Paleontologists have made a remarkable discovery that bridges a gap of 150 million years. Their new study has uncovered nearly 50 hidden relatives of Pterodactylus, the first pterosaur ever discovered.



This fossil find from the <a href="https://le.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leicester</a> allows scientists to piece together the life story of this ancient flying reptile, from its earliest days to adulthood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pterosaurs-the-basics">Understanding pterosaurs -- the basics</h2>



These fascinating flying reptiles weren't actually dinosaurs, but rather a separate group of flying reptiles that first appeared around 230 million years ago during the Triassic period. 



Unlike birds or bats, pterosaurs had a unique wing structure formed by a membrane of skin and muscle that stretched from an elongated fourth finger to their body. This created a lightweight and flexible flying apparatus that allowed them to soar and glide.



Different pterosaur species came in an astonishing range of sizes, from tiny creatures the size of sparrows to massive pterosaurs with wingspans around 33 feet wide. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_growth-stages_illustration_ULeicester_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_growth-stages_illustration_ULeicester_1s.webp" alt="Growth stages of Pterodactylus. From tiny &quot;flaplings&quot; no larger than a sparrow, most known specimens represent 'teenagers' comparable in size to a pigeon. Fully grown individuals boasted impressive wingspans exceeding 1 meter. Unlike birds, which must grow before achieving flight, even the smallest Pterodactylus were capable of flight from an early age. Credit: University of Leicester" class="wp-image-1954862"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Growth stages of Pterodactylus. From tiny "flaplings" no larger than a sparrow, most known specimens represent 'teenagers' comparable in size to a pigeon. Fully grown individuals boasted impressive wingspans exceeding 1 meter. Unlike birds, which must grow before achieving flight, even the smallest Pterodactylus were capable of flight from an early age. Credit: University of Leicester</figcaption></figure>



Some had long, spear-like beaks perfect for fishing, while others sported elaborate head crests that might have been used for display, communication, or even temperature regulation. 



Their bones were incredibly lightweight and hollow, similar to modern bird bones, which helped them achieve flight with minimal energy expenditure.



Pterosaurs were incredibly successful and adaptable creatures that survived for an impressive 160 million years before finally going extinct along with the dinosaurs during the catastrophic asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period. 



Their fossils have been discovered on every continent, revealing that they occupied diverse environments from coastal regions to inland areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-pterosaur-discovery">First pterosaur discovery</h2>



Almost 250 years ago, a fossil unearthed in a Bavarian quarry introduced the world to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pterosaur-new-species-named-abfab-had-wings-wide-as-car/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pterosaurs</a>. 



This fossil, named&nbsp;Pterodactylus, offered the first glimpse into the Mesozoic skies, where these creatures soared above the dinosaurs.



Though the first specimen was modest in size - comparable to a turtle dove - it revolutionized our understanding of prehistoric life and showcased the extraordinary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pterosaurs-took-flight-millions-of-years-before-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity of flying reptiles</a>.



Over time, however,&nbsp;Pterodactylus&nbsp;faded from public attention, overshadowed by its larger and flashier relatives, such as&nbsp;Pteranodon&nbsp;and&nbsp;Quetzalcoatlus. 



Yet, among scientists,&nbsp;the Pterodactylus genus remained a vital subject of study that played a central role in shaping our understanding of pterosaur anatomy, flight, diet, and growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-pterodactylus-family">Finding Pterodactylus family</h2>



Despite its significance, confusion has long surrounded&nbsp;Pterodactylus. 



Fossils attributed to this genus were often mixed with other species, making it challenging to determine which truly belonged to&nbsp;Pterodactylus. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-fossil-fills-crucial-gap-in-pterosaur-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ambiguity</a> persisted for centuries - until now.



Using UV fluorescence, paleontologists Robert Smyth and Dr. Dave Unwin from the <a href="https://le.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leicester</a> conducted a meticulous analysis of&nbsp;Pterodactylus&nbsp;fossils housed in museums across Europe. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_fossil_UV-light_ULeicester_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_fossil_UV-light_ULeicester_1s.webp" alt="UV photography of Pterodactylus. Ultraviolet light reveals remarkable details of the fossil invisible under normal lighting. This famous specimen showcases preserved soft tissues, including the delicate wing membranes, which fluoresce vividly under UV illumination. Credit: University of Leicester" class="wp-image-1954860"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">UV photography of Pterodactylus. Ultraviolet light reveals remarkable details of the fossil invisible under normal lighting. This famous specimen showcases preserved soft tissues, including the delicate wing membranes, which fluoresce vividly under UV illumination. Credit: University of Leicester</figcaption></figure>



By shining powerful UV light on fossilized bones, they illuminated previously invisible features that distinguish the&nbsp;Pterodactylus&nbsp;family from other pterosaurs. Their work revealed dozens of misclassified fossils, including over 40 specimens that were reidentified as&nbsp;Pterodactylus.



“By examining lots of fossils in collections across Europe, we were able to reidentify more than forty specimens as&nbsp;Pterodactylus,” said lead author Robert Smyth. 



“UV stimulated fluorescence is astonishing in the amount of detail it can reveal. Features that were once hidden were glowing in plain sight.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-face-of-nbsp-pterodactylus">New face of&nbsp;Pterodactylus</h2>



This discovery has profoundly altered the scientific understanding of&nbsp;the genus Pterodactylus. Previously thought to be a rare find, nearly 50 specimens have now been confirmed.



This expanded collection allows researchers to construct a complete and detailed skeletal anatomy of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cracking-the-code-of-pterosaur-flight-soaring-vs-flapping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pivotal pterosaur</a>. 



Remarkably, soft tissues are preserved in over 20 of the specimens, which provides unprecedented insights into a range of features.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_comparison-relative_fossil_UV-light_ULeicester_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Pterodactylus_comparison-relative_fossil_UV-light_ULeicester_1s.webp" alt="Family resemblance. This larger specimen is slightly jumbled, but it still reveals many important details, including the anatomy of the hands and feet, which have been found to be highly diagnostic features. This allows us to distinguish Pterodactylus from other closely related pterosaurs. Credit: University of Leicester" class="wp-image-1954857"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Family resemblance. This larger specimen is slightly jumbled, but it still reveals many important details, including the anatomy of the hands and feet, which have been found to be highly diagnostic features. This allows us to distinguish Pterodactylus from other closely related pterosaurs. Credit: University of Leicester</figcaption></figure>



“We can now construct a complete and highly detailed skeletal anatomy for this key pterosaur,” explained co-author Dr. Dave Unwin. “Soft tissues are fossilised in more than twenty examples so we can also reconstruct head crests, body shape, foot webs, and even the wings.”



The result is akin to a family portrait, showcasing Pterodactylus at every stage of its life. The smallest hatchlings, endearingly called “flaplings,” were robin-sized. 



These grew into “teenage” forms before reaching adulthood, where they boasted raven-sized bodies and wingspans of up to ten times their body length.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-revolutionary-technique">A revolutionary technique</h2>



The study highlights the transformative potential of UV fluorescence in paleontology. 



While the technique is well-known, the combination of advanced light sources and a systematic approach has yielded groundbreaking results in this case.



“UV stimulated fluorescence is a well-known technique,” Dr. Unwin noted. 



“But the difference in this case is that we have been able to combine new, high-quality light sources with a systematic "catch-all" approach, and it's going to have a revolutionary impact on our understanding of pterosaurs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pterodactylus-family-and-future-study">Pterodactylus family and future study</h2>



This discovery not only redefines&nbsp;Pterodactylus&nbsp;but also highlights the value of revisiting and reexamining existing collections of fossils.



With nearly 50 examples now identified, researchers have an unprecedented opportunity to explore the life history of one of the most important pterosaurs. 



From its early days as a tiny flapling to its commanding presence in the skies,&nbsp;the Pterodactylus&nbsp;fossils provide a vivid window into the Mesozoic era.



As families come together this festive season, paleontologists celebrate their own remarkable reunion - a long-lost family, brought back to light after 150 million years.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2421845" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a>. 



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Pterodactylus: New pterosaur family members discovered that lived 150 million years ago

Paleontologists have made a remarkable discovery that bridges a gap of 150 million years. Their new study has uncovered nearly 50 hidden relatives of Pterodactylus, the first pterosaur ever discovered. This fossil find from the University of Leicester allows scientists to piece together the life story of this ancient flying reptile, from its earliest days to adulthood. Understanding pterosaurs -- the basics These fascinating flying reptiles weren't actually dinosaurs, but rather a separate group of flying reptiles that first appeared around 230 million years ago during the Triassic...

In 1859, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of "living fossils." He referred to species that remarkably resemble their ancient ancestors, showing little to no observable change over millions of years.



Fast forward to today: a recent study by experts at <a href="https://www.yale.edu/">Yale University</a> sheds light on the genetic mechanisms that underpin this phenomenon. The research offers new perspectives on biodiversity and potential implications for human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gars-the-ancient-swimmers-of-today">Gars: the ancient swimmers of today</h2>



At the heart of this research is the gar, a ray-finned fish known for its ancient lineage and minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary change</a>. The study highlights gars as having the slowest rate of genetic change among all jawed vertebrates. 



This slow evolutionary pace is linked to their limited species diversity. It is thought to be driven by an exceptional DNA repair mechanism. This mechanism corrects mutations more efficiently than those seen in other vertebrates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genetic-enigma-of-evolutionary-stasis">The genetic enigma of evolutionary stasis</h2>



Thomas J. Near, a professor at Yale and the study's senior author, explained: "Our findings reveal that the slow molecular evolution of gars significantly limits their speciation. This research is the first of its kind to illustrate how a lineage's intrinsic biological traits can classify it as a living fossil." 



Near, who also serves as the Bingham Oceanographic Curator of Ichthyology at the Yale Peabody Museum, said that understanding gars' DNA repair mechanisms could have profound implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chia-seeds-have-great-potential-to-improve-human-health/">human health</a>. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer research, which often focuses on somatic mutations and the failure of DNA repair mechanisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-millions-of-years-the-hybridization-phenomenon">Bridging millions of years: the hybridization phenomenon</h2>



The study reveals that gar species have maintained nearly identical structural features to their Jurassic ancestors from about 150 million years ago. This finding is a testament to their status as living fossils.



The research team, led by Chase D. Brownstein, a graduate student at Yale, conducted an extensive analysis. They examined over 1,100 DNA coding regions from 471 jawed vertebrate species. 



The findings confirmed that gars evolve up to a thousand times slower than other vertebrate groups. This slow evolution showcases a unique phenomenon. 



Paired with instances of hybridization between distinct gar species in Texas' Brazos and Trinity River systems, it demonstrates their ability to crossbreed despite millions of years of genetic separation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-insights-from-living-fossils">Evolutionary insights from living fossils</h2>



The implications of these findings extend beyond academic interest in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-shoulders-evolved-from-the-jawbones-of-ancient-fish-called-placoderms/">ancient fish</a>. The researchers emphasize the significance of living fossils in understanding evolutionary processes and biodiversity. 



Furthermore, the study hints at the potential for medical breakthroughs. This is particularly true in the areas of genetic research and the understanding of DNA repair mechanisms.



In essence, the Yale team's work illuminates the evolutionary story of living fossils like gars. It bridges the gap between our planet's ancient past and its present biodiversity. 



The study also highlights the potential of these ancient creatures to inspire advancements in human health. Additionally, it deepens our understanding of the evolutionary process. 



Through meticulous research and analysis, this study not only honors Darwin's legacy but also opens new avenues for scientific discovery and application.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/evolut/advance-article/doi/10.1093/evolut/qpae028/7615529?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolution</a>.



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'Living fossils' could inspire advancements in human health

In 1859, Charles Darwin introduced the concept of "living fossils."...

The Earth's climate system is remarkably stable, allowing life to flourish on our planet for hundreds of millions of years. This stability is evident as surface temperatures have varied by no more than 20° Celsius. It suggests a natural "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-earths-thermostat-control-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermostat</a>" exists, finely tuning the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) over geological time periods.



A recent study spearheaded by Aaron Bufe, an <a href="https://www.en.geologie.geowissenschaften.uni-muenchen.de/geology-homepage/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU geologist</a>, and Niels Hovius from the <a href="https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Research Center for Geosciences</a>, sheds new light on the intricate processes that contribute to this natural climate regulation, specifically the role of erosion and weathering of rocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-weathering-on-the-carbon-cycle">Impact of weathering on the carbon cycle</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-rock-weathering-is-a-co2-source-comparable-to-volcanoes/">Weathering</a>, the breakdown of rocks through exposure to water and wind, plays a pivotal role in the carbon cycle. Silicate minerals, when weathered, remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which is later deposited as calcium carbonate. However, not all weathering processes aid in carbon capture. 



The weathering of carbonates, sulfides, and organic carbon-rich rocks can actually release CO2 back into the atmosphere. "These reactions are typically much faster than silicate weathering," Hovius explains. This underscores the complex impact that mountain building has on the carbon cycle and climate regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-on-natural-climate-regulation">Insights on natural climate regulation </h2>



To delve into this complexity, the research team employed a weathering model to analyze the rates of sulfide, carbonate, and silicate weathering across several regions with varying erosion rates, including Taiwan and New Zealand. 



The findings reveal consistent patterns across all studied locations. "We discovered similar behaviors in all locations, pointing to common mechanisms," says Bufe, indicating a fundamental understanding of how these processes interact globally.



Interestingly, the study revealed that the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-erosion-rates-have-exploded-in-the-midwestern-us/">erosion</a> rates and CO2 fluxes is not straightforward. CO2 capture through weathering reaches its peak at moderate erosion rates, approximately 0.1 millimeters per year. Beyond this rate, CO2 capture diminishes. 



Additionally, the process can even become a source of atmospheric CO2, especially in regions with high erosion rates like Taiwan or the Himalayas. This occurs because the increase in silicate weathering cannot keep pace with erosion. Meanwhile, the weathering of carbonates and sulfides continues to escalate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-significance-of-low-relief-mountain-ranges">The climate significance of low-relief mountain ranges</h3>



The research underscores the unique role of low-relief mountain ranges as significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/">carbon sinks</a>. Examples include the Black Forest in Germany and the Oregon Coast Range in the USA. 



These regions, with erosion rates around the optimal 0.1 millimeters per year, see an efficient weathering of silicate minerals, which significantly contributes to carbon capture. Bufe elucidates, "Over geological timescales, the temperature to which Earth's 'thermostat' is set therefore depends strongly on the global distribution of erosion rates."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications </h3>



The study not only enhances our understanding of the carbon cycle and its impact on global climate regulation but also sets the stage for future research. 



Bufe suggests that to gain a more comprehensive understanding of erosion's effects on the Earth's climate system, future studies should explore the role of organic carbon sinks and weathering processes in floodplains. 



The research underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in tackling complex environmental issues and deepens our appreciation for the subtle, yet powerful, forces that have made our planet hospitable for life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028">Physical Review X</a>.



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The surprising role of low-relief mountain ranges in climate regulation

The Earth's climate system is remarkably stable, allowing life to...

Researchers have identified a native plant gene that simplifies the process of creating bioluminescent plants, paving the way for plants to provide eco-friendly light to any home. 



This gene varies among plant species and enables the conversion of living energy into organic light, revealing the complex rhythms of plant life through its evolving luminosity. Such advancements pave the way for using these glowing plants to brighten our homes, gardens, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glow-dark-trees-street/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public spaces</a> in a sustainable manner.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-bioluminescent-plants">The journey of bioluminescent plants</h2>



The study, supported by Light Bio, marks a significant step forward in the quest to integrate the enchanting glow of bioluminescent plants into daily life. 



<a href="https://light.bio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Light Bio</a>, a leader in the development of these luminous plants, aims to deepen our connection with the natural world by bringing the magic of living light into our surroundings.



This research builds on previous findings that the glow of luminescent mushrooms is closely aligned with the central metabolic processes of plants. 



By incorporating a gene native to plants, researchers have enhanced the synergy between light production and energy consumption, optimizing the natural illumination process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-one-gene-changed-the-game">How one gene changed the game</h2>



Traditionally, creating bioluminescent plants required the integration of five genes from fungi. The discovery that a single plant gene can replace two of these fungal genes revolutionizes the approach, offering a more efficient and versatile method for producing light-emitting plants.



The significance of this compact gene lies in its ability to link plant metabolism directly to light production, transforming the plant’s internal activities into a visible display of natural light. 



This innovation has captured the imagination of the public, with Light Bio experiencing strong demand for its bioluminescent petunia, known as the <a href="https://youtu.be/5SfkWdkoKxM" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Firefly™ Petunia</a>. These plants emit a gentle glow akin to moonlight, enchanting all who see them.



Keith Wood, CEO of Light Bio, reports, “Sales for this remarkable plant have been impressively robust. We've had to ramp up production twice already to keep pace with the demand." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-and-sustainability-usda-s-seal-of-approval">Safety and sustainability: USDA’s seal of approval</h2>



The choice of petunia as the first product highlights its popularity and suitability for genetic enhancement, with these plants now glowing up to 100 times brighter than was previously possible.



Following an independent <a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/SA_By_Date/SA-2023/rsr-light-bio-petunia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review by the USDA</a>, the Firefly Petunia has been deemed safe for cultivation and breeding throughout the United States. Priced at $29 USD per plant, it is available for purchase from Light Bio's website, with shipping to all 48 contiguous states starting in April.



Looking ahead, Light Bio, in partnership with <a href="https://www.ginkgobioworks.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ginkgo Bioworks</a>, aims to develop plants that are ten times brighter and available in a wider range of varieties and colors. Beyond their visual appeal, these bioluminescent plants offer deep insights into plant molecular physiology, with potential applications in crop development and disease resistance.



The fusion of science, aesthetics, and environmental consciousness in bioluminescent plants represents a bright future for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biden-moves-to-phase-out-energy-inefficient-light-bulbs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable lighting</a> and a deeper connection with the natural world. As we continue to explore the possibilities, these glowing plants stand as a testament to human ingenuity and the endless wonders of nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bioluminescent-plants">More about bioluminescent plants</h2>



As discussed above, bioluminescent plants, nature's own light sources, offer an enchanting alternative to artificial lighting, merging ecological sustainability with aesthetic beauty. 



These plants harness a unique gene to convert their metabolic energy into a soft, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-new-species-of-glowing-sea-worms-found-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic glow</a>, illuminating their surroundings with the light of life itself. 



This remarkable ability enhances the visual appeal of landscapes and living spaces and opens new doors in scientific research and environmental conservation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-glow">Science behind the glow</h3>



At the heart of bioluminescent plants lies a revolutionary discovery. As discussed previously in this article, one specific gene, found naturally in certain plant species, that catalyzes the transformation of living energy into light. 



This process, akin to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescence-animals-glow-dark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioluminescence</a> observed in fireflies and deep-sea organisms, is a testament to the incredible versatility and adaptability of nature. 



Researchers have learned to manipulate this gene, optimizing the interplay between light production and energy utilization to create plants that glow more brightly and consistently than ever before.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brightening-our-world-with-bioluminescent-flora">Brightening our world with bioluminescent flora</h3>



The practical applications of bioluminescent plants stretch far beyond their novelty. From eco-friendly garden lighting to innovative interior design, these glowing plants offer a sustainable alternative to electrical lighting, reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint. 



Furthermore, their use in public spaces can enhance safety and visibility without disrupting wildlife, as their gentle glow does not contribute to light pollution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescent-plants-and-the-future">Bioluminescent plants and the future</h3>



The future of bioluminescent plants shines with potential. Advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology promise plants that glow more brightly and in a wider array of colors, opening up new possibilities for design and decoration. 



Beyond aesthetics, the research into plant bioluminescence is unlocking deeper understanding of plant physiology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-glow-dark-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biochemistry</a>, with implications for crop enhancement, disease resistance, and environmental monitoring.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illuminating-the-path-forward">Illuminating the path forward</h3>



In summary, bioluminescent plants stand at the intersection of beauty, science, and sustainability, offering a glimpse into a future where technology harmonizes with nature. 



As we continue to explore and expand the capabilities of these luminous living lights, we find innovative solutions for environmental challenges, and bring a bit of nature's magic into our everyday lives. The journey into the world of bioluminescent flora is just beginning, promising a brighter, greener future for all.



The researchers published the full study in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk1992" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Bioluminescent plants can now provide eco-friendly lighting to every home

Researchers have identified a native plant gene that simplifies the...

Have you ever paused to consider the significance of your chin? Beyond being a convenient prop while lost in thought or gazing at a screen, the chin stands out as a uniquely human trait. No other ape sports this distinctive knob of bone protruding below the mouth, setting us apart in the animal kingdom.



Brian Keeling, a Fulbright award recipient and doctoral candidate in anthropology at <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a>, is delving deep into the origins and evolution of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-mystery-why-are-mammals-the-only-vertebrates-to-have-only-one-lower-jawbone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human jaw</a>. 



Currently based at the University of Alcalá in Spain, Keeling is pursuing research that probes the question of why humans developed chins - a feature that not only distinguishes us from our closest evolutionary relatives but varies widely among individuals today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-modern-human-chin">The modern human chin</h2>



Under the guidance of Professor Rolf Quam, Keeling embarked on this journey to unlock the secrets of our jaw's evolution, a question that has puzzled scientists for generations. "The appearance of the modern human chin is a longstanding question in evolutionary history," said Quam. 



Despite numerous theories, a definitive explanation for the development of the human chin remains elusive. Keeling's work represents a fresh attempt to solve this age-old mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neandertals-vs-homo-sapiens">Neandertals vs. Homo Sapiens</h2>



Comparing the jaw shapes and chin development of Homo sapiens with those of the Neandertals, Keeling seeks to uncover why our faces are so unique. Unlike modern humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-genes-still-influence-modern-humans/">Neandertals</a> lacked a bony chin, had pronounced brow ridges, and their faces protruded more. 



This comparison not only highlights the physical differences but also suggests variations in how these species might have used their jaws—factors that could have influenced their development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-culinary-clue-to-chin-evolution">A culinary clue to chin evolution</h2>



One prevailing theory suggests that the advent of cooking, which lessened the need for heavy-duty jaws, played a role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/">evolution</a> of our jaw shape. However, this theory doesn't hold up when considering that Neandertals, known to have cooked their food, still had different jaw structures from modern humans. 



This discrepancy led Keeling to explore further back in time, extending his research to even earlier human ancestors found in Spain's Sierra de Atapuerca caves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tmj-and-tales-of-ancient-jaws">TMJ and tales of ancient jaws</h2>



The quest for understanding goes beyond mere physical appearance. Keeling is intrigued by the potential cultural implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-animal-jaws-optimized-bite-strength-and-speed/">jaw use</a>, including the prevalence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease among Neandertals - a condition that remains a concern today. 



Could the ways in which Neandertals used their jaws shed light on their lives and, by extension, offer insights into the long history of our own species?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconnecting-with-our-roots-through-research">Reconnecting with our roots through research</h2>



Through his research, Keeling aims to peel back the layers of human history, uncovering stories lost to time. "Maybe through studying the jaw, we can recover insights into Neandertal life histories that were lost with time," he said. 



"And our stories as well, because our species probably has more than a 300,000-year history, and we seem to remember only so much about it."



In tracing the evolution of the chin, Keeling's work not only seeks to answer a specific scientific question but also to connect us more deeply with our ancient ancestors, highlighting the unique features that make us human.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a>.



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The elusive evolution of the human chin

Have you ever paused to consider the significance of your...

In an era where nearly two billion people worldwide are threatened by land subsidence, understanding and addressing this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geohazard-giant-sinkholes-near-oil-patches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geohazard</a> has become a critical mission. 



Land subsidence involves the sinking of the earth's surface, triggered by a range of natural and human-induced factors. This process presents significant risks to urban infrastructure, agriculture, and the availability of water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-vs-human-factors">Natural vs. human factors</h2>



Subsidence can unfold in two distinct ways: it can strike suddenly or emerge gradually over years. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-cities-on-u-s-coast-face-a-double-threat-as-sea-levels-rise/">phenomenon</a> is driven by a mix of natural events, such as earthquakes and volcanic activity, and human actions, including groundwater abstraction and mining. 



Subsidence poses a significant challenge in densely populated areas. There, it can cause buildings to collapse and damage vital infrastructure. Such events not only endanger lives but also add complexity to the management of resources. Furthermore, experts have identified groundwater abstraction as a primary catalyst for subsidence. This process involves actively removing water from underground reserves for both consumption and irrigation. 



As water is extracted, the ground above it compacts, leading to sinking land. This connection between groundwater use and subsidence highlights the urgent need for careful water resource management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-powered-insights-into-subsidence">AI-powered insights into subsidence</h2>



A recent study sheds new light on this issue. The research was led by Tsimur Davydzenka, a Ph.D. researcher at Colorado School of Mines, along with Dr. Pejman Tahmasebi and Professor Nima Shokri. The team utilized deep machine learning to predict global land subsidence impacts. 



"Land subsidence is a destructive phenomenon that damages infrastructure and aquifers, as well as putting human lives at risk. Population growth has played an undeniable part in resource extraction that has led to subsidence," noted the researchers.



The groundbreaking work has led to the creation of the world's first global map of subsidence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-subsidence-will-affect-635-million-people-by-2040/">rates</a>. This map serves as a vital tool, informing groundwater management policies and guiding efforts to mitigate subsidence. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-impact-of-subsidence">Widespread impact of subsidence </h2>



The researchers conducted an extensive analysis of 46,000 subsidence scenarios, taking into account variables such as climate, geography, and soil composition. 



Through rigorous examination, the team determined that over 6.3 million square kilometers of land are at significant risk of subsidence. This area is home to nearly 25% of the global population, highlighting the widespread impact of this issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-and-adaptation-strategies">Mitigation and adaptation strategies</h2>



The research also underscores the importance of reducing reliance on groundwater. Proposed strategies include enhancing water use efficiency, implementing stricter regulations, promoting water-smart agriculture, and investing in water recycling technologies. 



Additionally, exploring alternative water sources like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toilet-to-tap-california-approves-wastewater-recycling-amid-drought-crisis/">treated wastewater</a> and rainwater harvesting could play a crucial role in sustaining water supplies without further depleting groundwater reserves.



The findings reveal that unconsolidated sediments are particularly vulnerable to subsidence, with cultivated lands being the most at-risk. Regions like South Asia face the highest threat, with millions of people potentially impacted. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications </h2>



The research serves a dual purpose: it aids in the planning and preparedness of communities affected by subsidence and lays the groundwork for refining predictive models. These improved models will help local authorities develop targeted strategies for mitigation, enhancing the resilience of vulnerable areas.



The researchers noted that enhancing these models to capture details such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/">groundwater</a> abstraction depth and the impact of industries will be vital in addressing the intertwined challenges of population growth, groundwater dependency, and climate change-induced droughts. 



With land subsidence poised to remain a critical global issue, the integration of innovative research, strategic policy-making, and community engagement will be essential in safeguarding our future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL104497" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Two billion people are threatened by land subsidence

In an era where nearly two billion people worldwide are...

Scientists have identified the gene that allows marine algae to produce a unique form of chlorophyll, leading to significant advancements in agricultural and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-can-help-lower-the-cost-of-biofuel-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biofuel production</a>. 



The research, spearheaded by <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> assistant professor of bioengineering, Tingting Xiang, and published in Current Biology, sheds light on a long-standing mystery in the scientific community regarding the molecular processes behind the algae's ability to thrive in aquatic environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsung-heroes-of-our-oceans">Unsung heroes of our oceans</h2>



Marine algae are vital to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-farming-could-boost-food-security-slow-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's ecosystem</a>, generating half of the oxygen we breathe and forming the base of numerous food chains that include fish, mammals, and humans. 



“It generates even more oxygen than plants on land. And they feed huge food webs, fish that get eaten by mammals and humans,” said Xiang. “Despite their global significance, we did not understand the genetic basis for the algae’s survival, until now.”



The study marks a pioneering achievement by demonstrating that a terrestrial plant, specifically tobacco, can be genetically modified to produce marine chlorophyll. 



This alteration allows the plant to absorb a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/coral-Acropora-juvenile-polyps_Breviolum-minutum-algae_UCR_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">broader spectrum of light</a>, potentially leading to improved growth rates. This innovative approach could theoretically apply to any land plant, offering a new pathway to enhance crop yields on limited land resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-algae-and-the-science-of-chlorophyll">Marine algae and the science of chlorophyll</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-blue-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chlorophyll</a> plays a critical role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light into energy. While terrestrial plants typically produce chlorophylls a and b, marine algae and kelp produce chlorophyll c. 



This type of chlorophyll allows them to utilize the blue-green light that penetrates ocean water, a capability attributed to the unique absorption properties of chlorophyll c. 



“Chlorophylls b and c absorb light at different wavelengths,” Xiang explained. “The ocean absorbs red light, which is why it looks blue. Chlorophyll c evolved to capture the blue-green light that penetrates deeper into the water.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biofuel-production-and-environmental-impact">Biofuel production and environmental impact</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond agriculture into the realm of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biofuels-may-eliminate-90-of-black-smoke-emissions-from-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biofuel production</a>. By genetically engineering certain algae species to produce chlorophyll c, their efficiency in utilizing light can be enhanced, potentially increasing the biomass available for biofuel production.



This discovery originated from a study on algae species symbiotic with coral, which share the sugars produced via photosynthesis with their coral hosts. 



Through working with mutant algae, the researchers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-genetics-could-help-engineer-more-resilient-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">uncovered the gene</a> responsible for chlorophyll c production. This unexpected find offers new insights into coral bleaching and the symbiotic relationships within marine ecosystems.



The identification of the chlorophyll c biosynthetic pathway represents a significant leap forward, not only for understanding marine ecosystems but also for addressing global challenges such as food security and sustainable energy. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sowing-seeds-for-the-future-with-marine-algae">Sowing seeds for the future with marine algae</h2>



Robert Jinkerson, a UCR chemical engineering professor and study co-author, emphasized the broader impact of this research, stating, "The identification of the biosynthetic pathway for chlorophyll c is more than a scientific curiosity; it's a potential game-changer for sustainable energy and food security.”



In summary, this pioneering discovery of the gene enabling marine algae to produce chlorophyll c marks a pivotal moment in both agricultural and environmental sciences. 



By unlocking the genetic secrets of these aquatic powerhouses, researchers have developed a method for enhancing crop yields and more efficient biofuel production, while offering a beacon of hope in the fight against climate change. 



This scientific achievement transcends the confines of the ocean, promising a future where food security and sustainable energy are within closer reach, and illustrating the profound impact that understanding and harnessing nature's intricacies can have on our world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-marine-chlorophyll-and-algae">More about marine chlorophyll and algae</h2>



As discussed above, marine chlorophyll stands as a testament to the intricate and fascinating processes that govern life beneath the waves. This pigment, crucial for photosynthesis, not only sustains marine ecosystems but also plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of our planet's atmosphere.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essence-of-marine-chlorophyll">Essence of marine chlorophyll</h3>



At the heart of marine chlorophyll's significance is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which organisms convert light into energy. 



Unlike its terrestrial counterparts, marine chlorophyll specializes in absorbing light in the blue-green spectrum, prevalent in ocean waters. 



This adaptation enables phytoplankton, microscopic algae, and kelp to thrive, forming the foundation of marine food webs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catalyst-for-life">Catalyst for life</h3>



Marine chlorophyll does more than just fuel the growth of aquatic plants. It is instrumental in producing the oxygen we breathe, with phytoplankton contributing a significant portion of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen. 



This oxygen production underscores the interconnectedness of life, linking the health of marine ecosystems to our own survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-warriors">Climate change warriors</h3>



Beyond oxygen production, marine chlorophyll plays a crucial role in carbon sequestration. Through photosynthesis, marine organisms capture carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. 



This natural process highlights the importance of preserving marine habitats, as they are key players in the fight against climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-marine-chlorophyll-and-algae-research">Future of marine chlorophyll and algae research</h3>



The study of marine chlorophyll is unlocking new possibilities in science and technology. From enhancing crop yields through genetic engineering to developing sustainable biofuels, the potential applications of this research are vast. 



By understanding and harnessing the power of marine chlorophyll, we can address some of the most pressing challenges of our time, including food security and climate change.



In summary, marine chlorophyll is not merely a pigment but a cornerstone of life on Earth. Its ability to convert light into life-sustaining energy underpins the health of our oceans and, by extension, the well-being of our planet. 



As we continue to explore the depths of the ocean, we uncover more about this remarkable substance, revealing the boundless potential of nature's designs and their implications for our future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982223017682" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Marine algae genes used to boost crop yields in land plants

Scientists have identified the gene that allows marine algae to...

3d,Dna,Strand,With,Vibrant,Colors,For,Genetics,Background

The blueprint of life, DNA, is an intricate molecular structure that encodes the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It is composed of only four nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nucleobases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. 



These nucleotides are arranged into the iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-ocean-dna-study-uncovers-mysteries-of-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA double helix</a>, reminiscent of a spiral staircase, stretching millions of units long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-new-ground-with-tna">Breaking new ground with TNA</h2>



A remarkable study by the University of Chicago’s <a href="https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Chemistry</a>, scientists have pushed the boundaries of genetic engineering by demonstrating the ability to extensively modify nucleotide structures in the lab. 



The research introduces an innovative variant of nucleic acid, termed <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/DNA_TNA_comparison_graphic_credit-Stephanie-Kath-Schorr_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threofuranosyl</a> nucleic acid (TNA), which incorporates a novel base pair, marking a significant leap towards the development of entirely artificial nucleic acids endowed with superior chemical functionalities.



This pioneering work, titled ‘Expanding the Horizon of the Xeno Nucleic Acid Space: Threose Nucleic Acids with Increased Information Storage’, has been featured in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancements-and-advantages-of-tna">Enhancements and advantages of TNA</h2>



Artificial nucleic acids like TNA diverge in structure from their natural counterparts, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-collect-human-dna-from-water-air-and-basically-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> and RNA. These modifications not only enhance their stability but also alter their functionality. 



“Our threofuranosyl nucleic acid is more stable than the naturally occurring nucleic acids DNA and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, which brings many advantages for future therapeutic use,” elucidates Professor Dr. Stephanie Kath-Schorr. 



In crafting TNA, the conventional 5-carbon sugar backbone found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a>, deoxyribose, was substituted with a 4-carbon sugar variant. Moreover, the diversity of nucleobases expanded from the standard four to six.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broadening-therapeutic-horizons">Broadening therapeutic horizons</h2>



This structural innovation ensures that TNA evades recognition and subsequent degradation by the cell’s enzymes, a notable challenge in the realm of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. 



Synthetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, when introduced into cells, is rapidly broken down, diminishing its efficacy. TNAs, however, persist undetected, prolonging their therapeutic impact.



“In addition, the built-in unnatural base pair enables alternative binding options to target molecules in the cell,” highlights Hannah Depmeier, lead author of the study. 



This feature opens new avenues for precisely controlling cellular mechanisms through the development of novel aptamers -- short <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-dna-secrets-revealed-by-genomic-time-machine-and-transposable-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA </a>or RNA sequences. 



Kath-Schorr is optimistic about the potential applications of TNAs, ranging from the targeted delivery of drugs to specific organs, to diagnostic uses such as the detection of viral proteins or biomarkers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-tna-in-genetic-medicine">The promise of TNA in genetic medicine</h2>



In summary, scientists at the University of Chicago have made a breakthrough, creating a synthetic nucleic acid, threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA), in the lab. 



By introducing a more stable and versatile synthetic form of nucleic acid, this innovation paves the way for advanced therapeutic applications, targeted drug delivery, and precise diagnostics. 



As we embrace the possibilities offered by TNAs, from enhancing the effectiveness of treatments to revolutionizing the way we approach diseases, the future of medicine and genetic research stands on the cusp of transformation. 



The journey into this uncharted genetic frontier promises not only to deepen our understanding of life's molecular foundations but also to unlock unprecedented opportunities for improving human health worldwide.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c14626" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a>.



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Artificial building block of life, called TNA, created in the lab

The blueprint of life, DNA, is an intricate molecular structure...

Turbulence is a phenomenon we encounter every day, whether in the swoosh of wind through leaves, the rush of water down a river, or the unsettling bumps mid-flight on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">airplane</a>. But what if someone told you a much smaller nudge, even the frenetic movement of a single molecule, could trigger a similar dramatic effect? 



Research by Professor Nigel Goldenfeld at the University of California, San Diego reveals the surprisingly spontaneous nature of turbulence. The findings challenge our understanding of how seemingly predictable systems can morph into unpredictable chaos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phenomenon-of-turbulence">The phenomenon of turbulence </h2>



For the investigation, the team employed theoretical modeling techniques to investigate the phenomenon of turbulence. They focused on the simplified equation system due to the computational challenges posed by using the full fluid equations. 



This allowed them to explore how tiny random movements of molecules could influence large-scale unpredictable patterns in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-turbulence-impacts-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowing fluids</a>. The researchers simulated fluid behavior with disturbances as small as microns and observed the development of spontaneous randomness.



Imagine a twig, barely nudged by a gentle river current. What if this seemingly trivial movement could trigger a chain reaction, leading to massive and spontaneous turbulence? This research challenges our conventional perception. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-butterfly-effect">The butterfly effect</h2>



The study suggests that even minuscule disturbances can snowball into dramatic consequences, much like the famous "butterfly effect." In that analogy, a butterfly flapping its wings in one location can ultimately trigger a storm far away.



"In turbulent systems, a very small disturbance at one point will have an amplified effect at a finite point in the future, but through a mechanism that is faster than chaos," said Professor Goldenfeld. This revelation reveals the unexpected power that even the smallest events can hold within turbulent systems. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spontaneous-turbulence">Spontaneous turbulence</h2>



The findings shed light on a phenomenon called "spontaneous stochasticity," where randomness emerges from what was expected to be predictable. 



Picture the flow of water over that twig in the river. While the initial disturbance might seem trivial, it spawns eddies and swirls downstream, creating a symphony of turbulence. 



What's remarkable is that this randomness persists regardless of the nature of the disturbance- a twig, a pebble, or a clod of dirt, all yield the same patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermal-noises">Thermal noises </h2>



In their study, the team focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/">thermal noise</a>, the subtle hum of molecular motion underlying the world around us. In fluids, like air or water, thermal noise acts like a conductor, invisibly guiding the chaotic motion of molecules into the swirling patterns of turbulence. Each molecule contributes a small movement to the overall chaos.



Goldenfeld's team studied how this random motion, the thermal noise, influences the complex behavior of fluids. The research showed that thermal noise plays a crucial role in shaping how fluids move turbulently. 



This ubiquitous presence of noise in the molecular interactions within fluids, serves as a constant background against which turbulence operates and creates spontaneous patterns.



Essentially, thermal noise reminds us that there's an element of chance in everything. It highlights the balance between predictable rules and unpredictable events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-understanding-of-turbulence">New understanding of turbulence </h2>



But what implications does this have beyond the realm of rivers and air currents? Professor Goldenfeld suggests that this newfound understanding of turbulence may have far-reaching consequences, from weather forecasting to astrophysics.



"In weather forecasts, there is always a fundamental source of randomness," said Goldenfeld. "The precise sense in which this unpredictability was inevitable wasn’t fully understood before our work." 



The experts acknowledge the existence of random, unpredictable events. These unexpected occurrences highlight the inherent limitations in perfectly predicting the behavior of complex systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



While their study marks a significant leap forward in our understanding of turbulence, Goldenfeld and his colleagues acknowledge that there's still much to explore. They aim to validate their findings using the full fluid equations, unlocking even deeper insights into the hidden mechanisms of turbulence. 



"For now, this will have to do," Goldenfeld remarked, echoing the sentiment of many pioneers in the field of science. "But we hope that future supercomputer calculations will be able to confirm our results using the full fluid equations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Throughout the vast universe, turbulence plays a significant role, affecting everything from tiny molecules to enormous galactic storms. This turbulence creates intricate patterns, like a complex melody in a grand symphony. 



These swirling movements, often appearing chaotic, highlight the delicate balance between order and randomness that shapes our world. Turbulence isn't just about disorder; it also holds a surprising beauty, showcasing the incredible creativity present in nature's processes.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.132.104002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.

Even microscopic noises could trigger spontaneous turbulence

Turbulence is a phenomenon we encounter every day, whether in...

In a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> and the <a href="https://cyprusturtles.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Cyprus Society for the Protection of Turtles</a> (SPOT), researchers have uncovered distressing evidence of plastic pollution's impact on sea turtles in the Mediterranean.&nbsp;



The experts found hundreds of plastic items, including a Halloween toy, within the intestines of deceased sea turtles.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deceased-sea-turtles-ingested-plastics">Deceased sea turtles ingested plastics</h2>



The study was focused on 135 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loggerhead-turtles-migrate-using-a-secret-thermal-corridor/">loggerhead</a> turtles found washed ashore or accidentally entangled in fishing nets off the coast of northern Cyprus.&nbsp;



The research revealed that a significant portion of these marine creatures had ingested "macroplastics" - plastic pieces larger than 5mm, ranging from bottle caps to a rubber witch's finger from a Halloween costume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-lasting-pressure-on-marine-systems">Long-lasting pressure on marine systems</h2>



“High densities of marine plastic pollution are now present across oceanic gyres, coastal waters and beaches, putting long-lasting pressure on marine systems," wrote the study authors. 



"An estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic enter the ocean each year, which is predicted to increase 2.6-fold by 2040. The widespread dispersion and mobility of plastic pollution and its presence in all marine habitats allows it to interact with a wide variety of biota."



"Plastic represents a threat to multiple marine vertebrate species through ingestion, entanglement and degradation of key habitats, although population-scale impacts have been more difficult to determine."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loggerhead-turtles-as-bioindicators-of-ecosystem-health">Loggerhead turtles as bioindicators of ecosystem health</h2>



The research highlights the loggerhead turtle as a potential "bioindicator" for gauging the breadth and ramifications of plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">pollution</a> in marine environments.&nbsp;



"The journey of that Halloween toy – from a child’s costume to the inside of a sea turtle – is a fascinating glimpse into the life cycle of plastic," said lead author Emily Duncan, an ecologist at Exeter. 



“These turtles feed on gelatinous prey such as jellyfish and seabed prey such as crustaceans, and it’s easy to see how this item might have looked like a crab claw.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-levels-of-plastic-ingestion-nbsp">Varied levels of plastic ingestion&nbsp;</h2>



The investigation identified a total of 492 macroplastic pieces, with a single turtle containing as many as 67 pieces, although the reason for such varied levels of plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-sea-turtles-are-swallowing-plastic-trash/">ingestion</a> among turtles sharing the same habitat remains unclear.&nbsp;



The study further observed a "strong selectivity" by the turtles for specific types, colors, and shapes of plastic, predominantly sheet-like (62%), clear (41%), or white (25%) pieces, with polypropylene (37%) and polyethylene (35%) being the most commonly ingested polymers.&nbsp;



 “It’s likely that turtles ingest the plastics that mostly closely resemble their foods,” Duncan explained. “We still don’t know the full impacts of macroplastic on turtles’ health, but negative effects could include causing blockages and limiting nutrition.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study spanned a decade, from 2012 to 2022, during which the rate of macroplastic ingestion remained constant, showing no discernible increase over time and no significant difference between turtles that were stranded and those caught as bycatch.



This research sheds crucial light on the issue of plastic pollution in the eastern Mediterranean, yet it underscores the necessity for further study.&nbsp;



To establish loggerhead turtles as an effective "bioindicator," larger sample sizes are required, and the inclusion of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-turtles-plastic-food/">green turtles</a> in future research is recommended by senior author Brendan Godley, leader of the Exeter Marine research group.&nbsp;



This approach aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological threat posed by plastics to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a>.



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Hundreds of plastic items found in deceased sea turtles

In a recent study led by the University of Exeter...

In a new study led by the <a href="https://www.oist.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a> (OIST) and <a href="https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Academia Sinica</a> in Taiwan, researchers have illuminated the intricate and selective relationships between anemonefish and their sea anemone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-anemones-exercise-to-build-their-bodies/">hosts</a> in the Mediterranean. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specific-habitat-choices">Specific habitat choices</h2>



The findings revealed that some anemonefish species, such as the yellow-tail anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii), are adaptable generalists inhabiting various sea anemones.&nbsp;



Other anemonefish, like the tomato <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-impacts-the-development-of-clownfish/">clownfish</a> (Amphiprion frenatus), are specialists that coexist exclusively with the bubble-tip sea anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor).&nbsp;



This specificity in habitat choice has puzzled scientists, partly due to the sparse knowledge on the genetic diversity of giant sea anemones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bubble-tip-giant-sea-anemone">Bubble-tip giant sea anemone</h2>



The study aimed to shed light on the genetic diversity within the bubble-tip giant sea anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor) population in Japan.



The experts discovered that anemonefish possess a sophisticated ability to distinguish between different populations of giant sea anemones - a task that proves challenging for humans without genetic analysis.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetically-distinct-lineages-nbsp">Genetically distinct lineages&nbsp;</h2>



The research unveiled a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-differences-in-fish-are-important-for-conservation/">genetic variety</a> within the bubble-tip sea anemone specimens, identifying four distinct genetic lineages.&nbsp;



“Within the bubble-tip giant sea anemone species (Entacmaea) our phylogenetic tree reveals the presence of two main groups with a common ancestor in Okinawa," explained lead author Rio Kashimoto, a PhD student in marine genomics at OIST.



"The first group consists of three categories of descendants, A, B, and C, which are associated with the yellow-tail anemonefish as the host species. The second group, category D, is associated with the tomato anemonefish as the host species.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anemonefish-recognize-sea-anemone-lineages">Anemonefish recognize sea anemone lineages</h2>



To test if anemonefish could differentiate between the two groups in a controlled environment, the researchers conducted experiments using a large tank at the OIST Marine Science Station.&nbsp;



“In lab experiments we observed that in most cases each anemonefish species can recognize the sea anemone lineage it is associated with in the wild, despite the fact the clades look the same," said Vincent Laudet, the leader of the the Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit at OIST.



"We also observed that these lineages do not express the same genes, especially genes for toxicity and color - sea anemones use venom for prey capture, digestion and defense, and they probably do not have the same odor, which may be a key part in how anemonefish recognize different lineages."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cryptic-sea-anemone-species-nbsp">Cryptic sea anemone species&nbsp;</h2>



The study not only challenges our previous understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-symbiotic-relationships-evolve-between-species/">symbiotic relationships</a> between anemonefish and sea anemones but also suggests the existence of two cryptic species within what was thought to be a single species of the bubble-tip sea anemone.&nbsp;



“Therefore, anemonefish are able to identify distinct lineages of sea anemones that we humans can’t distinguish," said Laudet.



"We believe that these two main groups represent two cryptic species - species that we cannot identify by looking at them, but they are genetically distinct."



The findings underscore the marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-stability-helped-ocean-biodiversity-flourish/">biodiversity</a> present in Okinawa and Japan and highlight the complex ecological interactions that have yet to be fully understood.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.051" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Anemonefish can distinguish between anemone species

In a new study led by the Okinawa Institute of...

Microscopic organisms living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-carbon-buried-deep-beneath-the-forest-is-disrupted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>, called microbes, are essential for a healthy planet. They help plants grow and decompose organic matter, keeping ecosystems functioning smoothly. But what happens to these vital soil microbes when human actions disrupt the environment? 



Researchers at Michigan State University (<a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>) are finding answers in a most unexpected place: a 60-year-old underground coal mine fire in Centralia, Pennsylvania. This "press disturbance," as scientists call it, has been continuously burning since 1962, heating the soil above as it spreads. 



The research uncovered a remarkable survival tactic used by the dormant soil microbes. The microbes essentially put their life processes on hold, allowing them to endure harsh conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-soil-microbes">Diversity of soil microbes</h2>



"If you look in a gram of soil, you have tens of thousands of different bacterial species. Soil is the most diverse microbiome that we know, more diverse even than the human gut," said Ashley Shade, an associate professor in the MSU Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences.



For seven years, Professor Shade and her colleague, Samuel Barnett, a postdoctoral scholar at the lab, analyzed soil dynamics over time in Centralia. Their annual expeditions involved collecting soil samples from fire-affected areas to understand how microbial communities adapt to the heat altering their habitat. 



"We go out every October, and we take soil cores," said Dr. Barnett. "We have a big PVC pipe that we sterilize and drive into the soil and pull out about 20 centimeters or 8 inches of soil. Then we sieve the soil to get rid of roots and rocks and the stuff we don't want and then freeze it in liquid nitrogen and bring it to the lab."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-and-dormant-soil-microbes">Active and dormant soil microbes</h2>



There are two main states of soil microbes: active and dormant. Active microbes are busybodies. They're constantly growing, multiplying, and doing their jobs in the environment. This includes cleaning up waste, breaking down dead things, and making sure everything runs smoothly. 



Dormant microbes, on the other hand, have slowed down their activity to almost a standstill. They're not growing or reproducing, but they're not dead either. Dormancy is basically a survival tactic that lets these microbes wait until things get better.



The experts observed a surprising change in the balance between active and dormant soil microbes in the burned areas. A large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> in the soil existed in a low-activity state. These microbes survive the harsh conditions by becoming dormant. 



When the environment becomes favorable again, the dormant microbes can become active and contribute to soil. The ability to switch between active and dormant states is essential for the soil to recover from the fire damages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-dormant-bacteria">Critical role of dormant bacteria</h2>



This study emphasizes the critical role dormant bacteria play in the soil's resilience. This resilience, built on both active and dormant populations, demonstrates the complex way microbial communities respond to the environment. 



"Many people don't realize that an incredible number of soil microbes are simply not active and functioning at any given time," noted Professor Shade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-microbes-and-climate-change">Soil microbes and climate change</h2>



Interestingly, the researchers noted a steady decrease in soil temperature within the burned areas over the seven years studied. 



Even though the initial heat from the fire subsided over time, the fire's impact on the soil's chemistry remained. This was evident through ongoing carbon dioxide release (CO2 venting) and changes in the soil's acidity (pH levels).



The research shows that dormant soil microbes are actively involved in keeping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-soil-microbes-could-revolutionize-climate-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment stable</a> and helping it recover from disruptions. They have surprising abilities to adapt to harsh conditions. Understanding how these microbial communities function is crucial as our planet faces increasing challenges from climate change. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Centralia's story showcases how life endures even in harsh conditions. This knowledge not only improves our understanding of microbes, but also offers possibilities for repairing environments damaged by human actions. 



"If we can understand what wakes up the dormant microbes, we can try to manage the microbiome, for example, to wake up when we need it to wake up, to go to sleep potentially when we need it to go to sleep," said Professor Shade.



As we face climate change and environmental destruction, the microbes of Centralia teach us about nature's inherent ability to recover. By understanding and utilizing this resilience, we can work towards a better future for our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.14393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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How dormant soil microbes survive in a 60-year-old fire

Microscopic organisms living in soil, called microbes, are essential for...

Through genetic analyses and oceanographic modeling, scientists have discovered that ocean currents form a "coral superhighway" in the Indian Ocean, facilitating the exchange of larvae <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/coral-superhighway-map_credit-Noam-Vogt-Vincent_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">between distant islands</a> in the Seychelles.



This important research, spearheaded by <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University</a>, unveils a remarkable phenomenon within the vast expanse of the Seychelles' coral reefs, demonstrating that they are not as isolated as once thought. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-connection-across-a-coral-superhighway">Science of connection across a coral superhighway</h2>



<a href="https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/researchers/april-burt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. April Burt</a>, from the Department of Biology at Oxford University and the <a href="https://www.sif.sc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles Islands Foundation</a>, highlights the significance of this discovery. 



"This discovery is very important because a key factor in coral reef recovery is larval supply. Although corals have declined alarmingly across the world due to climate change and a number of other factors, actions can be taken at local and national scale to improve reef health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-and-reefs-are-showing-surprising-resilience-as-global-waters-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a>," Dr. Burt explained. 



"These actions can be more effective when we better understand the connectivity between coral reefs by, for instance, prioritizing conservation efforts around coral reefs that act as major larval sources to support regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef resilience</a>," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-scientists-unraveled-this-coral-network">How scientists unraveled this coral network</h2>



The study's approach was collaborative, involving various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-single-celled-microbe-is-protecting-corals-from-heat-and-helping-them-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reef</a> management organizations and the Seychelles government. 



Researchers collected coral samples from 19 different sites, uncovering recent gene flow and suggesting frequent larval transfers among populations. Intriguingly, the research also hinted at a previously unidentified species of the bouldering coral Porites lutea.



Oceanographic models were employed to simulate larval dispersal, revealing the paths larvae take across the region. 



This modeling suggests not only direct dispersal across the Seychelles but also the potential role of "stepping-stone" dispersal, where centrally located reefs act as intermediaries, linking distant islands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-prediction-oceanographic-modeling-insights">Power of prediction: Oceanographic modeling insights</h2>



<a href="https://nvogtvincent.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Noam Vogt-Vincent</a>, who led the oceanographic modeling, emphasizes the importance of these findings for reef management. 



"This research suggests that the broad agreement between predicted connectivity and observed genetic patterns supports the use of such larval dispersal simulations in reef system management in Seychelles and the wider region," Dr. Vogt-Vincent said. 



"These simulations also allow us to investigate how regular these connectivity patterns are in time, because a regular larval supply will be essential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrients-from-seabird-poop-accelerate-coral-reef-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef recovery</a> in the face of climate change," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visualizing-the-larvae-dispersal-journey">Visualizing the larvae dispersal journey</h2>



The Oxford study is made accessible through a novel <a href="https://nvogtvincent.co.uk/coral_app.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new app</a>, allowing users to visualize the potential journeys of coral larvae across the region. The implications for conservation are profound, offering a tool to identify vital larval sources for protection and restoration efforts.



<a href="https://www.biology.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-lindsay-turnbull" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Lindsay Turnbull</a>, the senior author of the study, points out the timeliness of this research as El Niño events threaten coral reefs worldwide. 



"This study couldn’t come at a more timely moment. The world is once again watching, as El Niño devastates coral reefs throughout the Indian Ocean," Turnbull asserts..



"Now we know which reefs will be crucial to coral recovery, but we can’t pause in our commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and stopping climate change," she continued.



The study's findings are poised to inform the <a href="https://seymsp.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan Initiative</a>, as noted by Dr. Joanna Smith and Helena Sims of <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>. 



The data and Coral Connectivity app will guide the design and management of Marine Protected Areas and direct restoration activities, reflecting a comprehensive strategy for reef conservation at both national and regional levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-superhighway-prompts-a-global-call-to-action">Coral superhighway prompts a global call to action</h2>



In summary, this research underscores the critical interconnectedness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Aldabra-atoll_coral-superhighway_credit-Christophe-Mason-Parker_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles' coral reefs</a>, revealing a "coral superhighway" that highlights the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-can-build-up-a-tolerance-to-marine-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef resilience</a> and recovery in the face of climate change. 



By combining cutting-edge genetic analysis with sophisticated oceanographic modeling, scientists offer conservationists and policymakers valuable tools to prioritize and protect vital larval sources. 



This study advances our understanding of coral ecosystem dynamics and urges sustained, global efforts towards reef conservation. 



The research team emphasizes the need for targeted actions at both local and national levels to mitigate the impacts of environmental threats and safeguard these underwater treasures for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55459-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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'Coral superhighway' connects and protects remote coral reefs

Through genetic analyses and oceanographic modeling, scientists have discovered that...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...