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Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing and communication, demonstrating quantum teleportation over a standard fiber optic cable that already carries everyday Internet traffic. This development shows that quantum communication might not require dedicated lines, which clears the path for easier and more widespread integration of quantum and classical data sharing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-for-quantum-networking">Path for quantum networking</h2>



The news centers around the idea that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parker-solar-probe-will-fly-through-suns-atmosphere-tomorrow-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a> -- information carried by delicate particles of light known as photons -- can travel alongside everyday Internet traffic without losing their integrity. This breakthrough demonstrates quantum teleportation, a process where the state of a particle (like a photon) is transferred to another distant particle without the initial particle moving physically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-quantum-teleportation">Science behind quantum teleportation</h2>



By using entangled photons, this method enables secure, near-instantaneous data sharing and paves the way for future quantum networks.



The research team successfully tested a setup that allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-time-observed-measured-tangible-in-new-quantum-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> information to weave through the bustling flow of regular Internet data without interference. 



This achievement overcomes one of the biggest hurdles in making quantum networks a practical reality.



<a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/directory/profiles/kumar-prem.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Prem Kumar</a>, who oversaw the research, is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Northwestern’s <a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McCormick School of Engineering</a>. 



He is known for his contributions to quantum communication and serves as the director of the Center for Photonic Communication and Computing. In their recent work, Kumar and his collaborators introduce a new way of thinking about quantum signals alongside their classical counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entanglement-in-quantum-communication">Entanglement in quantum communication</h2>



Quantum teleportation stands out because it uses entanglement as a way to exchange information without physically sending matter across a distance. The concept traces back to <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Einstein,</a> <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Podolsky</a>, and Rosen in 1935. Scientists have since <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tested</a> quantum entanglement in labs, culminating in the formal proposal for quantum teleportation in 1993.



One of the biggest appeals of quantum teleportation is that it can occur almost as fast as light travels. Photons can become entangled so that performing a measurement on one instantaneously affects its partner, no matter how far away it is. “This is incredibly exciting because nobody thought it was possible; our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elusive-quantum-negative-entanglement-entropy-deciphered-in-the-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical networks</a> sharing a unified fiberoptic infrastructure. Basically, it opens the door to pushing quantum communications to the next level,” enthused Kumar. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-delicate-photons">Protecting delicate photons</h2>



Securing a clear route for single photons involves more than just adding them to an active cable. Ordinary Internet traffic typically relies on millions of light particles, so a handful of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> photons can easily get lost or overwhelmed. The <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern</a> team performed detailed studies on how light scatters inside the cable to see if there was a specific wavelength that experiences less clutter. 



They pinpointed that sweet spot and added special filters to reduce the noise generated by normal data traffic.



“Quantum teleportation has the ability to provide quantum connectivity securely between geographically distant nodes,” said Kumar. Past work suggested that large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functioning-quantum-internet-makes-giant-stride-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum networks</a> might need specialized systems. Now, his findings reveal that this might not be strictly necessary, if signals are positioned in just the right place in the spectrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-test-run-in-busy-channels">First test run in busy channels</h2>



Earlier demonstrations of quantum teleportation typically involved pristine settings or dedicated fibers. 



Some <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan3211">researchers</a> believed that real-world cables, teeming with signals, would smother the faint quantum light. That assumption has been proven wrong.



In tests at Northwestern, the researchers ran quantum signals and classical communications over the same fiber optic cable without them colliding. 



They measured how well the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-can-follow-neat-paths-even-in-chaotic-quantum-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> arrived at its destination and confirmed that it was still correct at the other end. “Our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and classical networks,” Kumar summarized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-infrastructure">Real-world infrastructure</h2>



The immediate plan is to scale the system to longer runs and then transition to underground fiber connections. 



The group believes that an eventual shift to real-world cables could be next. Building on single-pair teleportation, they also want to experiment with multiple pairs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-dance-entangled-photons-wave-functions-captured-real-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entangled photons</a> to achieve another crucial step known as entanglement swapping.



If that milestone is reached, quantum networks could begin to take shape across regions rather than only between two points. For critical operations in finance, defense, and data management, such networks could offer more secure connections thanks to the inherent secrecy of quantum methods, where any tampering is immediately noticeable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-applications">Broader applications</h2>



The capacity to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum connections</a> without setting up special cables makes many new ideas more viable. 



Distributed quantum computing, which relies on linking multiple quantum computers in different locations, would be simpler to establish. 



Distance-sensing tasks and advanced metrology could also benefit from more stable quantum links.



Even beyond computing, quantum networks have the potential to spur new technologies in encryption, imaging, and fundamental physics experiments. Researchers have also discussed using quantum entanglement to <a href="https://watermark.silverchair.com/020011_1_online.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAzAwggMsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMdMIIDGQIBADCCAxIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMxOCNBnzx99LUOAbXAgEQgIIC41_WikXKemGuhWdzU4OnkQXRNjdQ5jj8bK5la7lzZlWPVXgV6KM-mv4frQgdokiIKWhEiPaL2MBMicf8FXjC7C9DHm7cmfKlXHX0RsBGMmNFXIf3tnlSoygfD_3DsxoPrGUO5slXsAOpR2nNcOJqQMHxOtS2vZo885BZQmEF8j2Tdz7Eih6K3tmVzUTRmYwHJ4KtMk-RjD1JHXfFwUnnQ0B-Qk9VmP_s05zipejBq28CbQySyGw7Mi-SfxNEW7qC-VEEFHy__hVKeExMG4HmltzHbp-k_zPnwktK7eEojGWH17mX6qfBGSE_fSGYQYHh82x6TLx2HdMBx2RVuTZIxpClItEPUEuHXIn4ZM4QBHWUlhzFcnm5moZmsfIxN9II_S8v4fKN3hCeAp8QpjjhQyT3coqB4S80iIXBN3V1wpJMknK0WwKpuekyl7Tpcv1zPchLng2_lN8TuajzF8lyuBSRFWKGg4nKkdwtCV3OnUweAUfYwNrQdUgY769pFqspGxXh7VPhcgDe8hcdc9-EX2Y7uz7jMMmDyc9q7sJ0jW1tM2tUVkXYpOvSVkcuFN5Qa4ud5D8xdQ4UUL1nvGnhvJuTvT1kv2WiRlSy-3_uhi75BUEPppoyIv22JtpjkcAmQYEmLgcSdROYaB7LB5ySLLQ1rRZW7BFQvI5W7Zv0FX64VIvx1sNCubj1HvROm9OR026h8Kt-VuE8YZwoGgUP4DPycn_gwFHMguRZfU_bbMIBnLyufXePFSsPB0Nfv_gpwYN6lNzD3oyZPbo5BumjsspwgrOmvZADcEM6hyqkhAOGBm5gf5QiFtGWxvY9pYT2xSR9LI6C8cxxDNl8VMtRCK2pwJ_e2sg6h3sdILLYVzHuF4DO7SWTW0unBeit2cvJtDSN-PcPRtsTvI5eYgQkwouAfEZ3o4fKme-h8q4Ik1RVGvz3kMW2bnGOvgK0LeIer5Frkr3op85V1mpuWR1-l-Jjq6M">synchronize distant clocks</a> or to share random numbers for cryptography at unprecedented levels of security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-quantum-teleportation">Significance of quantum teleportation </h2>



Quantum teleportation has matured from a fascinating theory to a tool that is becoming more practical. 



While it is never straightforward to integrate delicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbreakable-encryption-brings-quantum-internet-communication-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a>, the Northwestern group’s accomplishment raises confidence that such integration is within reach.



Many experts have believed that building specialized infrastructure was an unavoidable cost of quantum networking. 



According to Kumar’s report, if wavelengths are picked carefully, classical signals and quantum information can coexist just fine. This line of thinking spares organizations from installing entire new grids of cables.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-work-on-quantum-teleportation">Future work on quantum teleportation</h2>



In upcoming work, the researchers plan to expand the scope of their approach in longer segments to confirm that the method remains stable as cables stretch far past the lab. They will also design a multi-node demonstration to verify it can handle more than a single link. There is much excitement that existing communication channels, once tuned just right, could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-atoms-qkd-quantum-communication-revolutionizing-data-protection-privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carry quantum data</a> to distant points.



With such possibilities on the horizon, quantum teleportation may shift from a theoretical concept to a tool that transforms communication. 



The future might see quantum and classical networks working side by side in ways that once sounded unlikely.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://opg.optica.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-11-12-1700&amp;id=565936" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Optica</a>.



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'Impossible' success: Quantum teleportation on the internet is set to change the world

Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing and communication, demonstrating quantum teleportation over a standard fiber optic cable that already carries everyday Internet traffic.This development shows that quantum communication might not require dedicated lines, which clears the path for easier and more widespread integration of quantum and classical data sharing. Path for quantum networking The news centers around the idea that quantum signals -- information carried by delicate particles of light known as photons -- can travel alongside everyday Internet traffic without losing their...

Ever wonder what your dog's trying to tell you? Those barks, whines, and tail wags might be more than just cute quirks. A fascinating study by the <a href="https://vetmed.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences</a> sheds new light on dog communication, helping us interpret the meaning behind different vocalizations.



"Deciphering what dogs are trying to communicate with a particular vocalization depends on the tone of their communication, their body language, environmental factors, health, level of comfort, and emotion, such as stress, fear, or hunger," explained Harmony Diers, a manager for the Dog Aging Project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectrum-of-barking-in-dog-language">Spectrum of barking in dog language</h2>



Dogs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dogs-communicate-with-us-is-impacted-by-their-facial-markings/">communicate</a> a lot through barking. The pitch, how often they bark, and what else they do with their body can indicate what your dog is feeling.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-pitched-excitement">High-pitched: Excitement</h3>



A high-pitched bark often means your dog is excited about something fun, like going for a walk or seeing a friend. You can usually tell this kind of bark because your dog will also be wagging their tail and jumping around.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-repetitive-boredom-or-seeking-attention">Repetitive: Boredom or seeking attention</h3>



If your dog barks the same way over and over, they might be bored or lonely. Dogs who don't get enough toys, playtime, or exercise may bark this way to get your attention. Try giving your dog more things to play with or taking them for longer walks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharp-alert-or-warning">Sharp: Alert or warning</h3>



Sharp, loud barks are how dogs warn you about something strange or scary. This could be someone they don't know coming to your house, another animal outside, or a loud noise.&nbsp;



This type of barking is a warning that your dog is on high alert. By watching what makes your dog bark this way, you can learn what they see as a threat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-playfulness">Short: Playfulness</h3>



A short bark can mean your dog wants to play or is giving a gentle warning. Playful barks often come from a dog with a relaxed body, showing they want to have fun. But a short bark can also be a way for a dog to say "leave me alone" without getting aggressive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-pitched-frequent-bark-anxiety">High-pitched, frequent Bark: Anxiety</h3>



If your dog barks high-pitched and often, they might be anxious or scared. Dogs bark this way when they are feeling stressed, worried, or afraid. There are many reasons a dog might feel anxious, like being left alone, loud noises, or new places.&nbsp;



Anxious barking often comes with other signs of stress, like pacing, whining, or acting nervous. If your dog barks this way a lot and you don't know why, take them to the vet or a dog trainer.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whining-and-sighing-in-dog-communication-nbsp">Whining and sighing in dog communication&nbsp;</h2>



Dogs whine and sigh to communicate their needs. Whining can mean they want attention, playtime, or to go outside. It can also signal anxiety, stress, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-body-positions-that-indicate-your-dog-is-in-pain/">pain</a>. A persistent whine, especially if new, might mean your dog is sick and needs a vet visit.



Dog sighs also have different meanings. A long sigh while being petted means your dog is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/">happy</a> and relaxed. But groans can also mean they are frustrated, like when their meal is late or playtime ends.



While whining and sighing are usually normal, they can sometimes be signs of health problems. If your dog whines or groans a lot, especially if it seems unusual or they have other symptoms like limping or not eating, it's important to see a doctor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-howling-as-a-form-of-dog-communication">Howling as a form of dog communication</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-some-dogs-howl-but-others-dont/">Howling</a> is an ancient way for dogs to communicate, just like their wolf ancestors. Dogs howl to talk to each other over long distances, to let others know where they are, and to claim territory.



"Howling can be a response to external sounds - such as sirens, music, or other dogs' barking - or used when claiming territory, communicating to a pack or family members, or alleviating feelings of isolation," explained Diers.&nbsp;



At home, your dog's pack includes you and any other pets. They might howl to tell you they are there, to show how they feel, or to get your attention if they need something. Howling helps dogs communicate and stay close to their pack.



Some dogs even howl along with people. This is a way for them to bond with you and enjoy spending time together. It's not just about their wild instincts, it shows how much they love being part of your family and sharing experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-growls-in-dog-communication">Warning growls in dog communication</h2>



Growling is a nuanced vocalization that dogs use to communicate discomfort, fear, or a warning. It's crucial not to punish a dog for growling. It's their way of expressing that they are not okay with the current situation. Recognizing and respecting a growl can prevent escalations and allow for a peaceful resolution.



There are different types of growls that can offer clues to your dog's specific emotions:



<ul>
<li>Defensive: Often accompanied by a defensive posture, including showing teeth or a stiffened body, signaling the dog feels threatened and is asking for space.</li>



<li>Fearful: This growl may occur when a dog is scared. Their body might be lowered, and the tail tucked, indicating a desire to avoid confrontation.</li>



<li>Playful: It's important to note that dogs may growl during play, which is normal and should be distinguished from growls of discomfort or warning. These growls are usually lower in pitch and accompanied by playful body language.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-s-body-language">Dog’s body language</h2>



Dogs also use their bodies to talk to us. By watching their posture, tails, and faces, we can learn how they're feeling.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tail-wagging">Tail wagging</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/">tail wag</a> is a classic canine expression, but it's important to remember that not all wags are created equal. Here's how to decipher the tail wags:



<ul>
<li>Happy and playful: A loose, relaxed wagging tail paired with floppy ears and a happy face is a sure sign your dog is feeling excited and playful. They're likely up for some fun and interaction.</li>



<li>Nervous or upset: A stiff wag held high or a very fast wagging tail can indicate arousal, anxiety, or even aggression. Be sure to observe the context and other body language cues to understand the full message.</li>



<li>Scared or uncomfortable: A tail tucked between the legs is a universal sign of fear, submission, or discomfort. Your dog is not feeling confident and may need some reassurance or space.</li>
</ul>



"A barking dog with a wagging tail and relaxed ears and face may be happy and barking from excitement, while a barking dog that is standing stiff with ears at attention may indicate they feel threatened," explained Diers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-posture">Body posture</h2>



A dog's overall posture can provide valuable additional context to their emotional state. Look for these clues:



<ul>
<li>Content and relaxed: A relaxed posture with a soft, open facial expression generally means your dog is content and comfortable. They're happy to be around you and feel at ease.</li>



<li>Threatened or defensive: Conversely, a stiff, still body with alert ears and narrowed eyes could indicate a dog feels threatened or is preparing to defend themselves. This is a sign to proceed with caution and avoid confrontation.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-to-better-dog-communication">The path to better dog communication</h2>



Being able to interpret what your dog is trying to communicate opens doors to a stronger connection. You'll be able to provide better care based on their emotional needs. Training becomes more effective and positive when you consider your dog's perspective.



Understanding dog communication is also beneficial for vets, shelters, and public safety. Vets can diagnose and treat behavioral problems, while shelters can create calmer environments for dogs. Furthermore, this may help people recognize signs of aggression in unfamiliar dogs.



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Dog communication: What is your pet trying to tell you?

Ever wonder what your dog's trying to tell you? Those...

A team of chemists from the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) has designed a breakthrough method for the detection of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The experts constructed a sensor capable of identifying these hazardous chemicals in water at remarkably low concentrations. 



Since PFAS - widely used in consumer products such as food packaging, nonstick cookware, and water-repellent clothing - are notorious for their persistence in the environment, they are widely known as "forever chemicals." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-of-forever-chemicals-m-water">Health risks of forever chemicals m water</h2>



The health implications of PFAS exposure are severe, with studies linking them to a range of adverse effects including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-thousands-of-nanoplastics-found-in-bottled-water/">cancer</a>, reproductive issues, and disruptions to the immune and endocrine systems.



The innovative sensor developed by the MIT team is designed to detect PFAS levels down to 200 parts per trillion in water samples, representing a significant advancement in our ability to monitor these compounds. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-harmful-pfas">Detecting harmful PFAS</h2>



This device not only has the potential to empower consumers to test their own drinking water but also holds promise for industries that utilize PFAS in their manufacturing processes, such as semiconductor production and firefighting equipment fabrication.



“There’s a real need for these sensing technologies. We’re stuck with these chemicals for a long time, so we need to be able to detect them and get rid of them,” said senior author Timothy Swager, the John D. MacArthur Professor of Chemistry at MIT.&nbsp;



The research team, including former MIT postdoc Sohyun Park and graduate student Collette Gordon, has demonstrated a profound understanding of the urgency and necessity of such innovations in the face of enduring PFAS <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-an-underestimated-source-of-water-contamination/">contamination</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-chemical-contamination-in-drinking-water-nationwide">PFAS chemical contamination in drinking water nationwide</h2>



PFAS chemicals, given their extensive application across a myriad of consumer goods, from stain-resistant fabrics to cosmetics and firefighting foams, have been a staple of industrial use since the 1950s.&nbsp;



However, their environmental and health impacts have only come to light in recent decades, revealing contamination in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-reveals-new-evidence-of-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water/">drinking water</a> sources nationwide. In response, the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) established "advisory health limits" for two of the most hazardous PFAS compounds in 2023, aiming to set a benchmark for safe water consumption levels.



Traditionally, assessing PFAS contamination in water has been a laborious and expensive process, requiring specialized laboratory equipment and weeks of waiting for results. Addressing this challenge, the MIT sensor utilizes lateral flow technology, akin to that of rapid Covid-19 tests, offering a faster, more cost-effective solution. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-sensor-works">How the sensor works</h2>



The novel sensor embeds polyaniline, a polymer that transitions between semiconducting and conducting states, onto a nitrocellulose paper strip. 



When exposed to PFAS, the sensor harnesses a surfactant to extract the compounds from the water, leading to a measurable change in the polymer's electrical resistance, which can be quantified and relayed to an external device such as a smartphone.



The sensor specifically targets acidic PFAS compounds, including PFOA and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), marking a significant step toward comprehensive PFAS detection. While the current sensitivity levels of the sensor do not yet meet the stringent EPA guidelines, the research team is optimistic. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-detection-system">Revolutionary detection system</h2>



By scaling up the technology to process larger water volumes through a polyaniline membrane, they anticipate achieving the sensitivity required to detect even lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-dolphins-suffer-from-the-highest-known-levels-of-pfas/">concentrations</a> of PFAS, aligning with EPA advisories.



“We do envision a user-friendly, household system,” Swager explained. “You can imagine putting in a liter of water, letting it go through the membrane, and you have a device that measures the change in resistance of the membrane.”&nbsp;



Such a system would not only revolutionize PFAS detection for consumers, enabling them to take immediate action if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-drinking-water-often-contains-unsafe-levels-of-toxic-contaminants/">contaminants</a> are present, but also assist manufacturers in ensuring the environmental safety of their wastewater.



This breakthrough in PFAS detection technology signifies a critical advancement in our ongoing battle against forever chemicals. By providing a practical, efficient means of monitoring these pervasive contaminants, the team’s work offers hope for mitigating the extensive health and environmental risks posed by PFAS. 



As the technology continues to develop, it promises to play a crucial role in our collective efforts to understand, manage, and ultimately reduce PFAS contamination in our environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317300121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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New sensor can detect 'forever chemicals' in drinking water

A team of chemists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology...

The consequences of the diminishing Arctic sea ice, particularly its effects on the daily weather patterns across the United States, are now more clear thanks to a new study from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State University</a>. 



As the planet warms, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrinkage of Arctic sea ice</a> presents a complex challenge, affecting not only global climate systems but also the intricate dynamics of local weather patterns.



Utilizing advanced climate models paired with innovative machine learning techniques, the research team has shed light on how the loss of sea ice could alter large-scale meteorological patterns over North America. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-s-role-in-cold-weather-events-in-the-u-s">Arctic's role in cold weather events in the U.S.</h2>



Published in the Journal of Climate, their findings suggest a significant change in weather phenomena, specifically a reduction in the intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-amplification-is-destabilizing-the-delicate-balance-of-the-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold weather events</a>. This implies that as sea ice continues to recede, events typically characterized by severe cold may become less extreme.



Melissa Gervais, an assistant professor in the Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Penn State and the lead author of the study, emphasizes the crucial role of the Arctic in supplying cold air during these events. 



“The Arctic in general is the source of cold air for us when we have these really cold events,” Gervais explained. “As warming continues, we know that the Arctic is going to be less cold. What this work shows us is that the loss of sea ice also changes weather patterns that bring cold air to the middle latitudes. So, warming both depletes your source of cold air and makes it harder to transport.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blanket-effect-understanding-sea-ice">The blanket effect: Understanding sea ice</h2>



The function of sea ice as a thermal barrier is pivotal, insulating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmer ocean waters</a> and preventing heat loss to the atmosphere. The disappearance of this natural insulator allows for the increased transfer of heat from the ocean into the atmosphere, creating low-pressure systems over the areas previously covered by ice. 



This shift results in a diminished movement of cold Arctic air to other regions, further illustrating the interconnectedness of Earth's climate systems. The phenomenon known as Arctic amplification, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic warms</a> more rapidly than other parts of the globe, plays a significant role in these changes. 



“Our research allowed us to dig a little bit deeper into what is going on,” Gervais said. “We were able to see that in addition to the impact of Arctic amplification, there also is an impact on the actual circulation or flow in the atmosphere.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-amplification-and-u-s-weather-patterns">Arctic amplification and U.S. weather patterns</h2>



This study delves deeper into the mechanisms behind this process, exploring how it influences atmospheric circulation and weather patterns. 



Gervais noted the importance of their methodology in uncovering these insights, stating, "Without using this machine learning method, we would not have been able to really robustly understand the processes involved."



The research utilized climate models to compare weather patterns under two different scenarios: one reflecting sea ice levels from the 1980s and 1990s, and another based on projected reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-rivers-undergoing-dramatic-change-thawing-permafrost-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> by the century's end. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-impact-with-ai-machine-learning-models">Exploring the impact with AI machine learning models</h2>



Through the application of self-organizing maps, a form of machine learning, the team was able to classify and analyze patterns of daily weather in the troposphere, where most weather occurs.



Their findings revealed a noteworthy shift in weather patterns, particularly those associated with cold weather anomalies over North America. 



Under current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/less-ice-and-more-sunlight-may-drastically-alter-the-arctic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice conditions</a>, these patterns can produce strong cold anomalies with temperatures around 29 degrees Fahrenheit. However, with reduced sea ice, not only do these anomalies diminish, but the pattern can also transform into one that brings warmer temperatures to the surface.



This study highlights the intricate and far-reaching impacts of Arctic sea ice loss on global weather patterns. As Gervais succinctly put it, the reduction of sea ice not only alters the source of cold air but also the atmospheric dynamics that transport this air, leading to warmer weather patterns in areas previously prone to cold anomalies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-weather-impact-from-melting-arctic-sea-ice">Global weather impact from melting Arctic sea ice</h2>



In summary, this Penn State-led study illuminates the profound effects that the loss of Arctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-rivers-could-unleash-carbon-equal-to-millions-of-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> has on weather patterns across the middle latitudes, including the United States. 



By leveraging advanced climate models and machine learning techniques, researchers have uncovered that the diminishing sea ice weakens the source of cold air during severe weather events and disrupts the atmospheric dynamics responsible for transporting this cold air. 



This research underscores the intricate link between the Arctic's health and our global climate system, highlighting the urgent need for continued study and action to mitigate the impacts of climate change. 



As the Arctic continues to warm, understanding these complex mechanisms becomes critical in predicting and preparing for the changing patterns of our future weather.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0389.1.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate</a>.



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AI discovers how Arctic warming influences U.S. weather patterns

The consequences of the diminishing Arctic sea ice, particularly its...

The serene buzz of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-periodical-cicadas-eat-when-theyre-above-ground/">cicadas</a> often heralds the arrival of summer, yet it's their unique method of urination, rather than their iconic sound, that has piqued the interest of researchers at <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. 



Unlike the typical droplets excreted by many insects, cicadas expel powerful jets of urine. This phenomenon has intrigued study senior author Professor Saad Bhamla and his team for its uncommon fluid dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-cicada-urination-nbsp">Observing cicada urination&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the prevalence of cicadas and their unmistakable chorus, observing them in action is challenging due to their penchant for remaining hidden within the foliage.&nbsp;



The team's breakthrough came during fieldwork in Peru, where they observed numerous cicadas engaging in their distinctive urination process directly, a rarity that had previously been limited to online video observations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jetting-urine-for-nutrient-extraction-nbsp">Jetting urine for nutrient extraction&nbsp;</h2>



This direct observation debunked two longstanding beliefs about insect urination. Traditionally, it was thought that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-play-important-roles-in-ecosystems/">insects</a> feeding on xylem sap, such as cicadas, would naturally excrete in droplets to conserve energy, as xylem sap is not nutrient-rich.&nbsp;



Cicadas, however, consume sap so voraciously that jetting urine becomes a more efficient method for nutrient extraction.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-on-insect-urination-nbsp">New insights on insect urination&nbsp;</h2>



"The assumption was that if an insect transitions from droplet formation into a jet, it will require more energy because the insect would have to inject more speed," said study lead author Elio Challita, a former Ph.D. student in Bhamla's lab and now a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a>.



“Previously, it was understood that if a small animal wants to eject jets of water, then this becomes a bit challenging, because the animal expends more energy to force the fluid’s exit at a higher speed. This is due to surface tension and viscous forces. But a larger animal can rely on gravity and inertial forces to pee," explained Challita.



However, the recent cicada study challenges the notion that smaller animals are constrained to droplet urination due to the size of their orifices, which would supposedly make jetting biologically expensive.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-understanding-of-fluid-dynamics-nbsp">Broader understanding of fluid dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



Cicadas, with their relatively large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-size-shaped-by-predators-and-temperature/">size</a> compared to other insects, leverage their physical dimensions to minimize energy expenditure while expelling urine in jets.



This insight into cicada urination provides a broader understanding of fluid dynamics across the animal kingdom, from minuscule insects to large mammals. Professor Bhamla's group has extensively studied fluid ejection in various species, uncovering applications ranging from soft robotics to drug delivery, based on the mechanics of fluid expulsion observed in nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-cicada-urination-nbsp">Implications of cicada urination&nbsp;</h2>



Cicadas, being among the smallest creatures capable of generating high-speed fluid jets, offer a model for developing efficient jet mechanisms in microscale applications like robotics and spray nozzles.&nbsp;



Furthermore, with cicada populations reaching into the trillions, the ecological ramifications of their urination habits remain a largely unexplored area with potential implications for bio-monitoring and environmental science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-excretory-patterns-of-animals">Excretory patterns of animals</h2>



The research transcends mere academic curiosity, providing a window into the excretory patterns of life forms as varied as cicadas and elephants.&nbsp;



"Our research has mapped the excretory patterns of animals, spanning eight orders of scale from tiny cicadas to massive elephants," said Bhamla.



"We've identified the fundamental constraints and forces that dictate these processes, offering a new lens through which to understand the principles of excretion, a critical function of all living systems."&nbsp;



"This work not only deepens our comprehension of biological functions but also paves the way for unifying the underlying principles that govern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-life-has-inhabited-earth-since-the-very-first-cell-scientists-found-out/">life</a>’s essential processes."



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Cicada urination defies what scientists thought was possible

The serene buzz of cicadas often heralds the arrival of...

NGC 5468 (Webb NIRCam + Hubble WFC3)

The enigmatic nature of our universe presents numerous puzzles, none more perplexing than the "Hubble Tension" -- a discrepancy in the universe's expansion rate. 



Scientists have long grappled with this issue, which pits the anticipated expansion rate, based on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-lighthouses-emanated-earliest-starlight-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early universe</a> conditions and our current understanding, against higher rates observed through modern telescopes. This discord hints at either a gap in our knowledge of physics or possible measurement inaccuracies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-vs-planck-a-cosmic-discrepancy">Hubble vs. Planck: A cosmic discrepancy</h2>



NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, a veteran observer of the cosmos for three decades, has been instrumental in measuring the universe's expansion. However, its findings consistently clash with predictions derived from data collected by the European Space Agency's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Planck" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planck mission</a>, which examines the universe's earliest light. 



This discrepancy raises a fundamental question: Are we on the brink of new physics, or are we simply dealing with errors in our measurements?



The collaboration between Hubble and NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> has brought us closer to answering this question. By combining their capabilities, these observatories have sharpened our view of the universe's expansion rate, suggesting that the anomaly might not stem from measurement errors. 



"With measurement errors negated, what remains is the real and exciting possibility we have misunderstood the universe," stated Adam Riess, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist from <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a>, who played a key role in discovering the acceleration of the universe's expansion due to "dark energy."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-dive-into-the-universe-s-expansion">Deep dive into the universe's expansion</h2>



An initial crosscheck by Webb in 2023 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expansion-rate-of-the-universe-confirmed-by-jwst/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">confirmed the accuracy</a> of Hubble's observations, challenging the notion that unseen errors could account for the Hubble Tension. 



This was particularly significant in the study of Cepheid variable stars, essential cosmic benchmarks for measuring distances in the universe. 



The SH0ES (Supernova H0 for the Equation of State of Dark Energy) team, led by Riess, utilized Webb to observe these stars across the same range as Hubble, effectively ruling out measurement error as the cause of the discrepancy with high confidence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-and-james-webb-s-joint-venture">Hubble and James Webb's joint venture</h2>



This endeavor highlighted the strengths of both telescopes. Hubble's long-term observations have been crucial in establishing the "cosmic distance ladder," a series of methods for measuring distances in the universe. 



However, as we look further into space, the task becomes more complex due to factors like stellar crowding and intervening dust, which can blur the signals from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-from-stars-can-be-used-to-measure-distances-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant stars</a>. 



Here, Webb's superior infrared vision comes into play, slicing through the dust and clearly distinguishing individual Cepheids even in crowded star fields. 



"Combining Webb and Hubble gives us the best of both worlds," Riess explained, ensuring the reliability of our measurements as we delve deeper into the cosmos.



The new observations have expanded our reach to galaxies as distant as NGC 5468, located <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Cepheid-variable_star-P42_galaxy-NGC-5468_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">130 million light-years away</a>, encompassing the full range previously measured by Hubble. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-from-nancy-grace-roman-to-euclid">Next steps: From Nancy Grace Roman to Euclid</h2>



This milestone reinforces the fidelity of our cosmic measurements and sets the stage for future explorations by observatories like NASA's upcoming <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> and ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> observatory. These missions aim to further study dark energy and its role in the universe's expansion.



As it stands, the cosmic distance ladder, meticulously calibrated by Hubble and Webb, anchors one end of our understanding at a point in the observable universe. 



Meanwhile, Planck's measurements from the universe's infancy hold the other end. Bridging the vast temporal gap between these two points remains an uncharted journey.



"We need to find out if we are missing something on how to connect the beginning of the universe and the present day," Riess concluded, emphasizing the ongoing quest to unravel the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic expansion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quest-to-understand-the-expansion-of-our-universe-continues">Quest to understand the expansion of our universe continues</h2>



In summary, the collaborative efforts of NASA's Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes have brought us closer to understanding the elusive Hubble Tension, challenging long-held assumptions about the universe's expansion rate. 



By meticulously confirming the accuracy of cosmic measurements and ruling out errors with high confidence, these observations open the door to the tantalizing possibility that our understanding of the cosmos might require a fundamental revision. 



As we stand on the brink of new discoveries, with future missions poised to explore the influence of dark energy further, the quest to unravel the mysteries of the universe continues, promising to reshape our comprehension of the cosmos from its earliest moments to the present day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cepheid-variable-stars">More about Cepheid variable stars</h2>



As mentioned above, Cepheid variable stars stand as cosmic lighthouses in the vast expanse of the universe, guiding astronomers in their quest to decipher the vast distances that separate celestial bodies. 



These pulsating stars, named after the prototype star Delta Cephei in the constellation Cepheus, are not only fascinating in their own right but also serve as one of the most reliable tools for measuring cosmic distances. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cepheid-variables">Understanding Cepheid variables</h3>



Cepheid variable stars are a type of variable star that exhibits a regular pattern of brightness changes over time. This pulsation is due to a cycle of expansion and contraction within the star's outer layers, driven by changes in the opacity of ionized helium. 



The remarkable aspect of Cepheids is the direct correlation between their pulsation periods and intrinsic luminosity. In simpler terms, the longer a Cepheid star's pulsation period, the brighter it is. 



This relationship, known as the period-luminosity relation, was discovered by American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1912 and has since been a cornerstone in the field of astrophysics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-universe-with-cepheids">Measuring the universe with Cepheids</h3>



Cepheid variable stars act as one of the primary rungs on the cosmic distance ladder, a method used by astronomers to measure the distances of celestial objects. By observing the pulsation period of a Cepheid star, astronomers can determine its true luminosity. 



Comparing this intrinsic brightness to how bright the star appears from Earth allows them to calculate the distance to the star with remarkable accuracy. 



This technique has enabled astronomers to measure distances to nearby galaxies, refine the scale of the universe, and contribute significantly to resolving the Hubble Tension.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-expansion-secrets-of-the-universe">Unlocking expansion secrets of the universe</h3>



The role of Cepheid variable stars extends beyond mere distance measurement. They have been instrumental in determining the Hubble constant, the rate at which the universe is expanding. 



By measuring the distances to galaxies using Cepheids and comparing these distances to the galaxies' redshifts (a measure of how fast they are moving away from us), astronomers can calculate the expansion rate of the universe. 



This research has profound implications for our understanding of the universe's age, size, and ultimate fate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cepheid-variables-and-future-explorations">Cepheid variables and future explorations</h3>



As technology advances, so too does our ability to observe and study Cepheid variable stars with greater precision. Observations like with Webb and Hubble, as discussed previously in this article, are crucial for testing and refining our models of the universe, ensuring that with each pulsation of these cosmic beacons, we edge closer to unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos.



In the grand tapestry of the universe, Cepheid variable stars shine as indispensable guides, helping astronomers navigate the vast distances between the stars. 



Their pulsations, like the steady beat of a cosmic drum, mark the rhythm of our quest for knowledge, echoing through the ages as we seek to understand the vast universe we call home.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1ddd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



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Universe's expansion rate continues to puzzle astronomers

The enigmatic nature of our universe presents numerous puzzles, none...

Remember those cherished beach trips from your childhood? Those memories may be underwater by 2050 if we don't take action on climate change. Researchers from the <a href="https://nationalsecurity.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech National Security Institute</a> have released a study with a stark warning: sea levels could rise by a whole foot, swallowing up our beaches. 



To make matters worse, some coasts are actually sinking on their own. Unfortunately, this sinking of land, called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-sinking-cities-land-subsidence-on-the-east-coast/">subsidence</a>, isn't always considered in planning for our cities and coasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-sinking-cities">Climate change and sinking cities</h2>



Our warming planet is greatly contributing to the rising sea levels. Melting ice caps and glaciers add more water to the oceans, pushing sea levels up. On top of that, as the oceans get warmer, the water itself expands, making sea levels rise even further.



The recent study has painted a concerning picture for many U.S. coastal cities. By 2050, these cities could lose an extra chunk of land the size of Los Angeles or Chicago due to flooding on top of rising sea levels in 32 major coastal cities.



In these cities, the ground is sinking at the same time the ocean is rising, squeezing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burdens-of-climate-change-sea-level-rise-and-the-risk-of-isolation/">coastal communities</a> from both sides. This is projected to affect up to 273,000 people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-impacts-across-country">Varying impacts across country</h2>



The impact of sea level rise and land subsidence varies across the country:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atlantic-coast">Atlantic Coast</h3>



Eleven cities here could see between 773 and 951 km² of additional land flooded, impacting up to 263,000 people and 163,000 properties. Miami, with its average elevation of less than 2 meters above sea level, is particularly at risk.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-coast">Gulf Coast</h3>



This region could face between 528 and 826 km² of new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/100-year-floods-will-likely-be-annual-events-by-the-end-of-the-century/">flooding</a> areas, affecting between 110,000 and 225,000 people and up to 109,000 properties. Cities like New Orleans already grapple with high-tide flooding due to below-sea-level areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-coast-nbsp">Pacific Coast&nbsp;</h3>



Cities here are comparatively better off, with a projected increase in flooded areas of just 20 to 40 km², affecting 6,000 to 30,000 people and 3,000 to 15,000 properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-disparities-and-sinking-cities">Economic disparities and sinking cities</h2>



Climate change and the resulting sea level rise do not affect all communities equally. People who have less money and haven't had a fair shot in life are often stuck in areas more likely to be flooded.&nbsp;



It's not just bad luck, either. Past unfair housing practices pushed these communities into riskier zones. These families can't necessarily bounce back from disasters like wealthier folks can.&nbsp;



Deprived communities need a helping hand, not just to fix the immediate damage, but to build a future where they will be safe. This is about fairness and making sure everyone has a chance to weather the storm, literally and figuratively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-adaptation-to-prevent-sinking-cities">Sustainable adaptation to prevent sinking cities</h2>



The experts propose working with nature, restoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/">wetlands</a> and oyster reefs that act like natural shields against rising seas.&nbsp;



"Ecosystems act as natural buffers against storm surges and help in sediment accumulation, which can mitigate the effects of land subsidence," said study lead author Leonard Ohenhen from Virginia Tech. These green guardians not only absorb storm surges but also become havens for wildlife, making our coasts healthier places.



The plan goes beyond just waves, though. The experts acknowledge that human actions like draining groundwater can make coasts sink lower. By being smarter about how much water we use and how we develop land, we can prevent this from happening.&nbsp;



The key is planning our cities carefully. This means building on higher ground, making sure buildings can withstand floods, and even designing landscapes to channel floodwaters away from homes and businesses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-unified-call-for-action">A unified call for action</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-release-more-methane-from-wetlands-than-expected/">Rising seas</a> and sinking land are no longer distant worries, they are imminent threats to our communities. This report is a wake-up call. It's time for leaders, planners, and everyone to join forces.&nbsp;



We need to adapt and become more resilient in the face of this changing world. By working together, we can protect the cities we love and the people who live there from the rising tides of tomorrow.



‌The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07038-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Sinking cities on U.S. coast face a double threat as sea levels rise

Remember those cherished beach trips from your childhood? Those memories...

Have you ever felt a pang of guilt for skipping a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/150-minutes-of-exercise-per-week-reduces-liver-fat/">workout</a> because you didn't want to break your fitness app streak? New research reveals the surprising psychology behind streaks, and why they can be help or hurt motivation at the same time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-maintaining-a-streak">Impact of maintaining a streak</h2>



Two researchers, Jackie Silverman and Alixandra Barasch, were at a brewery when something sparked their curiosity. Dr. Silverman's husband casually stopped using a craft beer tracking app he used regularly. This seemingly ordinary event made them wonder why streaks seem to matter.&nbsp;



"We were kind of giving him a hard time," said Dr.  Silverman, assistant professor of marketing at the <a href="https://www.udel.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Delaware</a>. “But he explained it didn't seem that important anymore because he'd forgotten to track it the week before." 



"Alix and I being consumer psychologists were like, 'Well, that's weird. Why did your utility change just because you missed one?'&nbsp;



And so that started us down this rabbit hole about thinking about how consumers track what they do … (and how) inevitably ruining that record can have negative effects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-streaks-on-motivation">Influence of streaks on motivation</h2>



Through a series of analyses, the curious researchers found that streaks we've recently achieved can strongly influence how committed we believe we are to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-to-set-realistic-goals-and-achieve-them-in-2024/">goals</a>.&nbsp;



People are more likely to think they'll stick to a goal if they've been doing things that support that goal recently, compared to if they haven't. This is especially true for difficult goals that require dedication. Streaks act like a visible sign that someone is serious about their goal.



This explains why apps like Duolingo and Peloton use streaks to keep people engaged. Silverman's research shows that even streaks that aren't entirely real, like those you can "fix" on Duolingo, can still motivate people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disadvantages-of-breaking-a-streak">Disadvantages of breaking a streak</h2>



"On the flip side, what we find is that when people break their streaks, that is especially demotivating, because not only have they missed out on some behavior that they like doing that they're tracking, but they also now have failed in the goal of keeping their streak alive," Dr. Silverman explained.



One reason for this is that people dislike losing things more than they like gaining things. Breaking a streak feels like a loss, because they lose the streak itself and the feeling of progress they had. Streaks can also become a habit, making it easier to stick with a goal. If the streak breaks, it can be hard to get back on track.



Shockingly, apps that use streaks to keep people engaged can sometimes discourage them instead. While these apps can help with motivation at first, reminders about broken streaks can make people feel like they're failing. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-streaks-shape-our-thinking">Streaks shape our thinking</h2>



Streaks also affect our perception. They can make people more confident in their ability to reach a goal. For example, imagine someone who's been sticking to a diet or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-exercise-may-be-the-best-way-to-lose-weight-study-reveals/">exercise</a> plan. They'll likely feel more confident that they can keep it up.&nbsp;



This confidence can be helpful for keeping them on track. However, it can also make them think they don't need help from others. For instance, someone who's been eating healthy might not think they need a nutritionist. This overconfidence could hurt their progress in the long run, because external support can be important for lasting change.



Moreover, streaks can influence how we judge others. When someone constantly does something positive, like showing up to work on time or getting good grades, we tend to think they'll keep doing it. This can affect our expectations.&nbsp;



For example, a student who's never missed class might be seen as more likely to keep showing up than a student with the same number of absences spread throughout the semester. This also highlights the importance of past behavior in shaping our expectations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-streaks-for-positive-motivation">Using streaks for positive motivation</h2>



Streaks can be like a buddy cheering you on. They keep you <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutritional-interventions-can-boost-motivation-in-the-brain/">motivated</a>, but only if you're using them for the right reasons. The key is understanding why you want that streak. Is it just to see a high number, or is it because each day brings you closer to your goals? 



Streaks are a great motivational tool for tracking progress and celebrating little wins. App creators can contribute to this as well. Instead of just encouraging people to be glued to their phone, they can use these streaks to help build habits in a healthy way. 



Remember, streaks are a tool, just like a hammer. A hammer can build a house, but it can also smash your thumb. Use them wisely, and they'll help you reach your goals in no time.



The researchers investigated the power of streaks on goal pursuit in a pair of studies published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104281" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes</a> and the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucac029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Consumer Research</a>.



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Streaks can be a powerful tool for motivation

Have you ever felt a pang of guilt for skipping...

Amid the myriad of diet trends populating our online landscapes and social media feeds, a flexible approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-nutrition-leads-to-poor-mental-health/">nutrition</a> may be a much better strategy. This is the conclusion of Joyce Patterson, a distinguished dietitian and diabetes care specialist at <a href="https://www.michiganmedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan Medicine</a>.



Patterson points to a balanced dietary approach as the most sustainable choice, according to scientific evidence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misconceptions-related-to-diet-trends">Misconceptions related to diet trends</h2>



“We live in a world full of messages to restrict, eliminate, and fast, and misconceptions related to diet trends are common, such as macronutrient or supplement needs,” says Patterson.&nbsp;



“For example, the war wages on over fats versus carbs, or eggs come in and out of favor every couple of years, and the media and food manufacturers exploit such information to drive what people think about nutrition to increase sales.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-and-misleading-information-nbsp">Minimal and misleading information&nbsp;</h2>



“The sheer number of products and programs claiming to ‘reset your metabolism’ or ‘cleanse’ your system indicates that many people are indeed interested in science. But few receive comprehensive and reliable nutrition education and are unable to discern between marketing ploys and good science," says Patterson.



"They are making food choices and purchase decisions based on minimal or misleading information.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-altered-relationship-with-food">An altered relationship with food</h2>



Her latest book, <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003326038/think-like-dietitian-barretto-patterson" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Think Like A Dietitian</a> delves into the reality behind various diet trends, exposing the myths and identifying where they fall short. Patterson reflects on how diet culture has deeply influenced individuals' relationship with food, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/picky-eating-habits-in-childhood-have-lingering-effects-in-adulthood/">childhood</a> through to the pervasive reach of today's social media. 



In her opinion, despite the minimal scientific backing for many popular diets, “for many, diet culture has shaped their relationship with food throughout their lives. From the parental influences of their childhood to the virality of social media today, these beliefs can be deeply ingrained.”



For instance, Patterson acknowledges that while the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-prevent-asthma-attacks/">ketogenic diet</a> and intermittent fasting have attracted significant research interest, their long-term efficacy and safety remain under scrutiny.&nbsp;



Although a substantial amount of research cited in the book has shown that the ketogenic diet offers short term benefits in rapid weight loss and lowering the risk of metabolic disorders including diabetes, there are not enough long‑term studies to assess the long‑term safety of the regimen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restrictive-diet-trends">Restrictive diet trends</h2>



Moreover, Patterson criticizes the quick-fix mentality often seen with restrictive diets, which, despite initial success, frequently prove unsustainable.&nbsp;



“When certain diets show promising findings in research, many well‑meaning, non‑nutrition clinicians will be quick to recommend these approaches."



“From low fat to low carb to fasting, the most popular diets are ironically the most restrictive. It is no wonder they tend to be the most unsustainable.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-dangers-of-diet-trends">Potential dangers of diet trends</h2>



The dietitian also points out the dangers of partial adherence to diet trends without understanding the comprehensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-lifestyle-linked-to-a-30-percent-lower-risk-of-death/">dietary patterns</a> researched.&nbsp;



“A common practice is that people will apply certain features of a diet, instead of the actual dietary pattern that was researched. Without proper guidance, people may end up practicing unhealthy behaviors that put their health at risk,” she warns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unhealthy-extremes">Unhealthy extremes</h2>



Patterson argues against the binary thinking that pervades diet culture, noting how it often leads to unhealthy extremes. “Not all people push nutrition down the priority list,” she says, pointing out the detrimental effects of viewing food as an enemy rather than a source of nourishment and strength.



She further criticizes the 'all-or-nothing' mindset, which, while initially effective for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-tracking-does-not-have-to-be-perfect-to-promote-weight-loss/">weight loss</a>, often collapses under the weight of real-life challenges.&nbsp;



“Life happens. And it will happen again and again. These are perhaps the most impactful challenges that people encounter because they are recurring and inevitable,” says Patterson, explaining how such setbacks can spiral into feelings of guilt and failure, derailing dietary efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-more-forgiving-approach-nbsp">A more forgiving approach&nbsp;</h2>



Instead of succumbing to the rigidity of diet trends, Patterson proposes a more forgiving '80/20' rule as a sustainable path to healthy eating.&nbsp;



“Specifically, this rule of thumb suggests that people follow dietary recommendations 80% of the time, and not to worry about the other 20%, factoring in convenience, enjoyment, and social interactions,” she recommends, advocating for balance and moderation over perfection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-healthy-relationship-with-food-nbsp">A healthy relationship with food&nbsp;</h2>



Patterson's approach encourages a healthy relationship with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-products-need-environmental-impact-labels/">food</a>, where dietary flexibility and mindfulness pave the way for long-term wellness, challenging the unsustainable norms of contemporary diet culture.



“One of the most important experiences that a dietitian can share is that perfection is not only unattainable but also unnecessary. Even centenarians often admit to some lifelong indulgences."



"A healthy diet does not have to be all-or-nothing. The occasional treat is not harmful. However poor choices in excess can increase risk for nutrition-related disease,” concludes Patterson.



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Ditch the diet trends for a healthier relationship with food

Amid the myriad of diet trends populating our online landscapes...

Scheduled for launch in October, NASA's Europa Clipper <a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/">spacecraft</a> is set to embark on a journey towards Jupiter's moon Europa, armed with a message of human curiosity and connection.&nbsp;



The mission follows NASA's long-standing tradition of sending inspirational artifacts into the cosmos, this time incorporating a unique dispatch that encompasses more than 2.6 million names from the public, alongside a poignant poem dedicated to the exploration of this distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-may-exist-on-one-of-jupiters-moons/">moon</a>.



Europa, known for its icy exterior hiding a vast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-on-europa-co2-discovery-by-webb-increases-the-odds/">ocean</a> beneath, contains more than double the water found in Earth's oceans, suggesting potential for life.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-clipper-s-message">Europa Clipper's message</h2>



To commemorate humanity's quest for knowledge and the shared essence of water as a lifeline, Europa Clipper will carry a specially designed triangular metal plate. This artifact is not just a symbol but a bridge between science and art, featuring U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón's "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" etched alongside a silicon microchip bearing the millions of submitted names.&nbsp;



The microchip, central to an artistic illustration, embodies NASA's "<a href="https://europa.nasa.gov/message-in-a-bottle/join-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Message in a Bottle</a>" campaign, encouraging public participation in this interstellar voyage.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="M2NRH3ryXX-3458474-12187" type="single"]</div>



Mirroring the <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager's Golden Record</a>'s intent to showcase the diversity of life and culture on Earth, the Europa Clipper's message is a rich tapestry of human creativity and inquiry. Constructed from durable tantalum, the plate measures 7 by 11 inches and is adorned with artwork that emphasizes our planetary kinship with Europa.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-connection-through-water-nbsp">Universal connection through water&nbsp;</h2>



Notably, it includes waveforms generated from recordings of the word "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-water-travel-through-our-solar-system/">water</a>" in 103 languages, surrounding a representation of the American Sign Language sign for "water," symbolizing a universal connection through this essential element.



"The plate combines the best humanity has to offer across the universe - science, technology, education, art, and math,” said Lori Glaze, director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA. “The message of connection through water, essential for all forms of life as we know it, perfectly illustrates Earth's tie to this mysterious ocean world we are setting out to explore."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-clipper-s-objectives-nbsp">Europa Clipper's objectives&nbsp;</h2>



As Europa Clipper ventures towards Jupiter after a 1.6-billion-mile journey, its mission will be to analyze Europa's subsurface ocean, ice shell, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-moon-europa-creates-enormous-amount-of-oxygen/">atmosphere</a>, and surrounding space environment, seeking signs of habitability.&nbsp;



The spacecraft is equipped with a suite of scientific instruments, shielded from Jupiter's intense radiation by a protective vault, which the commemorative plate will seal.



Integral to the spacecraft's exploration objectives is the <a href="https://www.seti.org/drake-equation-index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drake Equation</a>, inscribed on the plate's inward-facing side. This equation, formulated by astronomer Frank Drake in 1961, explores the likelihood of encountering advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. Alongside, artwork referencing frequencies used in the search for interstellar communication underscores humanity's enduring quest to connect with the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-long-journey-nbsp">Decades-long journey&nbsp;</h2>



The mission also pays homage to planetary science pioneer Ron Greeley, acknowledging his foundational work in conceptualizing a mission to Europa.&nbsp;



Robert Pappalardo, the Project Scientist at NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, reflects on the mission's long gestation and the collective anticipation for the discoveries that lie ahead. "It's been a decades-long journey, and we can't wait to see what Europa Clipper shows us in this water world," he said.



As the assembly of Europa Clipper concludes at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the spacecraft's next destination will be NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where it will await its monumental launch towards uncovering the mysteries of Europa and potentially, the secrets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-compound-suggests-that-life-beyond-earth-could-be-common/">life beyond Earth</a>.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/ JPL-Caltech



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Europa Clipper will deliver a message to one of Jupiter’s moons

Scheduled for launch in October, NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft is...

Key Deer Awareness Day, observed each year on March 11, is dedicated to raising awareness about a fascinating and unique species of deer found only in the Florida Keys. This particular date was selected to commemorate the moment in 1967 when Key deer were officially recognized as being endangered.



Key deer are a smaller relative of the Virginia <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-is-circulating-and-evolving-rapidly-in-white-tailed-deer/">white-tailed deer</a>, adapted to life in the isolated island environment of the Keys. The story of Key deer is one of both resilience and vulnerability, as they have faced numerous challenges over the years.



The survival of this species is threatened by an array of dangers, including poaching, habitat loss, vehicular accidents, illnesses, and climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-evolution-of-key-deer">The evolution of Key deer</h2>



Key deer have an intriguing history. It is believed that these deer migrated to the Florida Keys from the mainland thousands of years ago. This journey took place between 6,000 and 12,000 years ago when the melting of the Wisconsin Glacier abruptly raised sea levels.



This geological event transformed a once-unified peninsula into a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/islands-are-not-evolutionary-dead-ends-for-animals/">isolated islands</a>, stranding the deer and severing their connection to their mainland cousins. Over millennia, these deer adapted to their new island homes, developing unique physical and behavioral traits to thrive in their isolated habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-account-nbsp">Historical account&nbsp;</h2>



A noteworthy historical account comes from the 1500s, when a young Spanish sailor, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, documented Key deer in his memoirs following a shipwreck and an extended period of captivity among Native Americans. 



Fontaneda's observations provide invaluable insights into tabundance of Key deer in the Florida Keys during that era and their role as a food source for indigenous people and explorers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brink-of-extinction">The brink of extinction</h2>



The journey of Key deer from abundance to the brink of extinction is a sobering narrative of human impact on wildlife. For centuries, unregulated hunting decimated their populations, with numbers dwindling to a mere 50 individuals by the 1940s.&nbsp;



This dire situation prompted governmental and community interventions, leading to the establishment of the National Key Deer Refuge in 1957. The refuge, located in the Lower Florida Keys, is a 100-mile stretch of islands that extends south and west from south Florida.&nbsp;



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-negatively-impact-wildlife-even-in-protected-areas/">protected area</a> consists of pine rockland forests, salt marsh wetlands, and mangrove forests. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the refuge is home to more than 20 endangered and threatened plant and animal species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-to-recovery-for-key-deer">Road to recovery for Key deer</h2>



Subsequent conservation efforts, including stringent law enforcement against poaching, the construction of fences along roadways, and the imposition of speed limits, have been crucial for the recovery of the Key deer population.



Today, approximately 1,000 Key deer reside on Big Pine Key and No Name Keys. However, the species continues to face significant threats that jeopardize its survival. Key Deer Awareness Day serves as a platform for educating the public about the ongoing challenges faced by these deer and the importance of continued <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-community-engagement">Conservation and community engagement</h2>



The story of the Key deer's decline and partial recovery highlights the critical need for sustained conservation initiatives and the role of community engagement in preserving our planet's biodiversity.&nbsp;



This day not only commemorates the past struggles of Key deer but also serves as a call to action for their future preservation. Through increased public awareness and support for conservation efforts, there is hope for Key deer to make a full recovery. 



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Key Deer Awareness Day: A story of vulnerability and resilience 

Key Deer Awareness Day, observed each year on March 11,...

In the vast expanse of the universe, white dwarf stars have long been considered celestial timekeepers. Their cooling rates marked the passage of billions of years. It was believed that these "dead stars," or stellar remnants, would predictably cool down after depleting their nuclear fuel.



However, a groundbreaking theory from international researchers challenges the established view on the cooling of white dwarf stars, solving a longstanding astronomical puzzle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-traditional-theories-of-white-dwarf-stars">Beyond traditional theories of white dwarf stars </h2>



The study was a collaboration among experts from the <a href="https://www.ias.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Advanced Study</a>, the <a href="https://www.cityuniversity.ca/campuses/victoria/?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQiArrCvBhCNARIsAOkAGcX7xFH_aeDgAmnUCXCOYVfinkKttobxYQCiVDNdwNqIYc1mhSNtCXIaAnzYEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria</a>, and the <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Warwick</a>. The research offers a compelling explanation for the enigmatic behavior of a subset of white dwarf stars that seemingly defy the laws of physics by halting their cooling process for an astonishing ten billion years.



Traditionally, astronomy textbooks have taught that the cooling of white dwarf stars is a straightforward process. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/">stars</a> deplete their nuclear heat, the freezing of their core's dense plasma causes them to solidify from the inside out.



This classical picture was upended in 2019 when an analysis of data from the European Space Agency's Gaia satellite revealed that some white dwarfs remained unexpectedly warm over extensive periods, challenging experts to rethink their understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/">stellar evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncovering-new-processes">Uncovering new processes</h2>



"In order for these white dwarfs to cease cooling down, they must somehow produce additional energy," explained study co-author Sihao Cheng. 



The mystery of how these stars maintained their warmth has now been unraveled. The researchers propose a revolutionary theory in which the internal dynamics of certain white dwarfs diverge significantly from the expected behavior. 



Rather than a uniform process of freezing, the formation of solid crystals within these stars triggers a surprising physical reaction. The crystals, less dense than the surrounding liquid plasma, rise toward the surface, displacing the denser liquid downward. This movement generates enough gravitational energy to stall the cooling process for billions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-white-dwarf-stars">A new understanding of white dwarf stars </h2>



Cheng compares this to ice cubes floating in water, illustrating the complex physics in ancient stars on a cosmic scale. This discovery enriches our knowledge of white dwarf stars and prompts questions about influences like composition changes from progenitor star mergers.



Furthermore, the implications of this research are profound. White dwarf stars are integral to our understanding of the cosmic timeline, serving as indicators of age within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/">galaxy</a>.



The discovery that some white dwarfs cool more slowly suggests these stars may be billions of years older than estimated. This finding requires new age-calculation methods for stars, possibly changing our understanding of the Milky Way's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gateway-to-new-discoveries">A gateway to new discoveries</h2>



As we continue to explore the cosmos, the study of white dwarf stars remains at the forefront of unraveling the complex processes that govern the life and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dead-stars-will-help-astronomers-find-signs-of-life-on-exoplanets/">death</a> of stars. "Our work will necessitate updates to astronomy textbooks," said Cheng, highlighting the impact of their findings on the field of astronomy.



The study not only challenges our existing knowledge but also opens the door to new discoveries that could reshape our understanding of the universe.



The research was supported by a host of prestigious institutions, including the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the European Research Council.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07102-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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White dwarf stars may be billions of years older than estimated

In the vast expanse of the universe, white dwarf stars...

Athletes face a lot of pressure to perform, which can take a toll on their mental health. A new study from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/">University of Birmingham</a> suggests that coaches can help the overall well-being of athletes by being authentic leaders.



According to the research, when coaches display authentic leadership qualities, their athletes are less likely to act aggressively towards competitors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-authentic-leadership-and-mental-health">Authentic leadership and mental health</h2>



The researchers looked at how coaches who are genuine and honest (authentic leaders) may influence the mental health of athletes. They wanted to see if this leadership style could boost the mental well-being of athletes.



The team surveyed 751 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-fatigue-impairs-athletic-performance/">athletes</a> of various ages, genders, and sports - from local teams to international competitors. The athletes answered questions about how they saw their coaches' leadership, their own confidence and outlook (psychological capital), how their teammates treated them (supportive or mean), and their own mental health.



The findings suggest that authentic coaches can significantly improve the mental health of their athletes, both directly and indirectly. Athletes under authentic leaders felt happier, dealt with problems more easily, and experienced fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/embracing-stress-mindset-is-actually-a-good-thing-for-athletes/">stress</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-authentic-leaders">Key characteristics of authentic leaders</h2>



The study demonstrates that a coach's job is about more than just winning games. Some of the key factors include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-openness-and-transparency">Openness and transparency</h3>



Honest and straightforward coaches create a safe and trusting environment for their athletes. When coaches share information freely and clearly explain what's expected, athletes feel more secure and less worried about their responsibilities.&nbsp;



This openness also helps build respect between the coach and the athletes, which is a strong foundation for a positive team spirit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-strengths-and-weaknesses">Understanding strengths and weaknesses</h3>



Great coaches are skilled at figuring out what each athlete does well and where they might struggle. This lets them adjust their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-coaches-are-more-effective-when-they-lead-with-empathy/">coaching style</a> for each person, giving them the exact kind of help they need.&nbsp;



When athletes feel like their coach sees their strengths and weaknesses, it can make them feel good about themselves and more confident. This directly helps their mental state and overall well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-listening-to-different-perspectives">Listening to different perspectives</h3>



When coaches actively listen to their athletes' ideas and consider different viewpoints, it sends a strong message: the athletes' voices and opinions are important. This creates a more inclusive environment where athletes feel empowered.&nbsp;



Athletes gain a sense of control and involvement in how the team functions. Knowing their input is valued can significantly improve their mental well-being. It also fosters a strong team spirit built on mutual respect and a sense of belonging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-athletes-trust-and-commitment">Increasing athletes’ trust and commitment</h2>



“Coaches are vital in influencing athletes’ development and must be encouraged to show high authentic leadership - being open with their athletes and including them in decision making, whilst behaving ethically, admitting to their mistakes, and speaking honestly," noted Professor Kavussanu.



“Our study demonstrates that if a coach displays the attributes of an authentic leader this could have a positive impact on their athletes - increasing athletes’ trust, commitment, and enjoyment, and decreasing aggression."



“Sport enjoyment is particularly important for continued participation in sport, which tends to decline with age. As such, coaches who display authentic behaviors can increase their athletes’ enjoyment, with significant positive implications for athletes’ physical and mental well-being.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coaches-create-a-positive-team-atmosphere">Coaches create a positive team atmosphere</h2>



Authentic leaders set a good example for how team members should treat each other. The experts found several ways that authentic leadership creates a positive team atmosphere.&nbsp;



First, coaches who lead authentically tend to create an environment where teammates encourage and support each other more. This is probably because the coach themself acts this way towards the athletes, making it normal for the team to be positive and respectful.&nbsp;



Moreover, coaches who are authentic leaders seem to make team members act more kindly towards each other. This includes things like helping each other out, giving compliments, and celebrating each other's successes. 



These behaviors make the team feel more united. Importantly, authentic leadership also reduces negative behaviors like jealousy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-aggression-more-focus">Less aggression, more focus</h2>



By showing the importance of fairness and good behavior, the coach helps the team have fewer conflicts and problems with each other. This makes the team more focused on working together towards their goals.



“Higher level athletes tend to train together for longer hours and have the opportunity for more frequent social interaction with each other," said study lead author Professor Maria Kavussanu.



"The relationships that develop within the team become important, as do experiencing positive behaviors such as support and encouragement from their teammates, which can be promoted by coaches adopting an authentic leadership style."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaways-for-coaches">Key takeaways for coaches</h2>



This study offers a valuable lesson to coaches, showing that their influence goes beyond just teaching skills and winning games.&nbsp;



By creating a supportive environment, they help athletes feel valued as people, not just for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ginseng-improves-exercise-performance-and-helps-body-quickly-recover/">performance</a>. This leads to a positive team atmosphere where everyone feels encouraged and respected.&nbsp;



"This may have greater potential to strengthen the athletes’ psychological capital making them more resilient, confident, and optimistic with subsequent beneficial effects on their positive mental health," noted Professor Kavussanu.



"The stronger effect of authentic leadership on athletes’ competing at higher levels is a unique finding that is worth exploring further in future research."



The <a href="https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/mental-health-in-athletes-does-authentic-leadership-matter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> is published in the journal Psychology of Sport and Exercise.



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Coaches can improve athletes' lives by being authentic leaders 

Athletes face a lot of pressure to perform, which can...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...