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Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing and communication, demonstrating quantum teleportation over a standard fiber optic cable that already carries everyday Internet traffic. This development shows that quantum communication might not require dedicated lines, which clears the path for easier and more widespread integration of quantum and classical data sharing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-for-quantum-networking">Path for quantum networking</h2>



The news centers around the idea that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parker-solar-probe-will-fly-through-suns-atmosphere-tomorrow-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a> -- information carried by delicate particles of light known as photons -- can travel alongside everyday Internet traffic without losing their integrity. This breakthrough demonstrates quantum teleportation, a process where the state of a particle (like a photon) is transferred to another distant particle without the initial particle moving physically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-quantum-teleportation">Science behind quantum teleportation</h2>



By using entangled photons, this method enables secure, near-instantaneous data sharing and paves the way for future quantum networks.



The research team successfully tested a setup that allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-time-observed-measured-tangible-in-new-quantum-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> information to weave through the bustling flow of regular Internet data without interference. 



This achievement overcomes one of the biggest hurdles in making quantum networks a practical reality.



<a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/directory/profiles/kumar-prem.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Prem Kumar</a>, who oversaw the research, is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Northwestern’s <a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McCormick School of Engineering</a>. 



He is known for his contributions to quantum communication and serves as the director of the Center for Photonic Communication and Computing. In their recent work, Kumar and his collaborators introduce a new way of thinking about quantum signals alongside their classical counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entanglement-in-quantum-communication">Entanglement in quantum communication</h2>



Quantum teleportation stands out because it uses entanglement as a way to exchange information without physically sending matter across a distance. The concept traces back to <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Einstein,</a> <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Podolsky</a>, and Rosen in 1935. Scientists have since <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tested</a> quantum entanglement in labs, culminating in the formal proposal for quantum teleportation in 1993.



One of the biggest appeals of quantum teleportation is that it can occur almost as fast as light travels. Photons can become entangled so that performing a measurement on one instantaneously affects its partner, no matter how far away it is. “This is incredibly exciting because nobody thought it was possible; our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elusive-quantum-negative-entanglement-entropy-deciphered-in-the-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical networks</a> sharing a unified fiberoptic infrastructure. Basically, it opens the door to pushing quantum communications to the next level,” enthused Kumar. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-delicate-photons">Protecting delicate photons</h2>



Securing a clear route for single photons involves more than just adding them to an active cable. Ordinary Internet traffic typically relies on millions of light particles, so a handful of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> photons can easily get lost or overwhelmed. The <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern</a> team performed detailed studies on how light scatters inside the cable to see if there was a specific wavelength that experiences less clutter. 



They pinpointed that sweet spot and added special filters to reduce the noise generated by normal data traffic.



“Quantum teleportation has the ability to provide quantum connectivity securely between geographically distant nodes,” said Kumar. Past work suggested that large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functioning-quantum-internet-makes-giant-stride-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum networks</a> might need specialized systems. Now, his findings reveal that this might not be strictly necessary, if signals are positioned in just the right place in the spectrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-test-run-in-busy-channels">First test run in busy channels</h2>



Earlier demonstrations of quantum teleportation typically involved pristine settings or dedicated fibers. 



Some <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan3211">researchers</a> believed that real-world cables, teeming with signals, would smother the faint quantum light. That assumption has been proven wrong.



In tests at Northwestern, the researchers ran quantum signals and classical communications over the same fiber optic cable without them colliding. 



They measured how well the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-can-follow-neat-paths-even-in-chaotic-quantum-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> arrived at its destination and confirmed that it was still correct at the other end. “Our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and classical networks,” Kumar summarized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-infrastructure">Real-world infrastructure</h2>



The immediate plan is to scale the system to longer runs and then transition to underground fiber connections. 



The group believes that an eventual shift to real-world cables could be next. Building on single-pair teleportation, they also want to experiment with multiple pairs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-dance-entangled-photons-wave-functions-captured-real-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entangled photons</a> to achieve another crucial step known as entanglement swapping.



If that milestone is reached, quantum networks could begin to take shape across regions rather than only between two points. For critical operations in finance, defense, and data management, such networks could offer more secure connections thanks to the inherent secrecy of quantum methods, where any tampering is immediately noticeable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-applications">Broader applications</h2>



The capacity to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum connections</a> without setting up special cables makes many new ideas more viable. 



Distributed quantum computing, which relies on linking multiple quantum computers in different locations, would be simpler to establish. 



Distance-sensing tasks and advanced metrology could also benefit from more stable quantum links.



Even beyond computing, quantum networks have the potential to spur new technologies in encryption, imaging, and fundamental physics experiments. Researchers have also discussed using quantum entanglement to <a href="https://watermark.silverchair.com/020011_1_online.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAzAwggMsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMdMIIDGQIBADCCAxIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMxOCNBnzx99LUOAbXAgEQgIIC41_WikXKemGuhWdzU4OnkQXRNjdQ5jj8bK5la7lzZlWPVXgV6KM-mv4frQgdokiIKWhEiPaL2MBMicf8FXjC7C9DHm7cmfKlXHX0RsBGMmNFXIf3tnlSoygfD_3DsxoPrGUO5slXsAOpR2nNcOJqQMHxOtS2vZo885BZQmEF8j2Tdz7Eih6K3tmVzUTRmYwHJ4KtMk-RjD1JHXfFwUnnQ0B-Qk9VmP_s05zipejBq28CbQySyGw7Mi-SfxNEW7qC-VEEFHy__hVKeExMG4HmltzHbp-k_zPnwktK7eEojGWH17mX6qfBGSE_fSGYQYHh82x6TLx2HdMBx2RVuTZIxpClItEPUEuHXIn4ZM4QBHWUlhzFcnm5moZmsfIxN9II_S8v4fKN3hCeAp8QpjjhQyT3coqB4S80iIXBN3V1wpJMknK0WwKpuekyl7Tpcv1zPchLng2_lN8TuajzF8lyuBSRFWKGg4nKkdwtCV3OnUweAUfYwNrQdUgY769pFqspGxXh7VPhcgDe8hcdc9-EX2Y7uz7jMMmDyc9q7sJ0jW1tM2tUVkXYpOvSVkcuFN5Qa4ud5D8xdQ4UUL1nvGnhvJuTvT1kv2WiRlSy-3_uhi75BUEPppoyIv22JtpjkcAmQYEmLgcSdROYaB7LB5ySLLQ1rRZW7BFQvI5W7Zv0FX64VIvx1sNCubj1HvROm9OR026h8Kt-VuE8YZwoGgUP4DPycn_gwFHMguRZfU_bbMIBnLyufXePFSsPB0Nfv_gpwYN6lNzD3oyZPbo5BumjsspwgrOmvZADcEM6hyqkhAOGBm5gf5QiFtGWxvY9pYT2xSR9LI6C8cxxDNl8VMtRCK2pwJ_e2sg6h3sdILLYVzHuF4DO7SWTW0unBeit2cvJtDSN-PcPRtsTvI5eYgQkwouAfEZ3o4fKme-h8q4Ik1RVGvz3kMW2bnGOvgK0LeIer5Frkr3op85V1mpuWR1-l-Jjq6M">synchronize distant clocks</a> or to share random numbers for cryptography at unprecedented levels of security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-quantum-teleportation">Significance of quantum teleportation </h2>



Quantum teleportation has matured from a fascinating theory to a tool that is becoming more practical. 



While it is never straightforward to integrate delicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbreakable-encryption-brings-quantum-internet-communication-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a>, the Northwestern group’s accomplishment raises confidence that such integration is within reach.



Many experts have believed that building specialized infrastructure was an unavoidable cost of quantum networking. 



According to Kumar’s report, if wavelengths are picked carefully, classical signals and quantum information can coexist just fine. This line of thinking spares organizations from installing entire new grids of cables.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-work-on-quantum-teleportation">Future work on quantum teleportation</h2>



In upcoming work, the researchers plan to expand the scope of their approach in longer segments to confirm that the method remains stable as cables stretch far past the lab. They will also design a multi-node demonstration to verify it can handle more than a single link. There is much excitement that existing communication channels, once tuned just right, could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-atoms-qkd-quantum-communication-revolutionizing-data-protection-privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carry quantum data</a> to distant points.



With such possibilities on the horizon, quantum teleportation may shift from a theoretical concept to a tool that transforms communication. 



The future might see quantum and classical networks working side by side in ways that once sounded unlikely.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://opg.optica.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-11-12-1700&amp;id=565936" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Optica</a>.



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'Impossible' success: Quantum teleportation on the internet is set to change the world

Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing and communication, demonstrating quantum teleportation over a standard fiber optic cable that already carries everyday Internet traffic.This development shows that quantum communication might not require dedicated lines, which clears the path for easier and more widespread integration of quantum and classical data sharing. Path for quantum networking The news centers around the idea that quantum signals -- information carried by delicate particles of light known as photons -- can travel alongside everyday Internet traffic without losing their...

Microplastics are everywhere on Earth, from the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains. A new study from the <a href="https://international.unicampania.it/index.php/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Campania</a> has shown something surprising - these microplastics can also be found inside people's arteries.&nbsp;



This revelation raises concerns as microplastics could be connected to serious health problems like heart attacks and stroke.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-arteries">Microplastics in arteries</h2>



Microscopic plastic pollutants, called microplastics, are tiny – less than 5 millimeters in size. They come from the breakdown of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/">plastic products</a> we use every day, including clothes and cosmetics.&nbsp;



The recent study in Naples, Italy, investigated this issue. Doctors examined fatty deposits, called plaque, inside the arteries of 304 patients.&nbsp;



Plaque buildup can block arteries, and sometimes surgeons remove it during procedures. The study's alarming finding was that microplastics were present in the plaque of over half the patients – a concerning 58%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-affecting-heart-health">Microplastics affecting heart health</h2>



The presence of microplastics in arteries is a red flag, potentially linked to a significantly increased risk of heart attack, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/short-term-exposure-to-air-pollution-increases-stroke-risk/">stroke</a>, and even death.&nbsp;



The researchers found a nearly 4.5-fold greater chance of these cardiovascular events within just 3 years for individuals with microplastics in their arteries.&nbsp; This association is particularly alarming because it held true even after accounting for established risk factors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-is-commonly-shared-by-couples-worldwide/">high blood pressure</a>, smoking, and cholesterol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-caused-by-microplastics">Inflammation caused by microplastics</h2>



Microplastics in arteries may fuel chronic inflammation, boosting heart disease risk. The study revealed higher levels of inflammatory proteins in people with microplastic-laden arteries.&nbsp;



These proteins are common in heart disease and are believed to worsen the condition by promoting inflammation and damaging blood vessel walls. While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/">inflammation</a> is the body's natural defense against injury or infection, prolonged inflammation is linked to various health problems.&nbsp;



Microplastics trapped in arterial plaque might trigger the immune system to attack them, leading to chronic inflammation. This persistent inflammatory state could then accelerate the development and progression of heart disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-related-to-microplastics">Concerns related to microplastics</h2>



According to the World Health Organization, the potential impacts of plastics on health have become an issue of global concern due to risks and harms from plastics at each stage of their lifecycle.



Plastic is convenient and useful, but there's so much of it around that it's harming the environment and potentially making people sick. Experts warn that we should not be fooled by the convenience of plastics.&nbsp;



“People must become aware of the risks we are taking with our lifestyle,” noted Dr Raffaele Marfella, first author on the study at the University of Campania Luigi.&nbsp;



“I hope the alarm message from our study will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet. To put it in a slogan that can unite the need for health for humans and the planet, plastic-free is healthy for the heart and the Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-microplastics-enter-the-body">How microplastics enter the body</h2>



Since microplastics are everywhere in our surroundings, we can ingest them in a number of ways. This is particularly concerning when you consider the health risks of microplastics such as heart attacks and stroke. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-we-eat">Food we eat</h3>



We often swallow microplastics when we eat. Seafood, especially shellfish and fish, may contain microplastics because they live in polluted water. Fruits and vegetables can also get contaminated.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-we-drink">Water we drink</h3>



Microplastics have been found in tap water, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-thousands-of-nanoplastics-found-in-bottled-water/">bottled water</a>, and even lakes and rivers. Plastic trash breaks down over time, or because tiny bits of plastic flake off from plastic pipes as water travels through them. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-we-breathe-nbsp">Air we breathe&nbsp;</h3>



We can also breathe in microplastics, especially indoors. Dust particles that contain microplastics can float around in the air from things like carpets, furniture, and clothes. Even outside, air pollution often contains microplastics from car tires, road paint, and plastic waste. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-unexpected-ways">Other unexpected ways</h3>



Microplastics have been found in things like salt, sugar, honey, and even beer, showing how widespread they are. Microplastics can also be in some hygiene products like toothpaste and cosmetics. We might accidentally swallow these, or they might seep into our skin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-limit-microplastic-exposure">Tips to limit microplastic exposure</h2>



It might seem difficult to avoid microplastics completely these days, but there are ways to limit their exposure:



<ul>
<li>Choose natural fibers: Opt for clothing made from natural materials like cotton, wool, hemp, or bamboo to avoid releasing plastic fibers during washing.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Use water filters: Invest in a reliable water filter to remove microplastics from drinking water, whether sourced from tap water or bottled water.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Avoid single-use plastics: Minimize the use of disposable plastic items such as bags, straws, utensils, and water bottles by opting for reusable alternatives made from glass, stainless steel, or silicone.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Purchase unpackaged foods: Buy fresh produce from farmers' markets or bulk stores to reduce reliance on plastic packaging for fruits, vegetables, and grains.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Check personal care products: Be mindful of personal care items containing microplastics like polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Look for products labeled "microplastic-free" or containing natural exfoliants such as sugar or salt.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Choose minimal packaging: Select products with minimal or recyclable packaging, and consider buying in bulk to reduce plastic waste. Bring your own reusable containers or bags when shopping.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Dispose of plastic responsibly: Properly dispose of plastic waste by recycling whenever possible and avoiding littering. Responsible waste management helps prevent plastic from breaking down into microplastics in the environment.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support plastic reduction nitiatives: Get involved in efforts to reduce plastic pollution by supporting policies and initiatives in your community. Raise awareness about the issue and advocate for long-term solutions.</li>
</ul>



The research is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2309822" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



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Microplastics found inside human arteries after stroke and heart attack events

Microplastics are everywhere on Earth, from the deepest ocean trenches...

In the digital age, distinguishing between reality and artificiality has become an unexpected challenge, particularly when it comes to identifying images of real people compared to AI generated images. A recent study by researchers at the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> has shed light on just how difficult this task can be.



With the rapid advancement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> (AI), images generated by AI technologies are becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate from photographs of real individuals. This development poses significant questions about our ability to recognize authenticity in the digital realm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-generated-images-and-human-perception">AI generated images and human perception</h2>



The study involved 260 participants who were presented with 20 unlabeled images, half of which were photographs of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other half were generated by AI programs such as Stable Diffusion and <a href="https://openai.com/dall-e-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DALL-E</a>. These programs are renowned for their ability to create highly realistic images.



Participants were tasked with identifying which images were real and which were AI-generated, providing reasons for their decisions.



Surprisingly, only 61% of the participants were able to accurately distinguish between real and AI-generated images, a figure significantly lower than the researchers' anticipated accuracy rate of 85%. 



"People are not as adept at making the distinction as they think they are," remarked Andreea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo and the study's lead author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misjudging-digital-realities">Misjudging digital realities</h2>



This revelation underscores a growing challenge in the digital age: the increasing difficulty of distinguishing between genuine and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-computer-chip-enables-ai-computing-at-the-speed-of-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial content</a>.



Participants in the study focused on details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as indicators of authenticity. However, their assessments were not always accurate, highlighting the sophistication of AI-generated images.



Pocol pointed out that the study's context allowed for detailed scrutiny of each photo, a luxury not afforded to the average internet user who typically glances at images briefly. "People who are just doomscrolling or don't have time won't pick up on these cues," Pocol explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-battle-against-disinformation">Evolving battle against disinformation</h2>



The rapid pace of AI development further complicates this issue, with the technology advancing faster than academic research and legislation can keep up. Since the study commenced in late 2022, AI-generated images have become even more realistic.



These images pose a particular threat as tools of political and cultural manipulation, enabling the creation of fake images of public figures in potentially damaging scenarios.



"Disinformation isn't new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly shifting and evolving," Pocol observed. She warned of a future where, despite training and awareness, people may still struggle to differentiate between real and fake images.



This potential reality underscores the need for the development of tools to identify and counter AI-generated content. Pocol likened the situation to a new form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-has-learned-that-fingerprints-are-not-unique-shattering-a-long-held-belief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI arms race</a>, emphasizing the importance of staying ahead in the battle against digital deception.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-generated-images-and-the-future-of-content">AI generated images and the future of content</h2>



In summary, the University of Waterloo's study shines a spotlight on a crucial challenge in the digital age: our collective struggle to distinguish between real and AI-generated images. 



With only a fraction of participants accurately identifying artificial creations, it's clear that we must enhance our vigilance and develop more sophisticated tools to counteract the rising tide of digital misinformation. 



As AI technology continues to evolve at a breakneck pace, staying ahead in this new arms race is imperative for preserving the integrity of our digital world. This calls for a concerted effort from researchers, policymakers, and the public to build a future where we can trust what we see online.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ai-generated-images-and-disinformation">More about AI generated images and disinformation</h2>



As discussed above, AI generated images have emerged as a double-edged sword, providing creative opportunities on one hand while ushering in an era of unprecedented disinformation on the other. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proliferation-of-ai-image-creation-tools">Proliferation of AI image creation tools</h3>



AI's ability to create lifelike images has progressed significantly, thanks to advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionizing-aerodynamics-airplane-emissions-ai-deep-learning-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a> and neural networks. 



Tools like DeepFake, Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E have democratized the creation of highly realistic images, videos, and art that were previously impossible without extensive resources or skills. 



While these technologies herald a new age of creativity and efficiency, they also open Pandora's box of potential misuse, especially in creating deceptive content.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discerning-truth-from-fiction">Discerning truth from fiction</h3>



The advent of AI generated images has intensified the challenge of disinformation, making it increasingly difficult to discern truth from fabrication. These images can be weaponized to create false narratives, manipulate public opinion, and undermine trust in media and institutions. 



The ease and speed with which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-in-creativity-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI can produce</a> convincing fake content have outpaced the ability of traditional verification methods to keep up, leaving a gap that disinformation can readily exploit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-implications">Real-world implications</h3>



The implications of AI generated disinformation are vast and varied, affecting everything from politics to personal reputations. Fabricated images can sway elections, incite violence, defame public figures, and spread conspiracy theories. 



The potential for harm escalates as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-to-decode-the-legacy-of-the-roman-empire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI technology</a> becomes more accessible and its products more difficult to distinguish from reality. The societal impact is profound, eroding trust and fostering a climate of skepticism and paranoia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-ai-generated-images-and-disinformation">Combating AI generated images and disinformation</h3>



Addressing the challenge of AI-generated disinformation requires a multifaceted approach. First, there's a need for continued development of detection technologies that can keep pace with AI's advancements. These tools must be integrated into social media platforms and news outlets to identify and flag fake content. 



Additionally, public awareness campaigns can educate individuals on the prevalence of AI-generated disinformation and how to critically evaluate the credibility of images and sources. Lastly, policy and regulation need to evolve to address the unique challenges posed by AI, ensuring accountability for creators of malicious content.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-collective-challenge-ahead">The collective challenge ahead</h3>



In summary, as we navigate the mirage created by AI-generated images, the battle against disinformation becomes increasingly complex. The potential for these technologies to distort reality and manipulate perceptions underscores the urgent need for robust solutions. 



By harnessing advancements in detection technology, raising public awareness, and implementing effective policies, we can mitigate the impact of AI-generated disinformation. The path forward requires collective vigilance and innovation to preserve the integrity of our digital and real-world landscapes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-50072-5_34" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advances in Computer Graphics</a>.



Answer: The woman on the left of the photo is NOT real...she's an AI creation.



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Which face is real? Discerning AI generated images isn't as easy as you think

In the digital age, distinguishing between reality and artificiality has...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bacteria</a> are one of the most abundant life forms on Earth, comprising roughly 75% of all species. Despite being so common, all the bacteria types are not adequately classified. As a result, Dr Kostas Konstantinidis from the <a href="https://ce.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology</a> has tackled the longstanding issue by introducing a reliable method for classification of bacteria. This method provides a fresh perspective on bacterial diversity by considering all the bacterial species and strains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-classification-of-bacteria-matters">Why the classification of bacteria matters</h2>



According to the researchers, existing classification systems often do not reflect how bacteria actually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radio-waves-can-alter-bacteria-to-create-life-saving-medicines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behave</a>. “While there is a working definition for species and strains, this is far from widely accepted in the scientific community,” explained Dr. Konstantinidis. “This is because those classifications are based on humans’ standards that do not necessarily translate well to the patterns we see in the natural environment.”



Creating a good system for organizing bacteria involves several challenges. In the past, scientists have mostly focused on bacteria that cause diseases. This has led to a classification system that is biased towards certain features of bacteria. Hence, the traditional way of classifying bacteria is not very reliable anymore..



“If we were to classify primates using the same standards that are used to classify E. coli, then all primates — from lemurs to humans to chimpanzees — would belong to a single species," noted Dr. Konstantinidis. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-classifying-salinibacter-ruber-species">Classifying Salinibacter ruber species</h2>



To address the current challenges, the researchers developed a new way that can handle the vast bacterial diversity. Initially, they collected samples from special salty pools in Spain, called salterns, where seawater undergoes evaporation to produce salt. These unique environments harbor diverse communities of microorganisms, making them ideal for studying bacterial diversity. 



Central to their methodology was the utilization of average nucleotide identity (ANI), a concept pioneered by Dr. Konstantinidis. ANI serves as a powerful tool for measuring genetic similarity between bacterial genomes. By applying ANI analysis to the collected isolates, the researchers could discern subtle genetic variations within bacterial populations.



The researchers successfully identified distinct genetic diversity gaps among individual bacteria belonging to the Salinibacter ruber species. These gaps served as natural boundaries, enabling the precise classification of bacteria into distinct species and strains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-similarity-and-variation">Genetic similarity and variation</h2>



The experts discovered that bacteria within the same species are very similar genetically, with a score of 96 to 100% on the ANI scale. This means they share almost all their genes. On the other hand, bacteria from different species are much less similar, with less than 85% shared genes. This confirms that different species are truly distinct.



The researchers also looked at about 300 other species of bacteria by examining the genes of 18,000 bacteria. They found similar patterns of variation across all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/">diverse species</a>. Over 95% of the bacteria studied had similar amounts of genetic variation. This finding confirms that the results likely apply to many different types of bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-bacteria-classification">Significance of bacteria classification </h2>



The result of the study isn't just a new classification method - it's an expansion of the tools scientists can employ to study bacteria. The impact is broad, reaching evolutionary biologists, taxonomists, ecologists, and even engineers who work on the environment. 



Clinicians treating patients, people who analyze biological data (bioinformaticians), and agencies that set rules (regulatory agencies) will all benefit as well. 



Ultimately, this kind of collaboration will drive success in microbiology and other related fields. Furthermore, this can lead to advancements in research, healthcare, and taking better care of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44622-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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New method for bacteria classification includes all of the strains

Bacteria are one of the most abundant life forms on...

Marine biologist Greg Rouse and his team at <a href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U</a><a href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/">C San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> have made an exciting discovery in the ocean near Costa Rica. They found a new deep-sea worm species, Pectinereis strickrotti, thriving near a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> seep about 30 miles offshore.



The discovery, published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">P</a><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/">LoS ONE</a>, significantly enriches our understanding of deep-sea biodiversity. Interestingly, the team named the species in honor of Bruce Strickrott, whose expert piloting of the Alvin submersible proved indispensable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-ecosystem-for-a-deep-sea-worm">Unique ecosystem for a deep-sea worm </h2>



Methane seeps on the seafloor offer a habitat unlike the warmer hydrothermal vents. These areas thrive on chemical energy, bypassing the need for sunlight.



Microbes here transform methane into sustenance, supporting a complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-food-chains-threatened-by-ocean-acidification/">food web</a>. This web features mussels, crabs, and unique worms like Pectinereis strickrotti.



Since 2009, Rouse's studies have identified 48 new species in these ecosystems. This underscores their richness and critical ecological role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-to-discovery-encounters-in-the-abyss">Journey to discovery: Encounters in the abyss</h2>



The initial sighting of Pectinereis strickrotti occurred in 2009, at a depth of 1,000 meters. Aboard the Alvin, Strickrott and Rouse spotted the elusive worms. Their first attempt to get a closer look was fraught with difficulty.



However, by 2018, they succeeded. Employing a vacuum device, the team managed to collect specimens for analysis. This graceful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-new-species-of-glowing-sea-worms-found-in-japan/">worm</a>, likened to a living magic carpet, was subsequently named. 



It marks a significant achievement in deep-sea exploration, highlighting the collaborative effort and technological advancements necessary for such discoveries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-pectinereis-strickrotti">Characteristics of Pectinereis strickrotti</h2>



Pectinereis strickrotti stands out as an extraordinary member of the ragworm family. It resides in the deep sea and uniquely possesses gills on its parapodia - a feature that is not common among most ragworms.



The males are notable for their large tail spines, which may play a role in reproduction. Adapted to total darkness, the worm is blind, depending instead on its keen senses of smell and touch.



The species' diet and its appearance under artificial light hint at the adaptability and enduring mysteries of deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-life-100-new-sea-creatures-found-in-chile/">life</a>. This discovery not only prompts further exploration but also underscores the urgent need to protect these largely unknown ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about deep-sea worms</h2>



Deep-sea worms are fascinating creatures that inhabit the ocean's abyss, thriving in environments that are hostile and alien to most life forms. These organisms have adapted to extreme conditions found at the bottom of the ocean, including high pressure, low temperatures, and complete darkness.&nbsp;



Unlike their terrestrial counterparts, deep-sea worms exhibit a variety of unique biological adaptations that enable them to survive and flourish in such an inhospitable habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extreme diet</h3>



One of the most intriguing aspects of these worms is their diet. Many deep-sea worms are detritivores, feeding on the decaying remains of plants and animals that sink to the ocean floor.&nbsp;



However, some species have developed symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow them to utilize chemicals like hydrogen sulfide or methane, which are toxic to most other forms of life.&nbsp;



These chemicals, seeping from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ripple-effects-of-climate-change-have-created-a-new-ocean/">ocean</a> floor through hydrothermal vents or cold seeps, become a source of energy and nutrients for the worms through a process known as chemosynthesis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical appearance&nbsp;</h3>



The physical appearance of deep-sea worms can be as varied as their diets. Some species are slender and elongated, perfectly adapted to burrowing into the soft sediment of the ocean bed.&nbsp;



Others might exhibit bright colors and bizarre shapes, with specialized appendages for capturing food or interacting with their environment. The giant tube worm, for example, can grow up to several meters in length and lives in a hard tubular structure that it secretes around itself for protection.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproductive strategies&nbsp;</h3>



Reproduction in the deep sea is another area where these worms exhibit unique adaptations. Many species rely on broadcast spawning, where eggs and sperm are released into the water to meet by chance. This method increases the likelihood of fertilization in the vast and sparsely populated deep-sea environment.&nbsp;



Some deep-sea worm species have also developed hermaphroditism, possessing both male and female reproductive organs, which is another strategy to maximize reproductive success in a challenging environment.



The study of deep-sea worms is not only a quest to understand the mysteries of life in the deepest parts of the ocean but also holds potential for discovering new compounds and materials. 



These organisms' unique biochemical processes and materials adapted to extreme conditions may inspire innovations in medicine, industry, and environmental technology.



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New deep-sea worm discovered off Costa Rica

Marine biologist Greg Rouse and his team at UC San...

Weather forecasting is an ever-evolving field with a focus on accuracy. Despite advancements, challenges like quantile crossing persist. This particular issue disrupts the logical order of predicted values. It stems from numerical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather prediction</a> methods.



These methods, though sophisticated, can yield biased forecasts. Consequently, a global team of researchers is working to improve these methods. Their goal is to eliminate quantile crossing, aiming to enhance forecast reliability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-novel-approach-to-weather-forecasts">A novel approach to weather forecasts </h2>



The team's solution centers on the non-crossing quantile regression neural network (NCQRNN) model. This model is the brainchild of Professor Dazhi Yang and colleagues. They hail from prestigious institutions, collaborating on this breakthrough.



The NCQRNN model refines traditional QRNN frameworks. It incorporates a special layer to maintain the forecast values' order. This ensures lower quantiles stay below higher ones, enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/">prediction accuracy</a>. Moreover, this improvement significantly aids in understanding the forecasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ncqrnn-advantage-clarity-in-prediction">The NCQRNN advantage: Clarity in prediction</h2>



The NCQRNN's edge lies in its prediction clarity. Professor Yang emphasizes the model's orderly value maintenance, boosting interpretability. Furthermore, Dr. Martin J. Mayer delves into the model's core mechanism.



This mechanism teaches the network to distinguish between quantiles using intermediate variables, thus keeping their order. Additionally, the model's versatility shines, as its non-crossing layer fits various architectures. This adaptability promises broad application in diverse forecasting systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wide-applicability-and-future-forecasting">Wide applicability and future forecasting</h2>



The technique shines, especially in solar irradiance forecasting, outperforming current models. Its flexibility allows easy integration into many weather systems, enhancing predictions across various variables.



Dr. Sebastian Lerch highlights the model's broad potential, suggesting uses beyond solar forecasting in weather and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-warning-systems-are-increasingly-accurate-in-predicting-climate-extremes/">climate domains</a>.



Dr. Xiang'ao Xia considers this study critical. It showcases the significant effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-will-be-a-game-changer-in-weather-forecasting/">machine learning</a> on weather models.



This research was a team effort, merging atmospheric and data sciences. Thus, it marks a step forward, making future forecasts more accurate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about quantile crossing</h2>



Quantile crossing in weather forecasting is an issue that arises in probabilistic forecasting when forecasting models produce quantiles that are not properly ordered across different probabilities. This problem violates the basic principle that quantiles should increase with the probability level.&nbsp;



For instance, the 90th percentile of a forecast should predict a higher value than the 50th percentile for the same variable and time point. Quantile crossing contradicts this expectation, indicating a flaw in the forecast system or model.



In the context of weather forecasting, where forecasts are often presented as probabilistic forecasts to indicate uncertainty (for example, the probability that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/">rainfall</a> will exceed a certain threshold), ensuring that quantiles are properly ordered is crucial for the coherence and reliability of the forecasts.



The focus on ensuring coherent and reliable probabilistic forecasts is essential for effective decision-making in weather-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture, emergency management, and outdoor event planning.&nbsp;



Techniques to avoid quantile crossing are thus an integral part of the development and evaluation of forecasting models in meteorology.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-023-3184-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</a>.



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Bridging the gap: The quest for accurate weather forecasts

Weather forecasting is an ever-evolving field with a focus on...

Have you ever wondered how humans became so skilled at various tasks? One answer lies in our ability to build upon knowledge passed down through generations, known as cumulative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/">culture</a>.&nbsp;



Now, new research suggests that passing along skills is not a talent that is unique to us. Through social learning, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-may-be-capable-of-cultural-learning/">bumblebees</a> and chimpanzees can acquire complex skills that would be difficult to master on their own.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-social-behavior">Human social behavior</h2>



Humans have an advantage over other animals because of our language, tools, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/among-songbirds-complex-vocal-learners-are-superior-problem-solvers/">problem-solving skills</a>, and ability to learn from each other across generations. Our culture, where knowledge and inventions build on each other over time, allows us to adapt and innovate in ways no other animal can.



Here's what makes human culture and learning special:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Language</h3>



We use complex language not just to talk, but also to think about abstract ideas, make plans, and teach others vast amounts of information. This lets us share ideas, feelings, and instructions in detail, allowing our culture to be richer and deeper.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Tools</h3>



While other animals use tools, we're exceptional at inventing, improving, and combining them. Humans have remarkably evolved from simple stone tools to computers and space travel.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social structures</h3>



Human societies are complex, with large groups of unrelated people working together. This is possible because of cultural norms, laws, and institutions that guide our behavior and allow large-scale cooperation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Building on knowledge</h3>



We excel at using knowledge from past generations to make even bigger advancements in science, art, and technology. The "cumulative" aspect lets us innovate quickly and live in almost any environment on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-learn-by-observation">Bees learn by observation</h2>



Scientists from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a> created a special training area where bees could learn to open a box with two steps to get a reward. 



Interestingly, bees couldn't figure out the box on their own, no matter how long they tried. But, when they watched other bees who had already been trained, they were able to learn how to open the box too.&nbsp;



This finding surprised the scientists because social learning, where individuals learn by observing others, was previously thought to be a human-exclusive trait.&nbsp;



Lead researcher Alice Bridges expressed her astonishment. "We were so surprised," she said, highlighting the significance of their observations in challenging our understanding of animal learning capabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-social-learning-in-animals">Complex social learning in animals</h2>



Alex Thornton is a professor of Cognitive Evolution at the University of Exeter who was not involved in the study. He acknowledged that it was a small sample size.



"But the point is clear - the task was exceptionally hard to learn alone, yet some bees could solve it through social learning," wrote Dr. Thornton. This suggests that the potential for complex social learning extends beyond humans to other species as well.



The researchers noted that it was the first demonstration of cumulative culture in an invertebrate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-among-chimpanzees">Social learning among chimpanzees</h2>



In a similar study, scientists from <a href="https://www.uu.nl/">Utrecht University</a> investigated how chimpanzees learn new skills from each other. They studied 66 chimpanzees in two groups living in Zambia. 



The researchers put a special box with a drawer in the chimpanzees' enclosure. The box had a hole that needed to be plugged with a wooden ball to get a treat. Wooden balls were scattered around the box.



For three months, the chimpanzees could play with the box however they liked, but none of them figured out how to use it. Then, the scientists trained one chimpanzee in each group to solve the puzzle.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-skills-from-friends">Learning skills from friends</h2>



After this, other chimpanzees in the group started learning how to use the box by watching the trained chimps. In total, 14 chimpanzees learned this new trick. The scientists analyzed their observations to make sure the chimps were really learning from each other.&nbsp;



The experts found that chimps who watched the trained chimps more often were the most likely to learn the trick themselves. This suggests that chimpanzees pay attention to what their friends are doing and acquire new skills through social learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-culture-in-animal-groups">Cumulative culture in animal groups</h2>



Animals are smarter than we thought. Scientists are learning more and more about how animals think and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pigeons-solve-problems-like-intelligent-machines/">solve problems</a> (animal intelligence). They also learn from each other (social learning), which helps them adapt to their environment without having to wait for evolution.&nbsp;



This ability to share knowledge even builds on itself over time, leading to unique traditions within animal groups (cumulative culture). New information about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/roosters-can-recognize-themselves-in-the-mirror-demonstrating-self-awareness/">animal intelligence</a>, social learning, and culture means we need to reevaluate how different humans and animals really are.&nbsp;



It turns out that learning from others, creating new things, and passing on traditions aren't exclusive to humans after all. This makes us wonder how much more there is to learn about the animal world, and highlights the importance of protecting these amazing creatures and their cultures.



The studies are published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01836-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07126-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>. 



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Chimpanzees and bees are capable of complex social learning

Have you ever wondered how humans became so skilled at...

Psychedelics,Sync,Neurons,A,Caucasian,Girl:,A,Glimpse,Into,Consciousness

In a clinical trial by <a href="https://mindmed.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mind Medicine Inc</a>., a pioneering biopharmaceutical company, a single dose of LSD has shown promising results in providing immediate and sustained relief from generalized anxiety disorder. 



As a result of this successful trial, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted breakthrough therapy status to LSD formulation MM120 (lysergide d-tartrate).



This designation highlights LSD’s potential in addressing the urgent need for more effective options to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yoga-relieves-anxiety-and-obsessive-worrying/">treat anxiety</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-therapy-status-nbsp">Breakthrough therapy status&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Daniel Karlin is an assistant professor of Psychiatry at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston and chief medical officer for MindMed.



“A breakthrough designation is a recognition that a drug has demonstrated evidence of clinical efficacy in meeting an unmet medical need with morbidity and mortality associated with it,” said Dr. Karlin.&nbsp;



The designation opens up enhanced collaborative opportunities with the FDA to streamline the drug development process.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-improvement-among-patients-nbsp">Clinical improvement among patients&nbsp;</h2>



The clinical trial that spurred this designation focused on the efficacy of LSD in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).&nbsp;



Participants who received a single dose of MM120 exhibited a 48% rate of remission from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-alleviates-the-symptoms-of-anxiety/">GAD symptoms</a> at the 12-week mark post-administration. In addition, 65% of patients showed marked clinical improvement within the first three months.



"The clinical improvement for many patients was more than double what we see with today’s standard of care,” said Dr. Karlin. “This occurred at all levels of anxiety, from moderate all the way up to severe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimal-dose-of-lsd-for-treating-anxiety">Optimal dose of LSD for treating anxiety</h2>



The trial was designed to pinpoint the optimal dosage of LSD needed to alleviate symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The experts tested varying amounts of MM120 ranging from 25 to 200 micrograms.&nbsp;



The findings indicated that 100 micrograms is the ideal dose to advance into phase III studies, as higher doses did not enhance therapeutic outcomes and were associated with more adverse effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-approach-to-psychedelic-therapy-nbsp">Unique approach to psychedelic therapy&nbsp;</h2>



The research stands out not only for its promising results in GAD treatment but also because it diverges from the traditional approach of combining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-offers-new-explanation-for-how-psychedelic-drugs-work/">psychedelic therapy</a> with psychotherapy.&nbsp;



Unlike studies involving MDMA and psilocybin, where therapists play a crucial role during the drug administration process, the MM120 study did not incorporate psychotherapy. Instead, the trial included safety monitors who remained passive observers during the session.



Dr. Gabriella Gobbi, a professor at McGill University who was not involved in the study, highlighted the novelty of this approach.&nbsp;



“While prior research has documented the benefits of combining LSD with psychotherapy to alleviate anxiety associated with life-threatening conditions, this groundbreaking study is the first to show that a single dose of LSD can effectively treat generalized anxiety without the adjunct of psychotherapy,” said Dr. Gobbi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-down-negative-thought-processes-with-lsd">Breaking down negative thought processes with LSD</h2>



Professor David Nutt is the director of the Neuropsychopharmacology Unit at Imperial College London. He told CNN in an email that the study results are "very exciting data in what can be a difficult to treat population.”



“They expand the likely utility of psychedelic treatment beyond depression. And again, as with the depression trials, a single dose produces enduring effects, probable due to its breaking down persistent negative thought processes,” said Professor Nutt, who was not involved in the research.



According to Dr. Karlin, MM120 also improved signs of depression. “We saw rapid and robust improvement on depression symptoms in people - depression and anxiety have overlapping disease definitions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lsd-formula-reduces-risk-of-adverse-reactions-nbsp">LSD formula reduces risk of adverse reactions&nbsp;</h2>



The MM120 formulation's quality is also a critical factor in its success. Unlike street-bought LSD, which can vary in purity and stability, MM120 is produced to pharmaceutical industry standards.



Compared with experiences with forms of LSD purchased illegally on the street, the study’s grade of MM120 did not appear to induce “bad trips,” noted Dr. Karlin.



“LSD is difficult to manufacture with high purity and tends to degrade quickly in the presence of light and water,” said Dr. Karlin. “We’re manufacturing it to pharmaceutical industry standards, a highly pure version that is also shelf stable. So that’s a critical difference.”



Adverse effects reported in the study were mostly mild to moderate and occurred primarily on the day of administration, including euphoria, illusions and hallucinations, and physical symptoms like nausea and dizziness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The FDA's breakthrough therapy designation for MM120, alongside similar statuses for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-microdosing-may-improve-mental-health-by-boosting-stress-resilience/">psilocybin</a> and MDMA for other conditions, signifies a growing recognition of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating psychiatric disorders.&nbsp;



This development marks a significant milestone in the exploration of alternative treatment options for anxiety disorders. It inspires hope that soon, patients will have access to more effective and immediate relief from crippling symptoms of anxiety.



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LSD can heal crippling anxiety with just a single therapeutic dose

In a clinical trial by Mind Medicine Inc., a pioneering...

In an enlightening discovery at MIT, researchers have shown how our brains manage speaking and breathing. Interestingly, they found a brain circuit that coordinates <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-a-human-voice-attractive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocalization</a> mainly during exhalation and interrupts speech to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-difference-breathin-sniffing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inhale</a>, ensuring these actions work together smoothly.



Furthermore, the core of this finding is a mechanism that adjusts the voice by controlling the larynx and airflow, crucial for sound production. Additionally, this system is overseen by a specific area in the brainstem that also controls our breathing patterns, prioritizing the need to breathe over the desire to speak.



According to Professor Fan Wang from MIT's <a href="https://mcgovern.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGovern Institute</a>, this interaction is vital. Firstly, he points out that vocalization stops when we need to inhale. Secondly, Wang mentions that speech-controlling neurons receive inhibitory signals from the brain area managing our breath rhythm.



This research is led by Jaehong Park, a graduate student from <a href="https://www.duke.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a> now at MIT, and his team. They've published their findings in Science, offering deep insights into how we communicate. Notably, this work highlights the complex biological processes behind speech.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-of-speaking-and-breathing">Mechanics of speaking and breathing</h2>



The vocal cords, situated within the larynx, are essential for phonation, facilitating sound production as they vibrate from the flow of exhaled air when nearly closed. 



Consequently, scientists investigating the neurological control of phonation have turned to mice and their ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which parallel human vocal mechanisms, to unravel the complexities of our communication systems.



"Our aim was to unravel the neuronal control behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-our-voice-gives-us-a-greater-sense-of-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocal cord</a> closure and how these controls integrate with the breathing circuit," Wang shares, highlighting the study's primary objective.



Through innovative techniques that map synaptic connections, the team uncovered that a group of premotor neurons in the hindbrain's retroambiguus nucleus (RAm) plays a crucial role. These neurons, activated during USVs, are instrumental in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/standard-normal-voice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocalization</a>, marking a significant advancement in our understanding of speech production.



Experiments demonstrated that silencing these RAmVOC neurons halted vocalization, while stimulating them facilitated speech, albeit temporarily interrupted by inhalations if the stimulation extended. This finding underscores the dominance of the breathing control system, even in the face of artificial stimulation aimed at inducing speech.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-the-conductor-of-speech">Breathing: The conductor of speech</h2>



Further investigations revealed that the pre-Bötzinger complex, a brainstem region responsible for generating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-breathing-impacts-memory-formation-during-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathing rhythms</a>, directly inhibits the RAmVOC neurons. This ensures that our need to breathe maintains its primacy, artfully weaving pauses into our speech for inhalation.



This research not only sheds light on the biological intricacies of speech production but also hints at the universal aspects of vocalization shared across species. 



"Despite the differences in vocalization mechanics between mice and humans, the core process involving vocal cord closure and exhalation is a common thread," Park notes, drawing parallels between the communication methods of the two species.



The team now sets its sights on exploring how this brain circuit influences other functions like coughing and swallowing, further expanding our understanding of the brain's control over essential life processes.



This discovery opens new doors to appreciating the sophisticated neural choreography that enables us to communicate, breathe, and live harmoniously.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi8081" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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How our brains manage speaking and breathing at the same time

In an enlightening discovery at MIT, researchers have shown how...

Spinosaurus,And,Deinonychus,In,The,Jungle.,This,Is,A,3d

The lifestyle and hunting strategies of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, a colossal Cretaceous-era <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-winter-dinosaurs-were-likely-killed-by-dust/">dinosaur</a> with a distinctive sail-like spine, have long been subjects of intense scientific debate.&nbsp;



Was this massive predator, one of the largest to ever exist and notably adapted to aquatic environments, a deep-sea hunter or did it prefer to catch its prey in shallower waters near the shore?&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-habits-of-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus">Hunting habits of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</h2>



A recent study led by a team of paleontologists at the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a>, examining the bone density of this enigmatic dinosaur, delves into this question, providing new insights into the debate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shoreline-predator-nbsp">Shoreline predator&nbsp;</h3>



The discussion around the aquatic habits of Spinosaurus reignited with the publication of a near-complete specimen in 2014, described in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1258750?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D90780648708216300104417575982572668868%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1709806059" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a> by a UChicago-led team as possibly a shoreline predator.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underwater-predator-nbsp">Underwater predator&nbsp;</h3>



On the contrary, a 2020 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04528-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> study proposed, based on the discovery of tall-spined tail bones, that Spinosaurus might have swum like an eel to pursue prey underwater.&nbsp;



Further support for this underwater hunting theory came in 2022, suggesting Spinosaurus used its dense bones as ballast for diving, similar to a penguin's strategy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-assessment-nbsp">Critical new assessment&nbsp;</h2>



However, the University of Chicago team, including senior author Paul Sereno and first author Nathan Myhrvold, Founder and CEO of <a href="https://www.intellectualventures.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intellectual Ventures</a>, revisited these claims in their latest work, by critically assessing the methodology used in prior studies to determine bone density and its implications for the dinosaur's lifestyle.



“We had made the thin sections of these species that were used for bone density calculations, and so we thought we would start by trying to replicate their measurements. But we encountered many factors that generated a range of values - enough to undermine the conclusions,” explained Sereno.&nbsp;



This reflects the complexity of accurately interpreting bone density in relation to aquatic capabilities, especially given the variances in modern and extinct species' bone compositions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-statistical-method-nbsp">Limitations of the statistical method&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the study scrutinized the statistical method employed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spinosaurus-reveals-a-link-between-bone-density-and-hunting-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2022 study</a> - phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis (pFDA) - to classify Spinosaurus's behavior. Myhrvold pointed out the limitations of this approach:&nbsp;



“Unfortunately, that technique does not work properly unless you have lots of data, you make apples-to-apples comparisons, and you check that the data meet certain statistical prerequisites. None of those requirements were met in that earlier study, so the results just didn’t hold up under reexamination.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus-was-a-semi-aquatic-hunter">Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was a semi-aquatic hunter</h2>



The team's findings not only challenge previous interpretations but also underscore the importance of applying rigorous, consistent criteria in statistical analyses.&nbsp;



The research suggests that Spinosaurus, despite its massive size and aquatic adaptations, was likely a semi-aquatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-marine-predator-could-float-motionless-in-the-water/">predator</a> that hunted in waters where it could remain grounded, ambushing fish with its powerful jaws and claws while avoiding deep or open water hunting.



“We think Spinosaurus, one of the largest predatory animals ever to have evolved, needed extra bone strength to support its weight on its relatively short hind limbs," explained Sereno



"Spinosaurus was able to wade into waterways more than six feet deep without floating, where it could ambush fish of any size with its claws and jaws - but all while keeping its toes firmly anchored in the mud."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



This research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298957" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>, sheds light on the complex nature of paleontological inquiry, where new evidence and methodologies can significantly alter our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-highlight-dinosaur-diversity-in-prehistoric-patagonia/">prehistoric life</a>.&nbsp;



It also highlights the need for cautious interpretation of statistical analyses and the value of considering multiple lines of evidence when reconstructing the behaviors and lifestyles of ancient creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus">More about Spinosaurus aegyptiacus </h2>



Spinosaurus is one of the most intriguing and distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-massive-dinosaurs-carried-their-weight/">dinosaurs</a> known to science, primarily due to its unique features and adaptations. Here are some key points about Spinosaurus:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-name-and-discovery">Name and discovery</h3>



The name "Spinosaurus" means "spine lizard," a reference to its most noticeable feature: the long, prominent spines extending from its vertebrae.&nbsp;



These spines could grow over 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall. Spinosaurus fossils were first discovered in Egypt in 1912 by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer, but many original fossils were destroyed during World War II, making subsequent research challenging.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



Spinosaurus is believed to have been one of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs, with estimates suggesting it could reach lengths of over 15 meters (49 feet) and weigh up to 20 tons.&nbsp;



Its distinctive spines, forming a "sail" on its back, might have been used for display, thermoregulation, or other functions still debated among scientists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aquatic-lifestyle-of-spinosaurus-aegyptiacus">Aquatic lifestyle of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</h3>



Spinosaurus is notable for its aquatic adaptations, a rarity among dinosaurs. It had a crocodile-like skull with conical teeth perfect for catching fish, and its nostrils were located high on its skull, allowing it to breathe while partially submerged.&nbsp;



Recent studies suggest it had paddle-like feet and a tail adapted for swimming, indicating it likely spent a lot of time in the water, hunting aquatic prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-habitat">Diet and habitat</h3>



Its diet likely consisted mainly of fish, making it one of the few known semi-aquatic, piscivorous dinosaurs.&nbsp;



Spinosaurus lived in what is now North Africa during the Cretaceous period, approximately 112 to 97 million years ago, in environments ranging from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mangroves-and-saltmarshes-are-much-better-at-storing-carbon-than-previously-believed/">mangroves</a> to river deltas, teeming with life, including various fish, sharks, and other aquatic and semi-aquatic creatures.



Spinosaurus remains a subject of active research and debate, symbolizing the ever-evolving understanding of dinosaur biology and ecology.&nbsp;



Its unique adaptations make it a standout among dinosaurs, highlighting the diverse ways in which these ancient creatures could thrive in their environments.



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Spinosaurus waded into the water to ambush fish of any size

The lifestyle and hunting strategies of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, a colossal...

Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems teeming with life. Yet, climate change and human actions threaten their very existence. This is cause for alarm as coral reefs provide a haven for countless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-may-adapt-to-climate-change-but-with-hidden-costs/">marine creatures</a>.&nbsp;



Not all hope is lost. Scientists recently discovered a surprising power of coral reefs: amazing regenerative abilities. With a little assistance, restored coral reefs can bounce back in just four years, becoming vibrant once again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-reefs-with-coral-transplants">Restoring reefs with coral transplants</h2>



The study focused on the <a href="https://www.buildingcoral.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Coral Reef Restoration Programme</a>, one of the world's largest reef restoration projects. The program restored coral reefs in two Indonesian islands. 



The restoration method involved structures called "reef stars" – hexagonal metal frames filled with sand. Each frame provides a home for 10-15 pieces of coral collected from nearby healthy reefs. These coral fragments come from several different types of branching coral naturally found in the area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-careful-maintenance-nbsp">Careful maintenance&nbsp;</h2>



The restoration process involves placing these reef stars in large groups across a designated area. But simply placing them isn't enough. To ensure the coral thrives, the frames are brushed regularly to remove algae, and any dead coral pieces are replaced.&nbsp;



This careful maintenance is especially important in the first few months after the coral is transplanted, giving it the best chance to grow and establish itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbonate-budget-of-restored-coral-reefs">Carbonate budget of restored coral reefs</h2>



Scientists studied how well restored coral reefs were doing by looking at their "carbonate budget." This refers to the balance between how much calcium carbonate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/">reef</a> is making and how much it's losing. 



Calcium carbonate is a building block for corals, and a healthy reef will be making more of it than it's losing.



“Corals constantly add calcium carbonate to the reef framework while some fishes and sea urchins erode it away, so calculating the overall carbonate budget basically tells you if the reef as a whole is growing or shrinking,” noted study lead author Dr. Ines Lange from the University of Exeter.&nbsp;



Four years after the restoration efforts began, the reefs were doing much better. They had more coral, were more complex, and were building calcium carbonate at a similar rate to healthy reefs.&nbsp;



“We found that restored coral reefs can grow at the same speed as healthy coral reefs just four years after coral transplantation. This means that they provide lots of habitat for marine life and efficiently protect the adjacent island from wave energy and erosion,” said Dr. Lange.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoration-challenges">Restoration challenges</h2>



Coral restoration projects often use fast-growing branching corals because they help reefs recover quickly. However, these corals are also more likely to die from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">bleaching</a> caused by rising water temperatures. This could make the restored reefs weaker in the long run.



While branching corals create good homes for fish and other sea creatures, researchers worry that relying on them too much might be risky. They recommend using a wider variety of coral types during restoration, similar to what's found on healthy reefs.&nbsp;



This mix would include massive, encrusting, and plating corals, which are all better at surviving bleaching events.



The researchers also express that there's no single perfect way to restore reefs. The best approach will depend on the specific location, the types of coral available, and how well the surrounding environment is protected.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-coral-reef-restoration">Future of coral reef restoration</h2>



The study has demonstrated that actively restoring reefs by transplanting coral can significantly improve their health.&nbsp;



“This is a really encouraging discovery. If we can maintain climate conditions that allow for coral survival, it’s possible to restore even very damaged reefs back to healthy, functional systems within relatively short periods of time,” noted Dr. Tim Lamont of Lancaster University.



The study is a wake-up call. We can revive our coral reefs, but we must act swiftly. By implementing a multi-pronged approach of restoration, environmental protection, and climate change action, we can ensure the future of these underwater wonders.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Restored coral reefs can bounce back in just four years

Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems teeming with life. Yet,...

Deep in the rainforest, monkeys are known for their lively social interactions. But a new study reveals a worrying trend: when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/">deforestation</a> disrupts their habitat, monkeys are forced to change their social behaviors in order to survive.



"One trend we're seeing with primates worldwide is that when their forests are cut down, they're either able to adapt in some way, or their population declines," explained Dr. Laura Bolt, a primatologist at the <a href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto Mississauga</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-behavior-changes">Monkey behavior changes</h2>



One might wonder, why focus on monkey social behavior? Much like humans, monkeys are social creatures and their interactions are important for survival, learning, and social structures.&nbsp;



Since changes in their environment may impact these interactions, the researchers studied how monkeys adapt to living near forest edges caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-primates-human-activities/">human activities</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The study took place in Costa Rica at La Suerte Biological Research Station. Scientists observed three monkey species – spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and howler monkeys – from 2017 to 2023.&nbsp;



The team documented the monkeys’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monkeys-practice-social-distancing-when-they-have-an-infection/">social behaviors</a>, such as grooming, playing, and communication, both deep inside the forest and near the edges. The aim was to see if the monkeys behaved differently in the natural forest interior compared to the disturbed edge zones.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-monkey-behavior-changes-nbsp">Spider monkey behavior changes&nbsp;</h2>



Spider monkeys played and groomed each other less often in the edge areas compared to the deeper parts of the forest. This difference suggests the monkeys might not feel as safe or comfortable socializing on the edges.



The researchers speculate that the monkeys are saving energy in these harsher edge areas. This could be because there's less food or because there are more dangers around, like predators or people.&nbsp;



The forest edge is closer to humans, so it might not be as good of a habitat as the inner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monkeys-tropical-forests-life/">forest</a>. There is likely less food and fewer big trees for the monkeys to swing through and hide in.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-monkeys-prefer-the-inner-forest-nbsp">Spider monkeys prefer the inner forest&nbsp;</h2>



Another thought is that spider monkeys just prefer the thicker, inner parts of the forest for socializing. They might feel safer moving around high up in the tree canopy, away from the trouble and dangers at the forest edge.&nbsp;



The canopy is like a 3D maze of branches that the monkeys can swing through easily. It also has fruit trees, making it a great place to hang out with friends and share food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-changes-in-capuchins-nbsp">Behavior changes in capuchins&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found that white-faced capuchin monkeys engaged in behavior that wouldn't draw attention to themselves. These monkeys fought and vocalized less often while living along the forest edge.



Capuchins eat a variety of foods, so they might be able to find more to eat at the forest edge, which could affect how they interact with each other. Also, being quieter and less aggressive might help them avoid predators in these open areas.&nbsp;



"If they're in an area with smaller trees, where it's easier for predators to see them, they're especially vulnerable," said Dr. Bolt. "It makes sense that the capuchins would try to avoid getting eaten, essentially."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-howler-monkey-behavior-remained-the-same">Howler monkey behavior remained the same</h2>



Unlike the other monkeys, howler monkeys behaved the same way in both the center of the forest and at the edges.&nbsp;



This could mean that howler monkeys are very adaptable and can handle these changes well. Or, it might be that they can't adjust their behavior very easily to new situations.



Howler monkeys mostly eat leaves, which are easy to find even in disturbed areas. This flexible diet might be why they act the same way regardless of their surroundings.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concern-for-howler-monkeys-nbsp">Long-term concern for howler monkeys&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that howler monkeys might do well in damaged forests without changing how they interact with each other. Unfortunately, this stability could also mean they have trouble adapting to environments that change quickly or become badly damaged.&nbsp;



"This could be a concern long-term for howler monkeys. They might be only capable of living one way and then they persist until suddenly, they die out because they're not able to cope," said Dr. Bolt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-social-behavior-and-conservation">Monkey social behavior and conservation</h2>



Dr. Bolt's research helps us understand how well monkeys can cope with change. This knowledge allows us to pinpoint which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-driving-tree-dwelling-primates-to-the-ground/">primates</a> are most at risk from fragmented forests and how changes in their natural behavior might affect their survival.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"Understanding how species behave is a way of better understanding them, and better understanding how to conserve them," said Dr. Bolt.



The study is published in the<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23610" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> American Journal of Primatology</a>. 



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Deforestation changes social behavior in monkeys

Deep in the rainforest, monkeys are known for their lively...

New research from the <a href="https://www.imp.med.uni-muenchen.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">​​Institute of Medical Psychology</a> sheds light on how good quality sleep can strengthen your body's immune system. 



The scientists examined how sleep affects the movement of immune cells called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/">T-cells</a>. They studied healthy adults, tracking their sleep and taking blood samples at different times. This allowed the experts to compare T-cell movement after a good night's sleep versus no sleep.&nbsp;



The team also investigated whether hormones influenced by sleep, such as growth hormone and prolactin, had any impact on T-cell movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-t-cells-help-the-immune-system">T-cells help the immune system</h2>



T-cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. They can't stay in one place all the time; they need to move around the body to find and fight problems.&nbsp;



The movement of the cells is not random. Special chemicals called chemokines act like signals, guiding T-cells to specific areas. These areas are often lymph nodes, which are the centers for immune response. Here, T-cells can interact with other immune cells and learn to recognize threats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-t-cell-movement-nbsp">T-cell movement&nbsp;</h2>



Moving around involves several steps. First, T-cells sense the chemokine signals. This tells them where to go.&nbsp;



The T-cells then change shape and stick to the walls of blood vessels and tissues. This allows them to crawl towards the signal. Finally, they leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues where they're needed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constantly-searching-for-infection">Constantly searching for infection</h2>



The ability of T-cells to move is vital for the immune system to work properly. By traveling throughout the body, T-cells can constantly search for infection. If they find a threat, they can start an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extra-weight-impairs-the-bodys-immune-response-to-covid-19/">immune response</a>.&nbsp;



In simpler terms, T-cell movement is like sending out scouts to different parts of the body. These scouts (T-cells) follow signals (chemokines) to find important locations (lymph nodes) where they can learn about enemies (infections) and fight back to protect the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selective-influence-on-t-cell-migration">Selective influence on T-cell migration</h2>



“Our results show that sleep promotes the migratory potential of various T-cell subpopulations,” said Professor Luciana Besedovsky.&nbsp;



During sleep, the T-cells become more adept at navigating towards special chemokines called CCL19. These CCL19 efficiently direct the T-cells to lymph nodes. Notably, the experts found that sleep specifically targets this CCL19-directed movement, not enhancing responses to other inflammatory signals.



This suggests that sleep isn't simply giving the immune system a general boost. Instead, sleep appears to act as a fine-tuning mechanism. This targeted approach allows the body to mount a more strategic and organized defense against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-covid-19-deaths-were-caused-by-secondary-infections/">infections</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormone-production-during-sleep">Hormone production during sleep</h2>



When we sleep, our bodies release several hormones that help us stay healthy and grow. Two of these hormones, growth hormone and prolactin, are produced in much larger amounts during deep sleep.&nbsp;



The researchers found that presence of these hormones further increased the movement of T-cells towards CCL19.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-hormone">Growth hormone</h3>



Growth hormone, needed for building and fixing tissues, increases significantly during deep sleep. This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls sleep itself.&nbsp;



If we don't get enough sleep, our body might not make enough growth hormone, which can hinder growth in children and overall health in adults.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prolactin-nbsp">Prolactin&nbsp;</h3>



Prolactin is another hormone connected to sleep. This one reaches its highest levels during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-need-more-sleep-in-the-winter-season/">REM sleep</a>, the stage when we dream.&nbsp;



Prolactin is involved in functions like metabolism, immunity, and brain development. Just like growth hormone, prolactin production is linked to sleep cycles, so poor sleep can affect the amount of prolactin our body makes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-for-a-stronger-immune-system-nbsp">Sleep for a stronger immune system&nbsp;</h2>



The research suggests that sleep is important for a strong immune system. Sleep controls the levels of hormones which in turn affects how well the body fights infections. This is especially important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=vaccines&amp;start=0">vaccines</a>, which need the body to create T-cells.&nbsp;



“Our results also have potential clinical implications. Thus, growth hormone and prolactin could be considered as new adjuvants to promote immune responses following vaccination, especially in aged people, who typically display reduced levels of these hormones during sleep,” explained Dr Besedovsky.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.021" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</a>.



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Sleep may be the best strategy to boost your immune system

New research from the ​​Institute of Medical Psychology sheds light...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...