The solar system, billions of years old, holds many secrets about its formation. Among its fascinating residents is Chiron, a centaur orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune. 



New findings by scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) shed light on this hybrid of comet and asteroid, revealing unprecedented insights into its surface chemistry and activity.



The study was led by Dr. Noemí Pinilla-Alonso of the University of Oviedo and Dr. Charles Schambeau from the University of Central Florida (UCF). Their findings could reshape our understanding of centaurs and the solar system’s early history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-capsules-of-the-solar-system">Time capsules of the solar system </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-space-objects-called-centaurs-29p-continue-to-perplex-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centaurs</a> are objects with dual characteristics, straddling the line between asteroids and comets. 



Chiron, discovered in 1977, is unique even among centaurs. It exhibits comet-like behavior, including a coma - a cloud of gas and dust - alongside distinct surface and interior features.



Dr. Pinilla-Alonso emphasizes that centaurs act as “time capsules,” preserving information about the solar system’s formation. "All small bodies in the solar system talk to us about how it was back in time,” she explained. 



Chiron’s activity, driven by solar heating, offers a rare opportunity to explore these preserved secrets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-chemical-diversity-in-a-centaur">Unprecedented chemical diversity in a centaur</h2>



Using <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>, the team discovered that Chiron's surface hosts carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide ice. Its coma contains methane and other gases, marking the first detection of such diversity in a centaur. 



“These results are like nothing we’ve seen before,” noted Dr. Schambeau from <a href="https://www.ucf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCF</a>.



JWST’s advanced capabilities allowed the researchers to study Chiron even at its farthest point from the Sun. This distance usually limits the activity of similar objects, such as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs).



Unlike <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comet-will-be-visible-for-the-first-time-in-50000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comets</a> closer to the Sun, Chiron’s thinner coma offers clearer insights into its surface chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chiron-s-ice-and-gas-dynamics">Chiron's ice and gas dynamics</h2>



Dr. Pinilla-Alonso noted that Chiron’s dual nature makes it invaluable for studying processes in both comets and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-large-asteroids-will-pass-near-earth-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a>. 



"What is unique about Chiron is that we can observe both the surface and the coma,” she said.



This dual observation provides critical information about the ice layer's thickness, porosity, and chemical properties.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2060-Chiron_coma_asteroid-comet-hybrid_credit-USF_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2060-Chiron_coma_asteroid-comet-hybrid_credit-USF_1s.webp" alt="Artist's impression of 2060 Chiron, an active centaur, surrounded by a faint disc of debris. Bright icy deposits and active areas are visible on its surface. Credtis: William D. González Sierra of the Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida." class="wp-image-1954508"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Artist's impression of 2060 Chiron, an active centaur, surrounded by a faint disc of debris. Bright icy deposits and active areas are visible on its surface. Credtis: William D. González Sierra of the Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida.</figcaption></figure>



JWST’s observations revealed the coexistence of primordial ices, such as methane and water, and newer compounds formed through surface processes. 



“Every active centaur we observe shows some peculiarity,” said Dr. Pinilla-Alonso. Understanding these peculiarities may uncover patterns across these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/once-in-a-lifetime-comet-will-be-easily-visible-this-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enigmatic objects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-oddball-among-centaurs">An oddball among centaurs</h2>



Chiron stands out due to its unusual behavior, including comet-like activity and potential rings of debris. 



Dr. Schambeau describes it as “an oddball” with a unique thermophysical process. He analyzed methane in Chiron’s coma, linking its outflow to sun-heated regions on its surface.



These findings deepen our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2060-chiron_debris-disk_asteroid-comet-hybrid_credit-USF_1big.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">centaurs’ evolution and behavior</a>. 



Chiron’s dynamic environment provides clues about how solar heating influences its surface and subsurface, offering a glimpse into processes shaping similar bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-and-future-of-chiron">Origins and future of Chiron</h2>



Chiron likely originated in the TNO region before moving into its current orbit. Gravitational interactions with giant planets alter the paths of centaurs, exposing them to varied environments.



Dr. Pinilla-Alonso explained that centaurs typically remain in the giant planets’ region for about a million years before being ejected. “They may end their lives as Jupiter Family comets or return to the TNOs region."



Chiron’s journey across the solar system exposes it to solar radiation, driving surface changes and creating its unique chemical composition. 



Understanding this evolution provides valuable insights into the early solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-chiron-s-discovery">Broader implications of Chiron’s discovery</h2>



The study’s implications extend beyond Chiron. Identifying gases and ices on distant objects enhances our understanding of the solar system’s building blocks. 



These findings could also inform future research on centaurs and other icy bodies.



Dr. Pinilla-Alonso noted that JWST’s spectra revealed intricate details about Chiron’s ices and their interactions. "Based on our new JWST data, I’m not so sure we have a standard centaur."



Further studies may uncover shared traits among centaurs, offering a clearer picture of their origins and diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-more-about-centaurs">Learning more about centaurs</h2>



The researchers from <a href="https://www.uniovi.es" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oviedo</a> and UCF plan to continue observing Chiron as it approaches the Sun.



Closer proximity will enable more detailed studies of its surface and coma, potentially uncovering new chemical and physical properties.



Future research may also explore seasonal variations and illumination effects on Chiron’s ice reservoir. Such studies could refine our understanding of how centaurs interact with their environments and evolve over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-mysteries-of-the-solar-system">Unveiling the mysteries of the solar system</h2>



The JWST, an international collaboration led by NASA, has revolutionized space science. 



Its ability to observe distant objects like Chiron is solving long-standing mysteries about the solar system and beyond. These discoveries highlight the telescope’s transformative impact on planetary science.



“JWST has made these detections accessible. These results enhance our understanding of Chiron’s interior composition and its unique behaviors,” concluded Dr. Schambeau.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-solar-system-exploration">New chapter in solar system exploration</h2>



Chiron’s unique chemistry and activity mark a significant milestone in understanding the solar system’s origins. 



The ongoing research, powered by JWST’s capabilities, promises to unravel more secrets about this enigmatic centaur and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">counterparts</a>.



Through Chiron, scientists are not just uncovering the past - they are laying the groundwork for future exploration of icy bodies across the solar system.



“The analysis of Chiron’s gases and ices opens new frontiers and opportunities for exciting research,” said Dr. Pinilla-Alonso.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/12/aa50124-24/aa50124-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Rare asteroid-comet hybrid is unlike anything ever seen before

The solar system, billions of years old, holds many secrets about its formation. Among its fascinating residents is Chiron, a centaur orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune. New findings by scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) shed light on this hybrid of comet and asteroid, revealing unprecedented insights into its surface chemistry and activity. The study was led by Dr. Noemí Pinilla-Alonso of the University of Oviedo and Dr. Charles Schambeau from the University of Central Florida (UCF). Their findings could reshape our understanding of centaurs...

Wild,Male,And,Female,Red,Salmon,In,River,Before,Spawning

Recent research has uncovered startling effects of pesticide exposure on fish, revealing both immediate behavioral changes and lasting impacts that extend to their offspring, who themselves have never been directly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-biodegradable-plastic-is-harmful-to-fish-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exposed to these chemicals</a>.



This study, spearheaded by co-author Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University’s <a href="https://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hatfield Marine Science Center</a>, highlights a concerning trend that could have broader implications for all vertebrates, including humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pesticide-peril-ripples-through-fish-generations">Pesticide peril ripples through fish generations</h2>



The research focused on fish exposed to common pyrethroid pesticides -- bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and cyhalothrin -- known for their neurotoxicity and prevalence in waterways, particularly in the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-Joaquin Delta. 



These chemicals are not isolated to agricultural settings but are also widespread in residential areas, posing a risk to a wide array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic life</a> and potentially to human health due to runoff from populated areas.



“This exposure is happening not just to these fish, but to all aquatic organisms in areas that are receiving runoff from areas populated by humans,” Brander said. 



“It’s safe to say that we’re seeing influences at the population level if fish that were exposed for a few days as embryos and larvae are then producing offspring that are developmentally deformed, or males that are not able to produce as much sperm.”



Adding to the concern is the role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> in expanding the habitats of various insect species, necessitating increased pesticide use and thereby exposing even more organisms to these harmful chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-pesticide-exposure-seen-in-behavior">Echoes of pesticide exposure seen in behavior</h2>



The study utilized inland silversides, a model species for North American estuaries, exposing silverside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish embryos</a> to extremely low concentrations of these pesticides. 



The amount used for exposure was likened to a teaspoon of pesticide in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, emphasizing the low concentration required to observe effects.



Following exposure, the fish showed hypoactive behavior, potentially diminishing their ability to seek food. Remarkably, the offspring of these exposed fish exhibited hyperactive behavior, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for the parents' reduced activity. 



Additionally, adult males exposed as larvae displayed reduced gonad size, whereas their offspring showed increased fecundity, indicating varied reproductive impacts across generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extrapolating-the-fish-data-to-human-populations">Extrapolating the fish data to human populations</h2>



Brander emphasizes the broader implications of these findings, noting the genetic similarities between many fish species and humans. 



“This study is another demonstration of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-can-be-passed-from-mothers-to-unborn-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early-life exposure</a> to these chemicals can affect fish for months and, in the case of humans, for potentially years,” Brander said. 



“We could potentially use this as a model for how human babies or humans in utero could respond to these chemicals -- fish use the same hormone receptors as we do; the same steroids. So something that interferes with reproduction in fish could potentially have the same effect on humans.”



The adaptation observed in the fish to their pesticide exposure, while a testament to their resilience, also hints at possible overcompensation. 



This could detract from other vital biological functions, such as growth or predation, suggesting that the impacts of such exposure are complex and multifaceted.



Brander concludes with a call to action on environmental regulation, stating, "In terms of environmental regulation, if we put stricter controls into effect because of studies like this, it’s going to take a few generations of fish -- or whatever the organism is -- for them to completely recover," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-awareness-to-action-protecting-fish-from-pesticides">Awareness to action: Protecting fish from pesticides</h2>



In summary, this disturbing study highlights the profound and lasting effects that even minimal pesticide exposure can have on fish and their offspring, illuminating a path forward that necessitates stricter environmental regulations to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safeguard aquatic ecosystems</a> and, by extension, human health. 



By demonstrating the intergenerational impact of pesticides, Susanne Brander's research calls for immediate action to reduce chemical runoff into our waterways. 



Her results also emphasize the interconnectedness of all vertebrate life, urging a reevaluation of our reliance on harmful pesticides. 



As we face the dual challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, the findings serve as a critical reminder of the urgency to protect our environment and ensure a healthy planet for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c06234?ref=pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Fish exposure to pesticides impacts their behavior in current and future generations

Recent research has uncovered startling effects of pesticide exposure on...

Potato,Chips,In,Wooden,Plate,,,On,A,Wooden,Table

In an exciting development for the snack food sector, two scientists discovered a way to make healthy potato chips and fries by reducing a carcinogen produced when cold-stored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-threatening-pathogens-discovered-in-pennsylvania/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potatoes</a> are fried.



The work of Michigan State University (<a href="https://msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>) professors <a href="https://directory.natsci.msu.edu/Directory/Profiles/Person/102372" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jiming Jiang</a> and <a href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/douches_david" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Douches</a> is set to revolutionize the potato chip industry by paving the way for the creation of healthy potato varieties resistant to these drawbacks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-farm-to-bowl-making-a-healthy-potato-chip">From farm to bowl: Making a healthy potato chip</h2>



The significance of this research cannot be overstated, particularly when considering the snack industry's multi-billion dollar market in the U.S. alone. Michigan stands as a leading potato producer for chips, contributing $240 million annually to the industry. 



However, the inherent challenge of not being able to cultivate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-breeding-more-resilient-potatoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potatoes</a> year-round, coupled with the necessity for snack manufacturers to have a continuous supply, has made cold storage of potatoes an essential yet problematic solution.



This is primarily due to cold-induced sweetening (CIS), a process where starches in potatoes convert to sugars at low temperatures, leading to darker chips and fries with higher levels of acrylamide -- a carcinogenic compound formed during high-temperature cooking, linked to increased cancer risk. 



While there are existing methods to reduce sugar content in cold-stored potatoes, these solutions can be costly and potentially alter the flavor of the final product.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-road-to-healthier-snacks">Genetic road to healthier snacks</h2>



Addressing the issue at its core, Jiang and his team have identified the specific gene responsible for CIS and, crucially, the regulatory element that activates it under cold conditions. 



This discovery deepens the understanding of CIS and opens the door to developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potatoes-are-packed-with-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato</a> varieties that naturally resist this process, thus preventing the formation of harmful substances. 



Jiang, a potato researcher for over two decades, has been at the forefront of this challenge, initially identifying a key gene linked to CIS during his tenure at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> in 2010.



Collaborating extensively with MSU colleagues and other research institutions, Jiang's team utilized gene expression analysis, protein identification, and enhancer mapping to pinpoint the CIS gene's regulatory element. 



“We’ve identified the specific gene responsible for CIS and, more importantly, we’ve uncovered the regulatory element that switches it on under cold temperatures,” explained Jiang. 



“By studying how this gene turns on and off, we open up the possibility of developing potatoes that are naturally resistant to CIS and, therefore, will not produce toxic compounds.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dawn-of-cold-resistant-potatoes">The dawn of cold-resistant potatoes</h2>



The MSU environment, renowned for its collaborative research atmosphere and state-of-the-art facilities, including the top-tier potato breeding program led by Douches, has been instrumental in advancing this research.



“MSU’s collaborative research environment and facilities, including the world-class <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-drugs-of-the-future-may-come-from-potatoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato breeding</a> program led by Dave Douches, were instrumental for this research,” Jiang said. 



“Our next steps involve using this knowledge to create CIS-resistant potato lines through gene editing or other breeding techniques in Dr. Douches’ greenhouses.”



Douches highlighted the efficiency of conducting research on-campus, allowing for swift progress towards creating cold-resistant potato varieties through targeted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-gets-a-revolutionary-upgrade-with-new-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic modification</a>.



“All our facilities are on campus so the research work can be done efficiently,” Douches said. “With our collaboration, we were able to produce a finding that paves the way for targeted genetic modification approaches to create cold-resistant potato varieties.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extending-this-technology-beyond-snack-foods">Extending this technology beyond snack foods</h2>



The implications of Jiang and Douches' research extend beyond making healthy potato chips and enhancing the quality of snack foods. It also holds the potential to mitigate acrylamide formation in various processed starchy foods. 



Furthermore, developing cold-resistant potatoes could lead to improved storage and transport flexibility, reducing food waste and associated costs.



Jiang is optimistic about the commercial availability of CIS-resistant potatoes in the near future, marking a significant stride in improving potato development for food quality and health. 



“This discovery represents a significant advancement in our understanding of potato development and its implications for food quality and health,” Jiang said. “It has the potential to affect every single bag of potato chips around the world.”



This advancement is poised to impact the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americans-propensity-to-snack-has-gotten-out-of-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snack food industry</a>, potentially transforming every bag of potato chips on the market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-potato-chips-and-the-cold-spud-revolution">Healthy potato chips and the cold spud revolution</h2>



In summary, this tantalizing discovery marks a significant milestone in the snack food industry and potato cultivation, promising a future where chips and fries not only taste better but are healthier too. 



By pinpointing the gene responsible for cold-induced sweetening and its regulatory element, scientists can now create potato varieties resistant to this process, potentially eliminating the formation of acrylamide, a known carcinogen. 



The collaboration between Michigan State University's esteemed scientists and its world-class potato breeding program, led by David Douches, showcases the power of targeted genetic modification in addressing critical food safety and quality issues. 



This breakthrough stands to transform the billion-dollar snack market in the U.S. while taking great strides in global food health standards. This collaboration is a pivotal moment for researchers, farmers, and consumers alike.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/plcell/advance-article/doi/10.1093/plcell/koae050/7609602" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Plant Cell</a>.



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Potato chips and fries will now be a ‘healthy’ snack with new cooking method

In an exciting development for the snack food sector, two...

Gone are the days when editing human genes was risky and dangerous. A new method called PRINT offers amazing accuracy and safety, making it a breakthrough in treating genetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/analyzing-the-blood-of-elite-cyclists-could-help-prevent-chronic-diseases/">diseases</a>. The technique was developed by researchers at <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a>, led by Professor Kathleen Collins. 



The RNA-based gene editing technique is a giant leap forward in medical technology, allowing us to target specific areas of our DNA with incredible accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-gene-therapy">Evolution of gene therapy</h2>



For years, scientists have been working on ways to deliver "good" genes to fix "bad" ones in people with diseases like genetic disorders, some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/">cancers</a>, and even infections.



At first, the experts used viruses to carry the genes, but there were risks like allergic reactions and even cancer. Then, a tool called CRISPR-Cas9 came along, letting them edit genes more precisely. But it could still make unexpected changes and damage the DNA.&nbsp;



The new tool aims to bypass the existing challenges. "A CRISPR-Cas9-based approach can fix a mutant nucleotide or insert a little patch of DNA - sequence fixing. Or you can just knock out a gene function by site-specific mutagenesis," said Professor Collins.&nbsp;



"We're not knocking out a gene function. We're not fixing an endogenous gene mutation. We're taking a complementary approach, which is to put into the genome an autonomously expressed gene that makes an active protein - to add back a functional gene as a deficit bypass."



"It's transgene supplementation instead of mutation reversal. To fix loss-of-function diseases that arise from a panoply of individual mutations of the same gene, this is great."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-working-of-print">Working of PRINT</h2>



Instead of inserting the genes randomly, like older methods, PRINT is a technique that uses special elements found in birds DNA called "retrotransposons." The gene editing technique works in three phases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delivery">Delivery</h3>



First, tiny packages containing two RNA messages are delivered into the cells. One message tells the cell to build a retrotransposon called R2, acting like a special key.



The other message carries the blueprint for the new, helpful gene. This blueprint includes the gene itself and instructions for using it (regulatory elements).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integration">Integration</h3>



The R2 protein, the key, recognizes and binds to specific "safe harbor" sites in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-vacuumed-animal-dna-from-a-forest-and-the-results-are-amazing/">DNA</a>. These are areas with multiple copies, so altering one won't harm the cell.&nbsp;



R2 acts like tiny scissors, carefully cutting open the DNA at the safe harbor site. Using the blueprint as a guide, R2 integrates the new “good” gene into the open space it created.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activation">Activation</h3>



The blueprint's regulatory elements tell the cell how to use the new gene. They act like switches, turning on the gene and instructing the cell to start producing the desired protein.



The body now produces the protein encoded by the new “good” gene, potentially addressing the disease or condition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-selection-of-r2">The selection of R2</h2>



The scientists were looking for a way to safely and accurately insert new genes into human cells for gene therapy. Their initial idea, using a different type of genetic element called LINE-1, seemed promising, but it turned out to be too complex and difficult to control.



Fortunately, previous research showed that genes inserted into specific regions of the genome called "ribosomal RNA genes" (rDNA) worked normally. These regions are repetitive and abundant, making them an attractive target for editing genes.



The scientists focused on an element called R2, which naturally inserts itself into rDNA in other animals, but not humans. They tested R2 from various creatures, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-silent-language-decoding-the-chemical-signals-of-insects/">insects</a>, birds, and even horseshoe crabs, searching for the best version for human cells.



"After chasing dozens of them, the real winners were from birds," Professor Collins said, specifically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/love-on-the-brain-male-zebra-finches-drop-everything-to-pursue-a-mate/">zebra finches</a> and white-throated sparrows. This R2 was highly specific to human rDNA and could insert larger pieces of DNA. Interestingly, this specificity likely originated from an ancient "ancestor" of R2 that existed in mammals but was later lost.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-successful-results">Successful results</h2>



Experiments confirmed that bird-derived R2 worked well. Scientists created a message and delivered it to human cells, instructing them to make both R2 and the desired new gene. Many cells successfully incorporated the new gene into their rDNA, and everything continued to function normally.



This careful selection of R2, based on both scientific understanding and experiments, is key to the innovative PRINT technique. By harnessing R2's unique abilities, the UC Berkeley team has developed a precise, safe, and broadly applicable gene therapy approach, opening new doors in genetic medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-technique-nbsp">Promising technique&nbsp;</h2>



PRINT offers a new way to deliver entire genes directly into the body, potentially treating more genetic disorders than ever before. Diseases caused by missing or faulty genes, like cystic fibrosis and hemophilia, could be corrected by adding back the missing piece.



While CRISPR-Cas9 is efficient at editing genes, it struggles with adding large chunks. PRINT fills this gap, allowing scientists to completely add new genes and work even better with CRISPR.



PRINT works by targeting specific spots in the genome, avoiding any disruption to important genes or potentially causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/">cancer</a>. This is a big improvement over older methods that could have serious side effects.



Unlike other gene therapies, PRINT doesn't need to be customized for each patient, making it simpler and faster to develop treatments for many people. This could save time, money, and bring relief to more patients sooner.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research">Future research</h2>



PRINT technology holds immense potential for treating diseases at the genetic level, but several key areas need further exploration to unlock its full potential.&nbsp;



Firstly, a deeper understanding of how genes integrate into DNA after delivery is crucial to prevent unintended changes and ensure gene integrity. Additionally, optimizing the technique for longer genes, which currently pose a challenge, requires finding ways to deliver them intact and functional.&nbsp;



Minimizing cellular reactions to the introduced RNA components is also essential for broader acceptance and improved integration efficiency. Understanding how long these delivered genes remain active in different disease contexts is vital for assessing the long-term efficacy and safety of PRINT-based therapies.&nbsp;



Furthermore, expanding PRINT's effectiveness beyond rapidly dividing cells holds promise for new treatment avenues. Refining the proteins involved in the process by leveraging protein engineering could significantly boost its overall efficiency.&nbsp;



Finally, gaining a deeper understanding of the key molecule, EN, will allow for precise optimizations and broaden the applicability of PRINT technology.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-precision-medicine">Hope for precision medicine</h2>



Such advancements in gene editing technology hold immense promise for revolutionizing the treatment of genetic diseases. Their capability extends beyond simply introducing new genes – they offer unparalleled precision in doing so.&nbsp;



This opens the door to designing treatments that target the fundamental molecular cause of the disorder, rather than solely managing symptoms.&nbsp;



Read more on the study in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02137-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Biotechnology.</a>



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Birds inspire a safer method of editing human genes

Gone are the days when editing human genes was risky...

In a fascinating development, scientists have pioneered the creation of "artificial laboratory testicles," a breakthrough with the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of sex determination mechanisms and offer new solutions for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-sperm-count-directly-linked-to-mobile-phone-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male infertility</a>. 



This innovation, from Dr. Nitzan Gonen and her team at <a href="https://www.biu.ac.il/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bar-Ilan University</a>, comes at a crucial time, considering that male infertility affects one in twelve men globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneering-fertility-the-birth-of-artificial-testicles">Pioneering fertility: The birth of artificial testicles</h2>



The essence of this research lies in the development of testis organoids -- tiny, artificial organs that mimic the natural function of testicles, including sperm production and testosterone synthesis. 



These organoids are cultivated from real mouse testicular cells, marking a significant step forward in the field of reproductive medicine and research.



Historically, the lack of in vitro systems capable of accurately modeling the testis has been a significant barrier in understanding disorders of sex development (DSD) and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-ddt-alters-sperm-putting-children-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male infertility</a>. 



The creation of these artificial testicles by Dr. Gonen and her students -- Aviya Stopel, Cheli Lev, and Stav Dahari -- at the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the <a href="https://nano.biu.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials</a>, ushers in a new era of possibilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-artificial-testicles">The science behind artificial testicles</h2>



The research team cultured the artificial testicles from immature testicular cells taken from neonatal mice. The breakthrough moment came when they observed tubule-like structures and a cellular organization within the organoids that closely resembled that of a natural testis. 



These structures are akin to the seminiferous tubules in a real testicle, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm production</a> occurs.



One of the most promising aspects of this research is the longevity of the organoids in vitro, which were successfully cultured for nine weeks. 



This duration is theoretically sufficient for completing the sperm production and hormone secretion processes, which, in mice, takes approximately 34 days. This longevity suggests that these processes could potentially occur in vitro.



While Dr. Gonen remains cautious about whether the model will actually produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-alcohol-has-a-significant-negative-impact-on-a-fathers-sperm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm cells</a>, early signs of meiosis -- the process leading to the production of gametes -- have been observed. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-hope-with-testicular-organoids">Cultivating hope with testicular organoids</h2>



This development is crucial as it hints at the organoids' capability to produce sperm cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes needed for fertilization.



This research also highlights the adaptability of organoids, which typically resemble embryonic-stage organs. 



Dr. Gonen's team has successfully created conditions allowing the organoids to mature, demonstrating that even testicles grown from embryonic cells can develop clear sperm tubes. However, attempts to grow organoids from adult mice testis were not successful.



Dr. Gonen emphasizes the potential of artificial testicles as a model for fundamental research into testicle development and function, with possible therapeutic applications for sexual development disorders and infertility. 



The future of this research is particularly promising, with plans to produce organoids using human samples. This could revolutionize fertility treatments, especially for children undergoing cancer treatment, who are unable to produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-improves-sperm-quality-and-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viable sperm</a>. 



By freezing samples from these children, there's hope that fertile sperm can be grown in vitro, offering a new pathway to parenthood for those affected by infertility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-testicles-the-future-of-fertility">Artificial testicles: The future of fertility</h2>



In summary, Dr. Nitzan Gonen and her team's pioneering creation of artificial testicles in the laboratory represents a monumental stride in the battle against male infertility, offering new hope to millions of men worldwide. 



By successfully mimicking the natural processes of testicular function through organoid technology, this research deepens our understanding of sex determination and reproductive health while offering revolutionary new treatments for men around the world. 



As we stand on the brink of potential fertility breakthroughs, the implications of this study extend far beyond the laboratory, promising to transform the lives of individuals and families across the globe, marking a new era in medical science and reproductive health.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.ijbs.com/v20p1024.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Biological Sciences</a>.



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'Artificial testicles' created in a lab will eventually produce sperm

In a fascinating development, scientists have pioneered the creation of...

Scientists have taken a giant step in understanding human genes. The <a href="https://allofus.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">All of Us program</a> just released a huge amount of data, including 275 million new genetic variants, that could change how we think about health and illness. 



Instead of medicine being the same for everyone, imagine treatments designed specifically for you, based on your unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-genes-that-help-fruit-adapt-to-droughts/">genes</a>.&nbsp;



That's the future the All of Us program is working towards. They have released genetic information from over 245,000 people, building the groundwork for healthcare as unique as you are.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-basis-of-diseases">Genetic basis of diseases</h2>



When someone gets sick, their genes can sometimes play a role. These genes, the blueprints for our bodies, hold instructions in the form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-vacuumed-animal-dna-from-a-forest-and-the-results-are-amazing/">DNA</a>. Sometimes, there are tiny mistakes or changes in this DNA called mutations.&nbsp;



These mutations can affect how genes function, leading to disease or increasing the risk of developing certain health problems. Understanding this "genetic basis" of diseases is crucial for several reasons.



Doctors can use genetic testing to confirm diagnosis for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-u-s-is-alarmingly-unprepared-for-zoonotic-diseases/">diseases</a> with known genetic causes, allowing for faster and more accurate interventions. They can also use it to assess someone's or a family's risk of developing certain diseases, enabling preventative measures or early treatment.&nbsp;



Recent studies have already found some examples of how different genes can impact disease risk. For example, a gene called APOL1 is linked to kidney problems in people with African ancestry. Additionally, a new type of medicine for high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-cholesterol-may-increase-the-risk-of-dementia/">cholesterol</a> was discovered by studying the genes of people in Dallas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-all-of-us-program">All of Us program</h2>



The study sought to gather information from over a million people across the US, especially those typically left out of medical research. They explained the goals and got permission to use people's genetic info and medical records.



Volunteers gave samples like blood or saliva. These were analyzed to get their full genetic makeup or specific variations. Medical records were also added to this genetic data. This connection allowed researchers to see how genes, health outcomes, and medical history were linked over time.



Researchers then used sequencing techniques to find differences in people's genetic code compared to a standard. These differences were then studied to see how they might affect genes and proteins, and if they were linked to any known diseases.



Since people come from different backgrounds, the study analyzed the genetic data from various ancestries. This helped ensure the findings were accurate and applied to many groups, not just one. It also showed how gene-disease links might differ depending on ancestry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity">Genetic diversity</h2>



The program identified a staggering 1 billion genetic variants, with over 275 million of them never seen before. This highlights that humans are super diverse. This diversity is key to understanding why people get sick and how to tailor treatments to their unique genes, a concept known as personalized medicine.&nbsp;



Finding so many previously unknown variations significantly expands our knowledge of human DNA. This is especially important for figuring out how genes contribute to diseases and identifying potential targets for treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coding-variants">Coding variants</h2>



Changes in genes that affect proteins, which control how our bodies function, are particularly interesting. These "coding variants" can directly impact health and disease. Finding many previously unknown coding variants shows there are gaps in our current genetic databases, especially for groups that haven't been studied as much. This program's findings help fill those gaps and improve our understanding of human genetic diversity.



It's also important to differentiate between rare and common variations. Most of the coding variants found are rare, meaning fewer than 1% of people have them. This emphasizes the importance of studying large and diverse groups to capture all the variations. Rare variations can be especially helpful for understanding rare diseases or why some groups are more susceptible to certain common diseases.



Furthermore, the program analyzed how disease-causing or likely disease-causing variations are distributed across different ancestral groups. The knowledge is crucial for developing more inclusive and effective healthcare strategies that consider the specific genetic risks of different ancestries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-the-study">Importance of the study</h2>



This study did even more than just find new genetic information. It showed that the data collected by the All of Us program is really reliable, because the researchers were able to confirm already known links between genes and diseases, even in a group of people with many different backgrounds. This means the data can be used to find even more genes that cause diseases.



The way the study was done is a perfect example of how personalized medicine could work. They combined people's genes with their medical records, which could help doctors give treatments that are best for each individual, based on their own unique DNA. This could lead to much better healthcare in the future.



"Sequencing diverse populations can lead to new drug targets that are relevant to everyone. It can also help uncover disparities that lead to specific treatments for people that are experiencing higher burdens of disease or different diseases," said Dr. Josh Denny, a study author and its chief executive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-initiative">Public initiative</h2>



The All of Us Research Program wants to make genetic data easily accessible to scientists, fueling discoveries and improving healthcare.



The program gives researchers a secure online space to analyze the data. Partnering with universities streamlines access even more. This saves money and lets everyone, even those without expensive computers, join the research.



With such diverse data, scientists can dig into the roots of diseases, see how genes affect different people, and pave the way for personalized medicine for all.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-research-program">More about the research program</h2>



The All of Us Research Program, initiated in 2015 with $130 million funding under Barack Obama's presidency, is a groundbreaking initiative aimed at tailoring medical care to individuals.&nbsp;



This ambitious project seeks to collect genetic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">health</a> data from one million volunteers to accelerate health and medical breakthroughs, thereby enabling individualized prevention, treatment, and care.&nbsp;



Managed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the program is bilingual, offering materials in both Spanish and English, to ensure broad accessibility and inclusivity.&nbsp;



With a focus on diversity, All of Us aims to include participants from traditionally underrepresented groups, making significant strides in personalized medicine and healthcare.



The research is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06957-x%20%20%E2%80%8C" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature.</a>



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‌

Landmark study reveals 275 million new genetic variants

Scientists have taken a giant step in understanding human genes....

Ever hear a song, and suddenly you're back at that concert, feeling goosebumps? Or imagine a whole scene when a certain beat drops? It's not magic -- it's science. University of California San Francisco (<a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF</a>) scientists wanted to know how our brain understands and "guesses" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-that-listen-to-music-grow-faster-and-healthier/">music</a> flow. 



The analysis reveals that music is not just notes on a page but a narrative that our brains create while listening.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-brain-response-to-music">Tracking brain response to music</h2>



Participants from the study volunteered to have their brains scanned while listening to music. They had epilepsy and were already undergoing brain monitoring as part of their treatment.&nbsp;



The researchers played them short musical snippets called "phrases" with different note patterns. Some phrases were predictable, repeating familiar patterns, while others surprised them with unexpected notes.



To track their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-fan-or-fanatic-study-reveals-the-brain-activity-behind-fanaticism/">brain activity</a>, the researchers used a special technique called "high-density electrocorticography" (ECoG). This involves placing many tiny electrodes directly on the scalp, allowing for precise measurements of electrical activity in different areas. It's like having many tiny microphones listening to different parts of your brain.



By comparing the brain activity with the predictable and unpredictable phrases, the researchers could see which brain regions were more active when people anticipated the next note and which were active when they were surprised.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-areas-for-pitch-and-melody">Distinct areas for pitch and melody</h2>



The researchers found that while some parts of the brain handle pitch and pitch changes similarly for music and speech, music has its own special way of handling "expectations."&nbsp;



While our brains use similar areas to understand both music and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-can-predict-human-speech-before-we-say-a-word/">speech</a>, there's a key difference. Music triggers unique "prediction zones" that speech does not. This means our brains are wired to anticipate what's coming next in a song, much more so than in a conversation.



Study co-author Dr. Edward Chang is a chair of neurosurgery and a member of the <a href="https://weill.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weill Institute for Neurosciences</a> at UCSF.



"We found that some of how we understand a melody is entwined with how we understand speech, while other important aspects of music stand alone," explained Dr. Chang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Why is this special ability important? Because unlike speech, where meaning comes from grammar and vocabulary, music's meaning and power lie in its emotional impact and unique patterns. 



Our brains naturally crave and respond to these patterns, creating the strong memories and feelings music often evokes.



This also explains why music transcends <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-in-all-cultures-offer-small-acts-of-kindness-to-strangers/">cultures</a> and languages. Even without words, we can connect to the emotions of a melody because our brains are primed to appreciate its structure and patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-cultural-background">Influence of cultural background</h2>



While our brains process the basic sounds of music (pitch and changes) similarly across cultures, anticipating what comes next in music (melodic expectation) might be a different story. The study suggests this ability could be influenced by the music we are exposed to throughout our lives.



Think of it this way: if you grew up listening to Western classical music, your brain might expect certain melodic patterns based on that tradition. However, someone raised on Indian ragas would have different expectations based on their musical experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-as-brain-therapy">Music as brain therapy</h2>



Music's effect on our brains holds promise for improving various neurological and mental health conditions. The research knowledge is exciting because it highlights music's potential for targeted therapies.



In the future, doctors could use music to activate brain areas vital for emotional control, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxytocin-holds-the-keys-to-both-your-heart-and-your-memory/">memory</a>, and movement in patients recovering from brain injuries or with mental health issues. By stimulating these areas with music, we could encourage "rewiring" of the brain, aiding recovery.



The study also opens doors for personalized music therapy based on individual needs. For example, understanding how expectations in music work could help design therapy to improve attention and memory or even ease anxiety and depression through music's emotional pull.&nbsp;



Engaging patients in making their own music or using their preferred songs in therapy could be especially powerful, as it taps into the brain's prediction abilities, potentially leading to stronger benefits.



Further research is needed to fully unlock music therapy's potential, but this study paints a promising picture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Understanding how our brains react to music holds exciting potential across various fields. In education, learning how brains absorb musical patterns could improve teaching methods, making music learning more natural and effective.&nbsp;



Additionally, music's unique ability to engage specific brain areas makes it a promising tool for cognitive training, potentially bolstering memory, attention, and auditory skills in various populations.



Looking at creativity, insights into how we anticipate musical sequences could foster innovation. Programs could stimulate improvisation and composition by tapping into the brain's natural prediction mechanisms, unlocking new avenues for creative expression.



This understanding can even influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-reading-technology-transforms-thoughts-into-text/">technology</a>. By mimicking the brain's way of processing music, AI systems could compose or recommend music that resonates more deeply with our emotions and preferences.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-studying-music-and-the-brain">Future directions for studying music and the brain</h2>



For athletes and performers, strategically using music can optimize their mental state before important events, boosting focus and reducing anxiety.



"It's obvious that exposure to music enriches our social, emotional and intellectual lives and has potential to treat a broad range of conditions.To understand why music is able to confer all these benefits, we need to answer some fundamental questions about how music works in the brain," said study lead author Dr. Narayan Sankaran.



Long-term studies following individuals over time could provide valuable data on how the processing of musical expectations and pitch might change with aging, experience, or cognitive decline.



So next time you listen to or play music, remember, it's not just your ears having fun - your brain is having a party, too.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk0010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances.‌</a>



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Music triggers unique 'prediction zones' in the brain

Ever hear a song, and suddenly you're back at that...

Macro,Shot,Of,A,Person,With,Medical,Gloves,And,Tweezers

Scientists have revealed the presence of microplastics in human placenta tissue, a discovery that raises significant concerns about the potential health implications for both present and future generations. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-exposure-linked-to-changes-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a>, those minuscule fragments of plastic less than five millimeters in size, are now ubiquitous in our environment -- and alarmingly, in almost every part of the human body tested so far.



In a disturbing study conducted by the <a href="https://hsc.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Mexico Health Sciences</a>, Matthew Campen, PhD, a Regents’ Professor at the UNM Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, meticulously analyzed placenta samples from 62 individuals. 



Astonishingly, every placenta sample contained microplastics, with concentrations varying widely from 6.5 to 790 micrograms per gram of tissue. 



"Although these numbers might appear insignificant at first glance, the health effects of a steadily increasing volume of microplastics in our environment are potentially profound," Campen expressed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-invaders-microplastics-in-human-placentas">Invisible invaders: Microplastics in human placentas</h2>



This investigation utilized an innovative analytical approach, combining saponification and ultracentrifugation with pyrolysis, to quantify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-are-exposed-to-microplastics-before-theyre-even-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> in human tissues accurately. 



The most prevalent polymer found was polyethylene, constituting 54% of the total plastics detected. Other significant polymers included polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and nylon, each accounting for about 10% of the total, alongside a mixture of nine other polymers.



Marcus Garcia, PharmD, a postdoctoral fellow in Campen’s laboratory, highlighted the advancement this method represents, enabling researchers to move beyond mere particle counting to precise quantification of microplastic content in human placenta tissues. 



This leap forward is critical in understanding the full scope of microplastic pollution and its implications for human health.



The proliferation of plastic use since the 1950s has led to an environmental crisis, with a staggering amount of plastic waste -- much of which breaks down into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> -- permeating our ecosystems. 



“That ends up in groundwater, and sometimes it aerosolizes and ends up in our environment,” Garcia said. “We’re not only getting it from ingestion but also through inhalation as well. It not only affects us as humans, but all off our animals -- chickens, livestock -- and all of our plants. We’re seeing it in everything.”



The durability of plastics, with some types having a half-life of up to 300 years, means that microplastics accumulating in the environment and our bodies are remnants from decades past. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-placenta-tissue-and-modern-maladies">Microplastics, placenta tissue, and modern maladies</h2>



Despite their historical assumption as biologically inert, recent evidence suggests that microplastics, especially those small enough to cross cellular membranes, may pose significant health risks. 



Campen pointed out the correlation between increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-how-microplastics-are-harming-global-soil-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic concentrations</a> in human tissues and a rise in health issues such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer in younger populations, and declining sperm counts.



The study's findings, particularly the detection of microplastics in placental tissue -- a structure that forms and grows within a mere eight months -- underscore the urgency of addressing plastic pollution. 



Campen and his team are planning further research to explore the health impacts of microplastics, but the need for immediate action is clear.



As the production of plastics continues to escalate, with projections suggesting a potential doubling every 10 to 15 years, the situation appears increasingly dire. 



“It’s only getting worse, and the trajectory is it will double every 10 to 15 years,” he said. “So, even if we were to stop it today, in 2050 there will be three times as much plastic in the background as there is now. And we’re not going to stop it today.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-challenge-mobilizing-against-microplastics">Global challenge: Mobilizing against microplastics</h2>



In summary, the pervasive presence of microplastics in human placenta tissue serves as a stark wake-up call to the global community about the extent of plastic pollution and its potential implications for human health. 



This important research shines a bright spotlight on the invisible threat that microplastics pose to our bodies and emphasizes the urgent need for collective action to mitigate plastic waste and explore sustainable alternatives. 



By confronting the realities of our reliance on plastics and pushing for innovative solutions, we can safeguard the health of current and future generations against the insidious spread of microplastics in our environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/toxsci/kfae021/7609801?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Toxicological Sciences</a>.



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Microplastics discovered in every human placenta tested after birth

Scientists have revealed the presence of microplastics in human placenta...

A,Woman,On,A,Diet,,Fasting,,Head,Down,Sitting,Next

Periodic cycles of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) offer remarkable health benefits, including a reduction in immune system aging, insulin resistance, and liver fat. 



This innovative dietary approach not only contributes to a lower biological age but also opens a new frontier in nutrition-based health intervention.



The study, led by the <a href="https://gero.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology</a>, builds upon existing research to underscore the significant advantages of FMD. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-mimicking-diet-a-scientific-breakthrough">Fasting-mimicking diet: A scientific breakthrough</h2>



The fasting-mimicking diet, lasting five days, is rich in unsaturated fats while being low in calories, proteins, and carbohydrates. 



Designed to emulate the effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional water fast</a> without foregoing essential nutrients, FMD facilitates adherence and completion of the fasting period. 



The brainchild of <a href="https://gero.usc.edu/faculty/longo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Valter Longo</a> of the USC Leonard Davis School, this diet strategy has now been validated for its efficacy in human health improvement.



Professor Longo, the senior author of the study, emphasizes the novelty of FMD as a food-based intervention that does not necessitate ongoing dietary or lifestyle modifications. 



"This is the first study to show that a food-based intervention that does not require chronic dietary or other lifestyle changes can make people biologically younger, based on both changes in risk factors for aging and disease and on a validated method developed by the Levine group to assess biological age,” Longo explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multifaceted-benefits-of-fasting-mimicking-diet">Multifaceted benefits of fasting-mimicking diet</h2>



Historical research by Longo's team has documented the diverse benefits of short, periodic FMD cycles, including stem cell regeneration, reduced chemotherapy side effects, and diminished signs of dementia in animal models. 



Furthermore, FMD has shown promise in lowering the risk factors for various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-and-feeding-cycle-is-crucial-for-healthy-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-related diseases</a> in humans, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.



This recent study ventured into previously unexplored territory, investigating the impact of FMD on aging, biological age, liver fat, and immune system aging in humans. 



Conducted on two clinical trial populations ranging in age from 18 to 70, the study required participants to follow the FMD for five days, followed by a standard diet for the remainder of the month. 



The diet consists of plant-based soups, energy bars, drinks, snacks, tea, and a supplement rich in essential nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-overall-health-aging-and-disease">Impact on overall health, aging and disease</h2>



The findings were compelling. Participants adhering to the FMD showcased significant health improvements, including lower diabetes risk factors such as reduced insulin resistance and HbA1c levels. 



MRI scans further confirmed reductions in abdominal and liver fat, indicators of a decreased risk for metabolic syndrome. Notably, the FMD cycles enhanced the lymphoid-to-myeloid ratio, suggesting a rejuvenated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-just-what-you-eat-but-when-fasting-improves-mood-and-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a>.



A comprehensive analysis revealed that, on average, participants experienced a reduction in biological age by 2.5 years, underscoring the diet's potential for age reversal. 



"This study shows for the first time evidence for biological age reduction from two different clinical trials, accompanied by evidence of rejuvenation of metabolic and immune function," Longo adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fmd-s-place-in-future-healthcare">FMD's place in future healthcare</h2>



The collaboration between first authors Sebastian Brandhorst, USC Leonard Davis research associate professor, and Morgan E. Levine, founding principal investigator of Altos Labs and USC Leonard Davis PhD alumna, further solidifies the FMD's standing as a viable, short-term dietary intervention. 



This approach not only mitigates disease risk but also enhances overall health without the need for extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle alterations</a>.



Professor Longo concludes with a call to action for healthcare professionals, encouraging the broader recommendation of FMD cycles to patients at risk and the general population eager for improved health and vitality. 



“Although many doctors are already recommending the FMD in the United States and Europe, these findings should encourage many more healthcare professionals to recommend FMD cycles to patients with higher than desired levels of disease risk factors as well as to the general population that may be interested in increased function and younger age,” Longo said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-mimicking-diet-a-new-era-in-nutrition">Fasting-mimicking diet: A new era in nutrition</h2>



In summary, the fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) emerges as a revolutionary approach in the quest for longevity and health enhancement, offering a scientifically validated pathway to reduce biological age and mitigate risk factors associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic diseases</a>. 



Grounded in rigorous research and clinical trials, FMD paves the way for a future where dietary intervention becomes a cornerstone of preventive healthcare. 



By demonstrating significant improvements in immune system function, metabolic health, and overall vitality, FMD empowers individuals to take proactive steps towards achieving a healthier, more vibrant life without the need for drastic lifestyle changes. 



As the evidence mounts, the call for healthcare professionals to embrace and recommend FMD grows louder, heralding a new era in nutrition and wellness.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45260-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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‘Fasting-mimicking' diet offers same benefits of fasting while you continue to eat

Periodic cycles of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) offer remarkable health...

Smiling,African,American,Father,And,Daughter,Play,Computer,Games,During

In recent research that challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-violent-video-games-impact-the-human-mind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common criticisms</a> of video gaming, findings suggest that gaming may actually improve brain functions by enhancing certain cognitive abilities. 



Conducted by the <a href="https://lero.ie/lero-esport-science-research-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lero Esports Science Research Lab</a> at the University of Limerick, the study sheds light on the potential cognitive advantages regular gamers hold over non-gamers, particularly in areas such as attention and memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-video-gaming-and-brain-health">Studying video gaming and brain health</h2>



The study meticulously analyzed the cognitive performance of 88 young adults, evenly divided between regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-can-help-boost-childrens-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gamers</a> -- who engage in over seven hours of action-based video games weekly -- and non-gamers. 



Through a series of tasks designed to measure various cognitive functions, including reaction time, executive function, working memory, and visuospatial memory, researchers embarked on an exploration of how gaming habits might influence cognitive capabilities.



The tasks included a simple reaction time test, a complex activity requiring participants to switch responses between numbers and letters, and a maze task aimed at assessing visuospatial memory. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leveling-pp-gamers-outshine-in-cognitive-tests">Leveling pp: Gamers outshine in cognitive tests</h2>



The findings were revealing: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-do-not-harm-childrens-cognitive-abilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gamers</a> outperformed their non-gaming counterparts, completing the number-letter switching task and the maze activity 12.7% and 17.4% faster, respectively.



Dr. Adam Toth of the University of Limerick and Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, and co-author of the study, emphasized the significance of these findings. 



Toth stated, "The regular playing of video games is often criticized and seen as unhealthy, but our research shows that gamers may enjoy some cognitive benefits over the wider population, particularly relating to attentiveness and memory."



Echoing Dr. Toth's sentiments, Dr. Mark Campbell, another contributor to the research, highlighted the broader implications of their findings. 



“In line with previous work out of our lab, this research may have implications in sectors where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playing-action-video-games-can-improve-reading-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a> is paramount, such as surgery, and air traffic control, where video game play could be encouraged to help develop the elite cognitive performance required," Campbell explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-fatigue-in-gamers-vs-non-gamers">Cognitive fatigue in gamers vs. non-gamers</h2>



Further exploring the realm of cognitive endurance, the study also delved into whether gamers are less susceptible to cognitive fatigue -- a decline in performance over time due to sustained mental exertion -- compared to non-gamers. 



By assigning some participants an additional, concentration-intensive task before reevaluating them on the initial cognitive tests, researchers aimed to induce cognitive fatigue and observe its effects. 



Interestingly, both gamers and non-gamers experienced a similar decline in performance, indicating no significant difference in their levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interactive-screen-time-has-a-big-impact-on-sleep-among-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive fatigue</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-future-where-video-gaming-trains-our-brains">A future where video gaming trains our brains</h2>



In summary, this somewhat surprising research challenges prevailing stereotypes about video gaming while opening new doors to potential applications in professional fields requiring high levels of cognitive function. 



By demonstrating that regular engagement with video games can lead to quicker decision-making and problem-solving skills, it suggests a reevaluation of gaming's role in cognitive development and professional training programs. 



As the dialogue around video gaming and its effects continues to evolve, studies like this provide valuable insights into the positive aspects of gaming and its potential contributions to cognitive enhancement. 



The full study was published in the <a href="https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20448295" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Psychology</a>.



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Video gaming actually improves brain functions at any age

In recent research that challenges common criticisms of video gaming,...

Between 14,500 to 10,500 years ago, during the transition from the last Ice Age, early humans in the wetlands of eastern Jordan inadvertently created conditions that encouraged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maps-of-bird-populations-can-help-protect-biodiversity/">birds</a> to stay rather than migrate.&nbsp;



This revelation challenges the notion that human influence on the environment is inherently negative. Instead, it illustrates how human interaction with ecosystems can promote biodiversity by enabling different species to thrive together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-nbsp">A new perspective&nbsp;</h2>



Traditionally, human impact on natural habitats has been viewed through a lens of destruction and biodiversity loss. However, this research presents a different narrative.



Study lead author Lisa Yeomans is a zooarchaeologist at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/">University of Copenhagen</a>.&nbsp;



"The ecosystem in question is the Shubayqa wetlands of eastern Jordan that is now only seasonally flooded," said Yeomans. "But recent evidence has shown that water was likely available through much of the year, and therefore it was also possible for waterfowl and other species to exist there all year round if they had a suitable habitat."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suitable-ecological-niches">Suitable ecological niches</h2>



The research at Shubayqa revealed that the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic peoples' engagement with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/">wetlands</a>, through harvesting vegetation and utilizing waterfowl resources, created a year-round habitat for these birds.



"The presence of eggshells and bones of juvenile ducks and swans in the archaeological record indicates that these birds did indeed remain year-round to breed in the wetlands instead of returning to Europe," said Yeomans.



"We know that the modern descendants of these birds can stay and breed in the region, but only if the environment is suitable for them, and we think that human management of the wetland vegetation did provide suitable ecological niches for them through harvest of the vegetation."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modified-habitats">Modified habitats</h2>



This period marks a pivotal point in human history, with communities on the verge of transitioning to agriculture. The study suggests that modifications to environments like those seen in the Shubayqa wetlands could have been a critical factor in the development of agricultural practices.



"We know that agriculture developed in this region not long after these cultures, and we suggest that intentional management of wetlands was an important stage in this process," said study co-author Camilla Mazzucato, an anthropologist at the University of Copenhagen.



"The effort taken to alter the wetlands paid off in that it afforded improved foraging opportunities in terms of waterfowl, eggs, and feathers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



The research underscores the importance of recognizing the role humans and other species play in shaping their environments. This collaborative shaping of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-koala-habitats-face-an-escalating-threat-of-bushfires/">habitats</a>, the researchers argue, was instrumental in sparking innovations that eventually led to the advent of agriculture.



The study not only expands our understanding of early human-environment interactions but also invites a reevaluation of the impact of human activity on biodiversity. Under certain conditions, humans and nature can coexist in a way that benefits both.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-birds-adapt">How birds adapt</h2>



Birds have a remarkable ability to adapt to the pressure of human activities and urban environments in various ways. Many species have adjusted their feeding habits, nesting locations, and even their song patterns in response to the changes brought about by human expansion and urbanization.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-habits">Feeding habits</h3>



One of the most visible adaptations is in their feeding habits. Birds such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-so-dim-witted-pigeons-have-their-own-version-of-machine-learning/">pigeons</a>, sparrows, and gulls have become adept at scavenging food from waste generated by humans. They often congregate in urban areas where food waste is abundant.&nbsp;



Some species have even learned to recognize and use traffic patterns to their advantage. For example, crows have been observed dropping nuts on roads for cars to crack open. They wait for traffic to stop before retrieving the food.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-behaviors-nbsp">Nesting behaviors&nbsp;</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nesting-range-of-green-turtles-will-explode-in-a-warmer-climate/">Nesting</a> behaviors have also evolved in response to urban environments. Birds like peregrine falcons, traditionally cliff nesters, have taken to high-rise buildings as suitable substitutes for cliffs. They build nests on ledges and under bridges. 



Similarly, house sparrows and starlings often nest in roof spaces and building crevices, taking advantage of the shelter provided by human structures.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-methods">Communication methods</h3>



Moreover, birds have adapted their communication methods in urban environments. Many bird species, such as the European robin and the blackbird, have altered their song patterns in cities. 



These changes include singing at higher pitches, at louder volumes, or during quieter periods of the day, such as nighttime, to avoid the noise pollution that can drown out their calls during the day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tolerance-for-humans">Tolerance for humans</h3>



Furthermore, some birds have developed a tolerance or even an attraction to human presence. Urban parks and gardens often play host to a variety of bird species that have become accustomed to humans and may even approach them for food. This demonstrates a significant shift in behavior compared to their more cautious rural counterparts.



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Birds have adapted to human activities for thousands of years

Between 14,500 to 10,500 years ago, during the transition from...

Ever thought of eating a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-disease-threatens-banana-production-in-africa/">banana</a> and helping the planet at the same time? Well, it might not be as unbelievable as it sounds.



Scientists at <a href="https://www.sdstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">South Dakota State University</a> have figured out a way to turn those banana peels you toss in the bin into something amazing – a solution to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/game-changing-invention-converts-both-co2-and-plastic-waste-into-renewable-energy/">plastic waste</a> problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-bananas">Why bananas?</h2>



Bananas are a common fixture on dinner tables around the world. However, there are millions of tons of peels that get discarded annually and go unnoticed.&nbsp;



Dr. Srinivas Janaswamy, the lead author of the study, posed a thought-provoking question: "Many of us consume at least one banana a day. After enjoying the delicious fruit, we discard the peel. What if we could find a use for the peel that helps eliminate plastic waste?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-packaging">Sustainable packaging</h2>



The banana peel usually ends up in the trash. This readily available "leftover" is ideal for creating sustainable packaging thanks to its unique composition.



"Every year, almost 36 million tons of banana peels are produced, most of which are disposed of as waste. The food processing industry discards a huge amount of banana peel in landfills while manufacturing chips, flour, juice, jam, baby food and other products made from bananas," said Dr. Janaswamy.&nbsp;



“Finding a more practical use for banana peels is important for providing financial benefits to the agricultural industry and preventing environmental pollution."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-peels-were-used">How the peels were used</h2>



Banana peels were given a new life in this study. First, dried peels were treated with chemicals to extract tiny cellulose fibers. These were then further broken down into even smaller "nanofibers" using a special blending technique.



To make the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-mulch-used-in-strawberry-production-leads-to-long-term-pollution/">plastic</a> like films, these nanofibers were mixed with a natural polymer and a stretchy additive. The mixture was spread into thin sheets and dried carefully to create films with consistent thickness and quality.



The researchers tested these films to measure their strength, flexibility, clarity, and ability to break down naturally.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peel-to-plastic">Peel to plastic</h2>



The experts dug into the properties of these innovative films, including thick they were and how well they blocked moisture. Thickness ranged from 0.057 to 0.090 millimeters. This indicated their potential as effective moisture barriers that could keep food fresh.



Strength and flexibility were also tested, important for films that need to handle bumps and bends. "The films of the banana peel fibers display tensile strength of more than 30 MPa, which certainly would be attractive for sack bags and related packaging applications," explained Dr. Janaswamy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-successful-results">Successful results</h2>



The big question: are these films eco-friendly? <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/">Biodegradability</a> tests showed they could break down by over 50% in just three weeks in soil, a major improvement over traditional plastics.



Other factors like moisture content, transparency, and how much water the film could absorb were also examined. These are all important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-from-cigarettes-costs-over-26-billion-every-year/">packaging</a>, especially for food where keeping things fresh and visible is key.



"The films are strong and transparent, and more importantly, biodegrade within 30 days at 21% soil moisture content. The finding opens up new possibilities for banana peel and other fruit processing byproducts in designing and developing plastic-replacing biodegradable packaging," said Dr. Janaswamy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-and-future-directions">Study implications and future directions</h2>



The technique in this research not only gets rid of waste but also avoids using traditional plastic, which takes forever to decompose and harms the environment.



Dr. Janaswamy's team is still working on making their banana peel sheets even more flexible and figuring out how to produce them in large quantities for stores and companies to use.&nbsp;



"Our research involving green and recyclable chemicals is a promising economical and sustainable route to produce biodegradable films to replace petrochemical plastics and is thus an attractive contribution to the circular bioeconomy," he said.



The goal is to see these eco-friendly wraps on shelves everywhere, replacing plastic and helping us live greener lives.



This research shows how science and caring for the planet can work together. By using everyday things in smart ways, we can find solutions to big problems like plastic waste.&nbsp;



And who knows, maybe one day, thanks to science and some humble banana peels, our packaging won't just be useful, it will be good for the Earth too.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101400" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy</a>.



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Scientists turn banana peels into eco-friendly packaging

Ever thought of eating a banana and helping the planet...

Researchers from <a href="https://www.marshall.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marshall University</a> have identified a new species of ancient marine predator. The fossils provide valuable information about the diversity and evolution of marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-reptile-or-the-egg-come-first-scientists-have-changed-their-minds/">reptiles</a> in Earth's past.&nbsp;



The research, led by Robert O. Clark, reveals a new species of polycotylid plesiosaur known as Unktaheela specta. The marine predator roamed the inland seas of what is now the American Midwest approximately 80 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-reptiles-of-the-late-cretaceous-nbsp">Marine reptiles of the Late Cretaceous&nbsp;</h2>



Polycotylid plesiosaurs were a distinctive group of marine reptiles that adapted to life in the oceans of the Late Cretaceous.&nbsp;



They possessed a unique set of physical characteristics and behaviors, including a streamlined body for fast swimming, a diet of marine animals, and the remarkable ability to give birth to live young.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unrecognized-subgroup-of-plesiosaurs-nbsp">Unrecognized subgroup of plesiosaurs&nbsp;</h2>



The study not only introduces the world to Unktaheela but also illuminates the murky waters of plesiosaur taxonomy. The discovery of Unktaheela specta has led to the identification of a previously unrecognized subgroup within the plesiosaur family. The researchers have named the subgroup Dolichorhynchia.&nbsp;



This revelation led to the reclassification of two polycotylids previously grouped under the genus Dolichorhynchops. The species are now recognized as distinct genera named Martinectes and Scalamagnus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-unktaheela-specta">Significance of Unktaheela specta</h2>



Clark emphasized the significance of Unktaheela in understanding the evolutionary relationships within the polycotylid lineage.&nbsp;



"For years, which polycotylids were more closely related to which has been really tough for paleontologists to figure out," said Clark. "Unktaheela is exciting because it’s given us a better understanding of these relationships."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-adaptations-nbsp">Predatory adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



Measuring just 7.5 feet in length, Unktaheela specta stands out as the smallest known polycotylid. However, what it lacked in size, it made up for in predatory adaptations.&nbsp;



Unktaheela was a fast-swimming, short-necked plesiosaur with an elongated snout packed with numerous pointed teeth, large eyes, and a wide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skull-evolution-why-some-mammals-have-long-faces/">skull</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-hunting-strategy">Visual hunting strategy</h2>



The skull's architecture, featuring forward-angled eyes for binocular vision, a narrow snout for an unobstructed forward view, and a large, flat, bony ledge over each eye, draws striking parallels to those of predatory birds.&nbsp;



These features likely provided Unktaheela with an advantage as it hunted just beneath the water's surface, shading its eyes while stalking prey in the murky depths of the Western Interior Seaway, where it shared the waters with mosasaurs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sex-ratio-of-green-sea-turtles-is-approaching-100-percent-females-due-to-pollution/">sea turtles</a>, sharks, and ammonites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-of-unktaheela-specta">Naming of Unktaheela specta</h2>



The choice of name for this new genus, Unktaheela specta, is a tribute to the horned water serpent of Native American Lakota lore, reflecting the distinct visual adaptations of the plesiosaur.&nbsp;



The fossils that led to the identification of this new species were discovered in the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation, spanning Wyoming and South Dakota, offering a tangible link to North America's ancient past.



This discovery not only marks a significant milestone in the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/">marine reptiles</a> from the Cretaceous period but also highlights the intricate relationships within the plesiosaur family tree.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-polycotylid-plesiosaurs">More about polycotylid plesiosaurs</h2>



Polycotylid plesiosaurs were a group of marine reptiles that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 88 to 66 million years ago.&nbsp;



They were part of the broader Plesiosauria order, which is famous for their distinctive body plan featuring a small head, a long neck, a broad, turtle-like body, and four flippers. However, polycotylids diverged from this typical plesiosaur design in several interesting ways.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-shape-of-unktaheela-specta">Body shape of Unktaheela specta</h3>



Unlike their long-necked relatives, polycotylids had relatively short necks and more elongated, streamlined bodies.&nbsp;



This body shape suggests they were fast swimmers, possibly using their strong, flipper-like limbs in a manner similar to modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-movement-of-sea-lions-can-help-protect-them/">sea lions</a> and turtles to chase down prey, including fish and other marine animals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-adaptable-predators-nbsp">Highly adaptable predators&nbsp;</h3>



Polycotylids had a global distribution, with fossils found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The wide distribution indicates that they were highly successful and adaptable marine predators.&nbsp;



Their teeth were sharp and conical, suitable for grasping slippery prey, and their jaws were strong. This suggests they could handle a variety of food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-strategy">Reproductive strategy</h3>



One of the most fascinating aspects of polycotylid plesiosaurs is evidence of live birth. A fossil discovered in Kansas, USA, shows a polycotylid mother and her unborn offspring, indicating that, unlike most reptiles, polycotylids gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs.&nbsp;



This finding provides crucial insight into the reproductive strategies of marine reptiles. Live birth would have been advantageous in the open ocean, since laying eggs on land could be risky.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003403?dgcid=author">Cretaceous Research</a>.



Image Credit: Robert Clark



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Ancient marine predator, Unktaheela specta, discovered in the American Midwest

Researchers from Marshall University have identified a new species of...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...