In 1986, the buzz of NASA’s Voyager 2 enthralled many as it swept past Uranus, capturing images of gargantuan moons blanketed with ice.



As we approach 40 years since that momentous event, NASA is planning to revisit Uranus - this time with an upgraded mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-icy-moons">Exploring the icy moons</h2>



The new mission aims to uncover the secrets beneath the icy cloaks of at least some of the 28 Uranian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-four-uranus-moons-may-have-oceans-that-are-miles-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>. Scientists also want to establish whether any of the moon's contain liquid oceans that could potentially support life.



To prepare for this, experts at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (<a href="https://ig.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UTIG</a>) are crafting a new kind of computer model that will work with the spacecraft's camera to detect hidden oceans under the moons’ frozen exteriors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons-of-uranus-oscillations-and-water">Moons of Uranus: Oscillations and water</h2>



The magic lies in the smallest details. Focusing on minuscule oscillations in a moon's spin as it dances around Uranus, the model can estimate the composition of each moon's interior - determining whether it contains rock, ice, or water.



Less wobble points towards a solid core of rock or ice, while a pronounced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-moons-wobbles-will-cause-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wobble</a> indicates an icy surface floating on an ocean of liquid water.



Paired with gravity data, the model can even calculate the depth of each ocean and the thickness of the ice shrouding it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-beyond-earth">Life beyond Earth?</h2>



Understanding the watery interiors of the Uranian moons may change how we perceive life as we know it.



"Discovering liquid water oceans inside the moons of Uranus would transform our thinking about the range of possibilities for where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/miranda-uranus-moon-may-have-hidden-ocean-possibly-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life could exist</a>," explained Doug Hemingway, the UTIG planetary scientist who developed the model.



This pioneering research opens a new avenue for detecting oceans in our external <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/civilian-spacewalk-is-a-giant-leap-in-space-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space trips</a>. The findings, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, promise to enhance the chances of discovery on future missions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oscillations-and-tidal-locks">Oscillations and tidal locks</h2>



Most of the large moons in our solar system, including those belonging to Uranus, are "tidally locked." They are gravitationally bound such that the same side always faces the parent planet while in orbit.



But this does not completely restrict the moons; they still sway back and forth as they move around. Understanding the extent of these wobbles will reveal whether Uranus's moons harbor oceans and their potential sizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-oceans-on-uranus-s-moons">Detecting oceans on Uranus's moons</h2>



Moons hiding a water ocean within them will oscillate more than those that are rigid all the way through. Take Saturn’s moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a>, for example. It has an interior global ocean that was confirmed by detecting its slight wobble as it orbits.



The new model developed by Hemingway makes it possible to apply this technique to the moons of Uranus.



If Uranus’s moon Ariel, for instance, wobbles 300 feet, this may suggest the presence of a 100-mile-deep ocean enveloped by a 20-mile-thick shell of ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icy-exteriors-of-distant-moons">Icy exteriors of distant moons</h2>



Determining the presence of oceans in this way requires a spacecraft with powerful cameras. It’s a tricky but potentially rewarding challenge. 



However, as Professor Krista Soderlund noted, the new model provides a "slide rule" to understand what will work.



The next step is to augment this model with measurements from other instruments, to enrich our understanding of the moons' interiors. 



Perhaps, in the not too distant a future, we might discover the existence of life beyond our planet, lurking beneath the icy exteriors of distant moons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uranus-and-the-search-for-habitable-worlds">Uranus and the search for habitable worlds</h2>



The exploration of Uranus and its moons is not just about uncovering their secrets - it’s part of a larger effort to understand habitability in the outer solar system.



The discovery of subsurface oceans on Uranus’s moons could expand the definition of what makes a world potentially habitable.



Unlike rocky planets (such as Earth), these icy moons rely on tidal heating and internal activity rather than solar energy to sustain liquid water.



Such findings would complement discoveries on moons like Europa and Enceladus, potentially suggesting that life could thrive in environments far from a star.



By exploring Uranus’s moons, scientists aim to refine the tools and models necessary to search for life in similarly extreme conditions on exoplanets and their satellites - potentially broadening humanity’s search for extraterrestrial life.



The UTIG research was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110409">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Mike Yakovlev



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Uranus and its icy moons: Broadening the search for alien life

In 1986, the buzz of NASA’s Voyager 2 enthralled many as it swept past Uranus, capturing images of gargantuan moons blanketed with ice. As we approach 40 years since that momentous event, NASA is planning to revisit Uranus - this time with an upgraded mission. Exploring the icy moons The new mission aims to uncover the secrets beneath the icy cloaks of at least some of the 28 Uranian moons. Scientists also want to establish whether any of the moon's contain liquid oceans that could potentially support...

In a new study led by <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a>, researchers have discovered that coastal fisheries are surprisingly resilient to marine heat waves. The experts report that prolonged periods of warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/">ocean temperatures</a> have not had a lasting effect on the fish communities that feed most of the world.



Study lead author Alexa Fredston conducted the research as a postdoctoral associate in the Global Change Research Group, part of the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources in the Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (SEBS).



“There is an emerging sense that the oceans do have some resilience, and while they are changing in response to climate change, we don’t see evidence that marine heat waves are wiping out fisheries,” said Fredston.



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed the impacts of 248 marine heat waves on commercially important fish such as flounder and rockfish.&nbsp;



They used data from long-running trawl surveys of continental shelf ecosystems in North America and Europe between 1993 and 2019.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



The study showed that, in general, the marine heat waves did not have destructive effects on regional fish communities.&nbsp;



In some cases, the team found that prolonged periods of heat were linked to declines in biomass, which refers to the total quantity of fish in a given area.



<h2 id="h-natural-variability">Natural variability&nbsp;</h2>



Overall, however, the effects of marine heat waves are not distinguishable from the natural variability in these ecosystems, said the researchers.



“The oceans are highly variable, and fish populations vary quite a lot,” said Fredston, who is now an assistant professor of ocean sciences at University of California, Santa Cruz. “Marine heat waves can drive local change, but there have been hundreds of marine heat waves with no lasting impacts.”



<h2 id="h-fish-species-distribution">Fish species distribution&nbsp;</h2>



In addition to looking at biomass, the researchers examined whether marine heat waves have altered the species found in various fish communities. This transition may include the loss of cold water fish and an increase in fish that are associated with warmer temperatures.



In a process ķnown as tropicalization, heat-seeking fish can expand their habitats into temperate waters as the oceans warm.&nbsp;



The results showed that marine heatwaves were not consistently associated with tropicalization or the loss of cold-affiliated species in these ecosystems.



<h2 id="h-resilient-fisheries">Resilient fisheries</h2>



The findings suggest that fish seek refuge by moving to areas with cooler water during marine heat waves, which the researchers defined as periods of more than five days with extreme sea bottom temperatures for that region and season.



On the other hand, the experts identified examples of marine heat waves that did have profound impacts on fish communities. The 2014-2016 marine heat wave in the Northeast Pacific known as “the Blob” is one of the largest on record.



The experts report that while The Blob led to a 22 percent loss of biomass in the Gulf of Alaska, a 2012 marine heat wave in the Northwest Atlantic led to a 70 percent biomass gain.&nbsp;



According to the researchers, these changes were not substantial compared to natural variability in biomass, and similar effects were not seen after most other marine heat waves.



“We found that these negative impacts are unpredictable and that other heat waves had no strong impacts,” said study co-author Malin Pinsky, an associate professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources and director of the Global Change Research Group at SEBS. “This means that each heat wave that hits is like rolling the dice: Will it be a bad one or not? We don't know until it happens.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06449-y">Nature</a>.



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Coastal fisheries quickly bounce back from marine heat waves

In a new study led by Rutgers University, researchers have...

An international team of scientists from more than a dozen institutions, including <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a>, has turned to evidence from the last Ice Age to predict how rising sea levels will impact coastal ecosystems.



The study reveals that if global average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-linked-to-vision-impairment/">temperatures</a> rise beyond a certain threshold, the world could once again experience the rapid pace of sea level rise and coastal habitat retreat that occurred at the end of the Last Ice Age.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-ancient-coastal-habitats">Ancient coastal habitats&nbsp;</h2>



In a paper published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06448-z">Nature</a>, the experts describe how ancient coastal habitats adapted as the last glacial period ended more than 10,000 years ago.&nbsp;



The team analyzed the ocean sediments of ancient shorelines from a time when melting ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere drove a rapid rise across the oceans.



The goal was to gain a better understanding of how coastal ecosystems were transformed, and to more accurately predict what changes can be expected in the coming decades with projected sea level rise.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-a-rising-threat">A rising threat</h2>



“Every ton of carbon dioxide humankind emits turns up the global thermostat, which in turn increases the pace of global sea level rise,” said study co-author Professor Robert Kopp.&nbsp;



“The faster the oceans rise, the greater the threat to tidal marshes, mangroves and coral reefs around the world. For example, in our analysis, most tidal marshes are likely to be able to keep up with sea level rise under 1.5 degrees Celsius [2.7 degrees Fahrenheit] of warming, but two-thirds are unlikely to be able to keep up with 2 degrees Celsius [3.6 degrees Fahrenheit] of warming."



<h2 id="h-paris-agreement">Paris Agreement&nbsp;</h2>



According to Professor Kopp, the temperature ranges examined in the study are significant because they relate directly to the Paris Agreement, an international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015.



The Paris Agreement established a goal to limit the increase of global temperatures to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by substantially reducing carbon emissions worldwide. The ultimate goal of the treaty is to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



The results of the study show that higher global temperatures will trigger a rise in sea levels that will lead to instability and profound changes to coastal ecosystems, including tidal marshes, mangrove forests, coral reefs and coral islands.



“Mangroves and tidal marshes act as a buffer between the ocean and the land – they absorb the impact of wave action, prevent erosion and are crucial for biodiversity of fisheries and coastal plants,” said study lead author Neil Saintilan of Macquarie University. “When the plants become water-logged due to higher sea levels, they start to flounder.”



In the worst-case scenarios, these coastal habitats, will shrink - and in some cases wash away - as they have in the distant past, according to the study.



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



“This new paper provides evidence from geological history that, without mitigation and under current projections, tidal marshes will not have the capacity to adjust,” said Professor Judith Weis, an expert on tidal marshes.&nbsp;



“For many tidal marshes in New Jersey, this is not a prediction but a description of the present situation, in which sea level is rising faster than the marshes can increase their elevation. This makes it even more vital to reduce climate change as rapidly as possible.”



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The Last Ice Age shows how rising sea levels will transform coastal habitats

An international team of scientists from more than a dozen...

A recent study led by <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/">Curtin University</a> in Australia challenges the commonly held notion that mountain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bike-work-day/">biking</a> is a high-risk sport exclusive for adrenaline junkies.&nbsp;



Instead, the research suggests that the health rewards of mountain biking surpass the risks involved.



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The experts examined data from multiple global studies, involving 220,935 injured mountain bikers and 17,757 injured hikers.&nbsp;



The main objective was to identify injury patterns and specific body areas affected to better understand the type of medical interventions needed for different types of injuries.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



The investigation revealed that the primary injuries mountain bikers sustain are to their upper limbs, mostly resulting in minor issues such as scratches, bruises, and cuts.&nbsp;



By contrast, hikers often incur injuries to their legs and ankles, predominantly experiencing blisters and ankle sprains.



<h2 id="h-fast-growing-activity">Fast-growing activity</h2>



“Mountain biking and hiking are some of the fastest growing recreation activities in the world, so understanding the spectrum of injuries becomes paramount for effective medical care,” said study lead author Paul Braybrook, a doctoral student in Health Sciences at Curtin.



“Despite a common perception of mountain biking as an ‘extreme’ sport, we found most reported injuries were of low severity."&nbsp;



"Although there were high proportions of ankle sprains in hikers and arm fractures in mountain bikers, with one study of the latter reporting more than half suffered head injuries, highlighting the importance of a good quality helmet."



<h2 id="h-improved-standards">Improved standards</h2>



According to Braybrook, as the popularity of these pursuits has recently increased, so too has the standards of bikes, trails, protective hear, and footwear, thus reducing the risks of serious injuries.&nbsp;



Moreover, in the case of mountain biking, there has recently been a significant shift from the more extreme ‘radical’ riding styles that originated years ago in regions like Colorado and California, to a milder, more health-oriented style.



Thus, the health advantages derived from mountain biking and hiking significantly overshadow the associated injury risks.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



“Mountain biking and hiking not only contribute to economic growth through tourism but also offer clear health perks. They aid in enhancing cardiovascular health and lower the risks of conditions like high blood pressure, obesity, elevated cholesterol levels, and type 2 diabetes,” Braybrook explained.



“With Spring in full bloom, it’s the perfect time for individuals to regularly engage in their closest trails for biking or hiking. Not only are they enjoyable and beneficial for fitness, but they also come with minor risks like the occasional scratch or bruise,” he concluded.



<h2 id="h-surge-in-popularity">Surge in popularity&nbsp;</h2>



Mountain biking has been growing in popularity over the years. It's a great way to stay fit, explore nature, and have fun. The surge in popularity can be attributed to several factors such as the development of better and more accessible trails, improvements in mountain bike technology, and a growing awareness of the mental and physical health benefits of outdoor activities.&nbsp;



Additionally, the rise of social media has helped in building a community of mountain bikers and sharing experiences and tips. Mountain biking has become popular among people of all ages and skill levels.



<h2 id="h-health-benefits">Health benefits</h2>



Mountain biking offers a range of health benefits, both physical and mental. Physically, it's an excellent cardiovascular workout that also engages major muscle groups, helping to improve strength, balance, and endurance. The varied and often challenging terrain helps to build core strength and agility.



Mentally, being in nature can reduce stress and improve mood, thanks to the release of endorphins during physical activity.&nbsp;



Mountain biking can also boost self-confidence as you overcome obstacles and improve your skills. Overall, it's a holistic activity that can contribute to a healthier, more balanced lifestyle.



<h2 id="h-popular-destinations">Popular destinations&nbsp;</h2>



The popularity of mountain biking trails can vary by region and individual preferences, but there are some renowned trails around the world that are frequently cited as must-rides for enthusiasts. Here are some of them:



<h3 id="h-whistler-british-columbia-canada">Whistler, British Columbia, Canada</h3>



Known for its bike park, Whistler has trails suitable for all levels of riders.



<h3 id="h-moab-utah-usa">Moab, Utah, USA</h3>



Trails like "The Whole Enchilada" and "Slickrock" are famous for their challenging terrains and stunning landscapes.



<h3 id="h-rotorua-new-zealand">Rotorua, New Zealand</h3>



Known for its geothermal activity and lush forests, Rotorua offers a variety of trails that attract riders from around the world.



<h3 id="h-les-gets-france">Les Gets, France</h3>



Part of the Portes du Soleil area, Les Gets offers a large network of trails with varying difficulty, popular among European riders.



<h3 id="h-finale-ligure-italy">Finale Ligure, Italy</h3>



This is a popular destination for enduro riding and offers a variety of trails along the Italian Riviera.



<h3 id="h-crested-butte-colorado-usa">Crested Butte, Colorado, USA</h3>



Known for its scenic beauty and challenging trails, it's a favorite among mountain bikers looking for an adrenaline rush.



<h3 id="h-downieville-california-usa">Downieville, California, USA</h3>



Famous for its Downieville Classic race, the area offers rugged and scenic trails.



<h3 id="h-sedona-arizona-usa">Sedona, Arizona, USA</h3>



Known for its red rocks and challenging technical trails, Sedona is a mountain biker's paradise.



<h3 id="h-alps-switzerland-france-austria">Alps, Switzerland/France/Austria</h3>



The Alps offer some of the most scenic riding in the world, with trails that pass through multiple countries.



<h3 id="h-queenstown-new-zealand">Queenstown, New Zealand</h3>



Often called the "Adventure Capital of the World," Queenstown offers trails with breathtaking views.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285614">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Benefits of mountain biking far outweigh the risks

A recent study led by Curtin University in Australia challenges...

When we imagine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-going-strong-when-the-deadly-asteroid-struck/">dinosaurs</a>, iconic species like Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops often come to mind. Yet, during the reign of dinosaurs in North America, they had quite different relatives ruling territories in Europe.



<h2 id="h-the-late-cretaceous-european-archipelago">The Late Cretaceous European Archipelago</h2>



During the Late Cretaceous period (100 to 66 million years ago), Europe was a massive archipelago dotted with both big and tiny islands, submerged in what is known as the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago.&nbsp;



The species of dinosaurs living on these islands greatly differed from their counterparts on larger land masses, often being notably smaller in size. This includes not just the carnivorous theropods, but also the armored ankylosaurs, the elongated sauropods, the duck-billed hadrosaurs, and the rhabdodontids.



<h2 id="h-the-rhabdodontidae-family">The Rhabdodontidae family</h2>



The Rhabdodontidae family stands out as one of the most notable European dinosaur clusters.&nbsp;



This family is often associated with the frequently observed medium-sized herbivores of that period. Characteristically, rhabdodontids measured somewhere between two and six meters in length.&nbsp;



Now, an international team of researchers from the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/">University of Tübingen</a> in Germany, <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd&nbsp;University</a> (ELTE)&nbsp;in Hungary, and the <a href="http://www.unibuc.ro/">University of Bucharest</a> in Romania has investigated in more detail this peculiar group of dinosaurs.



<h2 id="h-new-details-about-rhabdodontids">New details about rhabdodontids</h2>



“They were probably habitually bipedal herbivores, characterized by a rather stocky build, with strong hind limbs, short forelimbs, a long tail, and a comparatively large, triangular skull that tapers anteriorly and ends in a narrow snout,” said lead author Felix Augustin, a doctoral student in Vertebrate Paleontology at Tübingen.



“They had a relatively robust skull with strong jaws, large teeth and a pointy beak that was covered in keratin, demonstrating that these dinosaurs were well-adapted to eating tough plants.”&nbsp;



Evidence from some fossil findings suggests that they might have been social creatures, often found in groups.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-distribution">Distribution&nbsp;</h2>



Although they most likely faced an earlier extinction in Western Europe, around 69 million years ago, potentially due to shifts in their plant diet, their presence persisted in Eastern Europe, lasting till the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.



Rhabdodontid fossils present a unique trait – they have solely been discovered in Europe and specifically in strata dating between 86 and 66 million years, suggesting that these creatures were exclusive to the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago.



As of now, this group is represented by nine distinct species distributed across five European nations: France, Spain, Austria, Hungary, and Romania.



“The first rhabdodontid species was scientifically named more than 150 years ago and the last one as recently as November 2022, so, although the group looks back to a long research history, we still have much to learn about it,” Augustin explained.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-many-features-remain-a-mystery">Many features remain a mystery&nbsp;</h2>



“Generally, our portraying of the world of dinosaurs is heavily biased towards the well-known North-American and Asian dinosaur faunas.”



Europe’s Late Cretaceous period is not as rich in dinosaur fossils as North America or Asia. To date, a full skeletal structure of a rhabdodontid remains elusive.&nbsp;



Despite their prevalence in Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, many of their features, such as their precise body dimensions, movement patterns, and dietary habits, remain a mystery.



“In the past decades, a wealth of new, and often well-preserved, rhabdodontid fossils has been discovered throughout Europe, the majority of which still remains to be studied," said Augustin.



"A joint research project is currently underway to study the available fossil material in order to gain new insights into the evolution and lifestyle of these fascinating yet still poorly known dinosaurs."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/fr.26.108967">Fossil Record</a>.



Image Credit: Peter Nickolaus



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Scientists shed new light on Europe’s enigmatic dinosaurs

When we imagine dinosaurs, iconic species like Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops...

Girl,Smoking,Marijuana,Close,Up

Marijuana smokers have significantly higher levels of toxic metals in their blood and urine compared to non-marijuana <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-smokers-may-have-more-lung-damage/">tobacco</a> users, according to a recent study from Columbia University's <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/">Mailman School of Public Health</a>.



The research, led by Professor Tiffany Sanchez, indicates that marijuana may be an under-recognized source of metal exposure, as it remains illegal at the federal level and therefore unregulated by government agencies.



The study authors say the issue has never been more important as marijuana use in the skyrockets in the United States, with an estimated 42 million regular users.



<h2 id="h-lead-and-cadmium-levels">Lead and cadmium levels</h2>



The researchers compared participants who exclusively used marijuana with non-marijuana tobacco users and found that those who used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-number-of-americans-are-high-on-marijuana-at-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marijuana</a> had significantly higher lead levels. 



Specifically, marijuana smokers users had 27 percent higher levels of lead in their blood and 21 percent higher levels in their urine. 



In addition, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> users had 22 percent higher cadmium levels in their blood and 18 percent higher levels in their urine compared to non-users.



<h2 id="h-total-body-burden">Total body burden&nbsp;</h2>



Professor Sanchez and her team predicted that because cannabis is known to accumulate metals, marijuana smokers would have higher metal biomarker levels than those who did not use it. 



The study confirmed this prediction, establishing marijuana as a source of cadmium and lead exposure.&nbsp;



“Both cadmium and lead stay in your body for quite a long time,” said Professor Sanchez. “Cadmium is absorbed in the renal system and is filtered out to through the kidney.&nbsp; So, when you’re looking at urinary cadmium, that’s a reflection of total body burden, how much you have taken in over a long period of chronic exposure.”



<h2 id="h-potential-health-consequences">Potential health consequences&nbsp;</h2>



The research aims to help scientists understand the potential health consequences of metal exposure from cannabis use.



Exposure to cadmium is known to cause kidney disease and fragile bones, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Additionally, cadmium is considered a cancer-causing agent.&nbsp;



Lead exposure can also have severe impacts, with children being most at risk for serious side effects. However, adults can also experience symptoms such as high blood pressure, headaches, joint and muscle pain, and fertility issues, as stated by the <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic</a>.



The <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) reports that there is no safe level of lead in the bloodstream. "Once lead enters the body, it is distributed to organs such as the brain, kidneys, liver and bones. The body stores lead in the teeth and bones, where it accumulates over time," said the WHO.



<h2 id="h-lack-of-regulation">Lack of regulation&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the legalization of recreational marijuana use in 23 states, not including Washington D.C., it remains illegal at the federal level.&nbsp;



This lack of federal regulation means that there is no oversight of contaminants in cannabis-containing products, and researchers note that there has yet to be any regulatory guidance from the FDA or EPA.



Professor Sanchez and her team recommend further investigation into the potential public health concerns of metal exposure from cannabis.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-implications-for-marijuana-smokers">Implications for marijuana smokers</h2>



The study lays the groundwork for future studies that can more specifically look into the adverse health effects of metal exposure caused by cannabis use, said the researchers.



As more states move towards legalizing marijuana, it is crucial to understand the potential risks associated with its use. This research highlights the need for further research and regulation to ensure the safety of cannabis users.



<h2>More about marijuana</h2>



Marijuana, commonly known as weed, pot, or cannabis, has sparked a plethora of discussions and debates over the years. Native to Central and South Asia, this green plant has traveled far and wide, making its mark in diverse cultures and societies.



<h3>Consumption</h3>



People primarily consume marijuana in three forms: as dried flowers, hashish, and as a tincture. The psychoactive compound in marijuana, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), produces the "high" that users often describe. 



Alongside THC, marijuana contains over a hundred other cannabinoids, with CBD (cannabidiol) being one of the most notable. Unlike THC, CBD doesn't produce a high, but researchers credit it with several therapeutic properties.



<h3>Legal status</h3>



Historically, societies used marijuana for medicinal and recreational purposes. However, during the 20th century, many countries criminalized its possession and use, linking it to mental health issues, addiction, and criminal behavior. As a result, for many decades, a significant portion of the population viewed marijuana as a dangerous substance.



<h3>Medicinal properties</h3>



In recent years, perspectives on marijuana have shifted dramatically. Scientists have begun delving deeper into its potential medicinal properties. They have discovered many health benefits, including its efficacy in treating conditions like epilepsy, chronic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, advocates emphasize its relative safety compared to substances like alcohol and opioids.



<h3>Economics of marijuana</h3>



The economic implications of marijuana also hold significant weight. Several countries and U.S. states have legalized its recreational and medicinal use, leading to a booming industry. The cannabis market now generates billions in revenue, creates jobs, and boosts tourism in places like Colorado and Canada.



While many praise marijuana for its benefits, it's essential to approach its consumption with caution. Like any substance, marijuana has potential side effects, including memory issues, impaired motor coordination, and addiction in some users.



In summary, marijuana stands at the crossroads of history, medicine, and economy. Its journey from ancient civilizations to modern laboratories showcases its intricate relationship with humanity. As research continues and societies grow more accepting, the future of marijuana seems promising.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



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Marijuana smokers have very high levels of toxic metals in their blood

Marijuana smokers have significantly higher levels of toxic metals in...

A new study published by <a href="http://english.sciencep.cas.cn/bi/">China Science Press</a> has revealed that 90 percent of flowering plant species rely on animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weevils-the-unknown-and-underappreciated-pollination-heroes/">pollination</a>. This research represents the most accurate estimate to date on the proportion of flowering plants that rely on animal pollinators.



The study was led by Professor Shuang-Quan Huang, Director of the Institute of Evolution and Ecology at the School of Life Sciences, <a href="http://english.ccnu.edu.cn/">Central China Normal University</a>.



<h2 id="h-critical-questions">Critical questions</h2>



Professor Huang has been dedicated to pollination biology since his graduate studies from 1993. Along with his team, he made significant strides in addressing a critical question that has, until now, remained elusive - what percentage of flowering plants are pollinated by animals?



The importance of this question cannot be understated as it has implications for pollinator conservation and management in both natural and agricultural ecosystems.&nbsp;



Early estimates of the proportion of animal-pollinated species were rough, varying from 2/3 to over 80 percent.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-animal-pollinated-species">Animal-pollinated species&nbsp;</h2>



The latest and widely accepted answer, proposed in 2011, was 87.5 percent, which was based on average proportions of animal-pollinated species from around 40 communities, involving a sample of no more than one percent species of flowering plants. In other words, this method carried the potential for inaccuracies.&nbsp;



Additionally, the team confronted another issue: the pollination modes of some taxa were misidentified or misunderstood, causing problems in the conservation of truly animal-pollinated plants, as well as in tallying pollination modes.&nbsp;



An example of this is the Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae), a tree endemic to central China, which was previously considered to be wind-pollinated but was found by Professor Huang’s team to be effectively pollinated by small bees.



<h2 id="h-insightful-estimates">Insightful estimates&nbsp;</h2>



“Given that pollination modes in over ten thousand of flowering species have been recorded since Darwin’s era, it is time for us to give more accurate estimation of the proportion through data counting,” wrote the researchers. “This might be a challenge and bring a lot of controversy, but will be insightful.”



To investigate, the team conducted a global survey of thousands of publications and extracted data on abiotically pollinated cases as well as ambophilous ones (those that use both biotic and abiotic agents for pollination).&nbsp;



These data were then evaluated in the context of two global mega-databases (GBIF, WFO) at species, genus, and family levels, enabling the researchers to obtain direct estimates of the proportion of biotic pollination across all angiosperms.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that 64-68 percent of families, 88 percent of genera, and 90 percent flowering plant species relied on animal pollination.&nbsp;



“This global survey has definitely provided a new view and relatively an accurate estimate of the importance of pollinators in flowering-plant reproduction on our planet,” said Professor Huang.



Furthermore, when the researchers recalculated the most widely adopted previous estimate based on community sampling, after correcting for variation in sample sizes (a step not performed previously), the original estimate of 87.5 percent changed to 89.5 percent.&nbsp;



Professor Scott Armbruster remarked, “The recalculation of the community dataset matches well with the direct-tally-and-subtraction approach; this is presumably not a coincidence.”



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



This new calculation of 90 percent of flowering plant species relying on animal pollination will pave the way for a better understanding of the critical role that pollinators play in the health of ecosystems on planet Earth, especially in light of ongoing pollinator declines globally.&nbsp;



It is now crucial more than ever before that this knowledge is utilized to inform conservation efforts and safeguard the health of our planet's ecosystems.



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Study reveals that 90% of flowering plant species rely on animal pollinators

A new study published by China Science Press has revealed...

A recent study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06448-z">Nature</a> has raised alarming concerns about the survival of the world’s coastal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-can-become-too-salty-for-some-resident-plants/">wetlands</a> and coral reef islands in the face of rising sea levels caused by climate change.&nbsp;



An international team of researchers found that the ability of marshes and other low-lying coastal areas to survive depends significantly on whether global warming can be limited to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, as outlined by the Paris Agreement.



<h2 id="h-moving-towards-a-tipping-point">Moving towards a tipping point</h2>



“Coastal ecosystems exist where our oceans meet the land, including mangroves, coastal marshes and the fringes of sandy coral islands – the low-lying areas flooded and drained by tidal salt water,” said study lead author Professor Neil Saintilan from Sydney’s <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/">Macquarie University</a>.



“Our research shows these coastal habitats can likely adapt to some degree of rising sea levels but will reach a tipping point beyond sea-level rises triggered by more than 1.5 to 2°C of global warming."



“Without mitigation, relative sea-level rises under current climate change projections will exceed the capacity of coastal habitats such as mangroves and tidal marshes to adjust, leading to instability and profound changes to coastal ecosystems.”



<h2 id="h-sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found that coastal marshes, mangroves, and reef islands are unlikely to keep up with sea-level rise rates that exceed 7 millimeters (about one quarter of an inch) per year.&nbsp;



Unfortunately, such rates are anticipated by the year 2100 in most parts of the world if there are no substantial efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;



Regions along the Gulf Coast are already experiencing higher sea-level rise rates. Earlier research from <a href="https://tulane.edu/">Tulane University</a> indicated that the existing rate of sea-level rise could submerge marshlands in Louisiana and potentially other Gulf Coast areas within the next 50 years.



<h2 id="h-no-way-to-escape">No way to escape</h2>



"Mangroves and other tidal plants have to get oxygen down to their roots to survive, and so that phase of the tide when water drains right out is really important,” said Professor Saintilan.



“When the plants become water-logged due to higher sea levels, they start to flounder. At Sydney Olympic Park, we’ve seen whole patches of mangroves die when water can’t drain out properly.”



“This sort of death would be devastating for many natural mangrove forests across Asia which are restricted in their capacity to retreat from rising seas due to land development and human habitation."



<h2 id="h-some-of-the-world-s-most-valuable-ecosystems">Some of the world’s most valuable ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Torbjörn Törnqvist, a professor in Tulane’s Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, emphasized the global significance of these ecosystems.&nbsp;



“Collectively, these are among the most valuable ecosystems on the planet. For example, the world’s fisheries depend to a significant extent on the health of coastal wetlands and coral reefs,” said Professor Törnqvist.



The findings of the study are closely aligned with the most recent sea-level projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2021.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-potential-for-widespread-collapse">Potential for widespread collapse&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers discovered that if global warming stays below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial temperatures, many of the world’s coastal ecosystems will likely survive along the shorelines by 2100.&nbsp;



However, higher levels of warming will probably result in widespread collapse. Professor Törnqvist highlighted the critical role of the Paris Agreement in this context.&nbsp;



“This shows the importance of the Paris Agreement that aims to keep warming within 2 °C and ideally 1.5 °C,” he said. “Clearly, this would make a huge difference for coastal ecosystems. However, right now we are on track for 2.4 to 3.5 °C of warming by the end of this century, so a change of course is desperately needed. And this would have to happen very quickly.”



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Even if global warming is limited to 1.5 °C, some coastal regions will lose the majority of their wetlands by the end of the century. The coastlines of Louisiana and Texas are particularly vulnerable.&nbsp;



The recent surge of record-breaking heat across much of the world indicates that this level of warming could be achieved in just a few years.



The study included contributions from researchers at other Australian universities and co-authors from Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, and the United States.



Professor Törnqvist’s role in the research primarily involved developing innovative methods to assess wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise in the geologic past. His work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation.



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Coastal wetlands are inching closer to extinction as the world heats up

A recent study published in the journal Nature has raised...

Whale sharks have been fascinating aquatic enthusiasts and marine biologists for years. Their massive size, unique patterns, and slow movement make them one of the most intriguing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-45000-marine-species-are-endangered-by-human-impacts/">marine animals</a>.&nbsp;



However, these same characteristics also make them one of the most vulnerable, and their numbers are declining at an alarming rate. <a href="https://www.daysoftheyear.com/days/international-whale-shark-day/">International Whale Shark Day</a> has been created to celebrate these magnificent creatures and to increase awareness about the urgent need to protect and conserve them.



"These gentle giants fascinate aquatic enthusiasts and marine biologists alike, yet it is up to us to make sure that their numbers increase and their futures are protected. This is what International Whale Shark Day is all about," states the official press release for the event.



<h2 id="h-a-closer-look-at-the-whale-shark">A closer look at the whale shark</h2>



Despite their name, whale sharks are indeed sharks, not whales. They are the biggest living species of shark on our planet, growing up to 14 meters in length and weighing an average of 12 tons. Interestingly, their teeth are quite small, measuring only six millimeters in length.



"One of the most fascinating facts about whale sharks is that they all have a unique pattern. The skin of a whale shark is fully unique, just like the fingerprint of a human. This gives researchers the ability to run visual analytics on a whale shark so that they can identify and track it correctly," the press release explains.



Unfortunately, their preference for roaming seas with around a 50-meter depth, despite being able to dive up to 1,000 meters, and their slow swimming speed of approximately five kilometers per hour, make them highly vulnerable to getting caught in fishing nets and ship collisions.



<h2 id="h-a-day-to-raise-awareness">A day to raise awareness</h2>



International Whale Shark Day, started in 2012, aims to raise awareness of the dangers these animals face. The whale shark has been hunted to vulnerability for its highly prized fins and meat, resulting in its reclassification by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2016 from a vulnerable species to an endangered one.



"In fact, in 2016, the whale shark was reclassified by the IUCN, moving from a vulnerable species to an endangered one, which is incredibly worrying," the press release notes.



According to some estimates, there are only tens of thousands of these sharks left across the globe. Hunting plays a significant role in their decline, but there are also cases of whale sharks colliding with boats and getting trapped in fishing gear. In some parts of Asia, products made from whale sharks are in very high demand.



<h2 id="h-more-about-whale-sharks">More about whale sharks</h2>



Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are indeed one of the most awe-inspiring creatures in the ocean. They belong to the group of fish known as carpet sharks, and despite their immense size, they are known to be gentle and pose no threat to humans.



<h3 id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



The whale shark is the largest living fish species, and the largest living non-mammalian vertebrate. It holds many records for its size. The average size of an adult whale shark is about 39 feet.



The whale shark has a distinctive light-grey or brown color with white spots and stripes which are unique to each individual. Their skin is remarkably thick, up to 10 cm in some places, and is very tough. They have a pair of dorsal fins and pectoral fins. Their heads are wide and flat with a rounded snout and small eyes at the front corners.



<h3 id="h-feeding-habits">Feeding habits</h3>



Whale sharks primarily feed on plankton, krill, and small fish. Despite their enormous size, they have very small teeth which they do not use for eating. Instead, they feed by opening their mouths wide and filtering the water for food, a method known as filter feeding.&nbsp;



These sharks have specialized filter pads in their gills to trap and filter out food particles from the water. They can process more than 6,000 liters of water each hour.



<h3 id="h-habitat-and-migration">Habitat and migration</h3>



Whale sharks are found in open waters of the tropical oceans and are rarely found in waters below 21°C (70°F). They prefer warm waters and are usually found on the surface.&nbsp;



These sharks are known to be highly migratory creatures. Although they are usually solitary, they occasionally gather in large numbers at feeding sites.



<h3 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



The reproduction of whale sharks is still somewhat of a mystery. They are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female produces eggs but the eggs hatch inside the female's body. She then gives birth to live young.&nbsp;



A female captured in 1996 was found to have 300 pups inside her, which is the largest litter size ever recorded for any shark.



<h3 id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



The whale shark is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN. The primary threats to whale sharks are human-related, including accidental capture in fishing gear, boat strikes, and targeted hunting for their fins, skin, and meat. In some parts of the world, whale sharks are hunted for their liver oil, which is used to waterproof boats and as a supplement in animal feed.



Efforts are being made worldwide to protect these magnificent creatures, including the creation of marine protected areas, the implementation of fishing regulations, and the promotion of ecotourism.&nbsp;



International Whale Shark Day is a crucial initiative in this regard, serving as a global reminder of the importance of protecting and conserving the world's largest fish.



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International Whale Shark Day: Protecting the gentle giants of the sea

Whale sharks have been fascinating aquatic enthusiasts and marine biologists...

Ever since a peculiar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteor-shower-hiding-asteroids/">meteor</a> was observed plummeting towards Earth, astrophysicist Avi Loeb became committed to uncovering its true nature, investigating whether it was an alien artifact from another world that had made its way to the Pacific.



Recently, Loeb, a distinguished astrophysicist from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>, together with his dedicated group of researchers, announced progress in their quest.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-tiny-metal-spheres">Tiny metal spheres</h2>



In a mission undertaken in June near Papua New Guinea, they recovered what they believe are pieces of this enigmatic meteor. On Tuesday, Loeb communicated to the media that preliminary examinations suggest the tiny metal pieces might be alien artifacts, originating from beyond our solar system.



While it remains inconclusive whether these metallic spheres are artificial or natural in origin, Loeb is steadfast in his belief that these samples are unlike any metal alloy known to us.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-historic-discovery">Historic discovery&nbsp;</h2>



“This is a historic discovery because it represents the first time that humans put their hand on materials from a large object that arrived to Earth from outside the solar system,” Loeb said on <a href="https://medium.com/">Medium</a>, his platform of choice for detailing the research and exploration. “The success of the expedition illustrates the value of taking risks in science despite all odds as an opportunity for discovering new knowledge.”



Loeb and his colleagues collaborated with <a href="https://www.eyos-expeditions.com/">EYOS Expeditions</a> for this mission. With the financial backing of entrepreneur Charles Hoskinson, amounting to $1.5 million, they set sail on the Silver Star towards Papa New Guinea in order to retrieve fragments of a unique meteorite, labeled IM1, which entered our atmosphere in 2014.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-alien-origin-of-the-artifacts">Alien origin of the artifacts</h2>



This event went under the radar until 2019, when Loeb, together with Amir Siraj, a then-undergraduate at Harvard, stumbled upon data captured by U.S. government sensors. The genuine origin of the meteor, however, was only publicly recognized in 2022 by experts from the <a href="https://www.spacecom.mil/">U.S. Space Command</a>, who confirmed it to be from another solar system.



This acknowledgment was a pivotal moment for Loeb, who is also the brains behind the <a href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/galileo">Galileo Project</a> at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. This initiative is focused on the methodical pursuit of possible alien technologies.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-hundreds-of-microscopic-spheres">Hundreds of microscopic spheres&nbsp;</h2>



Not long after the Space Command’s announcement, Loeb and his team were conducting an extensive search off the Manus Island coast, using a magnet-laden sled from their ship to probe the ocean floor.



The team’s patience and diligence were rewarded as they managed to collect over 700 microscopic spheres, detectable only under a microscope. “This is a historic discovery, marking the first time that humans hold materials from a large interstellar object,” Hoskinson said.



<h2 id="h-the-oumuamua-comet">The Oumuamua comet</h2>



Interestingly, this isn’t the first time when Loeb has speculated about potential extraterrestrial artifacts. In 2017, the Oumuamua comet, with its odd form and trajectory, puzzled a large number of scientists.&nbsp;



Loeb proposed a captivating theory that this elongated object, reminiscent of a cigar, might be utilizing solar energy as a “light sail” akin to how sails utilize wind on Earth. He even postulated that this comet could be an extraterrestrial vessel. A later study, however, credited its unusual orbit to a common phenomenon observed in icy comets.



Nevertheless, Loeb’s curiosity remained unwavering. While reviewing data from the <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/">Center for Near Earth Object Studies</a> at NASA, he, alongside Siraj, unearthed information about IM1, initially detected in 2014. Given its remarkable velocity – twice faster than nearly all the stars in the vicinity of the sun - the researchers deduced its interstellar origin in an article published in the <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8eac/pdf">Astrophysical Journal</a>.



<h2 id="h-unique-elemental-composition">Unique elemental composition</h2>



Moreover, recent evaluations have disclosed that some of these retrieved spheres boast a unique elemental composition, unparalleled in our solar system. Dubbed as the “BeLaU” composition due to its Beryllium, Lanthanum, and Uranium content, this alloy is distinct from any known to Earth or its neighboring planets.



Further analysis is underway across renowned institutions, including <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>, <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>, the <a href="https://www.bruker.com/">Bruker Corporation</a>, and the <a href="https://www.unitech.ac.pg/">University of Technology</a> in Papua New Guinea.



Loeb and his colleagues plan to soon publish a <a href="https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Interstellar_Expedition.pdf">scientific paper</a> detailing their findings, while Rob McCallum from EYOS commented on the expedition’s success, hinting at potential future endeavors.&nbsp;



“The findings demonstrate the success of the first exploratory expedition and pave the way for a second expedition to seek more data,” McCallum said. “We love to enable our clients’ projects anywhere on Earth, but this one is out of this world.”



Image Credit: Avi Loeb



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Harvard scientist finds alien artifacts at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean

Ever since a peculiar meteor was observed plummeting towards Earth,...

Astronomers have cracked a perplexing cosmic mystery with the aid of an impressive observational campaign involving 12 ground and space-based telescopes, including three facilities of the <a href="https://www.eso.org/">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO).&nbsp;



The experts have unraveled the bizarre behavior of a pulsar, a rapidly rotating dead star, which has been switching between two brightness modes almost incessantly - a phenomenon that has, until now, been an enigma.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-extraordinary-cosmic-events">Extraordinary cosmic events&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that the sudden ejections of matter from the pulsar over extremely short durations are the cause of these peculiar switches.



Study lead author Maria Cristina Baglio is a researcher at New York University Abu Dhabi, affiliated with the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF).



“We have witnessed extraordinary cosmic events where enormous amounts of matter, similar to cosmic cannonballs, are launched into space within a very brief time span of tens of seconds from a small, dense celestial object rotating at incredibly high speeds,” explained Baglio.



<h2 id="h-peculiar-type-of-pulsar">Peculiar type of pulsar</h2>



Pulsars are fast-spinning, magnetic, dead stars that project a beam of electromagnetic radiation into space.&nbsp;



As they rotate, this beam sweeps across the universe - much like a lighthouse beam scanning its surroundings - and is detected by astronomers as it intersects Earth's line of sight. This results in the star appearing to pulse in brightness when observed from our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-planet-discovered-with-an-ocean-not-far-from-earth/">planet</a>.



PSR J1023+0038, or J1023 for short, is a peculiar type of pulsar exhibiting strange behavior. Situated approximately 4500 light-years away in the Sextans constellation, it orbits another star closely.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-puzzling-behavior">Puzzling behavior&nbsp;</h2>



Over the past decade, the pulsar has been actively extracting matter from its companion, causing it to accumulate in a disc around the pulsar before gradually falling towards it.



Once this accumulation process commenced, the sweeping beam virtually disappeared, and the pulsar began continuously switching between two modes. In the "high" mode, the pulsar emits bright X-rays, ultraviolet, and visible light, while in the "low" mode, it is dimmer at these frequencies and produces more radio waves.&nbsp;



The pulsar can remain in each mode for several seconds or minutes before transitioning to the other mode in just a few seconds - a phenomenon that has confounded astronomers until now.



"Our unprecedented observing campaign to understand this pulsar’s behavior involved a dozen cutting-edge ground-based and space-borne telescopes," said co-lead author Francesco Coti Zelati, a researcher at the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona.



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The project included the ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) and New Technology Telescope (NTT), which detected visible and near-infrared light, as well as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).&nbsp;



During two nights in June 2021, the telescopes observed the system transitioning over 280 times between its high and low modes.



<h2 id="h-what-the-study-revealed">What the study revealed&nbsp;</h2>



“We have discovered that the mode switching stems from an intricate interplay between the pulsar wind, a flow of high-energy particles blowing away from the pulsar, and matter flowing towards the pulsar,” explained Coti Zelati, who is also affiliated with INAF.



In the low mode, matter flowing towards the pulsar is ejected in a narrow jet perpendicular to the disc. Gradually, this matter accumulates closer to the pulsar, where it is bombarded by the wind emanating from the pulsating star, causing the matter to heat up.



The system then transitions to a high mode, glowing intensely in the X-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light. Eventually, blobs of this heated matter are expelled by the pulsar via the jet. With less hot matter in the disc, the system's brightness diminishes, reverting back to the low mode.



<h2 id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



While this discovery has demystified the strange behavior of J1023, there is still much to be learned from studying this unique system, and ESO’s telescopes will continue to aid astronomers in observing this unusual pulsar.



Specifically, the ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), currently being constructed in Chile, will provide an unparalleled view of J1023’s switching mechanisms.



“The ELT will allow us to gain key insights into how the abundance, distribution, dynamics, and energetics of the inflowing matter around the pulsar are affected by the mode switching behavior,” said Sergio Campana, research director at the INAF Brera Observatory.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346418">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Cosmic mystery solved: The puzzling behavior of a pulsar

Astronomers have cracked a perplexing cosmic mystery with the aid...

Happy,Jumping,Old,Man,Against,Beach,Background.,Shot,On,The

Researchers have found that for women over the age of 60, maintaining a stable weight could significantly increase their chances of living up to 90, 95, or even 100 years old. The study indicates that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/berberine-plant-derived-supplement-is-the-hot-new-weight-loss-trend/">weight loss</a> in later life could perhaps even work against the goal of exceptional longevity.



However, the experts emphasized that women should still follow medical advice when weight loss is recommended to enhance their health or quality of life.



<h2 id="h-exceptional-longevity">Exceptional longevity&nbsp;</h2>



Exceptional longevity refers to the phenomenon of living significantly longer than the average lifespan of a given population. This is often observed in certain individuals who live to be 100 years old or more, known as centenarians.&nbsp;



Genetic factors, lifestyle choices such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, as well as a positive mental attitude, are all thought to contribute to achieving exceptional longevity.



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The research was focused on data from more than 54,000 women over the age of 60 who participated in the Women's Health Initiative, a prospective study investigating causes of chronic diseases among postmenopausal women.



The researchers compared women who kept their weight broadly stable over three years to those who lost at least 5 percent.



During the follow-up period, over 30,000 women, or 56% of the participants, survived to the age of 90 or beyond.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-conclusion-about-exceptional-longevity">Conclusion about exceptional longevity</h2>



The comprehensive study revealed that older women with a more stable weight were 1.2 to 2 times more likely to achieve exceptional longevity compared to those who lost 5 percent or more of their weight.&nbsp;



The researchers found that women who lost weight were 38 percent less likely to reach the age of 100, 33 percent less likely to make it to the age of 90, and 35 percent less likely to reach the age of 95.



When the experts looked at separate groups, the results were similar among women who were overweight, obese, or had a normal weight.



<h2 id="h-weight-loss">Weight loss</h2>



The study also revealed that women who unintentionally lost weight were 51 percent less likely to survive until the age of 90.&nbsp;



Among this group of women, who lost weight without trying, about a third said it was due to illness, 23 percent blamed stress, and almost 29 percent had a poor appetite.



<h2 id="h-weight-gain">Weight gain</h2>



Furthermore, the results showed that gaining 5 percent or more weight, as compared to maintaining a stable weight, was also not linked with exceptional longevity.



<h2 id="h-exceptional-longevity-and-stable-weight">Exceptional longevity and stable weight</h2>



Study first author Aladdin Shadyab is an associate professor at the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science at the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/">University of California, San Diego</a>.



"It is very common for older women in the United States to experience overweight or obesity with a body mass index range of 25 to 35. Our findings support stable weight as a goal for longevity in older women."&nbsp;



"If aging women find themselves losing weight when they are not trying to lose weight, this could be a warning sign of ill health and a predictor of decreased longevity," Shadyab said in a university news release.



Shadyab also pointed out that unintentional weight loss in aging women could be a red flag for ill health and a predictor of decreased longevity.



However, unintentional weight loss is a common occurrence in older adults and is not always related to an underlying medical cause.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study authors noted that their findings challenge the general recommendations for weight loss in older women, as it may not necessarily contribute to their longevity.&nbsp;



The study is the first of its kind to examine how weight changes among older women may affect the potential for exceptional longevity.



The research contradicts the general recommendation that older women should lose weight for better health. It sheds light on the complex relationship between weight and longevity in older women, highlighting the importance of maintaining a stable weight as a key goal.



This research, published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology">Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences</a>, received partial funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 



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Maintaining stable weight dramatically increases odds of living 100+ years

Researchers have found that for women over the age of...

Silhouette,Of,A,Big,Mighty,Oak,Against,Blue,Moon"elements,Of

On the night of August 30, 2023, the biggest and brightest full moon of the year - the "blue supermoon" - will make its glorious appearance in the night sky. The term "blue supermoon" is not just a poetic label; it captures a rare convergence of three distinct lunar phenomena.&nbsp;



As explained by Gordon Johnston from NASA's <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">Solar System Exploration</a>, the upcoming full moon is a merger of a supermoon and a blue moon that is in alignment with the Hindu festival Rakhi Purnima.



<h2 id="h-saturn-will-dance-with-the-supermoon">Saturn will dance with the supermoon</h2>



On August 30th, as the Earth-based longitude shows the moon in perfect opposition to the Sun, it will light up the night at 9:36 PM EDT.&nbsp;



The ringed planet Saturn, a few days from its brightest stance for the year, will gracefully accompany our rare blue supermoon.&nbsp;



Observers can look for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megastorms-on-saturn-are-larger-than-the-earth-and-last-for-hundreds-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn</a> five degrees to the upper right of the Moon as evening twilight ceases at 8:42 PM. The duo will then appear to dance, with Saturn swinging clockwise around the Moon throughout the evening, according to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>.



<h2 id="h-what-makes-this-blue-moon-super">What makes this blue moon super?</h2>



But why is this moon termed "super"? The supermoon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/august-will-host-two-supermoons-including-a-rare-blue-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phenomenon</a> refers to the moon's closeness to Earth during its full phase, making it appear more substantial and brighter.&nbsp;



Various publications have different criteria for designating a moon as "super," but both of August 2023's full moons meet these requirements.



<h2 id="h-second-full-moon-of-the-month">Second full moon of the month</h2>



Diving into the "blue" of the blue supermoon, it's not about the color. Instead, it references this being the second full moon of August.&nbsp;



This terminology can be traced back to a 1946 Sky &amp; Telescope magazine definition. Intriguingly, the more aged definition from the 1500s designated the third full moon of a four-moon season as the Blue Moon.&nbsp;



By that criteria, the blue status would belong to the full moon of August 2024. For those curious about witnessing a truly blue-tinted moon, history did record such a spectacle, which can be discovered in-depth on <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/07jul_bluemoon.html">NASA's site</a>.



<h2 id="h-rakhi-purnima">Rakhi Purnima</h2>



Synced with this lunar event is Rakhi Purnima or Raksha Bandhan, a Hindu festival celebrating the unbreakable bond between siblings. The ritual involves sisters tying a rakhi (a cotton bracelet) around their brothers' wrists and receiving gifts in return. This act symbolizes the enduring bond and mutual protection between them.



For those who follow traditional solar and lunar calendars, this full moon signifies various important timings. In the Chinese calendar, it marks the middle of the seventh month, while in the Islamic calendar, it's Safar.&nbsp;



Jewish observers will note this full moon during Elul, a significant time of introspection and preparation for the forthcoming High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.



While celestial attire is recommended for full moon viewing, it's also a great time to cherish family ties, release resentments, and wish for a prosperous year ahead.



<h2 id="h-upcoming-lunar-events">Upcoming lunar events</h2>



Looking forward as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-will-soon-vanish-during-the-summer/">summer</a> transitions into fall, the periods of daylight will decrease rapidly, reaching a turning point at the autumn equinox.&nbsp;



No significant meteor showers are anticipated in this lunar cycle, but there will be other starry sights. The evening sky of August 30 will showcase Vega, a luminary of the Summer Triangle and one of the brightest in our sky, shining from a distance of 25 light-years away.



August's second full moon stands out among 2023's lunar events. It's not only the third supermoon of the year but also the closest. At a mere 222,043 miles (357,344 kilometers) from Earth, it trumps even the August 1 full moon by a slim margin of 115 miles.



On September 29, be on the lookout for the Harvest Moon, which will be the final supermoon of 2023.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-harvest-moon">More about the Harvest Moon</h2>



August's Harvest Moon holds special significance in various cultures due to its association with the harvest season. Here are some pieces of folklore and traditions surrounding the Harvest Moon:



<h3 id="h-bright-nights">Bright nights</h3>



The Harvest Moon rises at roughly the same time for several nights in a row, which means that there is no prolonged darkness between sunset and moonrise.&nbsp;



This phenomenon provided farmers with extended periods of light, allowing them to work late into the evening to harvest their crops.



<h3 id="h-symbol-of-abundance">Symbol of abundance</h3>



In many cultures, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvest-moon-marks-the-arrival-of-autumn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvest</a> Moon is seen as a symbol of abundance, prosperity, and completion. It's a time to celebrate the bounty of the earth and to give thanks for the food that will sustain people through the winter.



<h3 id="h-festivals">Festivals</h3>



Many cultures hold festivals or celebrations during the time of the Harvest Moon. For instance, in East Asia, the Mid-Autumn Festival (or Moon Festival) is celebrated with mooncakes, lanterns, and family gatherings.



<h3 id="h-romance">Romance</h3>



The bright and large appearance of the Harvest Moon has also given it romantic connotations. In literature and popular culture, it's often depicted as a perfect backdrop for lovers, symbolizing warmth and hope.



<h3 id="h-the-unexplained">The unexplained</h3>



Full moons have often been linked in folklore to strange or unexplained behavior, both in humans and animals. Some believe that full moons can lead to more erratic behavior, though scientific evidence is limited.



<h2>More about blue moons</h2>



A "blue moon" is a term that has historical, cultural, and astronomical significance. Let me break down the various aspects of the concept:



<h3>Definition</h3>



The older definition of a blue moon is the third of four full moons in a single season. Typically, there are only three full moons in each season, but occasionally there's a fourth. When this happens, the third is termed a "blue moon."



Most people today understand the term "blue moon" to mean the second of two full moons in a calendar month with two full moons. As mentioned above, this understanding gained popularity due to an error in an article in "Sky &amp; Telescope" magazine in 1946. This definition became widespread especially after it was used in the popular radio program "StarDate" in the 1980s and then again in 1999 on the Trivial Pursuit game.



<h3>Frequency</h3>



Blue moons (by the modern definition) occur approximately once every 2.7 years. This is because the lunar month (the time it takes for the moon to cycle through all of its phases) is about 29.5 days, while most calendar months are longer.



<h3>Color</h3>



The term "blue moon" has nothing to do with the moon's actual color. However, on very rare occasions, the moon can appear blue in color, usually due to atmospheric conditions. 



For instance, if there have been volcanic eruptions or forest fires that release particles into the atmosphere, these particles can scatter red light and make the moon appear blue.



<h3>Origin</h3>



The term has been in use for hundreds of years and evolved over time. The phrase "once in a blue moon" to indicate a rare event dates back at least 400 years.



"Blue Moon" is a classic song written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in 1934. Numerous artists have covered it, making it a staple in American music.



<h3>Astronomical details</h3>



The moon's cycle from new moon to new moon, called a synodic month, is about 29.5 days. Our calendar months (except February) are longer than this, which is why it's possible to fit two full moons in one month.



<h3>Other moons</h3>



The term "blue moon" is just one of many that describe various full moon phenomena. Others include:



Harvest Moon: The full moon closest to the autumn equinox.



Supermoon: When the full moon occurs at the same time the moon is nearest Earth in its elliptical orbit, making it appear larger.



Blood Moon: Refers to the red appearance the moon takes on during a total lunar eclipse.



Remember, irrespective of the definition or the rarity, a blue moon is still just a full moon in astronomical terms, and it doesn't have any particular physical significance. It's the cultural and historical aspects that make it special.



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Tonight's rare "Blue Supermoon" will be the biggest and brightest of the year

On the night of August 30, 2023, the biggest and...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...