You've undoubtedly noticed that the Moon has two distinct sides, right? The near side that we see from Earth and the far side that remains a mystery because it is never turned towards us.



This unusual lunar characteristic -- a global dichotomy -- is what a team of scientists led by Professor XU Yigang from the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (<a href="http://english.gig.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GIGCAS</a>) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been investigating.



They have been studying lunar soil samples collected from the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on the far side of the Moon, and returned to Earth by China's <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANG-E-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chang’e-6 mission</a>.



These invaluable samples have allowed them to investigate the Moon's peculiar dichotomy and the results have shed light on some of its secrets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-chang-e-6">What is Chang’e-6?</h2>



The Chinese space program launched Chang'e 6, their latest Moon mission, on May 3, 2024. The spacecraft blasted off from Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on a Long March 5 rocket at 9:27 UT (that's 5:27 PM Beijing time). 



Their goal? To grab about four pounds (2 kg) of Moon rocks from the far side - something no one had done before.



The lander touched down in a huge crater called the South Pole Aitken Basin. The team used both a scoop and a drill to dig up surface samples and even went 2 meters deep into the lunar soil. 



They also sent out a small rover that cruised around taking snapshots of the lander doing its work.



Once they collected the samples, the crew packed them into an ascent vehicle sitting on top of the lander. 



On June 3 at 11:38 PM UT (7:38 AM Beijing time the next day), this vehicle shot up from the Moon's surface and met up with the orbiter waiting above. They made the handoff on June 6, 2024.



After ditching the ascent vehicle (which crashed back into the Moon), the return vehicle hung around in orbit for a couple weeks before heading home. 



It pulled off a tricky skip-entry through Earth's atmosphere and landed in Inner Mongolia's Siziwang Banner region on June 25 at 6:07 UT (2:07 PM Beijing time). 



The final haul? Roughly 4.2 pounds (1.9 kg) of Moon rocks and soil from the far side -- marking another big win for China's space program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-side-vs-visible-side-of-the-moon">Far side vs. visible side of the Moon</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon's</a> dichotomy is visible in its topography, chemical composition, crustal thickness, evidence of volcanism and, most noticeably, in the difference in geomorphology between its near and far sides.



The near side of the Moon is home to the familiar "man in the moon" maria - the dark "seas" that are the result of ancient volcanic activity. 



These areas were flooded with molten lava that created rocks known as mare basalts.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_diagram_credit-YANG-Muhan_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_diagram_credit-YANG-Muhan_1s.webp" alt="Distribution of distinct volcanic episodes on the Moon’s farside. The remote sensing image highlights the Chang’e-6 landing site along with nearby mare and cryptomare basaltic units. Credit: Image by YANG Muhan" class="wp-image-1950782"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Distribution of distinct volcanic episodes on the Moon’s farside. The remote sensing image highlights the Chang’e-6 landing site along with nearby mare and cryptomare basaltic units. Credit: Image by YANG Muhan</figcaption></figure>



How about the far side? Well, here's where it gets intriguing. Only about 2% of this hidden part of the Moon is covered in the basalts, compared to around 30% on the near side.



This inexplicable difference is a vital part of the lunar global dichotomy that the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program aims to unravel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-the-moon-s-far-side">Secrets of the Moon's far side</h2>



Thanks to the Chang’e-6 lunar soil samples, Professor XU's team discovered the existence of two different types of mare basalts, low-Ti, and very low-Ti (VLT). 



“The samples returned by Chang’e-6 provide a best opportunity to investigate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-pt5-mini-moon-say-goodbye-to-earths-second-moon-we-barely-got-to-know-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> global dichotomy,” said Professor XU.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-eruptions_basalt-types_credit-GIGCAS_1s.webp" alt="The two types of basalts in Chang’e-6 soils and isochrons of the Chang’e-6 low-Ti basalt. Credit: GIGCAS" class="wp-image-1950784"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The two types of basalts in Chang’e-6 soils and isochrons of the Chang’e-6 low-Ti basalt. Credit: GIGCAS</figcaption></figure>



Let's not dismiss the aspect of dating these samples either. With high-precision Pb-Pb dating techniques, the team determined that the low-Ti basalt dates back to around 2.83 billion years ago.



This attests to the presence of "young" magmatism or volcanic activities on the far side of the Moon. But of course, young is a relative term when we talk about 2.83 billion years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-history-of-volcanoes">Mapping the history of volcanoes</h2>



With such valuable information now in our hands, we can clearly chart the volcanic timeline on the far side of the Moon. 



Led by Professor LI Qiuli, the team conducted radioisotope dating on 108 basalt fragments, with 107 of them revealing a consistent formation age of 2807 million years ago.



But there's more. One fragment, a high-aluminum basalt, was dated to a monumental 4203 million years ago, making it the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvest-moon-2024-will-feature-a-partial-lunar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> basalt for which age has been precisely determined.



This implies elevated levels of volcanic activity on the far side of the Moon for at least 1.4 billion years - between 4.2 billion and 2.8 billion years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



These findings, available for everyone to dissect, can help recalibrate the existing lunar crater chronology models. 



Christopher Hamilton, an independent planetary volcano expert, emphasized the importance of obtaining samples from this previously unchartered lunar territory.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_Change-6-mission_landing_credit-CLEP_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_Change-6-mission_landing_credit-CLEP_1s.webp" alt="China's Chang’e-6 mission spacecraft landed on the far side of the Moon. Credit: CLAP" class="wp-image-1950787"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">China's Chang’e-6 mission spacecraft landed on the far side of the Moon. Credit: CLAP </figcaption></figure>



More than just understanding the Moon, these lunar soil samples also have implications for some broad astronomical theories.



The new data indicates a constant impact flux after 2.83 billion years, which can offer new insights into planet migration in the early Solar System. 



So, by looking at the Moon, we are indirectly learning about our own cosmic neighborhood as well!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



With more missions like the Chang'e-6, the future will undoubtedly bring many enlightening discoveries about our constant celestial companion.



In the end, we see that the Moon, despite its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-have-captured-the-moon-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">familiar appearance</a>, still hides untold secrets waiting to be discovered. 



These lunar missions represent a new age of lunar and planetary exploration that pushes the boundaries of our understanding.



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The researchers from the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> express their gratitude for the support received from various institutes such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. These institutions' enduring support enables such important lunar explorations.



The study is published in the journals <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08382-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> and <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1093" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Far side of the Moon had volcanic eruptions for over one billion years

You've undoubtedly noticed that the Moon has two distinct sides, right? The near side that we see from Earth and the far side that remains a mystery because it is never turned towards us. This unusual lunar characteristic -- a global dichotomy -- is what a team of scientists led by Professor XU Yigang from the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIGCAS) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been investigating. They have been studying lunar soil samples collected from the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on the far...

Recent advancements from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> have initiated a significant reevaluation of the operational mechanisms behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/running-is-just-as-effective-as-drugs-for-treating-depression/">antidepressants</a> and other emotion-regulating drugs, highlighting the intricate communication between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/">gut and the brain</a>.



The research introduces a notable shift in understanding the gut-brain axis, a complex network facilitating bidirectional neural interactions between the gastrointestinal system and the brain's emotional and cognitive centers.&nbsp;



“The gut-brain axis consists of a complex bidirectional neural communication pathway between the brain and the gut, which links emotional and cognitive centers of the brain,” said lead author Nick Spencer, a professor at the College of Medicine and Public Health at Flinders.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vagal-sensory-nerves">Vagal sensory nerves</h2>



The study emphasizes the role of vagal sensory nerves, which transmit signals from the gut to the brain, influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/">mental health</a> and well-being.&nbsp;



“The mechanisms by which vagal sensory nerve endings in the gut wall are activated has been a major mystery but remains of great interest to medical science and potential treatments for mental health and wellbeing,” Spencer explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-diffusion-nbsp">Process of diffusion&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dance-of-dopamine-and-serotonin-influences-social-behavior/">Serotonin</a> is predominantly synthesized in the gut's enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and plays a pivotal role in mental health. The research challenges prior assumptions about the direct synaptic communication between EECs and vagal sensory endings, proposing instead a diffusion process.&nbsp;



“It had once been proposed that EECs make physical synaptic connections with the sensory nerve endings of the vagus and use fast neurotransmitters to activate vagal sensory endings,” said Spencer.&nbsp;



“However, the results of our new research uncover that any substances (including serotonin) released from EEC cells must communicate via a process of diffusion to the sensory nerve endings of the vagus nerve that lie in the colon (large intestine).”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-nbsp">Critical new insights&nbsp;</h2>



“We found that the distances between individual EECs that contain serotonin and vagal afferent nerve endings were too far apart to occur via a mechanism that involved synaptic communication and fast neurotransmission, as was previously thought,” Spencer added.



This finding has broad implications for the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/">medications</a> targeting the gut-brain axis, offering new insights into treating anxiety, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), conditions linked to serotonin.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synaptic-transmission-ruled-out">Synaptic transmission ruled out</h2>



The methodology involved anterograde neuronal tracing from the vagus nerve to the gut, uncovering the significant distances between serotonin-containing EECs and vagal nerve endings, which preclude synaptic transmission.&nbsp;



“The mean distances between vagal nerve endings and the nearest serotonin containing EECs were hundreds of times greater than known distances that underlie synaptic transmission in vertebrates. This rules out any possible mechanism of fast synaptic transmission,” Spencer explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study marks a pivotal step in redefining our grasp of gut-brain communication, potentially guiding future pharmaceutical research and the holistic management of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-apps-to-practice-mindfulness-improves-mental-health-of-children/">mental health</a> and gastrointestinal disorders.&nbsp;



“Our understanding of how the gut communicates with the brain, via sensory nerves has been substantially improved based on the findings of this study, and we look forward to exploring this topic further,” Spencer concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-024-03879-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell and Tissue Research</a>.



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How does gut-brain communication affect emotional well-being?

Recent advancements from Flinders University have initiated a significant reevaluation...

A recent study paints a chilling picture of West Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier, the so-called "Doomsday Glacier." Research by Julia Wellner, an associate professor of geology at the <a href="https://www.uh.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Houston</a>, and James Smith, marine geologist at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, reveals disturbing changes in the glacier's history.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The study highlights the urgent need to understand climate change and the looming threat of catastrophic sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doomsday-glacier">Doomsday Glacier</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-the-rapid-retreat-of-the-thwaites-glacier/">Thwaites Glacier</a>, a massive glacier covering an area similar to Florida, is located in West Antarctica. The Doomsday nickname reflects the potential for catastrophic flooding if the glacier were to completely collapse.



Thwaites acts as a crucial barrier, preventing the flow of ice from the Antarctic interior towards the ocean. The glacier already contributes significantly to sea level rise, accounting for about 4%, and its melting rate has been accelerating in recent decades.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



Scientists discovered that a major retreat of the glacier began in the 1940s. This timeframe is interesting because it aligns with a powerful El Niño event, a natural occurrence that causes warming.&nbsp;



The research suggests that El Niño may have played a part in starting the glacier's retreat. The glacier was already vulnerable at that time, and El Niño might have pushed it to a point where it began losing ice much faster.



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/">El Niño</a> may have sparked the melting, other factors such as climate change are now causing the glacier to melt continuously and lose ice at an even faster pace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-signs-of-recovery">No signs of recovery</h2>



Researchers are concerned that Thwaites Glacier isn't bouncing back from its retreat, unlike most glaciers that naturally grow and shrink over time. In the past, these changes were caused by things like snowfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-fluctuations-have-reshaped-earths-water-cycle/">temperature fluctuations</a>.&nbsp;



However, Thwaites seems to be stuck in a shrinking phase, suggesting something has significantly changed. This inability to recover points towards a long-term shift in how the glacier interacts with its environment.



The situation is likely to get worse because of global warming. Human activity is causing the Earth's atmosphere and oceans to heat up, melting ice worldwide and upsetting the natural balance that allows glaciers to recover. 



This warming is melting Thwaites from both the top and bottom, making it even harder for the glacier to regrow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-sea-level">Global sea level</h2>



Every year, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">melting glaciers</a> add massive amounts of water to the oceans, but scientists are most worried about the possibility of the entire glacier collapsing. 



This collapse could raise sea levels by over two feet, which would have devastating consequences. In addition to flooding coastal areas and harming economies, it would also make storm surges more dangerous.



Thwaites Glacier plays a crucial role by acting like a dam, holding back a much larger ice sheet that would lead to a significant sea level rise if it melted.&nbsp;



If Thwaites collapses, it could trigger a domino effect. Other glaciers in the region would become unstable and melt even faster, creating a chain reaction that could cause a much bigger impact on sea level rise. This scenario would have catastrophic consequences for the entire world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronized-retreat-of-the-doomsday-glacier">Synchronized retreat of the Doomsday Glacier</h2>



The Pine Island Glacier is a giant among West Antarctica's glaciers. Together with the Thwaites Glacier, it contributes significantly to rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/">sea levels</a>. Both glaciers are retreating at the same time, suggesting a common cause rather than independent events.&nbsp;



“If both glaciers are retreating at the same time, that’s further evidence that they’re actually being forced by something,” Dr. Wellner said in a <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/26/climate/doomsday-glacier-antarctic-ice-melt-climate-intl/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">press release</a>.



This synchronized retreat is likely driven by broader environmental factors, such as warmer ocean water or changing sea currents. These changes might be connected to global climate events like El Niño. 



The evidence suggests that the melting is not limited to these specific glaciers, but rather driven by larger climate shifts throughout West Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doomsday-glacier-and-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet">Doomsday Glacier and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet</h2>



The West Antarctic Ice Sheet, a giant sheet of ice covering part of Antarctica, is crucial for its potential impact on global sea levels. This sheet relies heavily on the Doomsday Glacier for its stability.



The size and location of Thwaites are critical because its health directly affects the rest of the ice sheet. Similar to a keystone in an arch, if Thwaites melts or retreats, it could destabilize the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet. 



The glacier currently acts like a barrier, preventing ice from the continent's interior from flowing freely into the ocean. As Thwaites weakens, more ice flows outward, accelerating sea-level rise.



The potential collapse of Thwaites and the destabilization of the ice sheet are concerning due to the massive amount of ice involved. 



If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet melted, it could raise sea levels by over 10 feet, submerging low-lying areas like coastal cities and entire countries, leading to widespread displacement and economic damage.



While this scenario is not an immediate threat, it represents a long-term risk that grows with ongoing global warming and ice sheet deterioration.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The findings warn the world about the urgent threat of climate change, focusing on the rapid changes in Antarctica. This specific example shows how even the most stable and remote parts of Earth are being affected by rising temperatures. 



The dramatic retreat and potential collapse of the Doomsday Glacier highlight the need for stronger scientific research and international cooperation to understand and address climate change.&nbsp;



“Humans are changing the climate and this study shows that small continuous changes in climate can lead to step changes in glacier state,” said Martin Truffer, a physics professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, who was not involved in the research.



Furthermore, changes in Antarctica can impact global weather and sea levels, affecting people worldwide. This emphasizes the need for a united global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, shift towards sustainable energy sources, and implement effective climate policies.&nbsp;



The planet's destiny depends on whether we heed its warning and collaborate as a united force. Will we rise to the challenge, or succumb to the rising tides?



The study is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 



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Doomsday Glacier seems to have lost its ability to recover

A recent study paints a chilling picture of West Antarctica's...

Despite its appearance of tranquility, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/">sleep</a> is a time of significant activity for the brain, not in silence but in a state of dynamic electrical activity.&nbsp;



As the world quiets down, the brain remains a hub of activity, with neurons firing off bursts of electrical pulses that coalesce into rhythmic waves, indicative of intense neural function. The question arises: Why does the brain stay so active during our rest?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronized-neural-activity">Synchronized neural activity</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://medicine.wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a> have discovered that slow brain waves play a crucial role in cleaning the brain during sleep. Nerve cells synchronize to produce these waves, which in turn propel fluid through the brain's complex tissue, effectively cleaning it.



"These neurons are miniature pumps. Synchronized neural activity powers fluid flow and removal of debris from the brain," said Li-Feng Jiang-Xie, a postdoctoral research associate at WUSTL.&nbsp;



“If we can build on this process, there is the possibility of delaying or even preventing neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, in which excess waste - such as metabolic waste and junk proteins – accumulate in the brain and lead to neurodegeneration.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-waste-nbsp">Metabolic waste&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/">Brain</a> cells are responsible for a wide range of functions, including thought, emotion, movement, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-sexual-satisfaction-linked-to-rapid-memory-decline/">memory</a>, and problem-solving. These processes are energy-intensive, leading to the production of metabolic waste.&nbsp;



"It is critical that the brain disposes of metabolic waste that can build up and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases," said senior author Jonathan Kipnis, a professor of pathology and immunology at the same university.&nbsp;



“We knew that sleep is a time when the brain initiates a cleaning process to flush out waste and toxins it accumulates during wakefulness. But we didn’t know how that happens. These findings might be able to point us toward strategies and potential therapies to speed up the removal of damaging waste and to remove it before it can lead to dire consequences.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluid-movement-and-rhythmic-waves">Fluid movement and rhythmic waves</h2>



According to the experts, cleaning the dense structure of the brain is a complex task. Cerebrospinal fluid must navigate through the brain, collecting waste before exiting and filtering through the body's lymphatic system. The researchers demonstrated that neurons' rhythmic waves are essential for driving this fluid movement.



By specifically silencing regions in the brains of sleeping mice, preventing neurons from generating these waves, the researchers observed that cerebrospinal fluid could not circulate properly, trapping waste within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/">brain tissue</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cleansing-the-brain">Cleansing the brain</h2>



"One of the reasons that we sleep is to cleanse the brain," Kipnis said. “And if we can enhance this cleansing process, perhaps it’s possible to sleep less and remain healthy. Not everyone has the benefit of eight hours of sleep each night, and loss of sleep has an impact on health."&nbsp;



"Other studies have shown that mice that are genetically wired to sleep less have healthy brains. Could it be because they clean waste from their brains more efficiently? Could we help people living with insomnia by enhancing their brain’s cleaning abilities so they can get by on less sleep?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers also found that the amplitude and rhythm of brain waves vary throughout sleep, affecting the force with which fluid moves. They now aim to understand the implications of these variations and identify which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-compensate-aging-dementia-recruiting-other-brain-regions-to-help/">brain regions</a> are most at risk of waste accumulation.



“We think the brain-cleaning process is similar to washing dishes. You start, for example, with a large, slow, rhythmic wiping motion to clean soluble wastes splattered across the plate. Then you decrease the range of the motion and increase the speed of these movements to remove particularly sticky food waste on the plate," said Jiang-Xie.



"Despite the varying amplitude and rhythm of your hand movements, the overarching objective remains consistent: to remove different types of waste from dishes. Maybe the brain adjusts its cleaning method depending on the type and amount of waste."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07108-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Cleaning the brain: Neurons flush out waste while we sleep

Despite its appearance of tranquility, sleep is a time of...

Walleye, a prized catch for freshwater sportfishing enthusiasts and a staple in Midwestern cuisine, also play a vital role in the cultural traditions of many Indigenous communities.&nbsp;



However, according to a new study led by the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, walleye populations are now facing challenges due to the increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-struggling-to-maintain-oxygen-as-temperatures-rise/">temperatures</a> in the waters of the Midwest United States and Canada.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inability-of-walleye-to-adapt">Inability of walleye to adapt</h2>



The experts shed light on one important aspect of the problem: walleye's inability to adapt to rapidly changing seasonal conditions, especially the shift in winter's timing.&nbsp;



According to lead author Martha Barta, a research technician at the UW-Madison, the timing of walleye <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-light-pollution-from-coastal-cities-is-damaging-coral-reefs/">spawning</a> (when the fish mate and lay their eggs) has historically been tied to the thawing of frozen lakes each spring.&nbsp; Recently, due to climate change, walleye have been “unable to keep up with increasingly early and more variable ice-off dates."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-spawning-season">Disrupted spawning season</h2>



The study reveals that the crucial period following the melting of a lake's ice, which signals the start of the walleye spawning season, is being disrupted by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



"Climate change is interrupting the historical pairing of ice-off and walleye spawning, and that threatens the persistence of walleye populations across the Upper Midwest," Barta said, emphasizing the urgency of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-mismatches">Universal mismatches</h2>



To understand the impact of these changes, Barta and her team analyzed data on walleye populations from 194 lakes across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered almost universal "mismatches" between the timing of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-melting-earlier/">ice melt</a> and spawning, with the rate of change in ice-off dates outpacing the slight adjustments in spawning times three times faster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-delicate-balance-nbsp">A delicate balance&nbsp;</h2>



Zach Feiner, a fisheries scientist affiliated with both the UW–Madison Center for Limnology and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, explained the delicate balance that normally exists.&nbsp;



"In an average ice-off year, you have this nice progression of events," said Feiner. "The ice goes off, you get light and warmer water that creates a bloom of small plant life called phytoplankton."&nbsp;



"And then tiny animals called zooplankton emerge and eat the phytoplankton, and usually, the walleye spawning is timed for them to hatch when zooplankton are around in high abundance and can serve as fish food for the baby walleye."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasingly-unpredictable-timing">Increasingly unpredictable timing</h2>



However, the study found that the timing of these ecological events is becoming increasingly unpredictable, often leaving newly hatched walleye without the necessary zooplankton food sources.&nbsp;



Feiner noted the "weird" nature of recent yearly thaws, with lakes thawing earlier on average but also experiencing an increase in late-thawing winters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-walleye">Broader implications for walleye</h2>



The implications of this research are significant not only for walleye but also for the broader ecosystem and human communities that rely on them.&nbsp;



Feiner highlighted the importance of identifying lakes that can act as refuges during challenging years and the potential for management strategies to bolster walleye resilience in the face of climate change.



“There is a need now to find places where, through management of things we can control - like land use, fish harvest and invasive species - we can buffer or boost their resiliency to be able to handle stuff we can’t control, like climate change,” he explained.



Furthermore, the study prompts questions about the effects of changing winter patterns on other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/">fish species</a> that spawn in the spring, underscoring the need for expanded research to understand and mitigate the impacts of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10383" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Lessons</a>.



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Walleye are struggling to adapt to rapid seasonal changes

Walleye, a prized catch for freshwater sportfishing enthusiasts and a...

In an eye-opening study from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a>, researchers have discovered that cooking on a gas stove emits more nano-sized particles into the air than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-pollution-impairs-brain-network-connectivity/">exhaust</a> from gas or diesel vehicles, potentially elevating the risk of developing asthma and other respiratory illnesses. 



This revelation underscores a significant source of indoor air pollution that might have been underappreciated until now. Based on their findings, the researchers recommend turning on a kitchen exhaust fan while cooking on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-gas-stoves-in-homes-is-worse-for-your-health-than-secondhand-smoke/">gas stove</a>.&nbsp;



The study was led by Brandon Boor, an associate professor in Purdue’s Lyles School of Civil Engineering.



“Combustion remains a source of air pollution across the world, both indoors and outdoors. We found that cooking on your gas stove produces large amounts of small nanoparticles that get into your respiratory system and deposit efficiently,” said Professor Boor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-amounts-of-tiny-nanoparticles">Large amounts of tiny nanoparticles</h2>



The study was focused on tiny airborne nanoparticles that are only 1-3 nanometers in diameter. These particles are perfectly sized to reach deep into the respiratory system and potentially spread to other organs, posing significant health risks.



The researchers noted that children living in homes with gas stoves have a higher likelihood of developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/specific-air-pollutants-linked-to-asthma-attacks-in-urban-children/">asthma</a>, a concern that has been echoed in previous studies. However, the focus on particles smaller than 3 nanometers, known as nanocluster aerosol, is relatively new due to the challenges in measuring such minuscule particles.



“These super tiny nanoparticles are so small that you’re not able to see them. They’re not like dust particles that you would see floating in the air,” said Professor Boor. “After observing such high concentrations of nanocluster aerosol during gas cooking, we can’t ignore these nano-sized particles anymore.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Utilizing advanced air quality instrumentation from the German company GRIMM AEROSOL TECHNIK, the researchers conducted experiments in a "tiny house" lab, known as the Purdue zero Energy Design Guidance for Engineers (zEDGE) lab.&nbsp;



This lab, equipped with sensors to monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/">air quality</a> impacts from everyday activities, allowed for the precise measurement of these tiny particles during realistic cooking scenarios. Collaborating with Gerhard Steiner, a senior scientist and product manager for nano measurement at GRIMM AEROSOL, the team managed to collect extensive data on the presence of nanocluster aerosol particles in indoor air during cooking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



The findings were startling. The researchers estimated that up to 10 quadrillion nanocluster aerosol particles could be emitted per kilogram of cooking fuel, a figure that matches or even exceeds the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/">particle emissions</a> from vehicle exhausts.&nbsp;



This comparison suggests that individuals could be inhaling 10-100 times more nanocluster aerosol from indoor cooking on a gas stove than from car exhaust on a busy street.



“You would not use a diesel engine exhaust pipe as an air supply to your kitchen,” said study co-lead author Nusrat Jung, a professor of Civil Engineering who designed the tiny house lab with her students.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-billions-of-particles-ingested">Billions of particles ingested</h2>



The study also highlights the persistence of these particles, with models showing significant emissions within 20 minutes of cooking activities like boiling water or making grilled cheese sandwiches.&nbsp;



Many of the particles rapidly diffused to other surfaces, but the models indicated that approximately 10 billion to 1 trillion particles could deposit into an adult’s head airways and tracheobronchial region of the lungs. Among children, these doses would be even more concentrated.&nbsp;



“Since most people don’t turn on their exhaust fan while cooking, having kitchen hoods that activate automatically would be a logical solution,” said Professor Boor.&nbsp;



“Moving forward, we need to think about how to reduce our exposure to all types of indoor air pollutants. Based on our new data, we’d advise that nanocluster aerosol be considered as a distinct air pollutant category.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.&nbsp;



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Gas stoves release more harmful nanoparticles than vehicle exhaust

In an eye-opening study from Purdue University, researchers have discovered...

Even with our constant exploration, nature continues to surprise us. Recently, scientists from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/">Flinders University</a> made a remarkable discovery while studying the beautiful Pacific Islands: they found completely new types of bees that no one knew existed before. 



These amazing pollinators, known as Hylaeus bees, show us just how much unseen variety there is still on Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-bee-diversity">Importance of bee diversity</h2>



Bees are much more than just honey-making insects. They play a critical role in the environment as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-patches-of-land-can-help-support-pollinators/">pollinators</a>, helping countless plants, trees, and flowers grow. This, in turn, provides food and shelter for various wildlife, maintaining the balance of ecosystems worldwide.&nbsp;



Over 20,000 known bee species exist, each with unique adaptations to their specific environment. These range from tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-threatens-solitary-bees-and-global-food-security/">solitary bees</a> nesting underground to social bumblebees forming complex colonies.&nbsp;



They are not just important for the environment; bees are crucial to human agriculture as well. They pollinate a significant portion of the crops we rely on for food, ensuring a diverse and nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and nuts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-tree-tops">Exploring the tree-tops</h2>



To uncover the hidden diversity of tree-top bees in the Pacific, scientists embarked on an adventurous study. They ventured into the canopies of Fiji, French Polynesia, and Micronesia, equipped with tools and techniques designed for canopy sampling.&nbsp;



This method isn't like the usual bee hunt; it involves reaching the tops of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/">trees</a>, where many species have remained elusive due to traditional sampling methods focusing on the ground.&nbsp;



By exploring these tree-top habitats, researchers were able to collect specimens and observe the behaviors of the bees in their natural environment.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hylaeus-bees">Hylaeus bees</h2>



The researchers identified eight species of Hylaeus bees that are completely new to science, doubling the known dispersals of these bees out of Australia.&nbsp;



“Our investigations have discovered an extra group of endemic bees in Fiji that have remained ‘hidden’ in the forest canopy despite years of looking and sampling,” said study first author and Australian native bee expert James B. Dorey.



Hylaeus bees are small in size and are often overlooked, yet they play a vital role in helping plants reproduce. Unlike the bees we typically see, Hylaeus bees live high up in the forest canopy - an area where the tops of trees create a thick layer of leaves and branches.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-a-long-standing-mystery">Solving a long-standing mystery</h2>



The study also solved a longstanding scientific mystery related to bees. Dr. Charles Michener, an expert on bees, had discovered a unique bee in French Polynesia called Hylaeus tuamotuensis. However, he couldn't determine its connection to other bees within the same family, Hylaeus.&nbsp;



The researchers have now successfully traced the lineage of this isolated bee back to its relatives in Fiji, finally clarifying its position within the Hylaeus family tree.&nbsp;



This discovery not only answers a long-standing question but also improves our understanding of how these bees are distributed and connected throughout the Pacific islands.&nbsp;



“Happily, this also solves ‘Michener’s mystery’ about how these tiny (3-5mm) Hylaeus made it to French Polynesia, dispersing over time from their closest relatives which were 4,000 km north in Hawaii and 6,000 km west in Australia,” said Dr. Dorey.



<h1 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eight-new-species">Eight new species</h1>



Scientists found eight new types of Hylaeus bees in the Pacific Ocean. These bees are all small and build their nests in special ways, but each new type has unique features.



In Fiji, the discovery includes six species: Hylaeus albaeus, Hylaeus apertus, Hylaeus derectus, Hylaeus navai, Hylaeus veli, and Hylaeus breviflavus.



From French Polynesia, the study adds Hylaeus aureaviridis, while Hylaeus chuukensis is the species identified in Micronesia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-about-the-species">More about about the species</h2>



The new bees in Fiji have different colors, sizes, and preferred living spaces. This suggests they have adapted to the various environments on the islands. These adaptations might involve how they find food, what flowers they like, or where they build their nests in the forest.&nbsp;



The single new bee type found in French Polynesia adds to the few known bee types there, suggesting there might be many more undiscovered bees. This discovery might show how bees in isolated islands have evolved in unique ways to fit their local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-shed-their-flowers-quickly-for-protection-from-microbes/">flowers</a> and climate.



The new bee type found in Micronesia is an important addition to the known animals in the area, and it shows that Hylaeus bees can travel long distances. Its presence suggests that bees may have moved across the ocean in the past, possibly helped by wind, storms, or floating plants.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-bee-conservation">Importance of bee conservation</h2>



Bees face many threats that could wipe them out, which would hurt both nature and our farms. As cities and farms get bigger, bees lose the places they naturally live and the plants they eat.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/">Climate change</a> makes things even harder by changing where bees live and when plants flower, messing up their feeding schedule. Also, the widespread use of pesticides poisons their food, and diseases make them even sicker.



Each kind of bee has a special job and needs something different to survive, so we need different ways to protect them all. By learning where bees live and what they need, scientists and conservationists can create better ways to keep them safe. This will protect bees, the environment, and the food we grow.



The study is a testament to the endless wonder waiting to be discovered in our own backyards (or, in this case, in rainforests).



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1339446" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Eight new Hylaeus bees discovered in the Pacific treetops

Even with our constant exploration, nature continues to surprise us....

Music possesses a profound ability to stir our emotions. Research has consistently demonstrated that recorded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-inspired-by-music-shape-our-most-enduring-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a> can activate the emotional and imaginative circuits within our brains. 



Yet, the question arises: does the experience of live music evoke a different neural response compared to its recorded counterpart?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-emotional-resonance-of-music">The emotional resonance of music</h2>



In pursuit of this inquiry, a research team led by Professor Sascha Frühholz of the <a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Zurich</a>, specializing in cognitive and affective neuroscience, embarked on a fascinating study. 



Their research aimed to discern the distinct effects of live and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-triggers-unique-prediction-zones-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recorded music</a> on the human brain's emotional processes.



Central to their investigation was an innovative experiment featuring a live pianist, whose performance dynamically evolved to heighten emotional responses in the listeners' amygdalas -- the brain's emotional nexus. 



Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging, the team monitored the amygdala activity of both the audience and the performer in real-time. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-live-vs-recorded-a-comparative-experiment">Live vs. recorded: A comparative experiment</h2>



This unique setup allowed the pianist to adjust the performance on the fly, amplifying the emotional engagement of the audience.



To draw comparisons, the audience was also exposed to a recorded version of the same piece, performed by the same artist but without the interactive, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-therapy-key-features-of-healing-music-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurofeedback loop</a>. 



The findings were revelatory. “Our study showed that pleasant and unpleasant emotions performed as live music elicited much higher and more consistent activity in the amygdala than recorded music," explained Frühholz.



"The live performance also stimulated a more active exchange of information in the whole brain, which points to strong emotional processing in the affective and cognitive parts of the brain.” 



Furthermore, live performances fostered a more vigorous informational exchange throughout the brain, underscoring the potency of live music in engaging both affective and cognitive brain regions.



The research team delved deeper, examining the alignment between the piano music and the audience's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-are-born-with-the-ability-to-recognize-the-beat-in-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronicity-between-music-and-emotion">Synchronicity between music and emotion</h2>



A remarkable synchronization between the subjective emotional experience and the auditory brain system -- responsible for evaluating music's acoustic qualities -- was distinctly observed during live performances. 



Moreover, it was only in the context of live music that a strong, positive correlation emerged between the nuances of the musical performance and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-prevent-brain-aging-and-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a> of the listeners.



Historically, humanity has leveraged various tools and instruments to create live music, a tradition predating the advent of music recording technologies in the early 20th century. 



Despite today's access to streaming platforms and high-quality audio devices, the communal and emotional richness of attending a live performance remains unparalleled.



Professor Frühholz suggests that this preference for live music may be rooted in our evolutionary history, emphasizing our innate desire for the immersive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-as-a-pain-reliever-the-power-of-your-playlist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional journey</a> that live performances offer. 



“This can perhaps be traced back to the evolutionary roots of music,” says Frühholz. “People want the emotional experience of live music. We want musicians to take us on an emotional journey with their performances.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incomparable-experience-of-live-music">Incomparable experience of live music</h2>



In summary, this pioneering study highlights the unparalleled emotional impact of live music, compared to its recorded counterpart. 



Through innovative experiments involving real-time neurofeedback and magnetic resonance imaging, scientists from the University of Zurich demonstrated that live performances not only elicit stronger and more consistent emotional responses in the brain's amygdala, but also enhance the overall exchange of information within the brain. This process evokes the profound cognitive and affective engagement live music offers. 



Their research deepens our understanding of music's emotional sway while reaffirming the irreplaceable value and unique connection that live music fosters among performers and audiences alike, echoing our evolutionary inclination towards the enriching experience of live performances.



Image copyright: <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/C30agQPO-ry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@actennille via @billystrings</a>; <a href="https://www.billystrings.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BillyStrings.com</a>; <a href="https://andytennillephotography.zenfolio.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andy Tennille Photography</a>



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2316306121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Live music triggers much stronger emotions than streamed music

Music possesses a profound ability to stir our emotions. Research...

A preliminary study has established a significant link between pesticide exposure and the incidence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-plays-an-unexpected-role-in-movement-and-parkinsons-disease/">Parkinson’s disease</a> in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions of the United States. 



The research was led by Dr. Brittany Krzyzanowski of the <a href="https://www.barrowneuro.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barrow Neurological Institute</a> in Phoenix, Arizona. The results highlight the complex interplay between environmental factors and neurological health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-levels-of-pesticide-use">Regional levels of pesticide use</h2>



“We used geographic methods to examine the rates of Parkinson’s disease across the United States and compared those rates to regional levels of pesticide and herbicide use,” said Dr. Krzyzanowski.



“Our methods enabled us to identify parts of the nation where there was a relationship between most pesticides and Parkinson’s disease and subsequently pinpoint where the relationship was strongest so we could explore specific pesticides in that region."&nbsp;



"In the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains region, we identified 14 pesticides associated with Parkinson’s disease.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Dr. Krzyzanowski said the most affected region includes parts of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah and Wyoming. This part of the country emerged as a focal point due to its alarming association with Parkinson’s disease.



For the investigation, Dr. Krzyzanowski and her team analyzed the health records of 21.5 million individuals enrolled in Medicare in 2009. The goal was to compare the regional Parkinson’s disease rates with the use of 65 different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/">pesticides</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-and-concerning-trend">Clear and concerning trend</h2>



The findings are alarming: pesticides and herbicides such as simazine, atrazine, and lindane were strongly linked to increased rates of Parkinson’s disease.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simazine">Simazine</h3>



In particular, the study revealed that residents in counties with the highest levels of simazine application were 36% more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease compared to those in areas with minimal exposure.&nbsp;



According to the results, in the counties with the highest exposure to simazine, 411 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people. This is significantly higher than the rate of 380 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atrazine">Atrazine</h3>



The results also showed that individuals exposed to the highest amount of the herbicide atrazine were 31% more likely to have Parkinson’s disease compared to those with the lowest exposure.&nbsp;



In the counties with the highest exposure to atrazine, 475 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people compared to 398 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lindane">Lindane</h3>



Furthermore, individuals with the greatest exposure to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insecticide-responsible-for-major-crayfish-kill-in-australia/">insecticide</a> lindane were 25% more likely to develop the disease. 



Across counties with the highest exposure to lindane, 386 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people compared to 349 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-urgently-needed-nbsp">Further research is urgently needed&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers said that even after they adjusted for other factors that could affect the risk of Parkinson’s disease, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-non-lung-cancers-too/">air pollution</a> exposure, the results remained the same.



“It’s concerning that previous studies have identified other pesticides and herbicides as potential risk factors for Parkinson’s, and there are hundreds of pesticides that have not yet been studied for any relationship to the disease,” said Dr. Krzyzanowski.&nbsp;



“Much more research is needed to determine these relationships and hopefully to inspire others to take steps to lower the risk of disease by reducing the levels of these pesticides.”



The study was supported by Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. The results will be presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the <a href="https://www.aan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Academy of Neurology</a>, scheduled from April 13–18, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parkinson-s-disease">Parkinson's disease</h2>



Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement, leading to symptoms that worsen over time.&nbsp;



The disease is caused by the degeneration and loss of neurons in the brain, particularly in an area called the substantia nigra, which is crucial for controlling movements. These neurons produce dopamine, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-helps-us-learn-from-positive-and-negative-experiences/">neurotransmitter</a> that plays a key role in sending messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. 



As Parkinson's disease progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, leaving a person unable to control movement normally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied and can include tremors (shaking), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), limb rigidity, and problems with balance and coordination. These symptoms can lead to difficulty with walking, talking, and completing simple tasks.&nbsp;



Parkinson's can also cause non-motor symptoms, including sleep disturbances, mood disorders, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction, which can affect blood pressure, bowel and bladder function, and sexual performance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-causes">Possible causes</h3>



The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.&nbsp;



Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides, has been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease, and some genetic mutations have been identified that contribute to its development, though these are less common.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatments">Treatments</h3>



There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but treatments are available to help manage its symptoms. Medication therapy, most notably levodopa combined with carbidopa, is used to increase dopamine levels in the brain or mimic its actions, helping to control motor symptoms.&nbsp;



Other treatments can include deep brain stimulation (DBS), physical therapy, and occupational therapy, aimed at improving quality of life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-nbsp">Ongoing research&nbsp;</h3>



Research into Parkinson's disease is ongoing, with scientists looking for better ways to treat the disease, manage its symptoms more effectively, and ultimately find a cure.&nbsp;



Experts like Dr. Krzyzanowski are studying the potential links between pesticide exposure and other environmental factors and the development of Parkinson's disease. This may ultimately lead to the development of new treatment options that target the underlying causes of the disease rather than just its symptoms.



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Pesticide exposure increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease 

A preliminary study has established a significant link between pesticide...

The Triassic period, known for the rise of the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/">dinosaurs</a>, has yielded another remarkable discovery: Dinocephalosaurus orientalis.&nbsp;



The name translates to "terrible-headed reptile," a fitting description for the creature's imposing features. This newly-identified <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-reptile-rhynchosaur-died-off-before-the-dinosaurs-due-to-weak-teeth/">reptile</a>, unearthed by researchers from several countries, also sheds light on the diversity and complexity of the Triassic era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-discovery-nbsp">Fossil discovery&nbsp;</h2>



The fossils were recovered from seabeds of southwestern China. Scientists examined these fossils and compared their remains to other marine fossils.&nbsp;



The goal was to understand what made Dinocephalosaurus unique and where it fit within the evolutionary story. The analysis shed light on its distinctive features and its role in the ancient ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-streamlined-body-nbsp">Streamlined body&nbsp;</h2>



Dinocephalosaurus had a sleek, torpedo-shaped body and a long, powerful tail. These features were perfectly suited for its life swimming in the ocean. 



The smooth, streamlined body of Dinocephalosaurus helped it cut through the water easily, like a boat slicing through waves. The reptile could swim quickly and efficiently, using less energy to travel long distances. This advantage was crucial for hunting prey, as it enabled Dinocephalosaurus to chase after them or burst forward for a surprise attack.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-tail-nbsp">Powerful tail&nbsp;</h2>



Similar to many modern aquatic animals, Dinocephalosaurus' long tail served several purposes. The strong, flexible muscles in the tail propelled it through the water, acting like an oar.&nbsp;



This powerful tail allowed for quick, agile movements, which were essential for both catching prey and escaping from predators in the fast-paced underwater world. Additionally, the tail helped balance the long neck of Dinocephalosaurus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptionally-long-neck-and-ribs">Exceptionally long neck and ribs</h2>



The creature had a super-long neck that sets it apart from other sea creatures of its time.&nbsp; Compared to most reptiles, where the neck is short, Dinocephalosaurus's long neck gave it a major advantage in the water, letting it find food in ways other similar creatures couldn't.&nbsp;



The long neck was powerful because of its exceptionally long ribs. These ribs helped the neck in two ways.&nbsp;



First, they made the neck strong enough to hold itself up and move quickly in the water. This was important because Dinocephalosaurus needed to move its neck quickly to catch prey.&nbsp;



Second, the ribs allowed the neck to bend and twist in many directions. This flexibility was helpful for finding prey in tight spaces and catching agile animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piscivorous-diet">Piscivorous diet</h2>



Dinocephalosaurus ate mostly fish, as shown by the shape of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skull-evolution-why-some-mammals-have-long-faces/">skull</a> and teeth. The reptile had sharp teeth to grab the fish and prevent them from escaping.



These adaptations show that Dinocephalosaurus was an important part of its ecosystem. By eating fish, it helped to control their population and keep the environment balanced.&nbsp;



The fact that Dinocephalosaurus specialized in eating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-fish-can-recognize-themselves-in-a-mirror/">fish</a> also suggests that the oceans during this time period were plentiful and diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-strategy">Reproductive strategy</h2>



Scientists believe that Dinocephalosaurus gave birth to live young. This is because similar sea creatures reproduced this way, and Dinocephalosaurus lived entirely in the water.&nbsp;



Laying eggs in water is risky because the eggs can be easily eaten by other animals or damaged by the environment. By giving birth to live young, Dinocephalosaurus could protect its offspring and improve their chances of survival.



Living entirely in water meant that Dinocephalosaurus couldn't lay eggs on land like some other reptiles. This may have helped them spread to new areas and become more successful in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/">oceans</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



"The discovery of the additional fossils allows us to see this remarkable long-necked animal in its entirety for the first time. It is reminiscent of the long, snake-like, mythical Chinese dragon. We are sure that Dinocephalosaurus orientalis will capture the imagination around the world because of its striking appearance," said study co-author Dr. Nick Fraser of the National Museum of Scotland.



The research shows us how amazing and varied life is on Earth. It also surprises us by showing how creatures can change to fit their surroundings in different ways than we thought. Dinocephalosaurus is a reminder that life on Earth is always changing and evolving.



"This was an international effort. In collaboration with colleagues from the United States of America and Europe, we used newly discovered specimens to expand our previous knowledge of Dinocephalosaurus. Among all the extraordinary Triassic finds we have made in Guizhou Province, this marine reptile probably stands out as the most remarkable," said study co-author Dr. Li Chun, curator at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S175569102400001X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.</a>



Image Credit: Marlene Donelly



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Dinocephalosaurus: 240-million-year-old 'Chinese dragon' was a fierce predator

The Triassic period, known for the rise of the first...

Scientists from <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Edinburgh</a> have made a worrying discovery about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/">Antarctica</a>. The huge platforms of ice that surround the continent are getting thinner much faster than ever before. This accelerated melting increases the planet's vulnerability to the effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-ice-shelves">Role of ice shelves</h2>



In Antarctica, massive sheets of ice called ice shelves stretch out from the land, covering the ocean. These impressive formations start as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">glaciers</a>, which are slow-moving rivers of ice flowing from the center of the continent towards the coast. When they reach the coast, instead of stopping, the glaciers keep spreading out over the water, eventually forming these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-are-much-thinner-than-previously-estimated/">ice shelves</a>.



Ice shelves play a critical role in the environment of Antarctica, serving as natural barriers that slow down the flow of ice from land into the ocean. This process is essential for maintaining the stability of the entire ice sheet and keeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-last-ice-age-shows-how-rising-sea-levels-will-transform-coastal-habitats/">sea levels</a> stable around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinning-points">Pinning points</h2>



For nearly 50 years, scientists have been analyzing satellite images of Antarctica. They were particularly interested in tracking the fate of "pinning points," underwater mountains that act like anchors, keeping the ice shelves stable.&nbsp;



By carefully examining the images, they observed changes in these pinning points over time. The findings were alarming: the crucial anchors are disappearing, suggesting that the ice shelves are thinning and becoming less stable.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-data-of-ice-shelves">Historical data of ice shelves</h2>



The study revealed a concerning trend of ice shelves melting over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1973-1989">1973-1989</h3>



The thinning of ice shelves was limited to small, localized areas, primarily concentrated in the Amundsen Sea Embayment and the Wilkes Land coastline. 



During this period, only 15% of pinning points showed a reduction in size. This initial phase suggested a period of relative stability for Antarctic ice shelves, with minimal loss of their ability to hold back ice flow (buttressing potential).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1989-and-2000">1989 and 2000</h3>



The picture changed significantly during this time. Thinning became more widespread, indicating an acceleration in the deterioration of ice shelves. This period also saw a jump in the proportion of pinning points losing size, with the number rising to 25%. 



The rapid increase in thinning suggested the ice shelves were becoming more vulnerable to climate change, potentially leading to faster movement of ice into the ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2000-to-2022">2000 to 2022</h3>



The most recent period continued the worrying trend. Thinning remained widespread, affecting even larger areas of ice shelves. Notably, the percentage of pinning points showing a decrease in size further increased to a concerning 37%.&nbsp;



This significant loss highlights an accelerated degradation of ice shelf stability. The weakening of pinning points directly impacts the ice shelves' ability to hold back ice, potentially leading to increased ice discharge and, consequently, a greater contribution to rising sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



Rising temperatures due to climate change are having a significant negative impact on Antarctica's ice shelves. These massive platforms of ice are being attacked from multiple angles.



Hotter air temperatures directly melt the surface of the ice shelves. This melting from above thins the ice, further reducing its ability to act as a barrier against the land ice flowing into the ocean.



Warming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/">ocean temperatures</a> are causing the water surrounding and beneath the ice shelves to become warmer. The warmer water melts the ice from the bottom, weakening its structure and making it easier to break apart.



Moreover, climate change is also altering snowfall patterns over Antarctica. While increased snowfall might seem helpful initially, it can add too much weight and cause the shelves to collapse. Conversely, decreased snowfall can reduce the overall mass of the ice shelves, making them less effective as barriers.



These combined effects highlight how climate change poses a major threat to the stability of Antarctica's ice shelves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-action">Urgent need for action</h2>



“What we are seeing around Antarctica is a sustained attack by climate warming to the buttresses, that slow the conversion of ice melting, into global sea-level rise. This reinforces the need for us to take action where we can to reduce global carbon emissions," said study co-author Professor Robert Bingham.



Potential strategies include switching to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and choosing sustainable transportation options. Additionally, supporting ongoing research is vital to predict future changes and to inform crucial policy decisions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.&nbsp;



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Antarctica's protective ice barriers are melting at double the pace

Scientists from The University of Edinburgh have made a worrying...

A team of astronomers led by <a href="https://www.bgu.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a> (BGU) has identified an extremely red, gravitationally lensed supermassive black hole in the early universe. This discovery, facilitated by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), suggests the black hole is concealed behind a thick dust veil, obscuring much of its light. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-the-early-universe-nbsp">Mysteries of the early universe&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found that the black hole's mass is significantly larger relative to its host galaxy compared to more local examples. The research marks a significant advancement in understanding the early universe.



Launched two years ago, the JWST has revolutionized our view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/">galaxy</a> formation. The telescope has uncovered very early galaxies in greater numbers and with more brightness than anticipated, along with some new object types.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-far-into-the-past">Looking far into the past</h2>



The discovery was made in images from the JWST, initially believed to be a lensed, quasar-like object from the early universe. Quasars are bright centers of galaxies where supermassive black holes actively accrete material, emitting vast amounts of radiation that overshadows the host galaxy.&nbsp;



The images were part of the <a href="https://jwst-uncover.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNCOVER program</a>, aimed at observing the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 with unprecedented depth. The mass of the cluster causes a gravitational lensing effect, magnifying background galaxies and allowing astronomers to see further into the past than otherwise possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-blooming-objects-nbsp">Red-blooming objects&nbsp;</h2>



"We were very excited when JWST started sending its first data. We were scanning the data that arrived for the UNCOVER program and three very compact yet red-blooming objects prominently stood out and caught our eyes," said lead author Lukas Furtak, a postdoctoral researcher at BGU. "Their 'red-dot' appearance immediately led us to suspect that it was a quasar-like object."



The team used a numerical lensing model of the galaxy cluster to determine that the red dots were multiple images of the same background source, seen when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> was only about 700 million years old.&nbsp;



"Analysis of the object's colors indicated that it was not a typical star-forming galaxy. This further supported the supermassive black hole hypothesis," said Professor Rachel Bezanson from the <a href="https://www.pitt.edu/">University of Pittsburgh</a> and co-lead of the UNCOVER program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staggering-results-nbsp">Staggering results&nbsp;</h2>



Acquiring JWST/NIRSpec data for the three images of the "red dot" provided staggering results. "The spectra were just mind blowing," remarked another co-lead of the UNCOVER project, Professor Ivo Labbé from the <a href="https://www.swinburne.edu.au/">Swinburne University of Technology</a>.&nbsp;



The analysis not only confirmed the object as a supermassive black hole and measured its exact redshift but also provided a solid estimate for its mass from the width of its emission lines.



The research led to the surprising finding that the black hole's mass is exceedingly high compared to the mass of its host galaxy.&nbsp;



"All the light of that galaxy must fit within a tiny region the size of a present-day star-cluster...Even packing all the possible stars into such a small region, the black hole ends up being at least 1% of the total mass of the system,” said Professor Jenny Greene from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a>, one of the lead authors of the paper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



This discovery has opened up new discussions about the growth of supermassive black holes and their relationship with their host galaxies in the early universe, highlighting the mysteries surrounding their origins and development.&nbsp;



"In a way, it's the astrophysical equivalent of the chicken and egg problem," Professor Adi Zitrin commented, reflecting on the ongoing debate about whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/">galaxies</a> or black holes form first. With JWST continuing to detect "little red dots" and other active galactic nuclei, the astronomical community is hopeful for more insights into these ancient cosmic structures.



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Red supermassive black hole found in the shadows of the early universe

A team of astronomers led by Ben-Gurion University of the...

A study led by <a href="https://tulane.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tulane University</a> has found that residing near pubs, bars, and fast-food restaurants could increase the risk of heart failure. According to the researchers, this type of food environment, often laden with unhealthy options, is associated with cardiovascular diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneering-study">Pioneering study</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydration-reduces-the-risk-of-heart-failure/">Heart failure</a>, a condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs, has not been extensively studied in relation to the food environment.&nbsp;



Thus, the study is a pioneering one in examining the long-term observation of the association between food environment and heart failure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-the-food-environment-nbsp">Impact of the food environment&nbsp;</h2>



“Most previous research on the relation between nutrition and human health has been focused on food quality, while neglecting the impact of food environment," said senior author Lu Qi, a professor of epidemiology at Tulane. “Our study highlights the importance of accounting for food environment in nutrition research.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers utilized data from the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a>, analyzing over 500,000 adults in the UK, to investigate the proximity and density of pubs or bars, restaurants or cafeterias, and fast-food restaurants near participants' homes and its correlation with heart failure.&nbsp;



Throughout a 12-year follow-up, nearly 13,000 heart failure cases were identified, showcasing a link between the density and proximity of ready-to-eat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dont-say-vegan-food-labeling-should-focus-on-health-and-sustainability/">food</a> outlets and an increased risk of heart failure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-density-areas-of-pubs-and-bars">High-density areas of pubs and bars</h2>



The results indicated that those living in areas with the highest density of ready-to-eat food outlets had a 16% greater risk of heart failure compared to those in areas without such outlets.&nbsp;



Specifically, high-density areas of pubs and bars were associated with a 14% higher risk, and areas with a high density of fast-food outlets had a 12% higher risk. Proximity to these outlets also mattered, with those living closest to pubs and bars or fast-food outlets facing a 13% and 10% higher risk, respectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-the-risk-of-heart-failure-nbsp">Mitigating the risk of heart failure&nbsp;</h2>



According to Qi, the findings were in line with expectations “because previous studies have suggested that exposure to ready-to-eat food environments is associated with risks of other disorders, such as Type 2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-can-prevent-or-reverse-diabetes/">diabetes</a> and obesity, which may also increase the risk of heart failure.”



The study suggests that improving access to healthier food and physical fitness facilities, particularly in urban areas, and promoting higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/every-year-of-education-reduces-mortality-risk/">education levels</a> could mitigate the increased heart failure risk associated with quick-meal options.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



An accompanying editorial by Dr. Elissa Driggin and Dr. Ersilia M. DeFilippis from <a href="https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University Medical Center</a> calls for more detailed analyses in diverse racial and ethnic communities, noting the particular importance of focusing on food environments in high-risk populations, including those with a high incidence of heart failure.



“Given the clear association between Black race and high incidence of heart failure as compared to white patients, as well as associations with worse heart failure outcomes, attention to food environment in this high-risk population is of the utmost importance,” they wrote.



“It has already been demonstrated that compared to predominantly white neighborhoods, there are significantly fewer supermarkets in predominantly Black neighborhoods, which are likely to be inversely associated with ready-to-eat food environments.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-initiative">Broader initiative </h2>



The American Heart Association's efforts to enhance access to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-foods-can-be-staged-to-look-more-appealing/">healthy food</a> and the significance of considering food as medicine in treating chronic health conditions are part of a broader initiative to address the challenges of eating healthier, including the impact of structural racism and poverty on diet quality.



The study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.123.010830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Circulation: Heart Failure</a> - highlights the role of the food environment in heart failure risk. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and better understand the implications of nutrition insecurity.



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Living close to bars and pubs increases the risk of heart failure

A study led by Tulane University has found that residing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...