Scientists have long looked to oxygen when searching for signs of life beyond Earth. This gas sustains breathing and enables animals and plants to flourish. Now, researchers suggest that oxygen might also point to advanced technology. 



If an exoplanet’s atmosphere holds enough oxygen, it may not only support organisms but also help them spark fire, build structures, and craft machinery.



A study in Nature Astronomy presents this view, highlighting oxygen’s value as more than just a sign of biology. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxygen-civilization-and-technology">Oxygen, civilization, and technology</h2>



Leading this research are <a href="https://www.pas.rochester.edu/people/faculty/frank_adam/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adam Frank</a>, the Helen F. and Fred H. Gowen Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Rochester, and <a href="https://www-en.fisica.uniroma2.it/phone-directory/balbia_en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amedeo Balbi</a>, an associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.



Together with their team, they set out to explore whether oxygen is a key factor in allowing extraterrestrial civilizations to emerge and thrive through the development of technology.



“We are ready to find signatures of life on alien worlds,” Frank says. “But how do the [oxygen] conditions on a planet tell us about the possibilities for intelligent, technology-producing life?” 



This question drives efforts to examine oxygen’s role beyond respiration and metabolism, especially in relation to large-scale industrial activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-oxygen-matters-for-civilizations">Why oxygen matters for civilizations</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-cells-capable-of-photosynthesis-created-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a> on Earth accounts for the bulk of our oxygen on our planet, thanks to countless organisms that use sunlight to make food. 



Because this process produces so much oxygen, it has been considered a biosignature. A planet with significant oxygen levels hints that life may be present, but Frank and Balbi argue that oxygen also has a second function.



“<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-02112-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In our paper</a>, we explore whether any atmospheric composition would be compatible with the presence of advanced technology,” Balbi says. “We found that the atmospheric requirements may be quite stringent.”



The link to technology comes from open-air combustion. Smelting metals, cooking food, and powering engines all rely on oxygen. 



Any alien civilization that forges metals would need a certain percentage of oxygen in its air to keep fires burning reliably. That percentage, according to Earth’s history, appears to be around 18 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-and-the-18-threshold">Fire and the 18% threshold</h2>



“You might be able to get biology -- you might even be able to get intelligent creatures -- in a world that doesn’t have oxygen,” Frank says, “but without a ready source of fire, you’re never going to develop higher technology because higher technology requires fuel and melting.” 



He calls attention to fire’s role in shaping tools, infrastructure, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-wellbeing-is-a-more-effective-focus-area-when-discussing-energy-solutions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy production</a>. Metalworking, for instance, depends on sustaining flames hot enough to melt ore and craft refined structures.



Frank and Balbi refer to this requirement as an “oxygen bottleneck.” A planet might host life forms of various kinds, yet remain stuck without the combustion needed to fuel industrial breakthroughs. 



“The presence of high degrees of oxygen in the atmosphere is like a bottleneck you have to get through in order to have a technological species,” Frank says. 



“You can have everything else work out, but if you don’t have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen in the atmosphere</a>, you’re not going to have a technological species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxygen-technology-create-technosignatures">Oxygen + technology create "technosignatures"</h2>



Frank thinks that exoplanets with oxygen levels at or above 18 percent should be at the top of our search list. 



“Targeting planets with high oxygen levels should be prioritized because the presence or absence of high oxygen levels in exoplanet atmospheres could be a major clue in finding potential technosignatures,” Frank says. 



Planets that exceed this level may have the capacity for factories, infrastructure, or communication networks.



Balbi notes that interpreting any possible signal of intelligent life will be challenging. 



“The implications of discovering intelligent, technological life on another planet would be huge,” adds Balbi. “Therefore, we need to be extremely cautious in interpreting possible detections. 



Their study suggests that astronomers should be skeptical of potential technosignatures from a planet with insufficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric oxygen</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technosphere-vs-biotechnosphere">Technosphere vs. biotechnosphere</h2>



Frank and Balbi’s perspective also covers the idea of a technosphere, which is the collective output of an advanced civilization. 



Factories, vehicles, and power grids all fit under this label. They rely on resources provided by the planet’s biosphere but stretch beyond purely natural processes. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-technology-is-a-modern-solution-for-clean-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Burning fuels in open air</a> has been central to every major industrial leap, from forging steel to generating electricity.



When these technologies reach a global scale, they form a biotechnosphere. This term applies to the interplay of living systems and technology -- essentially, how organisms and machines coexist. 



On Earth, that includes everything from smartphones to farms, all running side by side. A well-established biotechnosphere might produce clear signals in the atmosphere: waste gases, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-2024s-record-heat-unveiling-earths-climate-danger-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusual heat patterns</a>, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-found-in-tap-and-bottled-water-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals not normally found in nature</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-machines-and-ecosystems">Balancing machines and ecosystems</h2>



History shows that as technology expands, it can sometimes damage or alter environments. Factories might pump pollutants into the air, while deforestation removes habitats that produce oxygen. 



Yet there is an ongoing move toward cleaner energy and more efficient resource use. If any alien civilization follows a similar path, we might detect certain byproducts in the form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2023-climate-change-report-record-high-temperatures-greenhouse-gases-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/banning-forever-chemicals-may-threaten-us-national-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">engineered molecules</a>.



Though the focus is on oxygen, other factors matter too, such as temperature and access to metals or fuels. A planet may need stable conditions for life to progress to a point where industry becomes possible.



That said, Frank and Balbi’s findings highlight how oxygen stands out among these factors, because it directly enables combustion processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-and-progress-in-earth-s-past">Fire and progress in Earth’s past</h2>



Earth’s own development through advances in technology offers insight into how vital oxygen has been for technical achievements.



Once our atmosphere had enough of it, humans learned to manipulate fire for cooking and for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-wooden-structure-completely-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">making stronger materials</a>. 



From simple smithing to modern manufacturing, every stage of growth involved open-air combustion.



“You can have everything else work out, but if you don’t have oxygen in the atmosphere, you’re not going to have a technological species,” Frank says. 



This idea underlines how a single factor -- oxygen -- can open or close the door to industrial progress, altering a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decarbonizing-worlds-industrial-emissions-possible-with-current-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet’s entire future path</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxygen-technology-and-next-steps">Oxygen, technology, and next steps</h2>



Observatories now in the works may soon gather data about exoplanet atmospheres in detail. Detecting a high oxygen content could mark a world that supports advanced living organisms. 



The next task is to look for proof of industry or technology, sometimes called technosignatures. These might appear as chemical emissions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-space-radio-signal-reaches-earth-after-8-billion-years-frb-20220610a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio signals</a>, or specific spectral lines.



If these two checks-- oxygen above 18 percent and evidence of artificial activity -- both yield results, we will have a strong indication that we share the universe with another technological civilization. 



That reality could reshape how we see ourselves and our place among the stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter-0">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Understanding the significance of atmospheric oxygen can also inspire reflection on our home planet. Human industries <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rely heavily on combustion</a>, from running cars to powering factories. This has changed Earth’s ecosystems. 



As we learn more about how oxygen in an atmosphere enables or limits technology, we might gain new ideas on how to manage our own balance between growth and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-calls-for-global-change-to-stop-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental health</a>.



Ultimately, Frank and Balbi’s argument shows that oxygen may do far more than keep living cells alive. It might be the clearest signal of whether a planet can support the technologies that shape modern societies. 



By recognizing the 18 percent threshold, scientists can refine their search for advanced life and possibly move closer to answering the age-old question: Are we alone, or is someone else using fire to reshape their world?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-023-02112-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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Oxygen levels on exoplanets reveal presence of alien technology

Scientists have long looked to oxygen when searching for signs of life beyond Earth. This gas sustains breathing and enables animals and plants to flourish. Now, researchers suggest that oxygen might also point to advanced technology. If an exoplanet’s atmosphere holds enough oxygen, it may not only support organisms but also help them spark fire, build structures, and craft machinery. A study in Nature Astronomy presents this view, highlighting oxygen’s value as more than just a sign of biology. Oxygen, civilization, and technology Leading this research are...

Ever wonder why your grandma sends you texts filled with hearts and flowers, but never a sassy "eyeroll" emoji?  It turns out, there's more to the story than just a generational disconnect. A recent study from the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Ottawa</a> reveals that while many older adults understand emojis, they lack the confidence to use them. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-emoji-use-among-older-adults">Lower emoji use among older adults</h2>



The study investigated how age affects adults' use of emojis. The researchers studied 240 adults, aged 18 to 80, to see how often they used emojis, how many different emojis they used, and how well they understood them.&nbsp;



“We found that older users are less likely to use emojis, use fewer emojis, and feel less comfortable in their ability to interpret emojis,” said study lead author Professor Isabelle Boutet.



However, most older adults still grasped the general meaning of emojis, both the basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-art-evokes-many-feelings-and-emotions/">emotions</a> like happiness or sadness and the context-dependent use of emojis, such as understanding that a wink can indicate sarcasm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprise-the-most-confusing-emoji">Surprise! The most confusing emoji</h2>



Older adults had difficulty understanding certain emojis, especially the "surprise" and "happy" ones. These emojis use subtle facial expressions that may be unfamiliar to older adults who didn't grow up using emojis as a common form of communication.&nbsp;



This suggests a difference between generations in how emojis are interpreted, which is important to consider when using emojis to communicate with people of different ages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ease-of-emoji-use">Ease of emoji use</h2>



Whether someone decides to use new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teens-should-use-entertainment-related-technology-in-moderation/">technology</a> often depends on how easy they find it to learn and use. Research suggests that older adults might find emojis more challenging to use than younger people.&nbsp;



This isn't just about understanding the meaning of an emoji, but also about finding and choosing the right one when sending messages. For older adults, emojis might seem less user-friendly, making them less enthusiastic or confident in using them compared to younger users.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-challenges">Physical challenges</h2>



As we age, it's natural for our eyesight and hand dexterity to decline. This can make it difficult for older adults to see and interact with the small icons on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-smartphone-can-determine-your-level-of-intoxication/">smartphone</a> screens, including emojis.&nbsp;



Imagine trying to find a tiny smiley face or heart from a sea of other small symbols – it can be challenging if your vision isn't as sharp or if your fingers don't move as precisely as they used to.&nbsp;



Because of this, selecting emojis, which are often chosen from extensive menus on smartphones, can be a daunting task for many older individuals. Consequently, these physical challenges can discourage older adults from using emojis, even if they understand and appreciate the value emojis add to digital conversations.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-emoji-use-among-older-adults">Encouraging emoji use among older adults</h2>



“This pattern of results leads us to conclude that older users have the motivation and ability to utilize emojis, but they lack the confidence and general technology expertise needed to adapt to this mode of communication,” said Dr. Boutet.&nbsp;



To bridge this gap, two solutions can be implemented. First, simplifying emoji menus can significantly improve accessibility. This could involve using clear and easily understandable emojis, featuring larger icons, and designing user-friendly navigation for those less comfortable with digital platforms.



Second, offering training programs specifically designed for older adults can equip them with the necessary knowledge.&nbsp;



These programs, potentially hosted by community centers, could focus on the basics of emoji <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/while-in-deep-sleep-humans-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication/">communication</a>, including choosing appropriate emojis for different contexts and navigating emoji menus on their devices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-benefits-of-emoji-use">Potential benefits of emoji use</h2>



Emojis are more than just fun additions to messages; they act as a helpful tool to express emotions, subtle meanings, and expressions that can be easily missed in messages with only text. This is especially important nowadays, as digital communication is becoming increasingly common.



For older adults, learning to use emojis effectively can significantly improve their social interactions and overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/">well-being</a>.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-communication">Better communication</h3>



Emojis can help older adults express their emotions more clearly and accurately in digital conversations, making these interactions more personal and meaningful. This is particularly helpful for those who find it difficult to type long messages or struggle to convey their tone and emotions through text alone.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-isolation">Reduced isolation</h3>



By being able to participate more fully in digital communication, older adults can feel more connected to their loved ones and communities. This sense of connection is crucial for mental health and can help combat feelings of loneliness and isolation, which are common concerns as people age.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-connections-across-generations">Stronger connections across generations</h3>



Emojis are like a universal language that people of all ages understand. By learning to use them effectively, older adults can connect better with younger generations, like their grandchildren, and bridge the gap between different ages and technological experiences.



Next time you see your grandmother hesitant to use an emoji, remember, she might just need a little help navigating the exciting world of digital expression.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100379" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Computers in Human Behavior Reports</a>.



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Older adults often understand emojis, but hesitate to use them

Ever wonder why your grandma sends you texts filled with...

The field of aerodynamics, crucial for the development of planes, cars, and ships, is witnessing a transformative phase thanks to deep learning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tools</a>. These advancements have made vehicles more fuel-efficient and structurally sophisticated.



A groundbreaking computational model, leveraging neural network architecture, is setting new benchmarks in the reproduction of airflow dynamics, offering precise predictions with notable savings in time, cost, and energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simplifying-aerodynamics-with-deep-learning">Simplifying aerodynamics with deep learning</h2>



Developed by researchers from the <a href="https://www.kth.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KTH Royal Institute of Technology</a>, in collaboration with experts from the U.S. and Spain, and published in Nature Communications, this deep learning model stands out for its accuracy in predicting aerodynamic drag while minimizing computational expenses. 



Its simplicity, derived from data from more complex simulations, embodies the essence of a reduced order model (ROM). This approach maintains critical features of complex models while discarding trivial details, aiming to streamline computational processes without sacrificing precision.



Ricardo Vinuesa, the leading researcher and an associate professor of fluid mechanics at KTH, emphasized the importance of efficiency in design engineering. 



"The ability to run numerous scenarios at a low computational cost is crucial," he stated. This model, according to Vinuesa, allows for accurate predictions across a wide range of scenarios, thus enhancing the engineering design process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neural-networks-leading-the-charge">Neural networks leading the charge</h2>



What sets this deep learning aerodynamics <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> apart is its utilization of neural networks, transcending the traditional linear computational methods that have long been the norm in engineering predictions. 



Neural networks, inspired by the human brain's functioning, offer a dynamic way to learn and map complex relationships between inputs and outputs. This is particularly advantageous in the challenging task of modeling air friction near the surfaces of vehicles like airplane wings or train engines.



"We can now predict changes in the airflow around an airplane wing more accurately," Vinuesa noted. "This allows for better control over the flow to reduce drag, and subsequently, to enhance the aerodynamic design of the wing." 



The model boasts an ability to retain over 90% of the original physics involved in flow predictions with significantly less computational complexity compared to traditional linear models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-learning-and-precise-aerodynamics-design">Deep learning and precise aerodynamics design</h2>



Vinuesa pointed out that linear models, such as proper-orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic-mode decomposition (DMD), offer a simplistic representation of predictions. In contrast, the neural network-based model captures the complexities of reality far more accurately. 



"Reality is more complicated than straight lines and planes. Our model, by moving beyond these linear constraints, achieves better predictions," he explained.



The implications of reducing aerodynamic drag are profound, not just for the efficiency of vehicles but also for the environment. 



"Aerodynamic control could potentially reduce drag by 20, 30, or even 50 percent," Vinuesa asserted. Such reductions could significantly impact global emissions, contributing to a more sustainable future and helping mitigate climate change.



The environmental and economic benefits of this deep learning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-can-more-accurately-predict-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technology</a> are vast, marking a significant step forward in the pursuit of greener and more efficient transportation solutions through aerodynamics. By integrating deep learning into aerodynamic engineering, researchers are refining the design and efficiency of vehicles and contributing to a more sustainable world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-behind-deep-learning">Mechanics behind deep learning</h2>



At its core, deep learning relies on neural networks, which are inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. These networks consist of layers of nodes, or "neurons," each designed to perform specific tasks. Data passes through these layers, with each one extracting and refining features, enabling the system to make increasingly sophisticated decisions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-data-and-computation">Power of data and computation</h3>



The effectiveness of deep learning is directly tied to the availability of vast amounts of data and significant computational power. By feeding these neural networks <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-may-help-with-earlier-tsunami-detection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large datasets</a>, we equip them to recognize patterns and nuances that would be imperceptible to human analysts or traditional computing methods. 



The evolution of hardware and cloud computing resources has played a crucial role in the feasibility and success of deep learning applications. A perfect example of deep learning in action is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap app</a>, which uses an extensive deep learning image recognition model.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-industries-and-everyday-life">Transforming industries and everyday life</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-vision-and-language">Revolutionizing Vision and Language</h4>



Deep learning has been instrumental in advancing computer vision and natural language processing (NLP), allowing machines to interpret images, videos, and human language with remarkable accuracy. This technology powers the facial recognition systems in smartphones, the voice assistants in our homes, and the language translation services we rely on to bridge communication gaps across the globe.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovating-healthcare">Innovating Healthcare</h4>



In healthcare, deep learning algorithms analyze medical images, helping doctors diagnose diseases earlier and with greater precision. These models also predict patient outcomes, tailor treatments to individual needs, and unlock new insights from vast repositories of medical data, heralding a new age of personalized medicine.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-automation-and-robotics">Enhancing Automation and Robotics</h4>



Deep learning drives the autonomy in robotics and vehicles, enabling self-driving cars to navigate complex environments and robots to perform intricate tasks alongside humans. This leap in capability promises to reshape logistics, manufacturing, and urban mobility, making them safer, more efficient, and less reliant on human intervention.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-challenges-and-ethical-considerations">Navigating challenges and ethical considerations</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-bias-and-transparency">Addressing Bias and Transparency</h4>



Despite its immense potential, deep learning faces challenges such as data bias and the opacity of decision-making processes. Efforts are underway to create more transparent and explainable AI systems that uphold ethical standards and mitigate unintended consequences, ensuring that these technologies benefit society as a whole.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-work-and-society">The Future of Work and Society</h4>



As deep learning continues to evolve, it raises important questions about the future of work, privacy, and the role of humans in an increasingly automated world. Proactively addressing these concerns is crucial to harnessing the benefits of deep learning while safeguarding individual rights and societal values.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-towards-a-smarter-tomorrow-with-ai">Moving towards a smarter tomorrow with AI</h3>



In summary, dep learning stands at the forefront of a technological revolution, offering unparalleled opportunities to enhance human capabilities and improve quality of life. 



As we continue to explore the depths of this powerful tool, the collaboration between AI researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers will be vital in steering its development toward positive and equitable outcomes. 



The journey of deep learning is far from complete, but its impact on the world is undeniable, promising a future where technology and human ingenuity converge to solve some of our most pressing challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45578-4">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing aerodynamics and emissions with new AI deep learning tool

The field of aerodynamics, crucial for the development of planes,...

A study from Norway has found that adults are much more likely to develop obesity if their parents also battled with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-massive-dinosaurs-carried-their-weight/">weight</a> issues. This means that your family history could play a surprising role in your weight, even after you've grown up and left the nest.



“Previous research shows a strong association between parents’ and their children’s obesity status but few studies have investigated whether this intergenerational transmission of obesity continues past adolescence and into adulthood," explained lead researcher Mari Mikkelsen from <a href="https://en.uit.no/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UiT Arctic University of Norway</a>.



"We were interested in how parents’ BMI is related to their offspring’s BMI when the offspring is well into adulthood and has lived away from home for a long time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity-among-parents">Obesity among parents</h2>



Mikkelsen's team examined data from the Tromsø Study, focusing on obesity rates among individuals aged 40-59 and their parents.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that people whose parents were both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-obesity-increase-the-risk-of-severe-covid-infection/">obese</a> in middle age were six times more likely to be obese themselves. Even if only one parent was obese, the child's risk of obesity as an adult was three times higher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-family-genetics-and-lifestyle-nbsp">Family genetics and lifestyle&nbsp;</h2>



Obesity is more common in some families due to a combination of genetics and lifestyle. Genes can make individuals either more likely to gain weight or to have trouble losing it.&nbsp;&nbsp;



This might be because of how their bodies use food, store fat, or control hunger. On top of genes, our surroundings also matter a lot. Families often eat similar foods and do similar amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-may-actually-be-the-fountain-of-youth/">exercise</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;



If a family mostly eats unhealthy foods or doesn't exercise much, this can lead to weight gain over time. Research shows that both genes and the environment we grow up in with our families play a role in how likely we are to be obese.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-obesity-genes-in-childhood">Influence of obesity genes in childhood</h2>



There's a strong connection between how much a child weighs and how much they'll weigh as an adult. The researchers suggest that even if kids who are obese make changes to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/">lifestyle</a> after they move out of their parents' house, they're still more likely to be overweight later in life.&nbsp;



This means it's very important to deal with childhood obesity early on to avoid problems in the future. The experts also found that obesity tends to run in families, even if grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-apps-to-practice-mindfulness-improves-mental-health-of-children/">children</a> live on their own.&nbsp;



Importance of preventing and treating obesity



“Whatever the explanation, our finding that obesity that is transmitted between generations can persist well into adulthood underlines the importance of treating and preventing obesity, a condition that contributes significantly to ill health and premature death," said Mikkelsen.



"It also lays the foundation for research into factors that influence the intergenerational transmission of obesity and that can be targeted to prevent offspring from spending their whole life affected by obesity,"



The best way to beat obesity is to start young and make healthy choices a lifelong habit. This means eating a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/">balanced diet</a> that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Getting regular exercise is just as important.&nbsp;



By making these healthy choices early on, you'll set yourself up for a healthy weight and avoid health problems that can come with obesity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tromso-study">The Tromsø study</h2>



The Tromsø Study is Norway's largest health project which was launched in 1974. Initiated due to high heart disease deaths, the study now covers cancer, diabetes, and other health issues across the population.



With over 45,000 participants, the study has improved preventative care. Heart disease deaths in Northern Norway have significantly dropped, matching the national average.



The findings of the study will be presented at the <a href="https://eco2024.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Congress on Obesity</a> (ECO 2024).



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Obesity can be passed down from parents to kids

A study from Norway has found that adults are much...

In the vast expanses of the Southern Great Plains, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lead-ammunition-is-a-silent-threat-to-bald-eagle-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bald eagles</a>, known predominantly for their fish diet, are observed in a surprising new role: hunting prairie dogs over grasslands. 



A breakthrough study led by Courtney Duchardt of <a href="https://go.okstate.edu/undergraduate-academics/majors/natural-resource-ecology-and-management.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma State University</a>'s Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management sheds light on this unexpected behavior. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prairie-dogs-and-the-dietary-habits-of-eagles">Prairie dogs and the dietary habits of eagles</h2>



Their research highlights the critical role prairie dogs play as a food source for not just bald eagles but also other raptor species during the winter months.



Titled “Overwintering Raptor Abundance and Community Composition in Relation to Prairie Dog Colonies in the Southern Great Plains,” Duchardt's paper is a pioneering investigation into the dynamics between prairie dogs and their aerial predators. 



It uncovers a crucial trophic interaction that bears significant implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-and-bald-eagles-can-coexist-peacefully/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">raptor conservation</a>, especially in the context of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-of-vanishing-grasslands-on-raptors">Ripple effect of vanishing grasslands on raptors</h2>



Grasslands in North America have dramatically declined since the 1970s, leading to a staggering 53% reduction in grassland bird populations since the 1990s. 



This loss highlights the intricate link between the health of grassland ecosystems and bird populations. Raptors, requiring large areas for their habitat, face particularly severe consequences due to this degradation.



Duchardt and her team conducted extensive winter road surveys from 1998 to 2002 across several states, including Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and the Mexican state of Chihuahua. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-raptor-wintering-habits">Understanding raptor wintering habits</h2>



Their findings revealed that nine raptor species, notably including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bald-eagles-are-threatened-by-avian-influenza/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bald eagles</a> and rough-legged hawks, were frequently found near prairie dog colonies. 



Despite not commonly encountering prairie dogs in their breeding territories, these raptors seem to gravitate towards prairie dogs as a reliable food source during the winter, drawn by the "perfectly sized raptor-snacks," as Duchardt describes.



The study also addresses concerns about the impact of climate change on prairie dog populations, which could, in turn, affect raptor feeding patterns. Changes in climate norms have already exacerbated the occurrence of plague among prairie dogs, potentially diminishing their availability as a prey source. 



This scarcity could force raptors to expand their search for food, exposing them to increased risks, such as collisions with wind turbines -- a notable hazard for species like golden eagles and ferruginous hawks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-prairie-dog-colonies-from-eagles">Protecting prairie dog colonies from eagles</h2>



Given these findings, Duchardt advocates for the protection of prairie dog colonies as a crucial step towards supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-are-a-greater-threat-to-wildlife-than-climate-change-or-anything-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">raptor populations</a>. However, she acknowledges the political challenges involved, given the contentious view of prairie dogs as pests in many regions. 



Despite these conflicts, Duchardt emphasizes the keystone role of prairie dogs in ecosystems, underscoring the necessity of considering prairie dog management in raptor conservation strategies.



Raptors serve as bioindicators, reflecting the overall health of their habitats. Their top-predator status is essential for maintaining ecosystem balance. Duchardt suggests that sustainable ranching practices, mimicking the natural coexistence of wildlife and grazing bison, could offer a path forward. 



By leveraging innovative management approaches and raising public awareness about the importance of both prairie dogs and raptors, she remains hopeful for a solution that reconciles human and wildlife needs, ensuring that bald eagles and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-raptors-adapt-well-to-growing-cities-but-others-are-struggling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">raptors</a> can continue to rely on prairie dogs as a food source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eagles-prairie-dogs-and-the-future-of-the-plains">Eagles, prairie dogs, and the future of the plains</h2>



In summary, Courtney Duchardt's study underscores the vital importance of prairie dogs in the diet of wintering raptors across the Southern Great Plains, including the iconic bald eagle. 



By revealing the unexpected dependency of these majestic birds on prairie dog colonies, her study challenges our perceptions and highlights the urgent need for integrated conservation strategies. 



Protecting prairie dog habitats emerges as a critical step towards ensuring the survival and health of raptor populations, especially in the face of the mounting threats posed by habitat loss and climate change. 



Through innovative management and public education, we can forge a sustainable coexistence between human activities and the natural world, safeguarding these vital ecological interactions for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-prairie-dogs">More about prairie dogs</h2>



As discussed above, prairie dogs, small, burrowing rodents found in the grasslands of North America, play a critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of their habitats. 



Despite their name, they are not dogs but are related to squirrels. These social animals live in large colonies or "towns," creating complex underground burrows that serve as a hub for activity and protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-architects-of-the-prairie">Architects of the Prairie</h4>



Prairie dogs significantly influence their environment. Their digging activities aerate the soil, increasing its ability to absorb rainwater and reduce runoff. This not only prevents erosion but also promotes the growth of a variety of plant species. The diversity of vegetation supports the overall health of the prairie ecosystem, providing food and habitat for numerous other species.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keystone-species">Keystone Species</h4>



As a keystone species, prairie dogs have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystem relative to their abundance. Their presence supports a wide array of wildlife, including predators like hawks and eagles, which rely on prairie dogs as a food source. Additionally, their burrows offer shelter for other animals, such as burrowing owls, rabbits, and snakes, demonstrating the intricate connections within prairie ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prairie-dog-threats-from-eagles-and-conservation-challenges">Prairie dog threats from eagles and conservation challenges</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facing-adversity">Facing Adversity</h4>



Prairie dogs face numerous threats, including habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and urban development. Disease, particularly plague, also significantly impacts their populations. Furthermore, they are often viewed as pests by farmers and ranchers because they can compete with livestock for forage. This perception has led to efforts to eradicate them, further endangering their colonies.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation Efforts</h4>



Recognizing the crucial role of prairie dogs in grassland ecosystems, conservationists are advocating for their protection. Efforts include habitat restoration, disease management programs, and public education campaigns to shift perceptions of prairie dogs from pests to essential contributors to their environments. 



Acknowledging and addressing the challenges they face through targeted conservation efforts is essential for ensuring that prairie dogs and the diverse ecosystems they support continue to thrive for generations to come.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-58/issue-1/JRR-22-119/Overwintering-Raptor-Abundance-and-Community-Composition-in-Relation-to-Prairie/10.3356/JRR-22-119.short" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Raptor Research</a>.



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Bald eagles don’t only eat fish, as prairie dogs will attest

In the vast expanses of the Southern Great Plains, bald...

Recent research highlights the intricate social dynamics and friendships exhibited by group-living animals, including mutual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aid and cooperation</a>, which have captivated biologists for decades. 



The evolution of these social bonds, often compared to human friendships marked by acts of kindness such as sharing food, has been a hot topic of debate among scientists. This particular study was led by experts from <a href="https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm University</a> and the <a href="https://www.unine.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Neuchâtel</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-take-on-animal-cooperation">A new take on animal cooperation</h2>



Historically, the study of animal cooperation has leveraged game theory, focusing on reciprocity -- the idea that animals help those who have helped them. Despite over fifty years of research, existing models based on strict, immediate reciprocity have fallen short in explaining the nuanced reality of these social interactions.



The new study proposes a revolutionary model that mirrors more accurately the gradual formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonds-are-more-advantageous-for-long-lived-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> observed in nature. Researchers found that friendships evolve over time, strengthening as individuals engage in mutual aid and shared experiences. 



These bonds, which can develop in both small and large groups, hinge on the opportunity for meaningful interactions within smaller subunits of the group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-reciprocity-complexity-of-animal-friendships">Beyond reciprocity: Complexity of animal friendships</h2>



One of the most striking findings of this research is the proactive nature of group members in welcoming newcomers. The study suggests that group members do not only work to maintain existing relationships but also actively seek to establish new ones, thereby enhancing the group's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sheep-bond-after-sharing-stressful-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social fabric</a>. 



This challenges previous assumptions that new friendships form slowly, underscoring the dynamic and inclusive nature of animal social networks.



Professor Emeritus Olof Leimar of Stockholm University’s Department of Zoology, one of the lead researchers, emphasizes the importance of this discovery. 



“How group members interact with new individuals is much discussed, and recently the idea that friendships with new individuals will develop only very slowly has been emphasized. Our analysis suggests that this need not be the case”, says Leimar. 



“In fact, in the original discussions of the evolution of helping, the possibility that group members actively attempt to develop new friendships was put forward, and our analysis agrees with this,” Leimar adds. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-social-bonds-in-animal-groups">Developing social bonds in animal groups</h2>



Drawing parallels to the one-sided yet mutual relationship between mothers and their offspring, and supported by observed behaviors like food sharing among vampire bats, this study offers a robust theoretical foundation for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-have-healthier-lives-when-owners-acknowledge-their-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bond</a> dynamics in animal groups. 



The findings not only provide a novel perspective on the evolution of helping behaviors but also encourage further exploration into how social ties are initiated and evolve across different species.



Professor Leimar expresses optimism about the impact of their work, stating, "We hope that our results will inspire biologists to further investigate the dynamics of social bonds in different group-living species, including studies on how new bonds are formed." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-circles-and-animal-friendships-in-nature">Social circles and animal friendships in nature</h2>



In summary, this intriguing study upends our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prairie-voles-can-form-bonds-without-oxytocin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> and cooperative behavior in group-living animals. By challenging the traditional models of reciprocity and unveiling a more nuanced view of friendship evolution, the researchers offer a compelling explanation for the dynamics of animal social networks. 



Their findings, emphasizing the gradual development of social bonds and the proactive inclusion of new group members, enriches our comprehension of animal societies gives new direction for exploring the complex interplay of relationships in the animal kingdom. 



This research underscores the importance of social cohesion and paves the way for future studies to further unravel the mysteries of animal behavior and evolution.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2317736121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Animal friendships and social bonds evolve over time as they do with humans

Recent research highlights the intricate social dynamics and friendships exhibited...

A groundbreaking study by <a href="https://www.brown.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a>’s Carney Institute for Brain Science sheds light on how individuals navigate the challenge of maintaining focus in noisy environments, such as a bustling restaurant. 



The research delves into the intricacies of the brain's ability to concentrate amidst distractions and identifies key mechanisms that enable or hinder <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/information-overflow-attention-spans/">attention</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aspects-of-focus-in-the-brain">Aspects of focus in the brain</h2>



Previously, a psychological study by the same team established that individuals possess distinct capabilities to enhance focus on relevant information and to filter out distractions. The latest study explores how the brain orchestrates these two essential aspects of attention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coordinating-multiple-forms-of-attention-nbsp">Coordinating multiple forms of attention&nbsp;</h2>



Lead author Harrison Ritz, who conducted the study as a PhD student at Brown and is currently a neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/">Princeton University</a>, draws an analogy between this mental coordination and the physical coordination involved in tasks like using chopsticks, which require the simultaneous control of over 50 muscles.&nbsp;



“In the same way that we bring together more than 50 muscles to perform a physical task like using chopsticks, our study found that we can coordinate multiple different forms of attention in order to perform acts of mental dexterity,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tremendous-cognitive-flexibility-nbsp">Tremendous cognitive flexibility&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Amitai Shenhav is an associate professor in Brown’s Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences.&nbsp;



“These findings can help us understand how we as humans are able to exhibit such tremendous cognitive flexibility - to pay attention to what we want, when we want to,” said Professor Shenhav.



“They can also help us better understand limitations on that flexibility, and how limitations might manifest in certain attention-related disorders such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adhd-triggered-quality-sleep/">ADHD</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focusing-and-filtering-information">Focusing and filtering information</h2>



To investigate these mechanisms, Ritz conducted an fMRI study involving participants engaging in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-gaming-may-increase-cognitive-performance/">cognitive task</a> that required them to differentiate between swirling masses of colored dots. This task tested the participants' ability to focus and filter effectively under varying levels of difficulty.



Ritz explained the collaborative effort between two brain regions during these tasks. He compared the intraparietal sulcus to a radio with two dials - one for focusing and one for filtering - while the anterior cingulate cortex monitors task performance and directs adjustments to these dials based on the task's demands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misconceptions-about-the-human-brain-and-focus">Misconceptions about the human brain and focus</h2>



This intricate mental process challenges common misconceptions about the limitations of human focus.&nbsp;



“When people talk about the limitations of the mind, they often put it in terms of, ‘humans just don’t have the mental capacity’ or ‘humans lack computing power,’” said Ritz.&nbsp;



“These findings support a different perspective on why we're not focused all the time. It's not that our brains are too simple, but instead that our brains are really complicated, and it's the coordination that's hard.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-into-focus-and-filter-strategies-nbsp">Ongoing research into focus-and-filter strategies&nbsp;</h2>



Building on these insights, ongoing research at Brown University and in collaboration with <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baylor College of Medicine</a> is exploring how focus-and-filter strategies can be applied to patients with treatment-resistant depression. 



Additionally, research in Shenhav’s lab, co-led by Ritz and Ph.D. student Xiamin Leng, examines how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-influences-our-motivation-to-exercise/">motivation</a> influences attention, specifically looking at the effects of financial incentives on individuals' focus-and-filter capabilities.&nbsp;



These studies continue to advance our understanding of the intricate relationship between attention, motivation, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/">mental health</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01826-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behavior</a>.



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How does the brain focus with so many distractions?

A groundbreaking study by Brown University’s Carney Institute for Brain...

A new study led by the <a href="https://www.uib.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Balearic Islands</a> and <a href="https://www.uu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uppsala University</a> offers significant insights into the biodiversity and distribution of marine sponges, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea, around the Balearic Islands. 



The discovery of new sponge <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-sponges-play-a-critical-role-in-the-ocean-and-they-are-rapidly-vanishing/">species</a> and new records in previously unexplored habitats, such as underwater caves and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-water-corals-build-mountains-to-battle-climate-change/">mountains</a>, underscores the importance of these ecosystems and the need for their protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-knowledge-of-marine-sponges">Limited knowledge of marine sponges</h2>



“The sponge fauna of the Western Mediterranean stands as one of the most studied in the world. Yet sampling new habitats and a poorly studied region like the Balearic Islands highlights once again our limited knowledge of this group of animals,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“This work focused on demosponges of the order Tetractinellida collected in several research surveys (2016–2021) on a variety of ecosystems of the Balearic Islands, including shallow caves, seamounts, and trawl fishing grounds, in a broad depth range (0–725 m). Tetractinellid material from the North Atlantic and more than twenty type specimens were also examined and, for some, re-described in this work.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-marine-habitats">Safeguarding marine habitats</h2>



The research highlights the ecological significance of the Mallorca channel seamounts and littoral caves, urging for their conservation, particularly advocating for the inclusion of underwater mountains within the <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/natura-2000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natura 2000 Protected Areas Network</a>. 



This is a crucial step towards acknowledging and safeguarding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/">biodiversity</a> and ecological roles of these habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploration-of-new-habitats-nbsp">Exploration of new habitats&nbsp;</h2>



Marine sponges play a pivotal role in their ecosystems, filtering large volumes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-time-capsules-seawater-holds-secrets-of-ancient-earth/">seawater</a> to feed on bacteria and other microscopic organisms.&nbsp;



Despite the known diversity of over 9,600 sponge species worldwide, many areas remain unexplored, and the Western Mediterranean's sponge fauna, one of the most studied, continues to reveal new species upon exploration of new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-thrive-in-restored-habitats-near-solar-energy-facilities/">habitats</a>.



These findings, achieved through exhaustive sampling from shallow underwater caves to deep-sea fishing grounds and seamounts up to depths of 1,000 meters, are remarkable.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-the-new-sponges">Naming the new sponges</h2>



Focusing on the tetractinellid sponges, the team discovered eight new species and significantly expanded the known diversity in the Balearic region from 16 to 36 tetractinellid species.&nbsp;



The naming of new species, such as Stelletta mortarium and Geodia matrix, honors both traditional cultural references and contributions of prominent scientists in the field of sponge research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



This study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16584">PeerJ</a> - not only broadens our understanding of marine sponge diversity and distribution but also emphasizes the critical need for marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/">conservation</a> efforts to protect these complex and valuable ecosystems.&nbsp;



The research highlights the continuous surprises the ocean holds and the importance of scientific exploration in uncovering the mysteries of the underwater world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-marine-sponges">More about marine sponges</h2>



Marine sponges, belonging to the phylum Porifera, are simple, multicellular organisms found in marine environments around the world, from shallow coastal waters to the deep sea.&nbsp;



They are one of the oldest known groups of animals, with a fossil record dating back to approximately 600 million years ago.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porous-bodies-nbsp">Porous bodies&nbsp;</h3>



Sponges are characterized by their porous bodies and a unique feeding system. Unlike other animals, they do not have nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems. 



Instead, they rely on a constant flow of water through their bodies to obtain nutrients and oxygen and to remove waste.



The body of a sponge is full of pores and channels, allowing water to circulate through it. This circulation is driven by specialized cells called choanocytes, which have flagella that beat to draw water in.&nbsp;



As water passes through the sponge's body, food particles and oxygen are trapped and absorbed, while waste products are expelled.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-diversity-nbsp">Remarkable diversity&nbsp;</h3>



Sponges exhibit a remarkable variety of forms, colors, and sizes. They can be encrusting, forming thin sheets over surfaces, or can be massive, branching, or tube-shaped.&nbsp;



Their structural framework is supported by a skeleton made of spicules, which are tiny, spike-shaped particles made of silica or calcium carbonate, and/or spongin, a flexible protein fiber.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



Sponges play vital roles in their ecosystems. They are key players in nutrient cycling and water filtration, significantly impacting the clarity and quality of marine waters.&nbsp;



Additionally, sponges provide habitats for a multitude of other marine organisms, contributing to the biodiversity of marine ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medical-research-nbsp">Medical research&nbsp;</h3>



Furthermore, sponges have become a focus of research due to their production of a wide range of bioactive compounds.&nbsp;



These compounds have potential applications in medicine, including antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties, leading to increased interest in sponge biology and ecology for biotechnological and pharmaceutical purposes.



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New sponges discovered in unexplored deep-sea habitats

A new study led by the University of Balearic Islands...

The international demand for liver oil and meat has led to a dire situation for deepwater sharks and rays, with overexploitation pushing these species towards an irreversible decline. 



Characterized by their slow growth, lengthy lifespans, and sparse reproductive output, these marine animals are facing a battle against time and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-show-widespread-change-from-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activity</a>. The urgency for immediate intervention in the form of trade and fishing regulations has never been clearer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refuge-no-more-the-deepwater-dilemma">Refuge no more: The deepwater dilemma</h2>



Deepwater ecosystems, the final frontiers of natural biodiversity, stand as bastions against the encroaching influence of human activities. Despite their significance, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-koala-habitats-face-an-escalating-threat-of-bushfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> are among the Earth's least studied, leaving the biodiversity they harbor largely unquantified. 



This gap in understanding poses a substantial hurdle to conservation efforts, particularly in the face of international commitments to protect 30% of the world's oceans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensitivity-of-sharks-and-rays">Sensitivity of sharks and rays</h2>



In response to the pressing need for data, Brittany Finucci and her team embarked on a comprehensive study of deepwater sharks and rays. Through their exhaustive research covering all 521 known species, the team sought to illuminate the global biodiversity changes, status, and threats faced by these marine vertebrates. 



The findings highlight the extreme sensitivity of deepwater sharks and rays to overexploitation, casting a spotlight on the critical need for conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-stark-reality-the-threat-of-extinction">A stark reality: The threat of extinction</h2>



The research unveils a grim reality: one-third of threatened deepwater shark species are targeted by fisheries, and half of those involved in the liver-oil trade are threatened with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-winter-dinosaurs-were-likely-killed-by-dust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>. 



The steep population declines observed underscore the difficulty of reversing the trend, given the species' unique life histories. Alarmingly, many of these species lack the protection of current management strategies, further exacerbating their vulnerability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implementing-protective-measures-for-sharks-and-rays">Implementing protective measures for sharks and rays </h2>



Finucci's study offers a glimmer of hope, suggesting that the introduction of worldwide depth limits on fishing activities and the expansion of no-fishing zones could significantly bolster the protection of deepwater species. 



Yet, these measures alone are insufficient. A concerted effort to implement international fishing and trade regulations is imperative to turn the tide against the decline of these essential marine inhabitants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action-for-the-deep">A call to action for the deep</h2>



The plight of deepwater sharks and rays serves as a clarion call for immediate action. As custodians of the planet's natural heritage, the global community must rally to enforce and expand conservation measures. 



The preservation of these species is not merely an act of ecological stewardship but a necessary step towards maintaining the health of marine ecosystems worldwide. Both sharks and rays play vital roles in these ecosystems, often as top predators, and their conservation is essential for maintaining the balance of marine life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade9121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sharks and rays</h2>



Sharks and rays are fascinating creatures that belong to a group of fish known as Elasmobranchii, which is part of the subclass Chondrichthyes. The group is characterized by their cartilaginous skeletons, rather than bones like most fish. Here are some key points about these intriguing animals:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sharks</h3>



There are over 500 species of sharks, ranging from the small dwarf lantern shark to the massive whale shark. They inhabit a wide range of aquatic environments, from shallow reefs to the deep sea.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Anatomy</h4>



Sharks have streamlined bodies that enable them to swim efficiently, and most species have several rows of sharp teeth. Their skeletons are made of cartilage, which is lighter and more flexible than bone.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Senses</h4>



Sharks have highly developed senses, including the ability to detect electrical fields produced by the movements of other animals, thanks to their ampullae of Lorenzini. They also have an acute sense of smell and can detect blood in the water from miles away.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction</h4>



Sharks reproduce in several ways, including oviparity (laying eggs), viviparity (bearing live young), and ovoviviparity (a combination where eggs hatch inside the female's body).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Rays</h3>



Rays are closely related to sharks and include over 600 species, such as stingrays, manta rays, electric rays, and skates. They are known for their flattened bodies and long, whip-like tails.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat</h4>



Most rays live on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-giant-could-choke-out-oxygen-on-the-ocean-floor/">ocean floor</a>, often buried in sand or mud, though some, like the manta rays, are pelagic and swim in open water.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Feeding</h4>



Rays primarily feed on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Many species use a method of suction to draw prey into their mouths, and some have developed specialized teeth for crushing hard shells.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction</h4>



Rays exhibit a variety of reproductive strategies, including oviparity and viviparity. Some species lay eggs encased in leathery pouches, while others bear live young.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade9121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Deepwater desperation: The race to save sharks and rays

The international demand for liver oil and meat has led...

In a collaborative effort, researchers from Denmark, Germany, and Sweden are bringing urgent attention to the plight of harbor porpoises in the Danish coastal waters and the western part of the Baltic Sea.&nbsp;



The research underscores the critical challenges these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-mammals-in-zoos-are-now-living-longer-healthier-lives/">marine mammals</a> face, specifically highlighting the significant decline in the numbers of what is known as the Belt Sea population of harbor porpoises.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shrinking-population-of-harbor-porpoises-nbsp">Shrinking population of harbor porpoises&nbsp;</h2>



The Belt Sea population has seen its numbers plummet from an estimated 40,000 individuals in 2012 and 2016 to a mere 14,000 by 2022, marking a stark decrease that signals a dire situation for the species in this region.



“The population shrinks with 2.7 percent annually, which is concerning for the harbor porpoises,” said senior author Signe Sweegaard, the Head of Section of marine mammal research at the Department of Ecoscience at <a href="https://international.au.dk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aarhus University</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-threats-must-be-addressed">Multiple threats must be addressed</h2>



“Multiple factors contribute to this decline. By-catch due to net fishing, where porpoises become entangled and drown, is a significant issue. Additionally, deoxygenation, pollution and a lack of fish play a role.”



Sveegaard stresses the importance of addressing these threats promptly, advocating for a reduction in net fishing or the implementation of acoustic alarms on all nets as viable solutions to mitigate the immediate risks to the porpoises.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerial-surveys-used-to-track-harbor-porpoises-nbsp">Aerial surveys used to track harbor porpoises&nbsp;</h2>



The methodology for tracking the population of harbor porpoises involves comprehensive aerial surveys initiated in 2005. Researchers systematically divide the ocean into segments and scout these areas from the air, counting visible porpoises.&nbsp;



“We count all the porpoises we can spot in the ocean. From other studies, we know that harbor porpoises stay at the surface approximately 10 percent of the time," explained Sveegaard.



"By multiplying the number of spotted porpoises in the area and adding the multiplied numbers for all the studied areas up, we estimate the whole population."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-decline-in-harbor-porpoise-numbers">Concerning decline in harbor porpoise numbers</h2>



Sveegaard acknowledges the uncertainties inherent in this method but underscores its value in tracking population trends over time, revealing a clear and concerning decline in harbor porpoise numbers.



Despite these challenges, the harbor porpoises of the Belt Sea are recognized as a distinct population that spans the coastal region divided among Denmark, Sweden, and Germany.&nbsp;



Genetic analyses distinguish these porpoises from those found in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, indicating a unique population that migrates in search of food. This migratory behavior results in uneven distribution across the Belt Sea, with porpoises clustering in areas where food is abundant, such as the Femern Belt and parts of the Øresund, Storebælt, Lillebælt, and the Kattegat along the Swedish west coast.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-the-fishing-industry-nbsp">Impact of the fishing industry&nbsp;</h2>



The impact of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/">fishing</a> industry, particularly through by-catch in net fishing, emerges as a significant threat to these porpoises. “We mention the fishing industry and by-catch specifically because it’s the only way to make a change here and now. If the politicians decide to limit net fishing, it will quickly reduce the by-catch of harbor porpoises and give the population time to heal,” Sveegaard said.&nbsp;



The current political debate surrounding commercial fishing practices, especially the discussion on limiting bottom trawl fishing, is a point of worry for Sveegaard. While bottom trawl fishing is known to harm marine ecosystems and thereby affect the availability of food for harbor porpoises, she fears that restrictions on this practice may lead to increased reliance on nets, exacerbating the by-catch problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-population-recovery">Slow population recovery</h2>



The biology of harbor porpoises compounds their vulnerability to these threats. With a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/">reproductive rate</a> of just one calf per year, the population's recovery is slow, and the young, particularly susceptible to entanglement in fishing nets, bear the brunt of this risk. 



“The harbor porpoises reach maturity when they are about four years old, but they leave their mother after only one year. For three years, they swim around the ocean all on their own, not being able to reproduce. They are inexperienced and are much more likely to get caught in a net than the adult harbor porpoises,” Sveegaard explained. This pattern poses a significant risk to the population's future, as it impedes the growth and stabilization of their numbers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-sea-harbor-porpoises-nbsp">North Sea harbor porpoises&nbsp;</h2>



While the harbor porpoises in the Belt Sea face declining numbers, their counterparts in the North Sea present a contrasting picture, with a population that has remained stable over the years. The North Sea porpoises benefit from a larger habitat, enabling them to follow fish shoals and adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/">environmental changes</a>. 



However, the distinct differences between the populations, including adaptations for feeding in different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/">marine</a> environments, suggest that the North Sea porpoises cannot simply replace those in the Belt Sea should the latter's population collapse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immediate-action-is-needed">Immediate action is needed</h2>



Sveegaard emphasizes the critical need for immediate action to protect and stabilize the harbor porpoise population in the Belt Sea. Highlighting the unique adaptations and behaviors of these porpoises, she advocates for conservation efforts that address the specific challenges they face.&nbsp;



“If the harbor porpoises of the Belt Sea disappear, they might never come back. Therefore, we need to do something now to protect and stabilize the population,” she concluded.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1289808">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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Harbor porpoises are severely threatened by fishing activities

In a collaborative effort, researchers from Denmark, Germany, and Sweden...

The early arrival of daffodils, diminishing snow in ski resorts, and sunbathing opportunities in the northern hemisphere hinted at an unusual climatic trend, which has now been confirmed by the European Union's climate monitoring service. This year’s February has been officially recorded as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/">hottest</a> ever, surpassing previous records with a global average temperature of 56.3°F (13.54°C).&nbsp;



This surpasses the former record-holder, February 2016, by 0.21°F (0.12°C) and stands 1.45°F (0.81°C) above the global average for this month over the 1991-2020 period. Scientists attribute this worrying trend directly to the effects of greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">emissions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-february-joins-a-long-streak-of-records">February joins a long streak of records</h2>



The <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S), a part of the European Commission dedicated to climate monitoring, has detailed these findings. They base their conclusions on data gathered from a diverse array of sources, including weather stations, balloons, and satellites, offering a comprehensive view of the planet's average air temperature over time. 



"February joins the long streak of records of the last few months," said C3S director Carlo Buontempo. “As remarkable as this might appear, it is not really surprising as the continuous warming of the climate system inevitably leads to new temperature extremes."&nbsp;



"The climate responds to the actual concentrations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere so, unless we manage to stabilize those, we will inevitably face new global temperature records and their consequences.”



This February's record-setting warmth follows a pattern, being the ninth consecutive month to set a new record for its respective time of year. It was notably 3.18°F (1.77°C) warmer than the average for February during the pre-industrial period of 1850-1900.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paris-agreement-commitments-to-limit-warming-nbsp">Paris Agreement commitments to limit warming&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, for several days in early February, global temperatures soared to levels 3.6°F (2°C) above those pre-industrial averages, challenging global commitments made under the Paris Agreement to limit warming.



However, these records do not suggest a breach of the Paris Agreement thresholds, which are based on long-term averages rather than single monthly records.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-february-record-for-the-highest-sea-surface-temperature">February record for the highest sea surface temperature</h2>



In Europe alone, temperatures in February were significantly higher than historical averages, mirroring similar anomalies across other parts of the world including Siberia, North and South America, Africa, and Australia.



Beyond air temperatures, C3S also monitors sea surface temperatures, a key indicator of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/formal-agreement-needed-to-define-the-current-level-of-global-warming/">global warming</a>. February saw the highest global sea surface temperature on record for any month, underscoring the comprehensive nature of current climate change trends. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gas-emissions-nbsp">Greenhouse gas emissions&nbsp;</h2>



With these ongoing changes, it's possible that 2024 could see even more temperature records broken, continuing the alarming trend observed in 2023, which was marked by unprecedented global warmth from June onward, attributed largely to greenhouse gas emissions.



Atmospheric levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/">carbon dioxide</a> and methane, the most critical greenhouse gases, reached new highs in 2023. This contributed to several months, including September, November, December, and notably July - the hottest month on record - setting new temperature benchmarks.&nbsp;



"2023 was an exceptional year with climate records tumbling like dominoes. Temperatures during 2023 likely exceed those of any period in at least the last 100,000 years,” concluded Samantha Burgess, deputy director of C3S.&nbsp;



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Early spring follows the hottest February on record

The early arrival of daffodils, diminishing snow in ski resorts,...

The mystery of life's origins, including DNA and RNA, has fascinated scientists for centuries. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/charles-darwins-complete-research-library-published-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charles Darwin</a>, the father of evolutionary theory, introduced the concept of "descent with modification," highlighting how genetic information is transferred and subtly altered across generations. 



This foundational idea points to a flexible genetic process that introduces new traits into populations over time. But what of life's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-building-blocks-of-life-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very beginnings</a>, before the complexity of cells, proteins, and DNA? 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rna-world-hypothesis">The RNA World Hypothesis</h2>



The concept of an "RNA World," proposed in the 1960s by visionaries like Salk Fellow Leslie Orgel, suggests an era where simpler RNA molecules set the stage for Darwinian evolution on early Earth.



Recent breakthroughs at the <a href="https://www.salk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salk Institute</a> have propelled this hypothesis forward. A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals the discovery of an RNA enzyme capable of replicating RNA strands accurately while allowing for the emergence of new molecular variants over time. 



This discovery is pivotal, suggesting that the earliest evolutionary processes could have occurred at a molecular level with RNA at the helm.



"We're chasing the dawn of evolution,” says senior author and Salk President <a href="https://www.salk.edu/scientist/gerald-joyce/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gerald Joyce</a>. "By revealing these novel capabilities of RNA, we're uncovering the potential origins of life itself, and how simple molecules could have paved the way for the complexity and diversity of life we see today."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rna-the-architect-of-early-evolution">RNA - The architect of early evolution</h2>



This research underscores RNA's unique role in the genetic narrative, bridging the gap between the storage of genetic information and the enzymatic activities <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-building-blocks-may-have-formed-near-newborn-stars-and-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential for life</a>. 



Unlike the double-helixed DNA, RNA's versatility allows it to store information and catalyze chemical reactions, positioning it as a prime candidate for the precursor of life.



Joyce's team has been at the forefront of exploring RNA polymerase ribozymes, RNA molecules adept at replicating other RNA strands. 



Despite previous challenges in achieving high-fidelity replication, their latest creation exhibits crucial mutations that enhance accuracy significantly. 



This advancement is crucial for maintaining the integrity of genetic information over generations, a fundamental requirement for evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability-from-simple-molecules-to-complex-life">Adaptability: From simple molecules to complex life</h2>



The research revealed surprising adaptability among RNA molecules, particularly a "hammerhead" molecule capable of self-replication and variation. 



This adaptability suggests a simple yet effective form of early evolution, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular-level</a> changes could have sparked the complexity of life as we know it. 



First author Nikolaos Papastavrou reflects on the simplicity of life's inception and its capacity for self-improvement, highlighting the study's implications for understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bouncing-comets-could-deliver-lifes-building-blocks-to-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution from molecules</a> to multicellular organisms.



“We’ve long wondered how simple life was at its beginning and when it gained the ability to start improving itself. This study suggests the dawn of evolution could have been very early and very simple," Papastavrou reflected.



"Something at the level of individual molecules could sustain Darwinian evolution, and that might have been the spark that allowed life to become more complex, going from molecules to cells to multicellular organisms," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreating-autonomous-life-in-the-laboratory">Recreating autonomous life in the laboratory </h2>



This work sheds light on the early mechanics of life and sets the stage for recreating RNA-based life forms in the lab using test tubes. By simulating early conditions, the team aims to observe and potentially kickstart autonomous RNA life, a goal they believe is achievable within the next decade. 



Moreover, this research opens avenues for exploring these new "RNA worlds" and the evolution of new functions within RNA systems, potentially unraveling the mechanisms behind life's increasing complexity.



“We’ve seen that selection pressure can improve RNAs with an existing function, but if we let the system evolve for longer with larger populations of RNA molecules, can new functions be invented?” says co-author David Horning, a staff scientist in Joyce’s lab. “We’re excited to answer how early life could ratchet up its own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microfossils-reveal-a-leap-in-lifes-complexity-2-4-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complexity</a>, using the tools developed here at Salk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-earth-rna-and-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life">Beyond Earth - RNA and the search for extraterrestrial life</h2>



Joyce and his team are not stopping here. They envision further experiments that delve into the environmental conditions conducive to RNA evolution, extending their inquiry to the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-levels-on-distant-planets-reveal-presence-of-alien-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life beyond Earth</a>. 



The quest to understand life's origins continues to inspire, with each discovery bringing us closer to answering one of humanity's most profound questions: How did life begin?



In summary, the pioneering research at the Salk Institute has reinforced the RNA World Hypothesis and broadened our understanding of the origins of life on Earth and possibly beyond. 



By demonstrating RNA's ability to replicate and evolve, scientists edge closer to unraveling the mysteries of life's early mechanisms, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements in synthetic biology and astrobiology. 



This journey into the past provides a hopeful glimpse into the future, where the secrets of life's inception could illuminate the potential for life across the universe, reminding us that the quest for knowledge is as limitless as the cosmos itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-rna-and-the-rna-world-hypothesis">More about RNA and the RNA World Hypothesis</h2>



As discussed above, the enigma of life's origins has long captivated scientists, leading to the formulation of the RNA World Hypothesis. This revolutionary idea posits that ribonucleic acid (RNA) was not merely a participant in the early stages of life but a fundamental protagonist. 



RNA, a versatile molecule capable of storing genetic information, catalyzing chemical reactions, and evolving over time, presents a compelling case for the precursor to all biological life as we know it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-rna-in-modern-biology">Role of RNA in modern biology</h3>



RNA's central function in genetic expression and regulation underscores its significance. It acts as a messenger (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderna-announces-mrna-flu-vaccine-success-will-soon-be-released/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mRNA</a>), translating DNA's instructions into the proteins that drive cellular processes. 



RNA also plays a structural role (rRNA) in ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized, and as a transfer molecule (tRNA), matching amino acids to the protein blueprint. 



Beyond these roles, RNA molecules, such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, regulate gene expression, illustrating the molecule's versatility and indispensability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rna-enzymes-and-chemical-reactions">RNA enzymes and chemical reactions</h3>



The RNA World Hypothesis suggests a prebiotic Earth where RNA molecules dominated, catalyzing their own replication and evolution. This era, devoid of DNA and proteins, showcases RNA's unique ability to act as both genetic material and catalyst. 



The hypothesis is bolstered by discoveries of ribozymes, RNA enzymes capable of catalyzing chemical reactions, providing a plausible scenario for a self-sustaining molecular system that could have been the cradle of life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-evidence-for-rna-world-hypothesis">Supporting evidence for RNA World Hypothesis</h3>



Recent scientific advances lend credence to the RNA World Hypothesis. Researchers have discovered RNA molecules with remarkable abilities, including self-replication and the synthesis of other RNA molecules, demonstrating the potential mechanisms through which life could have emerged. 



These findings support the hypothesis and highlight RNA's capability to evolve, a critical feature for the transition from a world of simple molecules to the complex life forms we observe today.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-directions">Challenges and future directions</h3>



Despite its compelling narrative, the RNA World Hypothesis faces challenges, particularly in explaining the transition from RNA to DNA/RNA/protein-based life and the origin of RNA itself. 



Future research aims to recreate early Earth conditions to observe RNA's behavior, develop RNA molecules with enhanced replicative and catalytic abilities, and explore the potential of RNA in shaping the evolution of life on other planets.



The exploration of RNA and the RNA World Hypothesis represents a fascinating chapter in our quest to understand life's origins. By piecing together RNA's role in the early biochemical tapestry, scientists are gradually unveiling the molecular foundations of life. 



This journey enriches our comprehension of biology and highlights the ingenuity of nature, where a single molecule can hold the key to the genesis of life itself. 



As research progresses, we anticipate uncovering further insights that will illuminate the past and inspire future discoveries in the quest to understand our biological beginnings.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2321592121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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RNA World: Unraveling the mysteries of life's origins

The mystery of life's origins, including DNA and RNA, has...

Alzheimer's,Disease:,The,Amyloid-beta,Peptide,Accumulates,To,Amyloid,Fibrils,That

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign scientists have made an important discovery in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a> research, identifying a neural-specific protein, PSD-95, as the earliest biomarker yet for the condition. 



This finding, derived from studies on a mouse model, not only sheds light on the initial stages of neurodegeneration but also highlights PSD-95 as a potential focal point for future research, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alzheimer-s-earliest-biomarker-the-role-of-psd-95">Alzheimer's earliest biomarker: The role of PSD-95</h2>



Lead researcher, Professor Nien-Pei Tsai of the <a href="https://mcb.illinois.edu/departments/molecular-integrative-physiology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology</a>, and his team have observed that an increase in PSD-95 levels is linked to the seizures seen in the early phases of Alzheimer’s. By inhibiting this protein in mice, they were able to slow both the onset and progression of these seizures.



The significance of PSD-95 came to light as Tsai’s group examined mice genetically modified to produce more amyloid-beta proteins, which clump together to form brain plaques characteristic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-particles-in-air-pollution-may-lead-to-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a>. 



Their research ventured into an earlier phase of the mouse's life than previously studied, a period before any other markers or abnormalities were known to occur.



“We aimed to identify early indicators that could potentially lead to an earlier diagnosis and slow the disease's progression,” Tsai explained. “Given Alzheimer's irreversible nature, any delay in onset or progression could significantly enhance patients' quality of life.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psd-95-and-the-science-of-synapses">PSD-95 and the science of synapses</h2>



The elevation in PSD-95 was first noted in neuron cultures, then confirmed in live mice. PSD-95 plays a crucial role in attracting receptors to the synaptic surface, where neurons communicate. 



Tsai believes that the increased levels of PSD-95 contribute to brain hyperexcitability, a condition preceding and exacerbating the neurodegeneration seen in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loss-of-smell-may-be-the-earliest-warning-of-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a> patients, marked by an increased susceptibility to seizures.



Further research solidified PSD-95’s role in this process. Upon inhibiting PSD-95 in mice, the team observed reduced receptor activity at synapses, fewer seizures, and decreased mortality from seizures, suggesting that PSD-95 significantly contributes to the brain's hyperexcitability in early Alzheimer’s stages.



“This makes PSD-95 not only a potential early biomarker for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-link-between-sex-hormones-and-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a> but also a target for early intervention strategies,” Tsai remarked, hinting at the possibility of antibody inhibitors for PSD-95 as a treatment option in the disease's early stages. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-alzheimer-s-research-and-patient-care">Future of Alzheimer's research and patient care</h2>



The team is now looking to collaborate with clinical researchers to see if their findings in mice correlate with human Alzheimer’s patients. 



They also plan to explore the interactions between PSD-95 and other receptors on the synaptic surface. These include the NMDA receptor known for its role in neural cell death in Alzheimer’s, to understand better the potential of PSD-95 inhibition in mitigating other symptoms or stages of the disease.



This research marks a promising step forward in the fight against Alzheimer’s, offering new insights into early diagnosis and the development of targeted treatment approaches that could one day transform patient care.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44319-024-00090-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMBO Reports</a>.



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Scientists identify the earliest biomarker of Alzheimer's disease

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign scientists have made an important discovery...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...