Time,And,Space.,3d,Rendering,Illustration

Time feels so obvious that we rarely question its existence. Our clocks tick, we sense the hours passing, and we connect events to a single timeline. Yet, in many corners of theoretical physics, the very notion of time as a forward-moving entity is under scrutiny.



Some researchers claim that time may not exist in any fundamental way. They argue that our deeply held belief in a flowing “now” might be a trick of perception.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-illusions-in-daily-life">Time illusions in daily life</h2>



Our daily life depends on the past, present, and future being well-defined. We pay bills on time. We set our alarms to wake up in the morning.&nbsp;



“The equations of physics do not tell us which events are occurring right now,” is an unsettling statement for <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04558-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientists</a> to make. 



That remark highlights the gap between how we sense time and how modern equations describe it.



This perspective on timelessness has gained traction through work from many theoretical physicists, including <a href="https://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Carlo Rovelli</a> a theoretical physicist and Emeritus Professor at the Centre de Physique Théorique (<a href="https://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CPT</a>) of Aix-Marseille University in France. 



Dr. Rovelli has developed approaches in loop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/central-theory-of-quantum-gravity-is-modeled-in-the-laboratory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum gravity</a> that often do away with a global time parameter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-physics-and-intuition">Time, physics, and intuition</h2>



Our intuitions tell us the present moment is distinct, while the future feels open and the past seems fixed. However, Einstein’s theories suggest that all moments could be equally real, leaving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-time-observed-measured-tangible-in-new-quantum-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">no universal present</a>.&nbsp;



Researchers have shown that gravity can slow clocks. So, for instance, time passes a little bit slower at sea level compared to the top of a mountain, because you’re a bit closer to Earth’s gravity.



It’s relative, meaning that time can move differently depending on how fast you’re moving or how close you are to a strong gravitational field. 



Although we don’t experience this effect in our daily routines, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.177.4044.168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atomic clocks confirm it</a>. Such experiments show that time intervals can vary depending on speed and gravitational fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sense-of-flow-in-time-s-existence">A sense of flow in time's existence</h2>



If we listen to our everyday instincts, time seems to rush onward, dragging events from future to past. 



Yet in general relativity, there is no built-in rule mandating a <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/that-mysterious-flow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universal flow</a>. Instead, many physicists say that our brains layer the experience of flow on top of an otherwise static reality.&nbsp;



Some propose that what we call the “flow of time” emerges from correlations among physical objects. 



Our stories and memories might be responsible for building a chain of events we label “before” and “after.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-einstein-and-our-understanding-of-time">Einstein and our understanding of time</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Albert Einstein’s theories</a>, particularly his theory of relativity, revolutionized how we think about time. In his special theory of relativity, published in 1905, he proposed that time isn’t the same for everyone. 



For example, if you’re traveling at a very high speed or near a massive object like a planet, time will seem to pass more slowly for you compared to someone who’s farther away from the gravitational pull or moving more slowly. 



This concept is often called "time dilation," and it’s been proven in experiments with fast-moving particles and GPS satellites.



In his general theory of relativity, which he published in 1915, Einstein expanded this idea by showing how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matter-spacetime-gravitational-waves-fabric-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravity can also affect time</a>. The stronger the gravitational field, the more it slows down time.



These theories completely changed our understanding of time - it’s not a constant, unchanging backdrop to everything that happens. Instead, it’s flexible and can stretch, bend, and warp depending on the circumstances. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-twists-on-time-s-existence">Quantum twists on time's existence</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum mechanics</a> complicates matters further. Traditional formulations treat time as an absolute parameter, ticking away while particles hop between possible states.&nbsp;



Yet quantum experiments suggest that no single observer can pin down a universal “right now.” Some scientists try to eliminate time altogether in their unified theories.&nbsp;



<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Wheeler-DeWitt equation</a>, for instance, famously omits time when describing quantum gravity. Instead of describing how the universe evolves, the equation focuses on correlations between different parts of a whole.&nbsp;



Time becomes something that emerges when observers carve out local “clocks” from the timeless fabric.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chasing-the-arrow">Chasing the arrow</h2>



Despite the insistence that time might be illusory, we still sense an arrow pointing from the past to the future. We watch eggs break rather than un-break, and we see coffee and milk mix rather than un-mix.



This brings us to the relationship of time to entropy, which is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. 



According to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy in an isolated system always tends to increase over time. In simple terms, things naturally move <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-universe-remains-predictable-insights-from-quantum-mechanics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">from order to disorder</a>.



This means that the flow of time is often associated with the increase in entropy, which is why we perceive time as always moving forward, from past to present to future - <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7516914/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the arrow of time</a>. 



Low-entropy conditions at the birth of the universe set the stage for irreversible processes. In that sense, the arrow we chase is not woven into time itself. It emerges from a statistical trend toward disorder, giving us the impression that events line up from earlier to later.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-minds-and-the-existence-of-time">Human minds and the existence of time</h2>



Some experts suspect that one day we’ll see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-we-actually-benefit-from-daylight-saving-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">time</a> similar to how we see currency: a clever accounting device rather than a fundamental element of reality. 



Even so, humans will keep living as though each new moment actually matters. 



Our hearts beat in seconds, our schedules rely on hours, and we navigate our days convinced that "tomorrow" has not happened yet.



Regardless of whether time's existence is an illusion, a by-product of thermodynamics, or an emergent property of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-spooky-action-at-a-distance-persists-between-top-quarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deeper laws</a>, we remain anchored in our daily routines.



Perhaps the biggest puzzle isn’t whether time exists but why our brains are so attached to the notion that it flows without pausing, and why we find it so hard to let go of that idea.



Will our brains one day evolve to the point where we understand the true nature of time? Only time will tell.



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Did tomorrow already happen? Physicists claim that time is an illusion and doesn't exist

Time feels so obvious that we rarely question its existence. Our clocks tick, we sense the hours passing, and we connect events to a single timeline. Yet, in many corners of theoretical physics, the very notion of time as a forward-moving entity is under scrutiny. Some researchers claim that time may not exist in any fundamental way. They argue that our deeply held belief in a flowing “now” might be a trick of perception. Time illusions in daily life Our daily life depends on the past, present,...

North,Atlantic,Right,Whale,(eubalaena,Glacialis):,The,North,Atlantic,Right

If you've been wondering about the dwindling numbers of the majestic North Atlantic right whales, you're not alone. These incredible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-north-atlantic-right-whales-have-fewer-offspring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean giants</a> are some of the world's most endangered large whales, and sadly, they're facing an uphill battle for survival. 



Human activities like commercial fishing and busy shipping routes pose constant threats, often leading to collisions or deadly entanglements in fishing gear.



But there's hope. Scientists, determined to give these whales a fighting chance, have been working tirelessly on a groundbreaking project, and the results are in!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-north-atlantic-right-whales">Finding the North Atlantic right whales</h2>



For years, scientists working to protect the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale population have explored better tracking methods. 



A team led by <a href="https://duke.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>'s Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab has made a significant breakthrough, developing a new approach that balances precision with the whales' well-being.



Unlike previous methods, such as electronic tagging, which carries the risk of potential harm, this technique focuses on gathering existing information in a smarter way. Here's how their approach works:



Researchers meticulously examined 17 years of visual sighting data collected from aerial and ship-based surveys. These surveys provided detailed records of whale locations throughout a vast expanse of the U.S. Atlantic – an area comparable to the size of the entire continental United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generating-maps-with-hydrophones">Generating maps with hydrophones</h2>



To supplement the visual data, the team integrated information from a vast network of nearly 500 hydrophones (underwater microphones) strategically placed across the Atlantic. 



These sensitive instruments continuously record sounds, including the unique vocalizations produced by North Atlantic right whales.



Advanced statistical models process this immense collection of visual and acoustic data. These models generate detailed maps that reveal where whales are likely to be found in high concentrations at different times. It's a dynamic system, allowing scientists to track how the whales' distribution changes throughout the year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-density-of-north-atlantic-right-whales">Mapping density of North Atlantic right whales</h2>



"The more accurate and detailed the mapping, the better chance we have to save <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-right-whales-are-getting-shorter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dwindling numbers </a>of right whales from preventable injury and fatality," explained Patrick Halpin, director of Duke University's Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab.



By crunching massive amounts of data using an advanced statistical model, researchers were able to create detailed maps. 



Essentially, these maps show hot spots of whale activity – areas with a higher density of whales at different times. It's like having a real-time guidebook for helping ships and fishing vessels avoid these precious creatures.



"With nearly three times more aerial survey data than we had before, and confirming evidence from the hydrophones, we were able to show how strongly the population has shifted its distribution," said Jason Roberts, Duke research associate and lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mapping-is-important">Why mapping is important</h2>



Knowing where these endangered whales concentrate allows everyone involved to work towards solutions. It allows for targeted protection measures, like speed restrictions for ships or temporary fishing closures in crucial areas.



North Atlantic right whales, hit hard by climate change and the resulting food shortages, are altering their historic migration patterns. 



This makes it even harder to keep them safe. The new mapping strategy pinpoints where whales are moving, enabling conservationists to stay one step ahead.



Why do right whales matter? Besides their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathtaking beauty</a>, they're vital to maintaining healthy ocean ecosystems. Their feeding habits even play a part in balancing the entire food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fight-goes-on">The fight goes on</h2>



While the North Atlantic right whale population still hovers precariously close to extinction, this innovative mapping approach provides a much-needed tool in their fight for survival. 



Now, the focus shifts to enacting policies and making changes in human activities to ensure a future where these magnificent creatures can thrive once again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-north-atlantic-right-whales">More about the North Atlantic right whales</h2>



As discussed above, North Atlantic right whales (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eubalaena glacialis</a>) are one of the most endangered large whale species in the world. Here are some key points about them:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



North Atlantic right whales can be identified by their distinctive callosities on their heads, which are rough patches of skin. They lack a dorsal fin and have a broad back. These whales are usually about 50 feet long and can weigh up to 70 tons.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-challenges-of-north-atlantic-right-whales">Population challenges of North Atlantic right whales</h3>



Estimates suggest there are fewer than 400 North Atlantic right whales remaining. Their population has declined due to historical whaling, and they now face modern threats from ship strikes and fishing gear entanglements.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-habits-behavior-and-reproduction">Feeding habits, behavior, and reproduction</h3>



These whales are filter feeders, primarily eating zooplankton and tiny crustaceans called copepods. They feed by swimming with their mouths open through patches of plankton.



Right whales are often found close to coastlines. They are known for their surface-active behaviors, making them popular with whale watchers. Females give birth to a single calf after a year-long pregnancy, typically every three to five years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-patterns-and-conservation-efforts">Migration patterns and conservation efforts</h3>



Numerous conservation measures are in place to protect these whales. These include mandatory ship speed restrictions in certain areas, modifications to fishing gear, and extensive monitoring efforts to track their population and migration patterns.



They are known to travel along the North American east coast, from calving grounds off the southeastern United States to feeding grounds in the Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy, and sometimes farther north into Canadian waters.



The survival of the North Atlantic right whale is critical not only for biodiversity but also for the health of marine ecosystems. Efforts continue to understand and mitigate the threats they face in hopes of recovering this species from the brink of extinction.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v732/p167-192/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Ecology Progress Series</a>.



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Where have all the North Atlantic right whales gone?

If you've been wondering about the dwindling numbers of the...

Over a century ago, the U.S. government set aside 23 million acres of Alaska's North Slope to serve as an emergency oil supply. This vast, remote region, known as the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (<a href="https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/alaska/NPR-A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NPR-A</a>), has long been viewed as a major growth opportunity for the oil and gas industry. However, President Joe Biden is now moving to block Arctic oil drilling and gas development across roughly half of this territory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-aspects-of-arctic-oil-drilling">Key aspects of Arctic oil drilling</h2>



Arctic oil drilling is a complex and controversial subject due to the extreme conditions, environmental concerns, and geopolitical implications involved. Here are its various aspects:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geography and reserves</h3>



The Arctic region encompasses the area around the North Pole, extending into territories of several countries including the United States (Alaska), Canada, Russia, Norway, and Greenland (Denmark). This region is believed to hold a significant portion of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas reserves. 



The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the Arctic holds about 13% of the world's undiscovered conventional oil resources and 30% of its undiscovered natural gas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Technical challenges</h3>



Drilling for oil in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-found-to-be-a-biological-treasure-trove/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> is technologically challenging and expensive. The extreme cold, ice coverage, and remote locations complicate every aspect of exploration and production. 



Winter darkness and severe weather conditions restrict operations to a limited part of the year. Special equipment and techniques are required to deal with the freezing temperatures and to minimize environmental impact.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental impact</h3>



The environmental risks of Arctic oil drilling are significant. The Arctic ecosystem is fragile, and its wildlife, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-struggling-to-survive-longer-summers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bears</a>, seals, and various bird species, are susceptible to disturbance. 



Oil spills pose a severe threat due to the difficulty of carrying out effective clean-up operations in icy waters. The slow degradation rates in cold climates mean that oil can persist longer in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>, exacerbating its impact.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Indigenous communities</h3>



Many indigenous communities in the Arctic depend on the natural environment for their subsistence and cultural practices. Oil drilling and the accompanying industrial activity can affect the land and wildlife resources that these communities rely on. 



There are concerns about the social and economic impacts on indigenous peoples, including changes to traditional lifestyles and potential benefits such as employment opportunities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Regulatory and political landscape</h3>



Arctic oil drilling is subject to intense regulatory scrutiny to manage environmental risks. Countries have different regulations and levels of enforcement. International agreements and national policies also influence the extent and nature of drilling activities. Political decisions about drilling rights and environmental protections can lead to significant shifts in the operational landscape.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change considerations</h3>



The role of Arctic drilling in contributing to climate change is a key issue in global discussions about energy production. Burning fossil fuels extracted from the Arctic contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. 



Moreover, the Arctic is warming significantly faster than the rest of the planet, leading to melting ice and changing habitats, which further complicates the environmental calculus of drilling operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biden-s-conservation-efforts">Biden's conservation efforts </h2>



The Biden administration's proposed initiative, set to be finalized within days, marks one of the most sweeping efforts yet by the president to limit oil and gas exploration on federal lands. 



This move aligns with Biden's broader campaign which promises to boost land conservation and fight climate change. As he seeks a second term, Biden is doubling down on his commitment to protecting the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-industry-concerns-regarding-arctic-oil">Industry concerns regarding Arctic oil</h2>



Interestingly, the changes wouldn't affect ConocoPhillips's controversial 600-million-barrel Willow oil project in the NPR-A. However, oil industry leaders say the plan is more expansive than initially anticipated and threatens to make it nearly impossible to build another megaproject in the region.



This has sparked concerns from companies with holdings in the NPR-A, which was once viewed as a promising growth area for the industry. In recent years, interest in the region has surged again due to major discoveries, and tapping into its reservoirs could yield decades of oil production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-sensitive-ecosystems">Protecting sensitive ecosystems</h2>



The proposed regulation would limit future oil development in some 13 million acres (20,000 square miles) of designated "special areas" within the reserve, including territory currently under lease. There would also be an outright prohibition on new leasing in 10.6 million acres.



The administration argues that these changes are necessary to balance oil development with the protection of sensitive landscapes that provide habitat for polar bears, migratory birds, and the 61,500-strong Teshekpuk caribou herd. 



As Interior Secretary <a href="https://www.doi.gov/secretary-deb-haaland" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deb Haaland</a> stated, "We must do everything within our control to meet the highest standards of care to protect this fragile ecosystem."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-arctic-oil-development">The future of Arctic oil development </h2>



The proposed rule would also create a formal program for expanding protected areas at least once every five years, making it difficult to undo those designations. Additionally, it would raise the bar for future development elsewhere in the reserve.



While the Interior Department has stated that the regulation wouldn't affect existing leases, the proposed rule text doesn't offer a similar, explicit assurance. Instead, it proposes to give the government broad authority to limit or bar access to existing leases, "regardless of any existing authorization." 



This has oil companies and Alaska lawmakers increasingly concerned, as they believe the measure could thwart oil and gas development across much of the reserve, even on existing leases.



Opponents argue that the plan would shift the role of the reserve from oil development to conservation, contrary to its congressional intent. 



"The current statute says that the primary purpose is to increase domestic oil supply as expeditiously as possible, but the rule takes a completely different premise," said Kara Moriarty, president of the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-management-of-arctic-oil-drilling">Management of Arctic oil drilling</h2>



Despite these concerns, environmentalists and some Alaska Natives have widely praised Biden for setting aside territory for conservation. 



"These are resources that once they're gone, they're gone forever, and we can't wait until they have disappeared to go and get them back," said Rachael Hamby, policy director for the <a href="https://westernpriorities.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Western Priorities</a>. "We need to manage now to protect those resources and values for present and future generations."



The fate of Arctic oil development hangs in the balance as the Biden administration moves forward with its sweeping plan to limit drilling in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. 



While the Willow project remains unaffected, the broader implications of this initiative could have significant consequences for the industry and the delicate ecosystems of the region.



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Biden policy aims to block Arctic oil drilling for conservation

Over a century ago, the U.S. government set aside 23...

We've all been there. Someone cuts you off in traffic, your coworker gets credit for your idea, or you get the rudest comment online. Suddenly, it's like a cartoon – steam out your ears, face turning bright red. Your heart races, your hands clench... you want to scream, or maybe throw something. But what is the best way to to control anger?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-anger">The science of anger</h2>



Let's face it, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anger-can-be-a-powerful-motivator-to-achieve-major-life-goals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anger</a> is a part of life. But sometimes, anger can escalate quickly. Our brains have a part called the amygdala, which is basically our primal alarm system. 



When the amygdala perceives a threat, it triggers a cascade of chemicals like adrenaline and cortisol. 



This is our fight-or-flight response, preparing us to deal with danger. The problem? In our modern world, many of the things that tick us off aren't true threats. 



The rude driver isn't a predator, the coworker who stole your idea isn't a wild animal. Yet, our bodies react the same way. This surge of chemicals clouds our judgement and makes it hard to think clearly. 



Before we know it, we've yelled something hurtful or slammed a door, and the situation has spiraled out of control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grab-a-pen-and-write-your-feelings-down">Grab a pen and write your feelings down</h2>



Researchers from <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan recently discovered a surprisingly effective technique for managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venting-your-anger-ineffective-does-more-harm-than-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anger</a>: write it down and destroy it.



Yes, you read that right. The study involved people writing about issues that typically rile them up. Then, to really fire them up, the researchers gave them some fake negative feedback on their writing (think scathing teacher comments). This predictably made the participants quite angry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destroying-the-paper">Destroying the paper</h2>



Here's the key part: The researchers then divided the participants into groups. One group simply threw away the piece of paper they used to express their anger. Another group got to shred it into tiny pieces.



The results were fascinating. Both the trashing and shredding groups reported feeling significantly less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-anger-harmful-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">angry</a> after getting rid of their written frustrations. The people who held onto the paper with their angry thoughts, however, still felt pretty steamed.



“We expected that our method would suppress anger to some extent,” said lead researcher Nobuyuki Kawai. “However, we were amazed that anger was eliminated almost entirely.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-writing-and-shredding-control-anger">How does writing and shredding control anger?</h2>



So, why does this work? Writing down your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-makes-you-angry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anger</a> forces you to confront it head-on. It allows you to organize the jumble of emotions swirling around in your head and see them for what they are. 



The act of physically destroying the paper seems to be symbolic as well. It's a way of taking control of your anger and saying, "This doesn't control me."



The technique has interesting parallels to a Japanese tradition called Hakidashisara. During this festival, people write down things that make them angry on small plates and then smash them. The researchers believe their findings might explain why this ritual feels so cathartic.



Now, this trick probably won't solve all your anger issues overnight. But it's a simple and science-backed tool you can use to manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/angry-dreams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anger</a> in the moment. 



Next time you feel that familiar surge of frustration, grab a pen and paper. Write down what's making you mad. Let it all out. Then, with a satisfying rip or a whirring shredder, destroy that piece of paper and take back control of your emotions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-control-anger-at-the-workplace">Control anger at the workplace</h2>



Let's take an example of work, a breeding ground for frustration. Maybe you have a coworker, let's call her Karen, who consistently sends emails that make your blood pressure rise. 



You draft a scathing reply in your head, one that perfectly captures every injustice you feel. But before you hit send and unleash your digital fury, there's a simple technique you can try that might surprise you.



Here's the scenario: you open your inbox and see a message from Karen with a subject line that instantly puts you on edge. You take a deep breath, trying to stay calm. Instead of diving headfirst into a fiery reply, grab a sticky note and a pen.



Now, on that small piece of paper, write down exactly how you're feeling. Be honest, be direct. If the email made you want to throw your stapler across the room, write that down. Maybe Karen's tone was so dismissive it made you see red? Put it on the sticky note.



Next, here's the most satisfying part: shred it. Feed that tiny piece of paper into the shredder and watch your frustration disappear into tiny bits. The rhythmic whirring of the shredder can almost be therapeutic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefit-of-the-technique">Benefit of the technique</h2>



This technique allows you to step back from the situation and see it more clearly. Second, destroying the sticky note is a symbolic act of taking back control. You're literally shredding your anger and choosing not to let it control you.



Here's the key: after shredding your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-happiest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anger</a>, don't go back and compose that scathing reply to Karen. Take another deep breath and approach the email with a clear head. Maybe you can craft a more professional response, or perhaps the situation doesn't even require a reply at all. 



The point is, the shredding has helped you defuse the initial surge of anger and made space for a more rational approach. 



This technique isn't a magic bullet, but it's a powerful tool you can keep in your back pocket for those inevitable moments of workplace frustration. 



So next time Karen's email lands in your inbox, remember the power of the shredded sticky note to reduce anger. It might just save you from an email exchange you'd later regret.



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Want to control anger? This Japanese technique works surprisingly well

We've all been there. Someone cuts you off in traffic,...

3d,Illustration,Of,Burning,Meteors,Shower,Falling,To,Earth.,Asteroid

Scientists warn that climate change is causing thousands of meteorites to disappear in Antarctica, where the majority of these cosmic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-meteorite-impacts-formed-the-earths-continents/">treasures</a> are found.



By 2050, we may lose up to a quarter of the estimated 300,000 to 800,000 meteorites in Antarctica. This alarming trend outpaces collection efforts fivefold, highlighting a desperate need for intensified recovery operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorites-and-their-importance">Meteorites and their importance</h2>



Meteorites aren't just rocks that fell from space. They are remnants of celestial bodies like asteroids, comets, or even pieces broken off from other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteorites-life-outside-earth/">planets</a> like Mars or the Moon. These fragments endured a fiery journey through Earth's atmosphere, leaving them as precious survivors carrying secrets of the universe.



Meteorites contain materials that date back to the earliest days of our solar system. By analyzing their composition, scientists can piece together a timeline of how a swirling cloud of dust and gas eventually coalesced into the planets, moons, and asteroids we see today. It's like having a fossilized record of the solar system's birth.



Meteorites hold the clues to the ingredients that formed planets, including our own. Their composition reveals the types of elements and compounds that existed in the early solar system. 



These elements formed minerals, which clumped together, eventually assembling into larger and larger bodies – the planets. Studying meteorites is like examining the individual bricks that built the house of our solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-life-on-earth">Origins of life on Earth</h2>



Meteorites offer a tantalizing link to the question of how life began on Earth. The discovery of complex organic molecules, including amino acids, within some meteorites raises intriguing possibilities. 



Did these molecules form in the vast expanse of space, suggesting that the building blocks of life are common in the cosmos? 



Perhaps meteorites acted as delivery vehicles, bombarding early Earth and seeding it with the ingredients necessary for life to emerge. 



Further, could the energy from meteorite impacts have helped jumpstart the chemical reactions that transformed those ingredients into the first life forms?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-meteorites-hold-secrets">Antarctica meteorites hold secrets</h2>



Scientists are meticulously analyzing these space rocks to find answers. By studying the isotopes within organic molecules, they can trace their origins. 



The discovery of specific biomolecules, like DNA components, would strongly suggest that life's building blocks came from elsewhere in the solar system. 



Lab experiments that simulate early Earth conditions and meteorite impacts can help determine if those events could have triggered the development of life. 



The findings of this research could change our understanding of life in the universe. If meteorites directly contributed to life on Earth, it suggests the potential for life to exist elsewhere, carried by meteorites to other worlds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-meteorite-collection">Antarctica's meteorite collection</h2>



Antarctica's unique environment makes it a remarkably effective meteorite collector. Here's how it works:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-glacier-conveyor-belt">The glacier conveyor belt</h3>



Glaciers are massive, slow-moving rivers of ice. As they flow across the landscape, they entrain anything in their path, including meteorites. 



Over time, the movement of glaciers carries these meteorites towards specific regions where factors like wind and ice ablation cause them to become concentrated in what are known as "meteorite stranding zones."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-easy-detection">Easy detection</h3>



Meteorites generally have a dark coloration. These dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bizarre-shape-meteorites/">objects</a> stand out distinctly against Antarctica's vast expanses of white snow and ice, making them relatively easy for scientists to spot during search expeditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-proven-track-record">A proven track record</h3>



The combined effect of these factors explains why the overwhelming majority of Earth's discovered meteorites were found on the Antarctic continent. This icy wilderness acts as a natural collection and preservation system for these cosmic treasures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-disappearing-antarctic-meteorites">Climate change and disappearing Antarctic meteorites</h2>



The preservation of meteorites on Antarctica's ice sheets is under direct threat from rising temperatures associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. While the disappearance of these cosmic treasures may seem surprising, the physical processes behind it are relatively straightforward:



<ul>
<li>Heat collectors: The typical dark coloration of meteorites means they absorb a significant amount of solar radiation. This absorbed sunlight is converted into heat energy, efficiently warming the meteorite itself. </li>



<li>Localized melting: The heat from the meteorite radiates outward, directly warming the ice in contact with it. This localized warming leads to the formation of a small meltwater pool beneath the meteorite. </li>



<li>Sinking into the depths: The meteorite, being denser than liquid water, begins to sink into this meltwater pool. However, as temperatures drop (particularly at night or during colder seasons), the meltwater refreezes. This traps the meteorite, now embedded within the ice. </li>



<li>A cycle of disappearance: With repeated cycles of daytime melting and refreezing at night, the meteorite sinks deeper and deeper into the ice sheet. Eventually, it becomes buried beyond the reach of scientific recovery, effectively vanishing from the surface.</li>
</ul>



Key point: The greater the degree of warming caused by climate change, the faster and more extensive this process of meteorite loss becomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-antarctic-meteorites">Impact of climate change on Antarctic meteorites</h2>



Scientists have established a direct link between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humanity-should-brace-for-catastrophic-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and the rate at which meteorites are disappearing in Antarctica. 



For every mere 0.1 degrees Celsius increase in average global temperature, an estimated 9,000 meteorites are lost each year due to increased melting and sinking within the ice. This is an astounding number, highlighting the urgency of the situation.



As discussed, if current climate trends continue, it's estimated that we could lose a staggering quarter of the meteorites currently accessible on Antarctica's ice sheets by the year 2050. That translates into tens or even hundreds of thousands of meteorites vanishing, removing them from the reach of scientific study.



Under a worst-case scenario, where global warming accelerates, the losses could be even more devastating. Researchers project the potential disappearance of up to three-quarters of the remaining meteorites by the end of the 21st century.



Veronica Tollenaar from <a href="https://www.ulb.be" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université Libre de Bruxelles</a>, co-author of the study, highlights, "Losing Antarctic meteorites is a loss of scientific data, much like when ice cores disappear from vanishing glaciers. It means losing some of the secrets of the universe."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-antarctic-meteorites-from-climate-change">Saving Antarctic meteorites from climate change</h2>



While the situation is serious, there's still a chance to preserve a significant portion of Antarctica's meteorites. Scientists emphasize the need for immediate action:



<ul>
<li>We must dramatically increase the scale and frequency of meteorite recovery missions across Antarctica. Every year that passes leads to the loss of thousands more meteorites. </li>



<li>Advances in satellite imagery, remote sensing, and data analysis can help pinpoint promising "meteorite stranding zones," including unexplored regions and areas of blue ice where meteorites are often found. </li>



<li>Ultimately, the most effective way to slow and eventually reverse meteorite loss is to curb greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the worst effects of climate change. This underscores the interconnectedness of scientific discovery and environmental action.</li>
</ul>



Losing these cosmic treasures is a huge setback for our understanding of the universe. Meteorites spark awe and help answer fundamental questions about where we came from.



It's crucial that we support projects to recover these valuable space rocks and do everything in our power to reduce the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. The future of our knowledge about the universe depends on it.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-01954-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Meteorites are disappearing in Antarctica due to melting ice

Scientists warn that climate change is causing thousands of meteorites...

Axolotls, with their enigmatic smiles, powers of regeneration, and unique aquatic lifestyle, have long fascinated scientists and pet lovers alike. 



These creatures, officially known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-an-axolotl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ambystoma mexicanum</a>, are critically endangered, with their numbers dwindling to an estimated 50 to 1,000 in their sole natural habitat -- a series of canals in Mexico City. 



Despite the dire situation in the wild, axolotls have captivated a global audience. They thrive as pets and play crucial roles in scientific research.



This duality of existence, both as beloved companions and key research subjects, underscores the urgent need for axolotl conservation efforts while also highlighting their remarkable biological capabilities, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salamanders-human-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regeneration</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-axolotl-a-curious-creature">The axolotl: A curious creature</h2>



Axolotls stand out in the animal kingdom for their distinctive appearance and extraordinary life cycle.



Furthermore, axolotls boast a unique combination of traits reminiscent of both fish and lizards. They have a finned tail for swimming, small limbs, and distinctive gills that look like plumed ferns, fluttering at the sides of their heads.



Unlike most amphibians, which undergo a metamorphosis from aquatic tadpoles to land-dwelling adults, axolotls retain their juvenile form throughout their lives.



This eternal youth, akin to nature's Peter Pan, stems from their evolution in the stable aquatic environments of Mexico City's lakes. In these waters, the advantages of an aquatic lifestyle surpassed the challenges found on land.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-axolotls-regenerative-abilities">Axolotls regenerative abilities</h2>



Beyond their captivating looks, axolotls are biological marvels known for their ability to regenerate lost body parts. This includes not only limbs but also significant portions of their hearts, livers, eyes, and even brains. 



Such regenerative abilities have made them a focus for scientists at institutions like the <a href="https://wi.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whitehead Institute</a>, where researchers, including Peter Reddien and graduate student Conor McMann, study the underlying biology of regeneration. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-axolotls-are-ideal-for-regeneration-research">Why axolotls are ideal for regeneration research</h2>



Axolotls are exceptionally suited for research due to their straightforward breeding, simple maintenance, and easily accessible genetics. These qualities make them a prime subject for scientific study.



Central to this research is the exploration of genetic pathways that axolotls share with mammals, illuminating their potential to enhance human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salamander-genome-limb-regenerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regenerative capabilities</a>. 



By analyzing gene expression in the injured limbs of both axolotls and mice, researchers are seeking to reveal mechanisms common to both, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-to-regeneration">Key to regeneration</h2>



The <a href="https://reddienlab.wi.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reddien lab</a> has identified three critical factors necessary for regeneration: capable cells, precise positional information, and appropriate signaling at the wound site.



Furthermore, understanding how these elements interact in axolotls and other vertebrates is key to unraveling the mysteries of regeneration.



Additionally, Conor's focus on positional information, which guides the accurate reconstruction of body parts, is particularly promising.



Insights into how vertebrates, including humans, might retain remnants of this system could pave the way for breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-research-challenges">Conservation efforts and research challenges</h2>



Despite thriving in scientific care, axolotls' natural habitats in Mexico City's Lake Xochimilco are endangered by human activities. 



Efforts, especially from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, focus on conserving their natural genetics and restoring wild populations. 



The Whitehead Institute maintains a colony, focusing on each axolotl's well-being through individual housing and meticulous water filtration. 



This highlights the challenges and importance of preserving these unique creatures for both ecological and research integrity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-biological-diversity">A window into biological diversity</h2>



Studying axolotls highlights the potential in regenerative medicine and the critical role of biodiversity.



Furthermore, Conor McMann emphasizes that losing unique species like axolotls would narrow our biological insights. 



Their regenerative prowess reminds us of nature's unsolved mysteries and symbolizes life's resilience. This balance between discovery and conservation urges us to protect such species.



As axolotls journey from Mexico City's canals to leading regenerative research, they showcase biodiversity's value and the vast potential within life's study, underscoring the importance of their preservation for both science and nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-axolotls">More about Axolotls</h2>



As discussed above, axolotls are fascinating amphibians, known for their unique ability to regenerate lost body parts, a feature that sets them apart in the animal kingdom. Here's more about their characteristics:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance </h3>



Axolotls have a distinctive look with a wide head, lidless eyes, and feathery gills protruding from either side of their head, which give them an almost mythical appearance. 



They can come in various colors, from wild-type greenish-brown with gold speckling to leucistic (pale pink with red eyes), albino, and even black (melanoid).



They are best known for their astonishing ability to regenerate not just limbs but also jaws, spinal cords, heart parts, and other organs without scarring.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-habitat">Natural habitat</h3>



Axolotls are native to the lake complex of Xochimilco near Mexico City, Mexico. However, their natural habitat has drastically shrunk and become polluted, leading to their classification as critically endangered.



Due to their endangered status in the wild, axolotls are more commonly found in laboratories and as pets in home aquariums around the world.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Axolotls are carnivorous, feeding on small prey such as worms, insects, and small fish in the wild. In captivity, they can eat a variety of foods, including specialized pellets, frozen or live bloodworms, and brine shrimp.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



They are generally solitary animals and do best when housed alone. They spend much of their time at the bottom of their aquatic environment, though they will swim up to the surface to feed or breathe if necessary.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding">Breeding</h3>



Axolotls reach sexual maturity by 18 months and can lay hundreds of eggs at a time. Breeding in captivity is common and provides valuable insight into their development and genetics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>



Unlike many amphibians, axolotls do not undergo metamorphosis to become land-dwelling adults. Instead, they remain aquatic and gilled throughout their lives, a condition known as neoteny.



Despite their fascinating nature and importance to scientific research, axolotls face significant threats from habitat loss, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. 



Conservation efforts are crucial to preserving these unique creatures and the secrets they hold about regeneration and evolutionary biology.



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Axolotls have incredible regeneration powers, yet they're critically endangered

Axolotls, with their enigmatic smiles, powers of regeneration, and unique...

A,Cute,Young,Puppy,Licking,The,Face,Of,A,Pretty

You might think of hospitals and healthcare settings when it comes to antibiotic resistant bacteria, but a new study reveals that this problem could be lurking right in your living room...inside your beloved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-bacteria-dog-food-raw-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet</a>.



Antibiotics have changed our world, saving countless lives from deadly infections. But lurking in the background is an invisible threat: antibiotic resistance. 



This happens when bacteria develop ways to survive the very drugs designed to kill them. These "superbugs" become much harder to treat, and they're becoming scarily common.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-spread-between-pets-and-owners">Bacteria spread between pets and owners</h2>



Researchers in Portugal and the UK have presented a study with unsettling implications: our pets might be contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 



The study, unveiled at the <a href="https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESCMID Global</a> Congress, discovered instances where sick dogs and cats infected with drug-resistant bacteria transmitted those same bacteria to their healthy owners.



This finding brings a new dimension to the already grave problem of antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization emphasizes the urgency of this global threat, projecting that if we fail to take significant action, drug-resistant infections will claim a staggering 10 million lives annually by 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pets-bacteria-and-superbugs">Pets, bacteria and superbugs</h2>



When bacteria are repeatedly exposed to antibiotics, they can evolve ways to survive the very drugs intended to eliminate them. This creates "superbugs" that are incredibly difficult to treat with existing medications,



When drug-resistant infections spread, treatment options become extremely limited. Illnesses that were once easily managed can lead to serious health problems, prolonged hospital stays, and even death.



This study highlights the potential for our pets to act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, inadvertently transmitting them to their owners – even those who are healthy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-in-pets">Bacteria in pets</h2>



The study focused on a group of bacteria called Enterobacterales, a family that includes well-known bacteria like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteria, while often harmless, have the potential to cause a range of infections.



Researchers were particularly concerned with antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterobacterales. Specifically, they focused on strains resistant to these two critical types of antibiotics:



<ul>
<li>Third-generation cephalosporins: These versatile antibiotics are used to combat serious infections like meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes), pneumonia (lung infection), and sepsis (life-threatening blood infection). Resistance to this group of antibiotics poses a significant threat to successful treatment.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Carbapenems: These powerful drugs are considered a "last resort" antibiotic. Doctors reserve them for situations where other antibiotics have failed, or when they suspect a highly resistant infection. Resistance to carbapenems severely limits treatment options, leading to potentially dire outcomes for patients.</li>
</ul>



The study's most concerning finding was that antibiotic-resistant forms of Enterobacterales were present in both sick pets and their healthy owners. This discovery suggests that even healthy animals may carry and potentially spread bacteria that are highly challenging to treat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-stats">The stats</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-portugal">Portugal</h3>



<ul>
<li>55.8% of pets and 35.9% of their owners carried bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.</li>



<li>One dog carried a strain of&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;resistant to carbapenem antibiotics.</li>



<li>Five households showed clear evidence of bacteria transmission between a pet and owner.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uk">UK</h3>



<ul>
<li>36.4% of pets and 12.5% of owners carried bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.</li>



<li>One dog had&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;with resistance to carbapenems and many other antibiotics.</li>



<li>Two households showed matching resistant bacteria in pets and owners.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-pet-owners-be-worried">Should pet owners be worried?</h2>



While the study's findings are concerning, it's important not to panic. Lead researcher Juliana Menezes emphasizes, "Our findings underline the importance of including pet-owning households in national programmes that monitor levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-may-be-passing-antibiotic-resistance-to-their-owners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a>.”



We need more research to fully grasp the scope of this problem, but it serves as a wake-up call to take this issue seriously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-bacteria-spread-from-pets-to-humans">How do bacteria spread from pets to humans?</h2>



Our everyday interactions with our beloved pets provide numerous ways for bacteria to spread. Here's why:



<ul>
<li>Close contact: Petting, cuddling, and even giving your furry friend a kiss create opportunities for bacteria to transfer from their fur or saliva to your skin. </li>



<li>Handling waste: Cleaning up after your pet, whether it's scooping a litter box or picking up dog poop, puts you in direct contact with their waste, which can harbor bacteria. </li>



<li>Shared surfaces: If your pet frequently climbs on furniture or even sleeps in your bed, any bacteria they carry can easily be transferred to these surfaces, potentially exposing you later.</li>
</ul>



It's important to remember that even healthy pets can carry bacteria, some of which may be resistant to antibiotics. While the risk of getting sick from your pet is generally low, simple hygiene practices can minimize the chances of transmission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-protect-yourself-and-your-pet">Tips to protect yourself and your pet</h2>



Don't panic. These findings emphasize responsible pet ownership, not fear. You can enjoy a close and loving relationship with your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-u-s-dog-owners-dont-follow-hygienic-practices-when-preparing-pet-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet</a> while taking steps to protect yourself and others:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practice-good-hygiene">Practice good hygiene</h3>



<ul>
<li>Thorough handwashing: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after petting your animal, playing with them, or cleaning their living area. This is especially crucial before eating or touching your face. </li>



<li>Cleaning pet areas: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces your pet frequents, like food bowls, toys, and sleeping areas.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consider-isolation-when-your-pet-is-sick">Consider isolation when your pet is sick</h3>



<ul>
<li>Limiting spread: If your pet shows signs of illness, keeping them confined to a specific area of your home can help prevent bacteria from spreading throughout the house. </li>



<li>Careful cleaning: Thoroughly clean and disinfect any areas where your sick pet has been, paying special attention to where they may have had accidents.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-to-your-vet">Talk to your vet</h3>



<ul>
<li>Discuss concerns: If you're worried about antibiotic resistance or your pet's health, don't hesitate to bring it up with your veterinarian. </li>



<li>Responsible antibiotic use: Vets play a vital role in ensuring antibiotics are prescribed only when necessary and used according to guidelines. Open communication helps them make informed decisions about your pet's care.</li>
</ul>



By following these simple practices, you can help minimize the risk of transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria while maintaining a strong and healthy bond with your furry companion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-antibiotic-resistance-together">Fighting antibiotic resistance together</h2>



"Understanding and addressing the transmission of AMR bacteria from pets to humans is essential for effectively combating antimicrobial resistance in both human and animal populations," says Juliana Menezes.



The fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-fed-raw-meat-may-spread-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a> requires a 'One Health' approach – recognizing that human, animal, and environmental health are all interlinked. By taking sensible precautions and being mindful of hygiene, we can enjoy a safe and healthy life with our beloved furry companions for years to come.



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Antibiotic-resistant 'superbugs' are being passed from pets to humans

You might think of hospitals and healthcare settings when it...

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, an international team of researchers has discovered the "nitroplast" -- first known nitrogen-fixing organelle within a eukaryotic cell. 



This finding challenges the long-held belief that only bacteria can convert <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-survived-the-dinosaur-extinction-by-pulling-nitrogen-from-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric nitrogen</a> into a biologically usable form. 



The nitroplast organelle discovery marks the fourth instance of primary endosymbiosis in history, a process where a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microfossils-reveal-a-leap-in-lifes-complexity-2-4-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prokaryotic cell</a> is engulfed by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eukaryotic-cells-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eukaryotic cell</a> and evolves into an organelle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-nitroplast-discovery">Significance of the nitroplast discovery</h2>



The discovery of the nitroplast was made by a team led by Tyler Coale, a postdoctoral scholar at <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Cruz</a>, and Jonathan Zehr, a distinguished professor of marine sciences at the same institution. The findings were published in two recent papers, showcasing the importance of their work.



"It's very rare that organelles arise from these types of things. The first time we think it happened, it gave rise to all complex life," Coale explained. 



"Everything more complicated than a bacterial cell owes its existence to that event, referring to the origins of the mitochondria. A billion years ago or so, it happened again with the chloroplast, and that gave us plants," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-the-nitrogen-fixation-paradigm">Breaking the nitrogen fixation paradigm</h2>



The path to discovering the nitroplast was a long and arduous one, spanning decades of research. In 1998, Zehr found a short DNA sequence of what appeared to be an unknown nitrogen-fixing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanobacteria-may-shed-new-light-on-the-history-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyanobacterium</a> in Pacific Ocean seawater. He and his colleagues spent years studying the mystery organism, which they called UCYN-A.



Simultaneously, Kyoko Hagino, a paleontologist at <a href="https://www.kochi-u.ac.jp/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kochi University</a> in Japan, was working tirelessly to culture a marine alga, which turned out to be the host organism for UCYN-A. 



After more than 300 sampling expeditions and over a decade of work, Hagino successfully grew the alga in culture, enabling other researchers to study UCYN-A and its marine alga host together in the lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitroplast-evolution-from-symbiosis-to-organelle">Nitroplast evolution from symbiosis to organelle</h2>



Initially, scientists considered UCYN-A an endosymbiont closely associated with an alga. However, the two recent papers suggest that UCYN-A has co-evolved with its host beyond symbiosis and now meets the criteria for an organelle.



In a paper <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742400182X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published in Cell</a> in March 2024, Zehr and colleagues demonstrated that the size ratio between UCYN-A and their algal hosts is similar across different species of the marine haptophyte algae Braarudosphaera bigelowii. 



Their model showed that the growth of the host cell and UCYN-A are controlled by the exchange of nutrients, with their metabolisms linked. This synchronization in growth rates led the researchers to call UCYN-A "organelle-like."



"That's exactly what happens with organelles," said Zehr. "If you look at the mitochondria and the chloroplast, it's the same thing: they scale with the cell."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-the-organelle-status">Confirming the organelle status</h2>



To confidently classify UCYN-A as an organelle, the scientists needed to confirm additional lines of evidence. In the cover article of the journal Science, Zehr, Coale, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Wing Kwan Esther Mak, and collaborators showed that UCYN-A imports proteins from its host cells.



"That's one of the hallmarks of something moving from an endosymbiont to an organelle," said Zehr. "They start throwing away pieces of DNA, and their genomes get smaller and smaller, and they start depending on the mother cell for those gene products -- or the protein itself -- to be transported into the cell."



Coale's work on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-proteomics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proteomics</a> for the study revealed that the host cell makes proteins and labels them with a specific amino acid sequence, signaling the cell to send them to the nitroplast. 



The nitroplast then imports and uses these proteins, filling gaps in certain pathways within UCYN-A. "It's kind of like this magical jigsaw puzzle that actually fits together and works," said Zehr.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ocean-ecosystems-and-agriculture">Implications for ocean ecosystems and agriculture</h2>



The discovery of the nitroplast provides new insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean ecosystems</a>. UCYN-A is globally important for its ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and researchers have found it in various locations, from the tropics to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/less-ice-and-more-sunlight-may-drastically-alter-the-arctic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic Ocean</a>, where it fixes a significant amount of nitrogen.



"It's not just another player," said Zehr.



The nitroplast also has the potential to revolutionize agriculture. The Haber-Bosch process, which synthesizes ammonia fertilizers from atmospheric nitrogen, allowed agriculture and the world population to take off in the early 20th century. 



However, it also creates enormous amounts of carbon dioxide, accounting for about 1.4% of global emissions. Researchers have been trying to find a way to incorporate natural nitrogen fixation into agriculture for decades.



"This system is a new perspective on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-is-the-nitrogen-cycle-so-important/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen fixation</a>, and it might provide clues into how such an organelle could be engineered into crop plants," said Coale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-nitroplasts-and-the-nitrogen-cycle">Importance of nitroplasts and the nitrogen cycle</h2>



The nitrogen cycle, as discussed above, plays a crucial role in sustaining life on our planet. This biogeochemical cycle involves the continuous movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. 



Understanding the nitrogen cycle helps us appreciate the delicate balance of ecosystems and the importance of maintaining this balance for the well-being of all life forms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stages-of-the-nitrogen-cycle">Stages of the nitrogen cycle</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixation">Nitrogen fixation</h4>



As mentioned previously, nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into biologically usable forms, such as ammonia (NH3) and nitrates (NO3-). 



Lightning and certain bacteria, such as Rhizobium, perform this process naturally. Humans also contribute to nitrogen fixation through industrial processes like the Haber-Bosch process, which produces ammonia for fertilizers.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assimilation">Assimilation</h4>



Plants absorb the biologically usable forms of nitrogen from the soil through their roots. They incorporate these nitrogen compounds into their tissues, creating amino acids, proteins, and other essential biomolecules. Animals obtain nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals that have already assimilated nitrogen.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ammonification">Ammonification</h4>



When plants and animals die, decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down their tissues, releasing nitrogen in the form of ammonium (NH4+) into the soil. This process, called ammonification, makes nitrogen available for other organisms to use.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrification">Nitrification</h4>



Nitrifying bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, convert ammonium into nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates (NO3-) through the process of nitrification. Plants readily absorb these nitrates from the soil.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-denitrification">Denitrification</h4>



Denitrifying bacteria, found in anaerobic conditions like waterlogged soils, convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2). This process, called denitrification, completes the nitrogen cycle by returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-on-the-nitrogen-cycle">Human impact on the nitrogen cycle</h3>



Human activities, such as the excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels, have significantly altered the nitrogen cycle. 



These activities have led to an increased presence of nitrogen in the environment, causing problems like water pollution, soil acidification, and greenhouse gas emissions. 



Sustainable agricultural practices and reduced reliance on fossil fuels can help mitigate these issues and restore balance to the nitrogen cycle.



By understanding the stages of the nitrogen cycle and the impact of human activities on this process, we can work towards maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems. 



Protecting the nitrogen cycle is essential for ensuring the health and well-being of our planet and all its inhabitants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Nitroplasts: Revolutionary discovery in eukaryotic cells</h2>



In summary, the discovery of the nitroplast is a milestone in the field of biology, challenging long-held beliefs and opening up new avenues for research. 



While many questions about UCYN-A and its algal host remain unanswered, this finding is undoubtedly one for the textbooks. 



As the first of its kind, the nitroplast provides a fresh perspective on organellogenesis and has the potential to impact both ocean ecosystems and agriculture. 



The research team, led by Kendra Turk-Kubo, an assistant professor at UC Santa Cruz, will continue to investigate the intricacies of UCYN-A and its host, paving the way for further groundbreaking discoveries in the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk1075" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Introducing the "nitroplast" -- The first nitrogen-fixing organelle

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, an international team of researchers...

Close,Up,Of,A,Red,Fox,Standing,On,Green,Grass

A new study led by the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has found that an extinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-help-scavengers-take-over-the-alpine-habitats-of-arctic-foxes/">fox</a> in Argentina - known as Dusicyon avus - may have once been man's best friend, sharing a powerful bond with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/">early humans</a>.&nbsp;



This species, which resembled a sizable dog, appears to have shared a significant bond with hunter-gatherer groups 1,500 years ago, a relationship hinted at by the unique burial of a single fox's remains alongside 21 human skeletons.&nbsp;



The findings offer a rare glimpse into human-animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-were-often-buried-with-dogs-horses-and-other-animals/">relationships</a> in prehistoric South America, suggesting the fox might have been more than just a wild animal to the people of that era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-extinct-fox-as-a-human-companion">Identifying the extinct fox as a human companion</h2>



“There are several factors that led to identifying our fox as a companion or a pet rather than as part of the humans' diet," said study co-author Ophelie Lebrasseur, an archaeologist at Oxford.&nbsp;



The team noted the absence of cut marks on the animal’s bones, the fox's burial within a human site, and the dietary parallels between the fox and the humans as significant indicators of a companionship rather than a predatory relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-animal-dynamics-in-ancient-times-nbsp">Human-animal dynamics in ancient times&nbsp;</h2>



This partnership challenges our understanding of human-animal dynamics in ancient times, particularly in South America. Dusicyon avus, which was about the size of a German shepherd and lived across vast regions of the continent, including Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, went extinct approximately 500 years ago under mysterious circumstances.&nbsp;



The introduction of domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-dogs-bond/">dogs</a> to the region has been suggested as a possible factor in their extinction. However, the study argues that hybridization between the two species likely had minimal impact due to the low probability of producing fertile offspring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-dusicyon-avus">More about Dusicyon avus</h2>



The Argentinean warrah, also known by its scientific name Dusicyon avus, is an extinct species of fox-like canid that was native to the mainland of South America.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-falkland-islands-wolf-nbsp">Falkland Islands wolf&nbsp;</h3>



This species is particularly interesting because it shares a common name with the better-known Falkland Islands wolf or warrah (Dusicyon australis), which also became extinct in the 19th century.&nbsp;



The Falkland Islands wolf holds a unique place in natural history as the only native land mammal of the Falkland Islands.&nbsp;



The confusion between the two extinct species can arise from their common names and similar genus designation, but it's important to distinguish between them due to their different habitats and physical characteristics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution-of-dusicyon-avus">Distribution of Dusicyon avus</h3>



Dusicyon avus inhabited parts of Argentina and possibly other areas in South America. Like its island relative, it became extinct, but it is believed to have disappeared much earlier, likely before the arrival of Europeans to the continent.&nbsp;



The reasons behind its extinction are not well documented but could involve changes in habitat, climate, and competition with other species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paleontological-findings-nbsp">Paleontological findings&nbsp;</h3>



Information about Dusicyon avus is limited compared to its insular cousin due to the scant fossil record and the early period of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greater-risk-of-extinction-for-large-bodied-mammals-in-the-past/">extinction</a>. The scientific study of Dusicyon avus relies heavily on paleontological findings, including bone and dental analysis, to infer its size, diet, and ecological niche.&nbsp;



These studies suggest that Dusicyon avus was similar in size to small to medium-sized modern-day canids and likely had a diet that included both meat and plant material, indicating an omnivorous lifestyle.



The extinction of Dusicyon avus and its relationship to other South American canids contribute valuable information to the understanding of the evolutionary history and biogeography of canines in the Americas. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bond-between-foxes-and-humans">Bond between foxes and humans</h2>



Foxes are intelligent and adaptable creatures inhabiting various ecosystems worldwide, from forests and grasslands to urban areas. While they are often portrayed as cunning and mischievous in folklore, foxes play a significant role in our ecosystems and have a complex relationship with humans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



Foxes serve as both predators and prey in their natural habitats. They help maintain balance in ecosystems by controlling populations of small mammals, such as rodents and rabbits. 



Additionally, foxes act as a food source for larger predators, including wolves, coyotes, and birds of prey. Their presence contributes to the overall health and diversity of the environments they inhabit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fox-conflicts-and-coexistence-with-humans">Fox conflicts and coexistence with humans</h3>



As human populations expand and encroach upon wildlife habitats, conflicts between foxes and humans have increased. Foxes sometimes venture into urban and suburban areas in search of food and shelter, leading to concerns about property damage and the potential spread of diseases. 



However, many wildlife organizations work to educate the public about coexisting with foxes and implementing humane solutions to minimize conflicts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-admiration-and-conservation">Admiration and conservation</h3>



Despite the challenges, many people admire foxes for their beauty, intelligence, and adaptability. Some individuals even keep foxes as pets, although this practice remains controversial due to the animals' wild nature and specific care requirements. 



Conservation efforts aim to protect fox populations and their habitats, recognizing their ecological importance and the need to maintain biodiversity.



The relationship between foxes and humans is multifaceted, shaped by both conflict and admiration. As we strive to coexist with these remarkable creatures, it is essential to understand their ecological roles, address conflicts responsibly, and appreciate the unique place they hold in our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinct-dusicyon-avus-fox-and-its-human-partnership">Extinct Dusicyon avus fox and its human partnership </h2>



The question of whether Dusicyon avus could have been domesticated or used as pets remains open. "Some individuals may have been less scared of humans, which may have facilitated the development of a closer bond, but we cannot currently confirm this,” said Lebrasser.



“We do believe though that finding a Dusicyon avus specimen with such a close relationship with the hunter-gatherer community is very rare and really interesting, and represents quite a unique case of a human-wild South American fox partnership.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231835" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Foxes may have been man's best friend before dogs came along

A new study led by the University of Oxford has...

Chimpanzees and bonobos, often viewed as embodying contrasting aspects of human nature - the aggressive chimpanzee and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-cooperation-challenges-beliefs-about-human-evolution/">peaceful bonobo</a> - exhibit more nuanced behaviors within their communities, according to a recent study led by <a href="https://www.bu.edu/">Boston University</a>.&nbsp;



The experts found that male bonobos become aggressive more frequently than male chimpanzees, challenging prevailing perceptions. Notably, for both species, increased aggression correlates with more mating opportunities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aggressive-behavior-of-chimpanzees-and-bonobos-nbsp">Aggressive behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos&nbsp;</h2>



“Chimpanzees and bonobos use aggression in different ways for specific reasons,” said study lead author Maud Mouginot, an anthropologist at Boston University. “The idea is not to invalidate the image of bonobos being peaceful - the idea is that there is a lot more complexity in both species.”



This study is the first of its kind to directly compare the aggressive behaviors of bonobos and chimpanzees using consistent field methods. The research focused on male aggression, typically linked to reproductive behaviors, while recognizing that female aggression in both species also deserves further research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-aggression-in-male-bonobos">Monitoring aggression in male bonobos</h2>



The scientists examined male aggression within three bonobo communities at the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo and two chimpanzee communities at Gombe National Park in Tanzania. They tracked 12 bonobos and 14 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/">chimpanzees</a>, conducting "focal follows" to monitor each individual's interactions throughout the day.



“You go to their nests and wait for them to wake up and then you just follow them the entire day - from the moment they wake up to the moment they go to sleep at night - and record everything they do,” Mouginot explained.



Surprisingly, the study found that male bonobos were more frequently aggressive than their chimpanzee counterparts, engaging in 2.8 times more aggressive interactions and three times as many physical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friendly-bonobos-aggressive-mating/">aggressions</a>. Bonobo aggression was primarily directed at other males, whereas chimpanzees more often targeted females and were more likely to form coalitions during conflicts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-infrequency-of-chimpanzee-aggression-nbsp">The infrequency of chimpanzee aggression&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers suggest that the infrequency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/">chimpanzee aggression</a> might be attributed to the potential for severe injuries and the weakening of group defenses against external threats, given that their conflicts often involve multiple males. In contrast, bonobos, who are not known to be territorial and have never been observed to kill each other, tend to have one-on-one disputes, avoiding broader community impacts.



For both species, males displaying higher levels of aggression achieved greater reproductive success. This was particularly unexpected in bonobos, where the social structure is co-dominant, and females typically outrank males - different from the male-dominated hierarchies of chimpanzees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



“Male bonobos that are more aggressive obtain more copulations with females, which is something that we would not expect,” said Mouginot. “It means that females do not necessarily go for nicer males.”



These findings challenge the self-domesticating hypothesis, which posits that aggression has been selectively reduced in bonobos and humans compared to chimpanzees.



While the study did not measure the severity of the aggressive interactions in terms of resulting wounds or injuries, the researchers hope to include such data in future analyses. They also aim to expand their comparisons to include other groups of chimpanzees and bonobos to better understand behavioral variations within and across communities and subspecies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bonobos-nbsp">More about bonobos&nbsp;</h2>



Bonobos, also known scientifically as Pan paniscus, are one of our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom, sharing around 98% of our DNA. They are a species of great ape found only in the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bonobos are often noted for their matriarchal society, where females hold significant social status and power within their communities.



Physically, bonobos are slightly smaller and more slender than their relatives, the chimpanzees. They have black faces with pink lips, small ears, and long hair that parts in the middle. Bonobos use sexual behavior as a means to manage social relationships and conflicts, making them unique among primates.



Bonobos are frugivorous but their diet can also include other plant parts as well as small animals and insects. They are highly intelligent and capable of empathy, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-bonobos-adopt-infants-outside-of-their-social-group/">cooperation</a>, and self-recognition in mirrors.



Unfortunately, bonobos are endangered due to habitat loss, human encroachment, and poaching. Conservation efforts are crucial to their survival, aiming to protect their natural habitat and reduce illegal hunting.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.071">Current Biology</a>.



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"Peaceful" bonobos are actually more aggressive than chimps 

Chimpanzees and bonobos, often viewed as embodying contrasting aspects of...

Don't let those little wiggly bodies fool you. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caterpillars-can-stop-their-bleeding-in-seconds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caterpillars</a>, those voracious munching machines we find in our gardens, might seem simple. But they hide an incredibly sophisticated secret weapon: their nose. And it could be the key to protecting our crops in a whole new way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-nose">Meet the nose</h2>



We humans rely heavily on sight and hearing to navigate the world. Insects, including caterpillars, have evolved a different sensory toolkit. They are masters of smell, with highly specialized olfactory organs located on their antennae. 



These feathery "feelers" aren't merely decorative; they are covered in tiny sensory receptors. The receptors function like miniature chemical detectors, capable of sensing incredibly minute concentrations of airborne molecules. 



This allows caterpillars to locate food sources, detect potential mates, and navigate their environment using scent cues that would be entirely imperceptible to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catterpillar-s-noses-smell-signals">Catterpillar's noses smell signals</h2>



Researchers at Wageningen University &amp; Research (<a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WUR</a>) have made a fascinating discovery. A caterpillar's nose might have only 34 neurons (brain cells for sense of smell), compared to an adult butterfly's 300,000. 



Yet, the way this tiny nose processes information is surprisingly complex. This was explained by entomologist Alexander Haverkamp: "The 'nose' of the large white caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) has only 34 neurons, while the same insect has about 300,000 neurons when it reaches the stage of adulthood as a butterfly."



Picture the inside of their "nose" like a miniature sorting office. Each scent triggers a unique signal, bundled up and sent to a brain center that identifies what exactly the caterpillar is smelling. It works just like the big brains of adult butterflies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caterpillar-nose-as-nature-s-survival-kit">Caterpillar nose as nature's survival kit</h2>



Why does a caterpillar need such a powerful nose? Well, let's just say life as a squishy, slow-moving bug isn't easy.



"This enables caterpillars to detect many different scents in their environment, enhancing their chances of survival, as caterpillars mature in a highly hostile environment surrounded by predators and poisonous plant substances," explained Haverkamp. A super-sniffer lets them find the yummiest leaves, sniff out danger, and avoid toxic plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functions-of-the-caterpillar-nose">Functions of the caterpillar nose</h2>



The functions of a caterpillar's "nose," which in reality refers to its antennae and olfactory receptors, are sophisticated and vital for its survival. These functions span from finding food to avoiding danger, showcasing a remarkable adaptation to their environment. Let's delve deeper into each of these roles:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scent-detection-for-food">Scent detection for food</h3>



As discussed above, caterpillars have a refined ability to detect odors in their environment, which guides them to their food sources. 



Plants emit various chemical compounds, and caterpillars can discern these subtle differences, directing them towards suitable plants for nourishment. This is especially critical for species that are picky eaters and depend on specific host plants for survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-awareness-of-predators-and-toxic-plants">Awareness of predators and toxic plants</h3>



The antennae of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivorous-caterpillars-hungry-flesh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caterpillars</a> are equipped to sense danger through chemical signals. Predators, such as birds and wasps, may leave traces that caterpillars can detect, prompting them to hide or freeze. 



Similarly, the ability to recognize the chemical markers of toxic plants prevents them from consuming harmful substances. This sensory detection acts as an early warning system, enhancing their chances of survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-through-chemical-signals">Communication through chemical signals</h3>



While caterpillars are often seen as solitary creatures, there are instances where communication is key. Some species release pheromones to signal distress or to help coordinate group feeding strategies, reducing competition and optimizing resource utilization. This chemical communication is a critical aspect of their social behavior, aiding in survival and efficient feeding.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foundation-for-mating-in-adulthood">Foundation for mating in adulthood</h3>



Though <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caterpillar-outbreaks-drive-co2-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caterpillars</a> do not mate, the development of their olfactory systems is crucial for their future as adult moths or butterflies. 



The antennae grow more sophisticated with age, and by the time they metamorphose into adults, these insects are capable of detecting mates over long distances. 



The groundwork for this ability is laid during the caterpillar phase, highlighting the importance of their sensory development early on.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-sensing-by-caterpillar-noses">Environmental sensing by caterpillar noses</h3>



Beyond finding food and avoiding danger, caterpillars use their antennae to sense the quality of their environment. Humidity levels, temperature changes, and even the presence of water can be detected. 



This information is crucial for making life-or-death decisions, such as when to feed, where to pupate, and how to avoid adverse conditions. In the case of pupation, selecting a site with optimal humidity and temperature can significantly impact the success of their metamorphosis into adulthood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-the-caterpillar-nose-for-good">Harnessing the caterpillar nose for good</h2>



This discovery extends far beyond simply understanding the fascinating sensory world of insects. It holds significant potential for revolutionizing agricultural practices.



Large white caterpillars pose a major threat to cabbage farmers, capable of devastating entire harvests. The widespread use of pesticides to combat these pests is not only expensive but also carries substantial environmental risks.



Understanding the precise chemical cues that attract or repel caterpillars opens up the possibility of developing alternative pest control strategies. 



For example, farmers could strategically plant 'decoy' crops that emit highly attractive scents, luring the caterpillars away from the primary cabbage crop. Additionally, planting species that emit repellent odors alongside the cabbage could further deter the pests.



The success of such strategies hinges on pinpointing the exact olfactory signals that guide caterpillar behavior, highlighting the practical importance of this research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The scientists aren't stopping there. They're diving deeper into the genes behind the caterpillar's smell receptors. 



"We hope this will provide us with more information on what chemical substances prompt a response from the receptor molecules and what message the caterpillar receives from them," said Haverkamp. "In time, this will hopefully enable us to better understand the caterpillars' sensory world."



The next time you see a caterpillar, pause for a moment. Try to imagine the world as they "smell" it - a landscape defined by scent, full of hidden dangers and delicious discoveries. These little noses hold secrets, and those secrets might just revolutionize the way we grow our food.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.13304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insect Science</a>.



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Caterpillar 'noses' can lead to safer ways to protect crops

Don't let those little wiggly bodies fool you. Caterpillars, those...

For the first time in eight decades, a celestial phenomenon will grace our night sky, offering a once-in-a-lifetime chance to witness a star's brilliance with the naked eye during a dramatic explosion.&nbsp;



Known as T Coronae Borealis, or T CrB, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a> resides 3,000 light-years from Earth in the Northern hemisphere's expanse and is on the brink of an intense outburst. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-explosion-in-the-corona-borealis-constellation">Star explosion in the Corona Borealis constellation</h2>



This event, set to occur this year, will see T CrB lighting up the Corona Borealis constellation, shining as brightly as the famed North Star, Polaris, for approximately one week.



Corona Borealis, also known as the Northern Crown, is a small constellation located in the northern celestial hemisphere. It contains a semicircular arc of stars that resemble a crown. 



The brightest star in the constellation is called Alphecca or Gemma, which is an eclipsing binary star system.



T CrB, the recurring nova located within the Corona Borealis constellation, consists of a white dwarf and a red giant star orbiting each other closely. The white dwarf siphons matter from the red giant, causing occasional outbursts that significantly increase the system's brightness.



T CrB is nestled within the Corona Borealis constellation, lying in a semicircular pattern between the Bootes and Hercules constellations.



The exact timing of this stellar spectacle remains uncertain, with <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> forecasting its occurrence sometime between now and September. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-astronomical-event-nbsp">Rare astronomical event&nbsp;</h2>



The imminent outburst, classified as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-explosion-created-elements-essential-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nova</a>, represents a rare astronomical event that unfolds roughly every century. 



It happens when a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a> star -- comparable in size to the sun but collapsed - and a red giant star -- nearing the end of its life and expanding to about 74 times the sun's size - venture too close to each other. 



This proximity dramatically raises the red giant's surface temperature from about 4,000 to 5,800 degrees Fahrenheit to an astonishing 360,000 degrees Fahrenheit, prompting T CrB to expel its outer layers onto the white dwarf's surface.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enormous-thermonuclear-explosion">Enormous thermonuclear explosion</h2>



The culmination of matter from the red giant triggers a nuclear explosion, unleashing an energy burst up to 100,000 times greater than the sun's annual output.



Unlike a supernova, which obliterates the star, a nova such as T CrB's does not destroy the star system. Instead, the star cools down to its original temperature and restarts its cycle.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previous-explosions-of-t-crb-nbsp">Previous explosions of T CrB&nbsp;</h2>



Historical records trace T CrB's notable eruptions back to 1946 and even 1866, with earlier accounts suggesting observations several centuries ago.&nbsp;



Notably, Reverend Francis Wollaston in 1787 and Abbott Burchard in 1217 documented witnessing a bright star in the Corona Borealis constellation, hinting at earlier appearances of T CrB.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brief-yet-intense-display-nbsp">Brief yet intense display&nbsp;</h2>



This particular star explosion is unique for its brief yet intense display, completing its cycle in merely a week.&nbsp;



NASA anticipates that the nova's peak brightness will allow it to be visible to the naked eye for several days, and with binoculars for just over a week, before it fades away, potentially not to reappear for another 80 years. 



This upcoming event invites sky enthusiasts and the curious alike to marvel at the wonders of our universe, showcasing the ephemeral yet awe-inspiring nature of celestial phenomena.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-t-coronae-borealis-t-crb">More about T Coronae Borealis (T CrB)</h2>



As discussed above, T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), often termed the 'Blaze Star,' is a captivating binary star system located in the constellation Corona Borealis. 



This astronomical wonder stands out due to its explosive behavior -- it's a recurrent nova system. Comprising a red giant and a white dwarf, T Coronae Borealis periodically lights up the night sky with its dramatic outbursts.



The phenomenon occurs when the white dwarf, a dense remnant of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, draws material from its companion red giant. 



As this material accumulates on the white dwarf's surface, it eventually triggers a thermonuclear explosion. This process causes the system to dramatically increase in brightness, making it visible even to observers on Earth with the naked eye.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigmatic-white-dwarfs">Enigmatic white dwarfs</h3>



Central to the spectacle of T Coronae Borealis is the white dwarf, a stellar remnant that offers profound insights into the life cycles of stars. 



White dwarfs are the end products of stars that originally had masses up to eight times that of the Sun but ended their lives in a relatively peaceful manner, without exploding as supernovae.



These stellar cores are fascinating for several reasons:



<ul>
<li>Density and Composition: Despite their diminutive size, white dwarfs are incredibly dense. Their mass is comparable to that of the Sun, but they have a volume similar to Earth's. This high density arises because the matter within them is in a degenerate state, where electrons are packed closely together. </li>



<li>Cooling Process: After their formation, white dwarfs embark on a long cooling process. They start out extremely hot but gradually radiate away their heat over billions of years, eventually fading into black dwarfs -- theoretical objects that have not yet been observed because the universe is not old enough. </li>



<li>Limiting Mass: The Chandrasekhar limit, approximately 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, defines the maximum mass a white dwarf can have. Beyond this limit, the star would collapse under its own gravity to form a neutron star or a black hole.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-cosmic-evolution">Window into cosmic evolution</h3>



In summary, the study of T Coronae Borealis and white dwarfs opens a window into the complex processes governing stellar evolution. 



By observing these celestial phenomena, scientists gain valuable insights into the life cycles of stars, the dynamics of binary star systems, and the ultimate fate of our own Sun.



As observers on Earth, witnessing the dramatic eruptions of T Coronae Borealis or understanding the nature of white dwarfs connects us more deeply with the cosmos. 



These celestial events and objects remind us of the dynamic universe we inhabit, where stars are born, live out their lives, and meet their end in spectacular fashion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-differences-between-nova-and-supernova-explosions">Differences between nova and supernova explosions</h2>



The cosmos is a stage for some of the most spectacular and powerful events known to science. Among these, nova and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> explosions stand out for their brilliance and the fundamental roles they play in the universe's lifecycle. 



Despite the similarity in their names, novae and supernovae differ vastly in their origins, mechanisms, and consequences. This article demystifies these cosmic phenomena, highlighting their distinct characteristics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-nova">What is a nova?</h3>



As discussed above, a nova occurs in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tatooine-like-planets-with-two-stars-are-hospitable-to-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary star system</a>, where a white dwarf and a companion star orbit closely. The white dwarf, a dense remnant of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, pulls material -- primarily hydrogen -- from its companion. 



This material accumulates on the white dwarf's surface, eventually igniting in a thermonuclear explosion. The explosion causes the white dwarf to brighten significantly, but it does not result in the star's destruction. Instead, the process may repeat if the white dwarf continues to accrete material.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-supernova">What is a supernova?</h3>



In contrast, a supernova is a cataclysmic event marking the death of a star. Supernovae can occur in one of two primary ways:



Core-Collapse Supernova: This type happens at the end of a massive star's life cycle. When the star's core runs out of nuclear fuel, it can no longer support the outer layers against gravity. The core collapses, resulting in a massive explosion that obliterates the star.



Type Ia Supernova: This type involves a binary system where a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a> accretes material from a companion star, similar to a nova. However, in this case, the white dwarf reaches a critical mass (Chandrasekhar limit), leading to a runaway nuclear reaction that completely destroys the white dwarf.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-differences-between-novae-and-supernovae">Key differences between novae and supernovae</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scale-and-energy">Scale and Energy</h4>



The most striking difference lies in their scale and the energy released. Supernovae are among the universe's most energetic events, outshining entire galaxies and releasing vast amounts of energy. Novae, while still bright and powerful, are far less energetic and only cause a temporary increase in brightness.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frequency-and-visibility">Frequency and Visibility</h4>



Supernovae are relatively rare events, occurring about once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>. Novae, on the other hand, are more common, with several occurring in our galaxy each year. Despite their rarity, supernovae can often be seen from greater distances due to their immense brightness.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outcome">Outcome</h4>



A supernova marks the end of a star's life, often leaving behind a neutron star or black hole. The explosion disperses the star's material into space, contributing to the cosmos's chemical enrichment. 



A nova does not destroy the white dwarf. Instead, it merely expels the outer layers of accumulated material, allowing the process to potentially repeat.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contribution-to-the-cosmos">Contribution to the Cosmos</h4>



Both phenomena play significant roles in the cosmic lifecycle. Supernovae are crucial for distributing elements necessary for life throughout the universe, while novae contribute to the understanding of stellar processes and the dynamics of binary star systems.



In summary, though novae and supernovae might be mistaken for similar phenomena due to their names and explosive nature, they are fundamentally different in their origins, mechanisms, and implications for the cosmos. Understanding these differences enriches our knowledge of the universe and underscores the vast and varied processes that govern the lifecycle of stars.



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Blaze Star: Huge stellar explosion will be visible from Earth for a week

For the first time in eight decades, a celestial phenomenon...

Can you imagine going back in time to visit a lost loved one? This heartwrenching desire is what propelled astrophysicist Professor Ron Mallett on a lifelong quest to build a time machine. After years of research, Professor Mallett claims to have finally developed the revolutionary equation for time travel. 



The idea of bending time to our will – revisiting the past, altering history, or glimpsing into the future – has been a staple of science fiction for over a century. But could it move from fantasy to reality?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-inspiration-a-father-s-love-and-a-classic-novel">The inspiration: A father's love and a classic novel</h2>



Professor Mallett's obsession with time travel and its equation has its roots in a shattering childhood experience. When he was just ten years old, his father, a television repairman who fostered his son's love of science, tragically passed away from a heart attack. 



Devastated, the young Mallett sought solace in books. It was H.G. Wells' The Time Machine that sparked a lifelong fascination. 



Wells' opening lines became his mantra: "Scientific people know very well that Time is only a kind of Space. And why cannot we move in Time as we move about in the other dimensions of Space?"



This profound question ignited Mallett's scientific journey. He dedicated himself to understanding the nature of time, determined to find a way to revisit the past and see his beloved father once more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-travel-equation-in-the-hospital">Time travel equation in the hospital</h2>



Decades of research into black holes and Einstein's theories of relativity led to the time travel equation. 



While hospitalized for a heart condition, Mallett had a revelation. "It turns out that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-binary-black-holes-secrets-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a> can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained. 



Imagine the fabric of spacetime as a river. While time usually flows in one direction, Mallett theorizes that the immense gravity of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monster-black-hole-is-spinning-in-the-nearby-galaxy-m87-study-confurms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spinning black hole</a> can create whirlpools, where time twists back on itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-time-machine-blueprint">The time machine blueprint</h2>



Mallett's vision for a time machine centers on what he calls "an intense and continuous rotating beam of light" to manipulate gravity. His device would use a ring of lasers to mimic the spacetime-distorting effects of a black hole. 



"Let's say you have a cup of coffee in front of you. Start stirring the coffee with the spoon. It started to spin, right? That's what a spinning black hole does," explained Mallett.



"In Einstein's theory, space and time are related to each other. That's why it's called space-time. So when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-created-and-contained-in-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> spins, it will actually cause time to shift."



"Eventually, a rotating beam of laser lights can be used as a kind of time machine and cause a time warp that will allow us to go back to the past," said Mallett. Perhaps, what began as a son's wish to see his father one last time might one day transform our understanding of time itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-limitations">Challenges and limitations</h2>



The obstacles on the path from time travel equation to machine are immense. Mallett acknowledges the "galactic amounts of energy" needed to power such a device – energy levels far beyond our current capabilities. 



The sheer size of a theoretical time machine is also unknown. While Mallett optimistically states, "I figured out how to do it. In theory, it is possible," the reality is that he may not live to see the machine built.



Furthermore, Mallett's theory comes with a significant constraint. "You can send information back, but you can only send it back to the point where you started operating the device." 



In this sense, the time machine is like a one-way message service to the past. You can't travel to a point before the machine existed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mallet-s-lifetime-of-dedication-to-time-travel">Mallet's lifetime of dedication to time travel</h2>



Despite the daunting challenges, Mallett's remarkable journey is a testament to the human spirit. Alongside his time travel research, he's led a distinguished academic career, teaching physics at the <a href="https://uconn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Connecticut</a>. 



Now in his seventies, his work has been propelled by an unwavering belief in the possibility of the seemingly impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equation-vs-reality-of-time-travel">Equation vs. reality of time travel</h2>



Whether Mallett's time machine will ever transcend the realm of theory is uncertain. Skeptics point to the vast technological hurdles and potential paradoxes raised by tampering with time. 



Yet, the mere possibility that science might one day unlock the secrets of temporal travel is enough to ignite the imagination. Could we rewrite our regrets, learn from past mistakes, or witness historical events firsthand?



Perhaps Professor Mallett's greatest legacy won't be a time travel equation itself, but the inspiration he provides – a reminder that audacious dreams and unrelenting curiosity have the power to push the boundaries of what we believe is possible.



Read more about Professor Mallett's work <a href="https://www.phys.uconn.edu/~mallett/main/main.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-space-time">More about space-time</h2>



As discussed above, space-time, a concept that feels as vast and complex as the universe itself, forms the backbone of our cosmic understanding. 



At its core, it blends the dimensions of space and time into a single four-dimensional continuum, challenging our perceptions of reality. This intertwined nature of space and time underpins everything from the motion of planets to the flow of time itself.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-einstein-s-groundbreaking-contribution">Einstein's groundbreaking contribution</h3>



Albert Einstein, with his theory of relativity, revolutionized our understanding of space-time. He posited that space and time are not separate entities but are connected in a dynamic relationship affected by mass and energy. 



This relationship implies that the presence of a massive object, like a planet or a star, can warp the fabric of space-time around it. It's a concept that turns the notion of a flat, unchanging universe on its head, suggesting that the very structure of the cosmos is malleable.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-warp-and-weft-of-the-cosmos">The warp and weft of the cosmos</h3>



Imagine space-time as a vast sheet of fabric. When a heavy object sits on this fabric, it creates a dip or curve. This curvature is what we perceive as gravity. 



Planets orbit stars not because they are being "pulled" in a straight line towards them, but because they are following the curved space-time geometry that these massive objects create. 



This curvature of space-time is not just a theoretical concept; it's observable and measurable, especially in the presence of extremely massive and dense objects, like black holes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gravitational-waves-echoes-of-cosmic-events">Gravitational waves: Echoes of cosmic events</h3>



One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the theory of relativity and the dynamic nature of space-time comes from the detection of gravitational waves. 



These waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time, generated by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the universe, such as colliding black holes. 



Their discovery not only confirmed Einstein's predictions but also opened a new window into observing cosmic events that were previously invisible to us.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-impact-of-space-time">Practical impact of space-time</h3>



While these concepts might seem distant from daily life, they have real-world applications, particularly in technology. The Global Positioning System (GPS), a technology integral to modern navigation, relies on an understanding of space-time. 



Satellites orbiting Earth need to account for the effects of gravitational time dilation -- a consequence of the curvature of space-time -- to provide accurate location data to users on the ground.



In summary, space-time is a framework that shapes our understanding of the universe. From guiding the planets in their orbits to enabling precise navigation on Earth, its effects are both profoundly cosmic and surprisingly practical. 



As we continue to explore and understand the intricacies of space-time, we edge closer to unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos, one gravitational wave at a time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-black-holes-are-linked-to-time-travel">How black holes are linked to time travel</h2>



Playing a major role in Dr. Mallett's time machine, black holes exert a gravitational pull so immense that not even light can escape their grasp. This intense gravity fundamentally alters the fabric of space-time around the black hole. 



The stronger the gravity, the more pronounced these effects become, leading to what scientists call gravitational time dilation -- a phenomenon where time itself warps, slowing down relative to an observer far from the gravitational pull.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Time dilation explained</h3>



At the heart of this phenomenon lies Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity, which posits that gravity is the result of masses warping the space-time around them. 



In the vicinity of a black hole, this warping becomes so extreme that it significantly affects the flow of time. 



An observer standing at a safe distance would perceive time to pass much slower for someone closer to the black hole. 



This effect intensifies as one approaches the event horizon, the point of no return beyond which the gravitational pull becomes inescapable.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Boundary between time zones</h3>



The event horizon of a black hole marks a stark boundary in the universe, where time as we understand it undergoes a dramatic transformation. 



To an external observer, objects approaching the event horizon appear to slow down and almost freeze in time, never quite crossing the threshold. 



This illusion results from the light from those objects taking longer and longer to reach the observer as the objects move closer to the event horizon, due to the extreme gravitational pull affecting the light's path.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Theoretical implications and observations</h3>



This warping of time around black holes is not just a theoretical curiosity. As Dr. Mallett explained previously in this article, it has practical implications for our understanding of the universe. For instance, it plays a crucial role in the behavior of binary systems where one star orbits a black hole. 



Moreover, advancements in technology, such as precise atomic clocks and observations from space telescopes, have allowed scientists to measure these effects, further confirming the predictions of General Relativity.



In summary, black holes serve as natural laboratories for testing the limits of our understanding of physics, offering insights into the complex interplay between gravity and the fabric of space-time. 



The phenomenon of time dilation near these cosmic behemoths challenges our notions of time and space, inviting us to explore beyond the boundaries of our current knowledge. 



As we continue to observe and study these fascinating objects, we inch closer to unraveling the mysteries of the universe.



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Astrophysicist says he has cracked the code for time travel

Can you imagine going back in time to visit a...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...