more susceptible to stress-related epigenetic changes. Understanding these risks may help develop targeted interventions to support expectant mothers, particularly those in vulnerable situations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approach-to-prenatal-care">New approach to prenatal care</h2>



Pregnancy care has traditionally focused on nutrition, physical health, and fetal monitoring. However, this study suggests that mental health deserves equal attention. 



Stress management techniques, psychological support, and early interventions could improve maternal well-being and contribute to healthier pregnancies.



By prioritizing emotional health during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-in-the-placenta-linked-to-preterm-births/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a>, healthcare providers can help ensure better outcomes for both mothers and their babies. 



As research continues to uncover the biological links between stress and fetal development, integrating mental health care into routine prenatal visits may become an essential part of maternal care.



While more research is needed, this study emphasizes the deep connection between a mother’s mental state and her baby’s development. Taking care of expectant mothers’ emotional well-being is not just beneficial for them - it may shape the long-term health of the next generation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X24007375?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Neuropsychopharmacology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Pregnancy stress may have lasting effects on fetal development

Pregnancy is a crucial period that shapes a baby’s future health. While much attention is given to physical well-being, new research highlights the impact of maternal stress on fetal development. A study published in the journal European Neuropsychopharmacology suggests that stress during pregnancy may leave epigenetic imprints on placental genes linked to cortisol regulation. Cortisol plays a key role in fetal growth and stress response, and disruptions in its regulation could have lasting effects on a child’s development. This discovery emphasizes the importance of maternal mental health....

The humble egg has been a subject of much debate in nutritional health circles. For years, scientists have scrambled to understand whether eggs belong in a healthy diet, with conflicting results both praising and demonizing them. 



A recent study by Catherine J. Andersen, an associate professor at the <a href="https://cahnr.uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources</a>, might just tip the scales or, at the very least, add substantial nuance to the conversation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eggs-and-health-a-contested-relationship">Eggs and health: A contested relationship</h2>



Eggs are notorious dietary paradoxes, packed with high-quality protein and vital nutrients. Yet, they also contain cholesterol, which is often implicated in health concerns. 



Some researchers highlight eggs increasing LDL ("bad") cholesterol and inflammatory markers, potentially heightening the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Conversely, others emphasize the egg's nutritional bounty, suggesting a positive health impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-new-ground-in-egg-research">Breaking new ground in egg research</h2>



In a significant leap from standard research approaches, Andersen's study offers a more expansive view. Traditional studies often narrow their focus to isolated clinical measurements. These normally include specific biomarkers for chronic diseases. 



Most studies typically involve participants already at risk, and their dietary changes often extend beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-high-iq-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">egg consumption</a> alone, muddying conclusive interpretations.



Andersen's team, however, embarked on a comprehensive investigation. They examined an array of health measurements akin to those in a routine physical examination, providing a panoramic view of eggs' health impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-egg-consumption-and-health">Examining egg consumption and health</h2>



Participants in the study, young and healthy adults, were instructed to consume either no eggs, three egg whites, or three whole eggs daily, with the freedom to prepare them as desired. This approach mirrors real-life dietary habits, enhancing the study's relevance to the general public.



One notable discovery was the significant rise in blood choline -- a crucial nutrient abundant in egg yolks -- in participants who consumed whole eggs. Despite fears around choline's association with increased TMAO levels (a metabolite connected to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/egg-consumption-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>), the study found no such increase in TMAO. This finding, in effect, decoupled choline and TMAO's linked narrative.



Furthermore, Andersen's study saw no detrimental changes in inflammatory or blood cholesterol markers. Intriguingly, whole eggs seemed to have a less adverse effect on diabetes-associated markers than egg whites, defying some prevalent dietary assumptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-density-of-eggs-and-overall-health">Nutrient density of eggs and overall health</h2>



The study’s findings challenge the tunnel-vision focus on cholesterol. Participants <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/an-egg-a-day-may-keep-the-heart-doctor-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating whole eggs</a> had diets richer in nutrients overall, evidenced by an increase in hematocrit levels. These markers indicate healthier blood with more red cells and less risk of anemia.



Andersen emphasizes the importance of this holistic perspective: "If you observe a less positive shift in one marker, you might also see beneficial shifts in others, providing a more balanced view of eggs' nutritional impact."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factoring-in-gender-and-medication">Factoring in gender and medication</h2>



Adding another layer to this complex nutritional puzzle, the study accounted for gender differences and common medication use -- specifically, combination oral birth control. The researchers identified subtle differences between females on the pill and those not, with some unexpected twists.



Contrary to expectations, women not on birth control experienced a more considerable increase in the total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio, generally deemed a heart disease risk factor. This finding contradicts common perceptions of hormonal birth control's metabolic impacts.



Additionally, the study observed changes in blood monocytes, vital immune system components, highlighting the nuanced interactions between diet, medication, and immune response.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-personalizing-nutrition">Future directions: Personalizing nutrition</h2>



Andersen's study is a stepping stone toward more granular research on eating eggs and overall health. She plans to delve into HDL particles' composition and their interaction with immune cells, given HDL's newly discovered role in protein carriage, extending beyond cholesterol transport.



This research aligns with a growing trend in nutritional science: personalized nutrition. Experts are increasingly advocating a move away from one-size-fits-all dietary guidelines. Scientists are recognizing that factors like age, sex, genetics, and microbiome composition can influence dietary impacts.



"The aim is precision in nutritional recommendations," Andersen explains, reflecting a broader ambition within her department and the field at large. "We're beginning to explore how individual responses to diet can vary based on a host of factors."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-eggs-health-conundrum">Cracking the eggs/health conundrum</h2>



While the debate on eggs and health is far from settled, Andersen's research illuminates the discussion. She has moved beyond the cholesterol-centric discourse, highlighting the need for a nuanced, individualized approach to nutrition. 



By embracing complexity and context in dietary research, scientists are paving the way for more informed and personalized health decisions. The egg debate underscores the evolving understanding that what we eat isn't simply good or bad -- it's part of an intricate bio-nutritional narrative that we are just beginning to understand.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3747" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Are eggs good for our health?

The humble egg has been a subject of much debate...

In the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-kingfishers-dive-without-hurting-their-brains/">birds</a>, courtship often involves captivating dances, melodious songs, intricate gifts, and dazzling feathers. However, recent research has focused on a less-explored aspect of avian romance - the role of facial features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-phenomenon-nbsp">Unique phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



A study led by Professor Masayo Soma at <a href="https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a> reveals that in pair-bonded Java sparrows, the enlargement of their eye rings signifies their readiness for breeding. 



“Breeding-related blushing in primates is well studied, as they show conspicuous changes. For example, in rhesus macaque, males with redder faces appear more attractive to females. Other primates, like mandrills, use it to assert dominance. Birds also display colorful bare areas, like beaks and legs, but blood-flow based blush coloring in birds has gone largely unnoticed,” explained Professor Soma.



“In Java sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora), both sexes have bright pink bare skin around their eyes that swell when the birds are in breeding condition. We predicted that changes in eye rings would reflect physiological conditions and signal fertility, especially among mating pairs."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-monogamy-nbsp">Social monogamy&nbsp;</h2>



Java sparrows are recognized for their social monogamy, marked by mutual courtship and long-lasting bonds.&nbsp;



With this in mind, the researchers theorized that the eye ring transformations could potentially mirror their physiological states - signaling fertility, especially among mating pairs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Spanning 12 weeks, the study was focused on 44 mature sparrows from a laboratory populace. Looking for alterations in eye ring size, the team compared bird mating pairs with other sparrows.&nbsp;



"We compared individual changes in the eye ring size between birds paired with preferred mates, those paired with non-preferred opposite-sex individuals, and single birds," said Professor Soma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-preparedness-nbsp">Mating preparedness&nbsp;</h2>



The conclusions were revealing: a marked upsurge in the eye rings was discernible among the paired partners. This transformation was conspicuously absent in solitary birds or those coupled with non-preferred partners.



The swollen eye rings, being more dynamic than plumage, can swiftly signify mating preparedness.&nbsp;



“Java sparrows are native to the tropics and breed most of the year. Morphological changes signaling fertility are important for ensuring reproductive synchrony - especially in the tropics, where seasonal cues are absent,” noted Professor Soma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-java-sparrows-nbsp">More about Java sparrows&nbsp;</h2>



Java sparrows, known scientifically as Lonchura oryzivora, are small birds originally native to the islands of Indonesia - especially Java, Bali, and Sumatra. Over time, they have been introduced to various other parts of the world.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Java sparrows are easily recognizable due to their bright pink beaks and eye rings, contrasting with their grey upperparts, white cheeks, and black head-throat. Their size typically ranges from 15 to 17 centimeters in length.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



In their native range, Java sparrows inhabit open grasslands, tree-studded marshes, and cultivated areas, especially where rice is grown, which leads to their alternative name, the Java Rice Bird.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Primarily seed-eaters, Java sparrows have a particular fondness for rice, which unfortunately often results in them being seen as pests by farmers in areas where rice is cultivated. Their diet in captivity can include millet, sprouted seeds, and various fruits and vegetables.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



These birds are monogamous, forming strong pair bonds. In the wild, they often nest in tree hollows or building crevices, laying a clutch of 4-8 eggs. In captivity, they can be encouraged to breed using nest boxes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



Java sparrows are social birds, often seen in flocks, especially outside the breeding season. They have a pleasant, bubbly song, which is one reason they've been popular in the pet trade.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-status-and-conservation">Status and conservation</h3>



The wild population of Java sparrows has declined in recent decades due to habitat loss, hunting, and the pet trade.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292074">PLoS ONE</a>.&nbsp;



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Java sparrows get swollen eye rings when they're ready to mate

In the world of birds, courtship often involves captivating dances,...

A new study from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> reveals that sunflower extracts could be a natural solution to extend the life of blueberries.&nbsp;



It can be very disappointing to open a pack of blueberries and find them covered in fuzzy mold. This is not just unpleasant for consumers. Gray mold and its fungal counterparts play a significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-fruit-waste-to-extract-energy/">fruit</a> rot, leading to substantial economic setbacks and adding to the global concern of food wastage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunflower-waste">Sunflower waste</h2>



However, the ACS study reveals that compounds derived from what is typically considered waste in sunflower crops can potentially shield blueberries from rot.



While sunflowers are globally grown for their seeds and the oil they produce, their flower stems, termed "receptacles," have largely been dismissed as waste.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Researchers Xiao-Dong Luo and Yun Zhao recognized the sunflower's impressive resistance to numerous plant diseases and questioned whether these discarded receptacles might harbor chemicals that provide this resilience.



The primary goal was to discover if these chemicals could be utilized to protect fruits from fungal pathogens. This could potentially offer an alternative to the harmful chemical fungicides that are often linked to toxicity and the development of resistance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-chemicals-nbsp">Active chemicals&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers extracted compounds from sunflower stems using methanol and ethyl acetate. Their primary focus was on a group of chemicals known as diterpenoids, renowned for their biological activity.&nbsp;



The results were promising. Out of the 17 diterpenoids they identified, four were entirely new discoveries. The majority of these natural chemicals exhibited significant activity against the notorious gray mold.



Further studies on the sunflower extracts revealed their potent mechanism of action. Four of the diterpenoids - including both of the newly discovered compounds - had the ability to damage the plasma membrane of the gray mold fungus.&nbsp;



This damage resulted in leakage from the fungal cells and hindered its capability to form biofilms – a key element in its growth and survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers went a step further to test the real-world application of their findings. After treating blueberries with the sunflower receptacle extracts, they subjected these fruits to mold spores. Over the span of six days, the extracts successfully defended nearly 50 percent of the blueberries from mold colonization.



The research paves the way for a new, natural method of safeguarding fruits from postharvest diseases. By harnessing the power of sunflower stem extracts, the food industry may soon have an eco-friendly, effective tool against fungal invaders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sunflower-extract">More about sunflower extract</h2>



Sunflower extract is more than just a byproduct of a beautiful flower. Its rich composition makes it a popular choice for various applications, from skincare to food preservation. Sunflowers, scientifically known as Helianthus annuus, contain an array of beneficial compounds:



<ul>
<li>Sunflower seeds are an excellent source of Vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that can combat oxidative stress.</li>



<li>Sunflower oil, extracted from its seeds, primarily contains linoleic acid, which can be beneficial for skin health.</li>



<li>Phytosterols are compounds that can support heart health and lower cholesterol levels.</li>



<li>Saponins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids found in sunflowers have antioxidant properties and can be beneficial for overall health.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-and-hair-care">Skin and hair care</h3>



Due to its rich Vitamin E content, sunflower extract is often found in skincare and haircare products. The fatty acids in sunflower oil help to maintain the skin's natural barrier, assisting in moisture retention.



Antioxidants in the extract can combat free radicals, potentially reducing signs of aging. Sunflower oil can also soothe and nourish the scalp, possibly preventing hair thinning.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits">Health benefits</h3>



The phytosterols in sunflower seeds have been linked to reducing cholesterol, which can support heart health.



Various compounds in sunflowers can combat oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases. Furthermore, certain compounds in sunflower extract can reduce inflammation.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Sunflower extracts shield blueberries from fruit rot

A new study from the American Chemical Society reveals that...

Recent studies from <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Dornsife</a> have raised alarms about a massive number of undiagnosed cases of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in America.&nbsp;



The research suggests that among the 8 million Americans who have mild cognitive impairment, more than 90 percent are unaware of their condition.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mild-cognitive-impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</h2>



While many people dismiss forgetfulness as a normal sign of aging, it could be an indicator of mild cognitive impairment.&nbsp;



This condition is a precursor to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bodybuilding-supplement-called-helps-prevent-alzheimers-disease/">Alzheimer’s</a> disease, which makes early diagnosis vital for taking preventative measures or benefiting from treatments.&nbsp;



However, most cases of mild cognitive impairment remain undetected, as highlighted by two parallel studies from the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings">Alarming findings</h2>



In the first study, published in the journal Alzheimer’s Research &amp; Therapy, data from 40 million Medicare beneficiaries showed that less than eight percent of MCI cases had been diagnosed. This means that out of the predicted 8 million MCI cases, about 7.4 million remain undiagnosed.



“This study is meant to raise awareness of the problem,” said Soeren Mattke, director of the Brain Health Observatory at USC Dornsife’s Center for Economic and Social Research, who led the investigations.&nbsp;



“We want to say, ‘Pay attention to early changes in cognition, and tell your doctor about them. Ask for an evaluation.’ We want to reach physicians to say, ‘There’s a measurable difference between aging and pathologic cognitive decline, and detecting the latter early might identify those patients who would benefit from recently approved Alzheimer’s treatments.'"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socioeconomic-factors-nbsp">Socioeconomic factors&nbsp;</h2>



The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is associated with socio-economic and clinical factors. Conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes heighten the MCI risk.&nbsp;



Unfortunately, these health issues are more prevalent among members of historically disadvantaged groups, including those with less education. These groups also face poorer MCI detection rates, leading to a double jeopardy of higher risks and lower diagnoses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underdiagnosed-cases">Underdiagnosed cases</h2>



The second study, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2023.131" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease</a>, found that a staggering 99 percent of the 200,000 surveyed primary care clinicians underdiagnosed mild cognitive impairment.&nbsp;



“There’s really just a tiny fraction of physicians in a position to diagnose MCI who would find these cases early enough for maximum therapeutic potential,” explained Mattke.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Understanding mild cognitive impairment is crucial because it refers to cognitive functioning levels and not a disease.&nbsp;



With MCI, challenges to everyday functioning tend to be more sporadic, said Soo Borson from the Keck School of Medicine. She noted that mild cognitive impairment can come in various forms, and forgetfulness is the most familiar form.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-diagnosis">Challenges in diagnosis</h2>



Several barriers contribute to the underdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, including the patient’s lack of awareness and the potential for a doctor to miss the signs. Also, clinical visits often neglect brain health discussions.



Mattke believes in risk-based MCI detection. Focusing on high-risk individuals could make the diagnosis process more efficient. Detection rates may be improved by digital tests administered prior to clinical visits.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-treatment">Early treatment</h2>



Early treatment is vital, said Mattke, because the brain is limited in its ability to recover - brain cells, once lost, do not grow back, and any damage can no longer be repaired.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“For MCI caused by Alzheimer’s disease, the earlier you treat the better your outcomes. This means even though the disease may be slowly progressing, every day counts.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Millions of Americans have mild cognitive impairment and don't know it

Recent studies from USC Dornsife have raised alarms about a...

In a new study that transforms our understanding of the Martian landscape, researchers led by Benjamin Cardenas, assistant professor of geosciences at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>, have unveiled evidence suggesting that the red planet was once abundant with rivers. The research team paints a picture of a Martian past that could have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-mars-rover-finds-more-compelling-evidence-for-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harbored life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-a-planet-of-rivers">Mars: A planet of rivers</h2>



The study indicates that numerous craters on Mars, previously overlooked in this context, may have once been active riverbeds. 



"We’re finding evidence that Mars was likely a planet of rivers," Cardenas explains, alluding to the widespread signs across the Martian surface pointing towards an aqueously abundant past.



This revelation challenges the long-standing perceptions of Mars as a largely dry and barren landscape, reinvigorating the scientific community's pursuit to uncover the planet's enigmatic past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peering-into-the-martian-past">Peering into the Martian past</h2>



The cornerstone of this pioneering study is the innovative use of numerical models to simulate the erosion patterns on Mars. The research team delved into the erosion processes that have shaped the Martian surface over millennia. They discovered that the commonly found crater formations, known as bench-and-nose landforms, are likely the remnants of ancient riverbeds.



This technique marked the first instance of using a combination of satellite data, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-explores-mars-ridge-with-intriguing-watery-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity rover</a> images, and 3D scans of stratigraphy (rock layers deposited over millions of years) beneath the Gulf of Mexico seafloor. Combined, these data sources offer a comprehensive view of Martian geological history. 



Through this intricate analysis, the team unearthed a new interpretation for these Martian crater formations, associating them with <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Curiosity-rover_Selfie_at_Mont_Mercou-Mars_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eroded river deposits</a>.



Cardenas highlights the significance of this stratigraphic interpretation, stating, "This analysis is not a snapshot, but a record of change. What we see on Mars today is the remnants of an active geologic history, not some landscape frozen in time."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluvial-ridges-and-mars-river-deposits">Fluvial ridges and Mars river deposits</h2>



Previous Martian studies identified certain erosional landforms, known as fluvial ridges, as potential candidates for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-look-to-mars-to-help-clarify-how-river-paths-change-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient river deposits</a>. However, this new study broadens the scope of investigation. The team recognized signs of river deposits in bench-and-nose landforms that have never before been connected to ancient rivers.



Cardenas enthuses, "This suggests that there could be undiscovered river deposits elsewhere on the planet, and that an even larger section of the Martian sedimentary record could have been built by rivers during a habitable period of Mars history."



Reflecting on the implications for life, he adds, "On Earth, river corridors are so important for life, chemical cycles, nutrient cycles, and sediment cycles. Everything is pointing to these rivers behaving similarly on Mars."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-stratigraphy-sheds-light-on-mars">Earth’s stratigraphy sheds light on Mars</h2>



In a creative twist, the research team repurposed 25-year-old scans of Earth’s stratigraphy from beneath the Gulf of Mexico, collected by oil companies, for their Martian studies. These scans, Cardenas notes, provided an "ideal comparison to Mars," aiding in the simulation of Mars-like erosion.



The team's simulations revealed Martian landscapes shaped into topographic benches and noses, mirroring the landforms observed by the Curiosity rover inside Gale crater, rather than the fluvial ridges previously associated with such features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hopeful-horizon-ancient-life-on-mars">Hopeful horizon: Ancient life on Mars</h2>



This study does more than reconstruct the ancient Martian environment. It also ignites new hope for uncovering signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-may-have-finally-discovered-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past life on the red planet</a>. 



"Our research indicates that Mars could have had far more rivers than previously believed, which certainly paints a more optimistic view of ancient life on Mars," asserts Cardenas.



The discovery, suggesting that most of the Martian landscape once possessed the right conditions for life, marks a monumental stride in planetary science, reshaping our understanding of our celestial neighbor.



The research, co-authored with Kaitlyn Stacey, a doctoral candidate in planetary geosciences at Penn State, received funding from a <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2020/subject-c3-solar-system-workings-and-c12-planetary-instrument-concepts-advancement-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Solar System Workings Grant</a>, underscoring its significance in the continued exploration of our solar system.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103618" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Mars was once a "planet of rivers" that could have easily harbored life

In a new study that transforms our understanding of the...

Ever since Charles Darwin found an intriguing family of finches in the Galapagos, a question about animal diversity has persisted: Why is there an abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/">species</a> in some places on Earth and a scarcity in others?&nbsp;



A recent study led by <a href="https://www.usu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a> has unlocked a new piece of this puzzle.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-diversity-nbsp">Animal diversity&nbsp;</h2>



By utilizing an expansive dataset of global-scale climate information and employing an innovative approach, the researchers have pinpointed certain factors that seem to play an important role in determining animal diversity.



The research indicates that the dietary habits of animals, coupled with the climate conditions of their habitats, have a significant influence on biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution-of-species">Distribution of species</h2>



“Historically studies looking at the distribution of species across Earth's latitudinal gradient have overlooked the role of trophic ecology - how what animals eat impacts where they are found,” explained study co-author Trisha Atwood from the Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center.&nbsp;



“This new work shows that predators, omnivores and herbivores are not randomly scattered across the globe. There are patterns to where we find these groups of animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pivotal-factors-nbsp">Pivotal factors&nbsp;</h2>



Taking a closer look at these animal diversity patterns, it is obvious that regions like parts of Africa, Europe, and Greenland are unexpectedly packed with carnivores.&nbsp;



Herbivores seem to favor cooler climes, while warm regions witness a dominance of omnivores. Two pivotal factors play a role in this distribution: precipitation and the rate of plant growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precipitation-patterns">Precipitation patterns</h2>



Precipitation patterns across time play a big role in determining where different groups of mammals thrive, said Atwood. Geographical areas where precipitation varies by season, without being too extreme, had the highest levels of mammal diversity.



“Keep in mind that we aren’t talking about the total amount of rain," noted study lead author Jaron Adkins.&nbsp;



“If you imagine ecosystems around the world on a scale of precipitation and season, certain places in Utah and the Amazon rainforest fall on one end with low variability - they have steady levels of precipitation throughout the year."



"Other regions, like southern California, have really high variability, getting about 75 percent of the annual precipitation between December and March.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gross-primary-productivity-nbsp">Gross primary productivity&nbsp;</h2>



The second pivotal factor, the "gross primary productivity," essentially gauges the volume of plant growth in a particular region.&nbsp;



While one would expect plant growth to predominantly affect herbivores, the research unveiled a stronger connection between carnivores and plant growth.



“It was surprising that this factor was more important for predators than omnivores and herbivores,” Atwood said. “Why this is remains a mystery.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevailing-climate-conditions">Prevailing climate conditions</h2>



The research suggests that while evolutionary processes spur variances in species, prevailing climate conditions can tweak rates of evolutionary shifts, extinction, and animal dispersal, thus influencing both species and trait-based richness.



These insights are especially important in an era where animal diversity is plummeting due to habitat degradation and climate disruptions.



“Animal diversity can act as an alarm system for the stability of ecosystems,” Atwood said. “Identifying the ecological mechanisms that help drive richness patterns provides insight for better managing and predicting how diversity could change under future climates.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.14306" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Animal diversity is driven by global precipitation patterns

Ever since Charles Darwin found an intriguing family of finches...

Researchers at Tulane University have found that climbing more than five flights of stairs a day can cut your risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/">heart disease</a> by 20 percent. This challenges the popular notion that you must achieve 10,000 daily steps for optimal health benefits.&nbsp;



The study emphasizes that even a mere 50 steps of stair climbing each day could significantly reduce your risk of heart disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease">Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</h2>



The research provides a new perspective on the role of stair climbing in combating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).&nbsp;



This disease, together with coronary artery disease and stroke, stand as the predominant causes of mortality on a global scale.



“Short bursts of high-intensity stair climbing are a time-efficient way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and lipid profile, especially among those unable to achieve the current physical activity recommendations,” said study co-author Dr. Lu Qi, a professor at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine.&nbsp;



“These findings highlight the potential advantages of stair climbing as a primary preventive measure for ASCVD in the general population.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-study-stair-climbing">How to study stair climbing </h2>



The researchers analyzed data from the UK Biobank for 450,000 adults. They accounted for family history, established risk factors, genetic predispositions, and the participants’ lifestyle habits.



The goal was to measure the susceptibility of the subjects to cardiovascular diseases. Notably, the average follow-up time was 12.5 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stair-climbing-has-benefits-for-all">Stair climbing has benefits for all</h2>



The results were remarkable, showing that individuals who were less predisposed to cardiovascular disease benefited most from increased stair climbing.&nbsp;



However, Dr. Qi stated that even the higher risk individuals can "effectively offset" this susceptibility by adopting daily stair climbing.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-effects-of-stair-climbing-nbsp">Protective effects of stair climbing&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Qi pointed out that stairs offer a "low-cost, accessible way to incorporate exercise into daily routines."



He also noted that the study provides novel evidence for the protective effects of stair climbing on the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, particularly for individuals with multiple risk factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



"Climbing more than five flights of stairs (approx 50 steps) daily was associated with a lower risk of ASCVD types independent of disease susceptibility," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Participants who stopped stair climbing between the baseline and resurvey had a higher risk of ASCVD compared with those who never climbed stairs."



Such insights urge us to reconsider our daily routines and potentially introduce a simple yet effective habit of climbing stairs for a healthier heart.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(23)05221-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atherosclerosis</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-exercise-and-heart-health">More about exercise and heart health</h2>



Exercise, such as climbing a few flights of stairs as discussed above, is undeniably linked to heart health. Engaging in regular physical activity offers a plethora of benefits for cardiovascular well-being. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-circulation">Improved circulation</h3>



Regular exercise aids in enhancing the circulatory system. As you engage in aerobic activities, your heart rate increases, promoting better blood flow.&nbsp;



Over time, this can lead to a more efficient heart, which means it can pump more blood with fewer beats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-blood-pressure">Lower blood pressure</h3>



Exercise helps reduce blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. It aids in keeping the arterial walls flexible, which can mitigate the risk of high blood pressure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cholesterol-management">Cholesterol management</h3>



Physical activity can raise levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the "good" cholesterol, while decreasing levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the "bad" cholesterol. This balance is beneficial for preventing arterial blockage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-control">Weight control</h3>



Exercise, combined with a balanced diet, helps control weight. Obesity is a significant risk factor for heart disease.&nbsp;



By managing weight, one reduces the strain on the heart and lowers the risk of developing other complications like diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthened-heart-muscle">Strengthened heart muscle</h3>



Like any muscle, the heart gets stronger with exercise. A stronger heart can pump blood more efficiently, ensuring that all body parts receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-inflammation">Reduced inflammation</h3>



Regular exercise can reduce inflammation, a key contributor to many heart-related diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-reduction">Stress reduction</h3>



Physical activity acts as a natural stress reliever. Chronic stress has been linked to heart disease. By reducing stress levels, you're indirectly safeguarding your heart.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-sugar-control">Blood sugar control</h3>



Exercise helps regulate blood sugar levels, decreasing the risk of type 2 diabetes, a known risk factor for heart disease.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decreased-risk-of-arrhythmia">Decreased risk of arrhythmia</h3>



Regular exercise can lead to a lower chance of experiencing irregular heart rhythms, or arrhythmias.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-mental-well-being">Enhanced mental well-being</h3>



Exercise has been shown to improve mood and decrease symptoms of depression.&nbsp;Given that mental well-being and heart health are interconnected, this is an added advantage.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Climbing a few flights of stairs may be better than 10,000 steps

Researchers at Tulane University have found that climbing more than...

Hamadryas,Baboon,,Papio,Hamadryas,,From,Ethiopia,In,Africa.,Wild,Mammal

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity of wisdom and learning, held a unique connection with the animal kingdom. His association with the hamadryas baboon not only underscores the religious complexity of the time but also presents a puzzle that has long perplexed historians and biologists alike: the journey of baboons to Egypt. 



Researchers recently unraveled this mystery, nestled at the intersection of biology, anthropology, and Egyptology. The findings shed light on early globalization, human-wildlife interactions, and the cultural significance of these sacred animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-baboons-of-egypt-and-thoth">Sacred baboons of Egypt and Thoth</h2>



Historical records well-document the ancient Egyptians' veneration of animals. Various deities portray creatures that were, in many cases, foreign to the Nile Valley. Thoth, revered for his knowledge, often appeared in the form of a hamadryas baboon, a species not native to Egypt.



Ancient Egyptians imported, mummified, and offered these baboons as votive tokens. They served as a tangible link between the populace and their gods. However, the origins of these sacred animals, how they were transported to Egypt, and the reasons for their divine status have been subjects of scholarly debate for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-origins">Tracing the origins</h2>



Biologist Gisela Kopp's intriguing research took on these enigmatic questions. The study is emblematic of interdisciplinary collaboration. It brought together biologists, anthropologists, and Egyptologists in a collective effort to trace the geographic origins of mummified baboons found in Egypt.



Employing advanced genetic analysis techniques, Kopp and her team examined the mitochondrial genomes of the baboon mummies. She compared them with contemporary samples from various regions in Africa. This extensive comparison, facilitated by the consistent genetic variance among baboon populations over time, enabled researchers to pinpoint the baboons’ original habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-historical-trade-routes">Unearthing historical trade routes</h2>



Anthropologist Nathaniel Dominy contributed earlier research using stable isotopes to trace the baboons' geography. The combined insights from genetic analysis and chemical signatures led the team to an astonishing discovery. The baboons were native to the Horn of Africa, specifically a region within modern-day Eritrea.



This finding resonates with historical accounts of the ancient port of Adulis. This popular destination gained its reputation from flourishing trade in luxury goods and rare animals, including baboons. The revelation gains significance against the backdrop of Punt, a legendary land referenced in ancient Egyptian texts as a source of precious commodities.



The precise location of Punt has eluded historians. However, its importance as a possible lynchpin in early global maritime trade networks is undebatable. 



Gisela Kopp's research intriguingly suggests that Punt and Adulis could represent the same geographical location. It was simply known by different names across eras. The convergence of biological data with historical analysis provided the key to linking these two places.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baboons-egypt-and-cultural-context">Baboons, Egypt, and cultural context</h2>



The representation of baboons in Egyptian lore, exclusive to the region, raises compelling cultural questions. They are considered pests in societies where they naturally occur due to their crop-damaging behavior. In ancient Egypt, however, these animals were revered and symbolically linked to the divine.



The reasons behind this cultural dichotomy remain speculative. However, the practice of mass mummification of baboons highlights the sophisticated interaction between humans and wildlife during that period. It also points to a complex coexistence that extended beyond domestication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-dna-offers-new-avenues">Ancient DNA offers new avenues</h2>



Remarkably, Kopp's research marks a pioneering venture in the field of biology. It represents the first successful analysis of ancient DNA extracted from mummified non-human primates. This achievement paves the way for new studies into the historical dynamics of human-wildlife engagement, genetic diversity, and disease transmission patterns.



The interactions of ancient Egyptians with rare animals, evidenced through mummification, underscore the intricate relationships that humans have shared with the wild. These practices, extraordinary for their time, open a window into understanding the environmental, social, and possibly even epidemiological aspects of human history.



In summary, the journey of baboons in ancient Egypt, from sacred deities to a scientific enigma, traverses through various facets of human knowledge. As we unravel these mysteries, we gain more than just historical insight. We also uncover layers of our relationship with nature, trade, culture, and technology. 



Gisela Kopp's study, thus, stands as a testament to the power of interdisciplinary research in rewriting history, offering new perspectives on our shared past, and inspiring a deeper exploration into the annals of human civilization.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/87513" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Mummified baboons in Egypt: Where did they come from and how did they get there?

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity...

A team of scientists from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> in Canada has successfully developed advanced, plant-based materials that lay the groundwork for a new generation of soft medical microrobots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-robots">Plant-based robots</h2>



The tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/">robots</a> are designed to perform medical tasks such as biopsies and the transport of cells and tissues, in a manner that is minimally invasive. They can navigate through tight and fluid-filled environments, similar to the human body, and can precisely deliver delicate and light cargo, like cells or tissues, to a specific destination.



With a maximum length of one centimeter, these plant-based robots are biocompatible and non-toxic. They are crafted from sophisticated hydrogel composites that incorporate environmentally-friendly cellulose nanoparticles derived from plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-microrobots-nbsp">Revolutionary microrobots&nbsp;</h2>



Leading this groundbreaking research is Hamed Shahsavan, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Waterloo. The project represents a comprehensive approach to the design, synthesis, formation, and control of microrobots.&nbsp;



The hydrogel utilized in this research has the ability to change its shape when it comes into contact with external chemical stimuli. Controlling the orientation of cellulose nanoparticles allows the researchers to program these shape changes, which is crucial for the creation of functional soft robots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-technology-nbsp">Innovative technology&nbsp;</h2>



“In my research group, we are bridging the old and new,” said Shahsavan. “We introduce emerging microrobots by leveraging traditional soft matter like hydrogels, liquid crystals, and colloids.”



Another innovative aspect of this smart material is its self-healing capacity, which enables the programming of a wide range of robot shapes. The material can be cut and reattached without the need for glue or other adhesives, allowing for the formation of various shapes tailored to different medical procedures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-properties-nbsp">Magnetic properties&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the material can be augmented with magnetic properties to aid in the movement of the soft robots within the human body. To showcase how the robot would maneuver through the body, the researchers demonstrated its movement through a maze using a magnetic field.



“Chemical engineers play a critical role in pushing the frontiers of medical microrobotics research,” Shahsavan explained. 



“Interestingly, tackling the many grand challenges in microrobotics requires the skillset and knowledge chemical engineers possess, including heat and mass transfer, fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, polymers, soft matter science, and biochemical systems. So, we are uniquely positioned to introduce innovative avenues in this emerging field.”



The researchers’ next objective is to reduce the robot’s size to submillimeter dimensions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-based-materials">More about plant-based materials</h2>



Plant-based materials have gained increasing importance due to their sustainable and renewable nature. These materials often have a reduced carbon footprint, utilize fewer resources in their production, and can be biodegradable, making them preferable for a range of applications as the world seeks more sustainable solutions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bio-plastics">Bio-plastics</h3>



These are derived from renewable sources like corn starch, potato starch, and sugarcane. They serve as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics and are used in packaging, agriculture, and consumer goods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp">Hemp</h3>



Used for thousands of years, hemp fibers can be utilized in textiles, papers, and building materials like "hempcrete". The seeds can be processed into oil or used in foods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bamboo">Bamboo</h3>



A rapid-growing grass, bamboo is used in construction, furniture, textiles (like bamboo rayon), and even disposable items such as cutlery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellulose">Cellulose</h3>



Found in the cell walls of plants, it's the basis for materials like rayon, cellophane, and cellulose acetate. Cellulose-based textiles like Tencel (lyocell) are known for their softness and sustainability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cork">Cork</h3>



Harvested from the cork oak tree, this material is used in flooring, bulletin boards, and, most commonly, wine stoppers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-leather">Mycelium leather</h3>



Derived from the root system of fungi, mycelium can be cultivated to create a leather-like material, which is biodegradable and can be used in fashion and upholstery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinatex">Piñatex</h3>



A type of leather alternative derived from the fibers of pineapple leaves. It's used in fashion, accessories, and upholstery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flax">Flax</h3>



This plant's fibers can be used to produce linen, a textile known for its durability and comfort. Flax seeds are also a nutritional food source.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agar">Agar</h3>



A gelatinous substance derived from red algae, it's used in culinary applications as a vegetarian gelatin substitute and in biotechnology for culturing purposes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chitosan">Chitosan</h3>



Derived from the shells of crustaceans and certain fungi, it's used in medical applications, water purification, and cosmetics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seaweed">Seaweed</h3>



Apart from culinary uses, seaweed can be transformed into bioplastics, textiles, and biofuels.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41874-7">Nature Communications</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Plant-based materials could revolutionize medical microrobots

A team of scientists from the University of Waterloo in...

The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting trillions of bacteria that significantly influence our well-being. The diversity of this community of microorganisms, particularly in our gut, plays a pivotal role in our overall health. However, the sources contributing to this diversity have long been a subject of scientific curiosity and investigation.



Historically, research has underscored the importance of maternal microbiomes being passed on to infants during birth and through breastfeeding. Yet, the journey of understanding doesn't stop there, as researchers continue to unearth further sources that contribute to our bacterial diversity.



An important study led by Wisnu Adi Wicaksono and Gabriele Berg from the Institute of Environmental Biotechnology at Graz University of Technology (<a href="https://www.tugraz.at" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TU Graz</a>) has shed light on a previously underexplored source of gut microbiome diversity. 



The research focused on the microorganisms derived from plant matter, specifically fruits and vegetables. Findings from the study reveal a direct connection between our diet's plant content and the composition of our gut bacterial community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-habits-influencing-gut-microbes">Dietary habits influencing gut microbes</h2>



Frequent fruit and vegetable consumption has a significant impact on enhancing the population of fruit- and vegetable-associated bacteria within the human gut. Remarkably, early childhood emerges as a critical period for these plant-associated bacteria to settle in the gut. This discovery hints at long-term health implications based on dietary habits formed during the early years of life.



Furthermore, the study highlights the beneficial characteristics of these plant-origin microorganisms, noting their probiotic nature and health-promoting properties. This finding not only advocates for a plant-rich diet, but also opens up new avenues for nutritional strategies aimed at improving gut health. Furthermore, by extension, strategies aimed at the individual's overall health status.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-microbiomes-to-human-gut-health">Plant microbiomes to human gut health</h2>



Understanding the interconnectedness between various microbiomes is a nuanced and complex task. The team's achievement in proving that microorganisms from fruits and vegetables can indeed colonize the human gut marks a first in the scientific community, elucidating the intricate relationship between what we consume and how our gut microbiome is shaped.



This revelation carries profound implications for human health, particularly concerning the immune system's development in the early stages of life and the overall resilience and wellness of individuals.



Gabriele Berg, head of the Institute, sums up the phenomenon succinctly. She says, "Diversity influences the resilience of the whole organism; higher diversity conveys more resilience." This statement encapsulates the broader health implications of a diverse gut microbiome, reflecting its capacity to impact every aspect of human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-microbiome-data">Unraveling microbiome data</h2>



To substantiate their findings, the researchers embarked on a meticulous process of analyzing extensive metagenome data from roughly 2500 stool samples, involving several billion sequences. They established a comprehensive catalogue of microbiome data associated with fruits and vegetables. This step was instrumental in identifying corresponding bacteria within human gut flora.



Their analysis incorporated data from the <a href="https://teddy.epi.usf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TEDDY project</a>, focusing on infants, and the <a href="https://www.mymicrobiome.info/en/news-reading/the-american-gut-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Gut Project</a>, examining adults' intestinal microbiomes. Both studies also provided crucial insights into the participants' dietary patterns, fortifying the research framework.



The findings significantly bolster the WHO's <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Health concept</a>, which advocates for an integrated perspective on health that encompasses human, animal, and environmental facets. Recognizing the presence of plant microflora within the human gut reinforces this holistic view, acknowledging the seamless interplay between dietary, ecological, and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-applications-for-gut-health">Implications and applications for gut health</h2>



Gabriele Berg's team, in collaboration with international peers, is delving deeper into these connections through the EU-funded <a href="https://www.hedimed.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HEDIMED project</a>. This ambitious intervention study involves participants from three continents adhering to identical diets for a specific period. This allows researchers to analyze the resulting effects on their gut microbiomes.



The implications of this research transcend academic interest, bearing significant consequences for various sectors. These include agriculture, food production, and healthcare. 



Berg emphasizes the influence of soil, fertilizers, and pesticides on the plant microbiome, advocating for fresh produce consumption. Furthermore, she underscores the necessity for a paradigm shift in how food storage and processing are approached, given their impact on the food's microbial content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-health-and-personalized-nutrition">Gut health and personalized nutrition</h2>



Envisioning the future, the findings pave the way for innovative applications in personalized nutrition. The unique microbiome of each fruit and vegetable type offers the tantalizing possibility of customizing diets to optimize individual gut health. Overall, personalized nutrition could potentially revolutionize our relationship with food and well-being.



In summary, the study by Wicaksono, Berg, and their colleagues at TU Graz marks a monumental step in understanding the gut microbiome and its myriad influences. 



By unveiling the significant role of fruits and vegetables as contributors to our internal bacterial universe, the research not only encourages a plant-forward diet but also beckons a new era of health-conscious living. In such a world, the choices we make significantly shape our body's microscopic inhabitants and, ultimately, our health.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2023.2258565" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gut Microbes</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Eating fruits and vegetables improves overall gut health

The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting trillions of...

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about their pet dogs’ ages in comparison to humans, but how does this translate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-on-vegan-diets-are-equally-healthy-as-those-that-eat-meat/">cats</a>?&nbsp;



The commonly used 7:1 ratio used for dogs - meaning one year in a dog’s life is equivalent to seven in humans - doesn’t quite fit our feline friends. Unlike dogs, cats age at varying rates throughout their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swift-aging-nbsp">Swift aging&nbsp;</h2>



In the initial stages of a cat’s life, aging occurs rapidly. For instance, a one-month-old kitten is approximately equivalent to a six-month-old human baby. By the time the kitten is two months old, its age in human years jumps to that of a four-year-old child.&nbsp;



This swift aging process continues, with a kitten reaching the equivalent of 5.5 human years at four months, 8.5 years at five months, and 11.5 years at six months.&nbsp;



However, the aging process significantly slows down thereafter, with a one-year-old cat being akin to a 16-year-old human. This pattern means that in the first six months of life, a cat ages 11.5 years, but only ages an additional 4.5 years in the following six months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-in-human-years">Cats in human years</h2>



An alternative method for calculating a cat’s age presents a slightly different perspective. This method equates a one-year-old cat to a 16-year-old human and a two-year-old cat to a 21-year-old human.&nbsp;



Beyond the two-year mark, each human year is considered equivalent to four cat years. For instance, a three-year-old cat is likened to a 25-year-old human, and so on.



Using this formula - established by experts at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/">Cornell University</a> - a cat’s age can be easily “translated” into human years throughout its lifespan.



There is a slight variation in the first method, where a three-year-old cat is considered 31 in human years, a four-year-old cat is 35, and a five-year-old cat is equivalent to 38.5 human years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-average-lifespan-nbsp">Average lifespan&nbsp;</h2>



Today, the average lifespan of a domestic cat is around 14 years, although the oldest recorded cat, Creme Puff, lived to an astounding 38 years.&nbsp;



This increased lifespan, up from an average of seven years in the early 1980s, reflects advancements in cat care and veterinary medicine.



Vets typically determine a cat’s age by examining its teeth, looking at growth in kittens and wear and tear in older cats. However, other factors, such as changes in fur texture and physical condition, also play a role in assessing a cat’s age.&nbsp;



Despite the challenges in determining a cat’s exact age, these age-calculating methods provide a more precise estimate than the simplistic 7:1 ratio.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-and-aging-nbsp">Cats and aging&nbsp;</h2>



As cats age, their care needs, behavior, and health can change.&nbsp;Physical changes you might notice as your cat gets older are graying fur (especially around the muzzle), decreased mobility or arthritis, weight changes, declining vision or heating, and dental issues.&nbsp;



As far as behavioral changes, senior cats tend to sleep more, play less, and become more irritable or less tolerant of disruptions. They may also exhibit signs of cognitive dysfunction, which is similar to dementia in humans (e.g., disorientation, altered sleep patterns).



Older cats are more susceptible to certain health issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, cancer, and heart disease. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of health issues.



Here are some other care considerations for an aging cat:&nbsp;



<ul>
<li>A diet tailored for senior cats might be beneficial.</li>



<li>Comfortable bedding and easy access to favorite spots can help ease arthritis pain.</li>



<li>Toys and interactive play can help keep them mentally stimulated.</li>



<li>Gentle grooming can help manage any changes in skin or coat health.</li>
</ul>



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

How old is your cat in human years?

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about...

Bitcoin,,Crypto,Currency,,Electronic,Money,,Virtual,Currency,,Transitions.,Printed,Circuit

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented upsurge in cryptocurrency values, sparking significant investments in digital currencies. These advanced elements of modern finance, backed by breakthrough technologies like blockchain, have captured the interest of diverse investors worldwide. However, amidst this digital gold rush, a concerning aspect lurks in the shadows -- the environmental toll of cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin. 



Recent findings by <a href="https://www.un.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations</a> scientists underscore the substantial environmental footprints associated with these technological marvels, highlighting an urgent need for regulatory and technological reforms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-crypto-surge">Understanding the crypto surge</h2>



Cryptocurrencies have revolutionized investment trends over the past decade. It has attracted an eclectic mix of stakeholders, from corporate giants to individual tech enthusiasts, and even including entities operating on the fringes of legality. Their integration into the global financial landscape speaks volumes about their potential, igniting discussions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-costs-of-bitcoin-are-getting-worse-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digital currencies</a> overshadowing traditional monetary powerhouses.



However, akin to the bygone era of the gold rush, this digital currency frenzy brings with it significant environmental repercussions. The process of mining cryptocurrencies, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-small-country/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitcoin</a>, is energy-intensive. Bitcoin mining has drawn criticism and concern from environmentalists and sparked debates among investors and policymakers alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-side-of-bitcoin-mining">Dark side of bitcoin mining</h2>



A new study spearheaded by Professor Kaveh Madani at the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (<a href="https://inweh.unu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNU-INWEH</a>) delved into the environmental impacts of Bitcoin mining. Scrutinizing the activities across 76 nations in the 2020–2021 period, the research unveiled startling <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/bitcoin-mining_environmental-impact_chart_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental consequences</a>, including considerable carbon, water, and land footprints.



"Technological innovations often come with unintended consequences, and Bitcoin is no exception," remarked Professor Madani. He emphasized the findings' implications on future digital currency policies and environmental sustainability initiatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environment-and-bitcoin-mining">The environment and bitcoin mining</h2>



Bitcoin mining globally consumed 173.42 Terawatt hours of electricity during 2020–2021, placing Bitcoin's hypothetical energy consumption above nations like Pakistan. 



The associated carbon footprint equated to burning 84 billion pounds of coal or the operation of 190 gas-fired power plants. Mitigating this environmental impact would necessitate planting 3.9 billion trees. Even if possible, this would cover an area comparable to entire countries.



Furthermore, the water and land resources strained by Bitcoin mining activities during this phase were enormous. The water footprint alone was analogous to filling over 660,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools, highlighting the scale of environmental resources that cryptocurrency operations can deplete.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bitcoin-s-energy-conundrum">Bitcoin's energy conundrum</h2>



Delving into the energy sources underpinning Bitcoin's operations, the report uncovered a heavy reliance on fossil fuels, with coal and natural gas leading the pack. Although hydropower, a significant renewable contributor, satisfied a portion of Bitcoin's energy demands, its environmental impact was substantial. 



Moreover, other renewables like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-bitcoins-energy-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar and wind energy</a> constituted a minimal share of Bitcoin's energy consumption. This fact alone raises questions about the network's sustainability.



Particularly striking was China's dominance in the Bitcoin mining arena, necessitating massive reforestation to offset its coal-centric operations' carbon emissions. This revelation underscores the environmental disparities and challenges different nations face, reflecting the complex interplay of technological advancement, energy consumption, and environmental stewardship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-sustainable-practices">A call for sustainable practices</h2>



The study's authors, including Dr. Sanaz Chamanara, highlighted the varied environmental impacts of Bitcoin mining across countries. They suggest a nuanced approach to understanding and addressing these consequences. The insights gained call for comprehensive interventions, from governmental oversight to investments in environmentally efficient digital currencies.



"It's crucial to consider the equity and justice implications of Bitcoin mining," Professor Madani stated. 



Madani highlights the stark contrast between the entities reaping the benefits and those who will bear the environmental costs. This dichotomy serves as a clarion call for harmonizing the digital currency sector's growth with principles of environmental justice and sustainability.



The UN report paves the way for a critical reassessment of the cryptocurrency industry's environmental policies. Stakeholders are urged to consider the broader ecological and societal impacts. 



As digital currencies continue to shape the financial future, the need for a balanced, sustainable approach becomes increasingly imperative. The global community's response will not only influence the cryptocurrency market's trajectory, but also define the legacy of our generation's environmental stewardship.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF003871" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s Future</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

The hidden and destructive environmental impact of Bitcoin mining

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented upsurge in cryptocurrency...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...