You've undoubtedly noticed that the Moon has two distinct sides, right? The near side that we see from Earth and the far side that remains a mystery because it is never turned towards us.



This unusual lunar characteristic -- a global dichotomy -- is what a team of scientists led by Professor XU Yigang from the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (<a href="http://english.gig.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GIGCAS</a>) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been investigating.



They have been studying lunar soil samples collected from the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on the far side of the Moon, and returned to Earth by China's <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANG-E-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chang’e-6 mission</a>.



These invaluable samples have allowed them to investigate the Moon's peculiar dichotomy and the results have shed light on some of its secrets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-chang-e-6">What is Chang’e-6?</h2>



The Chinese space program launched Chang'e 6, their latest Moon mission, on May 3, 2024. The spacecraft blasted off from Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on a Long March 5 rocket at 9:27 UT (that's 5:27 PM Beijing time). 



Their goal? To grab about four pounds (2 kg) of Moon rocks from the far side - something no one had done before.



The lander touched down in a huge crater called the South Pole Aitken Basin. The team used both a scoop and a drill to dig up surface samples and even went 2 meters deep into the lunar soil. 



They also sent out a small rover that cruised around taking snapshots of the lander doing its work.



Once they collected the samples, the crew packed them into an ascent vehicle sitting on top of the lander. 



On June 3 at 11:38 PM UT (7:38 AM Beijing time the next day), this vehicle shot up from the Moon's surface and met up with the orbiter waiting above. They made the handoff on June 6, 2024.



After ditching the ascent vehicle (which crashed back into the Moon), the return vehicle hung around in orbit for a couple weeks before heading home. 



It pulled off a tricky skip-entry through Earth's atmosphere and landed in Inner Mongolia's Siziwang Banner region on June 25 at 6:07 UT (2:07 PM Beijing time). 



The final haul? Roughly 4.2 pounds (1.9 kg) of Moon rocks and soil from the far side -- marking another big win for China's space program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-side-vs-visible-side-of-the-moon">Far side vs. visible side of the Moon</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon's</a> dichotomy is visible in its topography, chemical composition, crustal thickness, evidence of volcanism and, most noticeably, in the difference in geomorphology between its near and far sides.



The near side of the Moon is home to the familiar "man in the moon" maria - the dark "seas" that are the result of ancient volcanic activity. 



These areas were flooded with molten lava that created rocks known as mare basalts.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_diagram_credit-YANG-Muhan_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_diagram_credit-YANG-Muhan_1s.webp" alt="Distribution of distinct volcanic episodes on the Moon’s farside. The remote sensing image highlights the Chang’e-6 landing site along with nearby mare and cryptomare basaltic units. Credit: Image by YANG Muhan" class="wp-image-1950782"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Distribution of distinct volcanic episodes on the Moon’s farside. The remote sensing image highlights the Chang’e-6 landing site along with nearby mare and cryptomare basaltic units. Credit: Image by YANG Muhan</figcaption></figure>



How about the far side? Well, here's where it gets intriguing. Only about 2% of this hidden part of the Moon is covered in the basalts, compared to around 30% on the near side.



This inexplicable difference is a vital part of the lunar global dichotomy that the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program aims to unravel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-the-moon-s-far-side">Secrets of the Moon's far side</h2>



Thanks to the Chang’e-6 lunar soil samples, Professor XU's team discovered the existence of two different types of mare basalts, low-Ti, and very low-Ti (VLT). 



“The samples returned by Chang’e-6 provide a best opportunity to investigate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-pt5-mini-moon-say-goodbye-to-earths-second-moon-we-barely-got-to-know-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> global dichotomy,” said Professor XU.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-eruptions_basalt-types_credit-GIGCAS_1s.webp" alt="The two types of basalts in Chang’e-6 soils and isochrons of the Chang’e-6 low-Ti basalt. Credit: GIGCAS" class="wp-image-1950784"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The two types of basalts in Chang’e-6 soils and isochrons of the Chang’e-6 low-Ti basalt. Credit: GIGCAS</figcaption></figure>



Let's not dismiss the aspect of dating these samples either. With high-precision Pb-Pb dating techniques, the team determined that the low-Ti basalt dates back to around 2.83 billion years ago.



This attests to the presence of "young" magmatism or volcanic activities on the far side of the Moon. But of course, young is a relative term when we talk about 2.83 billion years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-history-of-volcanoes">Mapping the history of volcanoes</h2>



With such valuable information now in our hands, we can clearly chart the volcanic timeline on the far side of the Moon. 



Led by Professor LI Qiuli, the team conducted radioisotope dating on 108 basalt fragments, with 107 of them revealing a consistent formation age of 2807 million years ago.



But there's more. One fragment, a high-aluminum basalt, was dated to a monumental 4203 million years ago, making it the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvest-moon-2024-will-feature-a-partial-lunar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar</a> basalt for which age has been precisely determined.



This implies elevated levels of volcanic activity on the far side of the Moon for at least 1.4 billion years - between 4.2 billion and 2.8 billion years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



These findings, available for everyone to dissect, can help recalibrate the existing lunar crater chronology models. 



Christopher Hamilton, an independent planetary volcano expert, emphasized the importance of obtaining samples from this previously unchartered lunar territory.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_Change-6-mission_landing_credit-CLEP_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/moon_farside_volcanic-episodes_Change-6-mission_landing_credit-CLEP_1s.webp" alt="China's Chang’e-6 mission spacecraft landed on the far side of the Moon. Credit: CLAP" class="wp-image-1950787"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">China's Chang’e-6 mission spacecraft landed on the far side of the Moon. Credit: CLAP </figcaption></figure>



More than just understanding the Moon, these lunar soil samples also have implications for some broad astronomical theories.



The new data indicates a constant impact flux after 2.83 billion years, which can offer new insights into planet migration in the early Solar System. 



So, by looking at the Moon, we are indirectly learning about our own cosmic neighborhood as well!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



With more missions like the Chang'e-6, the future will undoubtedly bring many enlightening discoveries about our constant celestial companion.



In the end, we see that the Moon, despite its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-have-captured-the-moon-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">familiar appearance</a>, still hides untold secrets waiting to be discovered. 



These lunar missions represent a new age of lunar and planetary exploration that pushes the boundaries of our understanding.



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The researchers from the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> express their gratitude for the support received from various institutes such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. These institutions' enduring support enables such important lunar explorations.



The study is published in the journals <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08382-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> and <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1093" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Far side of the Moon had volcanic eruptions for over one billion years

You've undoubtedly noticed that the Moon has two distinct sides, right? The near side that we see from Earth and the far side that remains a mystery because it is never turned towards us. This unusual lunar characteristic -- a global dichotomy -- is what a team of scientists led by Professor XU Yigang from the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIGCAS) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been investigating. They have been studying lunar soil samples collected from the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on the far...

A recent study led by <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a> (QMUL) has found that bumblebees exhibit a level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/longevity-in-parrots-linked-to-brain-size-and-cognitive-ability/">cognitive ability</a> far more advanced than previously recognized, showcasing their capacity for complex social learning.&nbsp;



The experts discovered that bumblebees can master intricate tasks through observation, a trait once thought to be exclusive to humans. This finding suggests that elements of cumulative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/">culture</a>, the layering of knowledge and skills across generations, may also exist among these insects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sophisticated-puzzle">Sophisticated puzzle</h2>



The study involved a sophisticated two-step puzzle box designed to test the bumblebees' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/among-songbirds-complex-vocal-learners-are-superior-problem-solvers/">problem-solving</a> capabilities.&nbsp;



To access a sugary reward, the bees were required to complete two separate actions in a specific sequence. Initially, the bees were enticed with an additional reward partway through the task, which was later removed, forcing them to open the box entirely on their own to obtain the treat.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-by-watching">Learning by watching</h2>



The most astonishing observation came from the fact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-evolution-occurred-tens-of-millions-of-years-earlier-than-previously-believed/">bees</a> watching a "demonstrator" bee could learn the entire sequence without prior experience of the intermediate reward.



The research marks a significant shift in our understanding of social learning, suggesting that bumblebees can acquire and transmit behaviors that surpass their innate cognitive limits. This capability was once believed to be a hallmark of human culture's complexity and depth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-task-for-bumblebees-to-learn">Challenging task for bumblebees to learn</h2>



Lead author Alice Bridges, a PhD student at QMUL, highlighted the task's challenge, noting the necessity of initially training demonstrator bees with a temporary reward to facilitate learning.&nbsp;



"This is an extremely difficult task for bees. They had to learn two steps to get the reward, with the first behavior in the sequence being unrewarded. Yet, other bees learned the whole sequence from social observation of these trained bees, even without ever experiencing the first step's reward," explained Bridges.&nbsp;



This contrasts starkly with the bees' inability to solve the puzzle without a demonstration, underscoring the importance of social learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebee-learning-hints-at-cultural-transmission-nbsp">Bumblebee learning hints at cultural transmission&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond the realm of individual learning, suggesting the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-may-be-more-similar-to-humans-than-expected/">cumulative culture</a> among animals. This concept - the gradual build-up of knowledge and practices over time - has traditionally been associated with human societies.&nbsp;



The bees' capacity for learning complex tasks from demonstrators hints at mechanisms for cultural transmission and innovation beyond mere individual learning.



"This challenges the traditional view that only humans can socially learn complex behavior beyond individual learning,” said senior author Lars Chittka, a zoologist at QMUL.&nbsp;



“It raises the fascinating possibility that many of the most remarkable accomplishments of the social insects, like the nesting architectures of bees and wasps or the agricultural habits of aphid- and fungus-farming ants, may have initially spread by copying of clever innovators, before they eventually became part of the species-specific behavior repertoires."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-origins-of-social-learning">Evolutionary origins of social learning</h2>



This pioneering study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07126-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> - not only expands our understanding of animal intelligence but also invites further exploration into the cognitive abilities of insects



By demonstrating that bumblebees are capable of social learning and potentially participating in the rudiments of cumulative culture, it prompts a reevaluation of long-held assumptions about the mental lives of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/">insects</a> and opens new horizons for research into the evolutionary origins of social learning and culture.



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Bumblebees may be capable of cultural learning

A recent study led by Queen Mary University of London...

In an intriguing new study, a team of researchers led by <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> has found that African weakly electric fish, also known as elephantnose fish, exhibit a remarkable form of collective sensing akin to a hypothetical scenario where each member of a basketball team could see through the others' eyes. 



This shared sensory perception could significantly aid these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-fish-can-recognize-themselves-in-a-mirror/">fish</a> in locating food and identifying allies and adversaries in their environment.



The research was led by Dr. Nathaniel Sawtell, a principal investigator at the Columbia’s Zuckerman Institute and professor of neuroscience at Columbia’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Federico Pedraja, a postdoctoral research associate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-in-electric-fish-nbsp">Social learning in electric fish&nbsp;</h2>



The experts discovered that African weakly electric fish can learn and execute complex, multi-step tasks as a group, a feat that challenges the assumption that advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-availability-influences-social-learning-among-orangutans/">social learning</a> is unique to humans and hints at elements of cumulative culture within these aquatic creatures.



“In engineering it is common that groups of emitters and receivers work together to improve sensing, for example in sonar and radar. We showed that something similar may be happening in groups of fish that sense their environment using electrical pulses. These fish seem to ‘see’ much better in small groups,” explained Sawtell.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collective-sensing-among-electric-fish-nbsp">Collective sensing among electric fish&nbsp;</h2>



The study provides compelling evidence that the electric fish species Gnathonemus petersii performs a swift act of collective sensing, a phenomenon not previously documented in the biological realm.



Electric fish utilize specialized organs to emit and detect electric fields, aiding in communication and an electric form of echolocation for navigating their dark, murky river habitats in Africa.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sophisticated-sensory-abilities-nbsp">Sophisticated sensory abilities&nbsp;</h2>



Considering these challenges, the scientists proposed that these fish might have evolved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-affects-the-sensory-abilities-of-mammals/">sensory abilities</a> comparable to networked radar and sonar systems, which can detect objects with greater range and detail through collaboration.



By developing a computer model to simulate the electric environment of these fish, the researchers assessed whether individual electric fish could enhance their object detection capabilities by accessing signals from their peers.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beaming-images-at-the-speed-of-light">Beaming images at the speed of light</h2>



“Think of these external signals as electric images of the objects that nearby electric fish automatically produce and beam to nearby fish at the speed of light,” said Pedraja.&nbsp;



“Our work suggests that three fish in a group would each receive three different 'electrical views' of the same scene at virtually the same time,” Sawtell added.



One of the simulation's key findings, as noted by Sawtell, is that collective sensing could triple the electro-location range of electric fish, likely providing substantial survival benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electrical-communication-nbsp">Electrical communication&nbsp;</h2>



Further investigation sought a neural basis for this ability in G. petersii. Brain recordings related to the electrosensory system revealed that the fish respond to both their own discharges and external electrical signals. The alignment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-fish-synchronize-their-behavior-and-brain-activity/">brain activity</a> patterns with the simulation predictions was particularly exciting for the scientists.



Behavioral observations reinforced the notion of collective sensing, with the fish forming specific patterns that facilitate shared sensing and engaging in electrical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-disrupts-communication-among-animals/">communication</a> that suggests a coordinated effort. This behavior might be crucial for the fish's collective sensing capabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-brains-for-collective-sensing-nbsp">Big brains for collective sensing&nbsp;</h2>



“These fish have some of the biggest brain-to-body mass ratios of any animal on the planet. Perhaps these enormous brains are needed for rapid and highly sophisticated social sensing and collective behavior,” Sawtell said.



This discovery opens new paths for exploring animal intelligence and social learning evolution, challenging existing beliefs and offering insights into potential applications in artificial sensing technologies, including underwater autonomous vehicles and medical imaging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07157-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Collective sensing: Electric fish can 'see' through others' eyes

In an intriguing new study, a team of researchers led...

Paleontologists have unearthed a fascinating new species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-marine-lizard-italy/">marine lizard</a> that thrived just before the dinosaurs' reign came to an end. The species, known as Khinjaria acuta, possessed formidable dagger-like teeth, painting a picture of a vastly different marine ecosystem than what exists today.&nbsp;



This ancient ocean was populated by a plethora of large predatory creatures that fed on sizable prey, in stark contrast to contemporary ecosystems where a limited number of apex predators, such as the great white shark, the orca, and the leopard seal, hold dominion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-marine-lizards-nbsp">Giant marine lizards&nbsp;</h2>



Khinjaria acuta was a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-mosasaur-species-discovered-with-strange-screwdriver-like-teeth/">mosasaur</a>, a group not directly related to dinosaurs but rather to giant marine lizards, akin to today's Komodo dragons and anacondas. These creatures dominated the seas about 66 million years ago, contemporaneously with the Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops.



The newly discovered species boasted powerful jaws and long, dagger-like teeth, making it a fearsome predator within the rich and varied predator community in the Atlantic Ocean near Morocco.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-khinjaria-fossils">Khinjaria fossils</h2>



The findings are based on the examination of a skull and skeletal parts unearthed in a phosphate mine southeast of Casablanca, involving a collaborative effort from researchers at the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a>, UK, the <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/morocco/museum-of-natural-history-of-marrakech/645cab8cc794a294b40c9022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marrakech Museum of Natural History</a>, the <a href="https://www.mnhn.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle</a> (NMNH) in Paris, France, the <a href="https://www.smu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Methodist University</a> in Texas, USA, and the <a href="https://www.ehu.eus/en/en-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the Basque Country</a>, Bilbao.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extraordinary-diversity-nbsp">Extraordinary diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Nick Longrich, from the University of Bath, who led the study, remarked on the exceptional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/">predator</a> diversity, noting that several species exceeded the size of a great white shark. Moreover, each species showcased different dental adaptations, indicative of varied hunting strategies.&nbsp;



“Some mosasaurs had teeth to pierce prey, others to cut, tear, or crush. Now we have Khinjaria, with a short face full of huge, dagger-shaped teeth. This is one of the most diverse marine faunas seen anywhere, at any time in history, and it existed just before the marine reptiles and the dinosaurs went extinct.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroid-impact-nbsp">Asteroid impact&nbsp;</h2>



This diverse marine life existed on the brink of cataclysm, just before an asteroid impact in the Yucatan Peninsula ushered in a mass extinction event. The event obliterated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-going-strong-when-the-deadly-asteroid-struck/">dinosaurs</a> and led to the diversification of surviving mammals, birds, and lizards on land, while similarly transformative effects occurred in the oceans.&nbsp;



The aftermath saw the disappearance of mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and giant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-sea-turtles-have-returned-to-the-same-place-to-eat-for-3000-years/">sea turtles</a>, making way for the evolution of whales, seals, and certain fish species. However, the post-impact ecosystem markedly differed from its predecessor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-structure-nbsp">Ecosystem structure&nbsp;</h2>



“There seems to have been a huge change in the ecosystem structure in the past 66 million years,” Longrich added, highlighting the unusual diversity and abundance of apex predators in the Late Cretaceous compared to modern marine communities, where large predators are fewer.



“The Phosphates of Morocco deposit in a shallow and warm epicontinental sea, under a system of upwellings; these zones are caused by currents of deep, cold, nutrient-rich waters rising towards the surface, providing food for large numbers of sea creatures and, as a result, supporting a lot of predators. This is probably one of the explanations for this extraordinary palaeobiodiversity observed in Morocco at the end of the Cretaceous,” said senior author Nathalie Bardet, a paleontologist at NMNH.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-khinjaria-a-new-mosasaur">Khinjaria, a new mosasaur </h2>



Study co-author Nour-Eddine Jalil, a paleontologist at the same institution, further explained the significance of the Moroccan phosphate deposits: “The phosphates of Morocco immerse us in the Upper Cretaceous seas during the latest geological times of the dinosaurs’ age. No deposit has provided so many fossils and so many species from this period.”



“After the 'titan of the seas,' Thalassotitan, the ‘saw-toothed’ mosasaur Xenodens, the ‘star-toothed’ mosasaur, Stelladens and many others, now there is Khinjaria, a new mosasaur with dagger-like teeth. The elongation of the posterior part of the skull which accommodated the jaw musculature suggests a terrible biting force,” he concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105870" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous Research</a>.



Image Credit: Andrey Atuchin



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Giant sea lizard Khinjaria had teeth like daggers

Paleontologists have unearthed a fascinating new species of marine lizard...

In an exciting development, scientists have made significant strides in the ongoing quest to understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/">potential for life</a> on Mars. Recent research conducted by a team from <a href="https://www.tohoku.ac.jp/japanese/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tohoku University</a> suggests that organic materials discovered on the Martian surface may have originated from atmospheric formaldehyde. 



This discovery is a monumental step forward in unraveling the mysteries surrounding the possibility of life on Mars in its distant past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-biomolecules">Formation of biomolecules </h2>



The research, which has been published in the journal Scientific Reports, delves into the early atmospheric conditions of Mars, examining the potential for these conditions to support the formation of biomolecules. 



Biomolecules are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/">organic compounds</a> that are crucial for biological processes and are considered the building blocks of life. The findings provide fascinating insights, hinting at the possibility that Mars may have once been a cradle for life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-life-ingredients-on-mars">Essential life ingredients on Mars</h2>



Mars, as we see it today, is a far cry from an environment that could support life. It is characterized by extreme cold and aridity. However, geological evidence points to a more inviting past. 



Approximately 3.8 to 3.6 billion years ago, Mars likely boasted a temperate climate, thanks to the warming effects of gases such as hydrogen. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nesting-range-of-green-turtles-will-explode-in-a-warmer-climate/">warmer climate</a> could have supported liquid water, an essential ingredient for life as we understand it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The research was focused on the potential formation of formaldehyde in the early Martian atmosphere. Formaldehyde is a simple organic compound that is pivotal in the synthesis of more complex biomolecules, such as amino acids and sugars. These molecules are foundational for the creation of proteins and RNA, which are essential for life.



To explore this possibility, the research team employed an advanced computer model to simulate the atmospheric composition of early Mars. They theorized that the atmosphere was rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/">carbon dioxide</a>, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-processes-on-ancient-mars">Chemical processes on ancient Mars </h2>



The simulations suggested that this ancient atmosphere could have continuously supplied formaldehyde, potentially leading to the creation of various organic compounds. This presents the tantalizing possibility that the organic materials found on Mars today may have atmospheric origins, particularly during the planet's earliest geological periods.



Shungo Koyama, the lead author of the study, highlighted the significance of their findings, stating: "Our research provides crucial insights into the chemical processes that may have occurred on ancient Mars, offering valuable clues to the possibility of past life on the planet." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-potential-to-support-life">Mars' potential to support life</h2>



The research not only sheds light on the chemical dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mars-had-less-oxygen-than-previously-thought/">ancient Mars</a> but also expands our understanding of the planet's ancient potential to support life.



Looking ahead, the team plans to further their research by analyzing geological data collected by NASA's Martian rovers. The goal is to deepen our understanding of the organic materials present in Mars' early history. 



By comparing the expected carbon isotopes of ancient formaldehyde with data from Martian samples, they aim to gain insights into the processes that influenced the planet's organic chemistry.



The study marks a significant milestone in our quest to understand the history of Mars and its capacity to support life. It opens up new avenues for exploration and research, bringing us one step closer to solving the enigma of life beyond Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-life-on-mars">More about life on Mars</h2>



As discussed above, Mars, often referred to as the Red Planet, captivates our imagination and scientific curiosity. This celestial body, the fourth planet from the Sun, stands out in our solar system with its distinct reddish appearance, a result of iron oxide or rust on its surface. Mars offers a fascinating glimpse into another world, with its unique geography, climate, and potential for past water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-geography">Martian geography</h3>



Mars features a diverse landscape, including the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, and the deepest, longest canyon, Valles Marineris.



 These monumental geological features dwarf their Earthly counterparts, showcasing the planet's dynamic history. Mars' polar ice caps, composed of water and carbon dioxide ice, wax and wane with the seasons, hinting at complex climatic patterns.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-atmosphere">Climate and atmosphere</h3>



The climate of Mars, though colder and more arid than Earth's, varies significantly across its surface and throughout the Martian year. Temperatures can swing from a maximum of 20°C (68°F) near the equator during summer to a minimum of -125°C (-193°F) at the poles during winter. 



The Martian atmosphere, thin and composed mostly of carbon dioxide, plays a crucial role in these temperature variations and the planet's weather patterns, including dust storms that can engulf the entire planet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-on-mars-and-the-search-for-life">Water on Mars and the search for life</h3>



Evidence suggests that Mars once harbored liquid water on its surface, raising the possibility of life. Scientists have discovered signs of ancient riverbeds, lakes, and what appear to be shorelines. 



These findings fuel ongoing research and missions, such as the study from Tohoku University discussed above, aiming to uncover whether life once existed on Mars or, perhaps, still lies dormant beneath its surface.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-exploration-and-future-missions">Human exploration and future missions</h3>



Mars has been the target of numerous missions, from flybys and orbiters to rovers that traverse its terrain. These missions, undertaken by various space agencies around the world, seek to unravel the mysteries of Mars, studying its atmosphere, surface, and potential for supporting human life in the future. 



The prospect of human missions to Mars and the establishment of permanent bases looms on the horizon, marking the next steps in our exploration of the Red Planet.



In summary, Mars remains a key focus of scientific inquiry and exploration, holding answers to questions about the potential for life beyond Earth, the history of our solar system, and the possibilities for future human colonization. 



As technology advances and our understanding deepens, Mars beckons us to continue our journey of discovery, pushing the boundaries of what we know about the universe and our place within it.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52718-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Mars may have once been a cradle for life, a new discovery suggests

In an exciting development, scientists have made significant strides in...

Cavum clouds, often referred to as hole-punch or fallstreak holes, present a compelling and mysterious spectacle in the sky, drawing the gaze of onlookers below.



These atmospheric phenomena, characterized by large, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cavum-clouds_hole-punch-clouds_resemble-ufo_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circular openings in the clouds</a>, with delicate, feathery trails within, have sparked imaginations and fueled speculation about their origins, including theories of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cavum-clouds_hole-punch-clouds_resemble-ufo_closeup_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UFOs and extraterrestrial activity</a>.



However, the true explanation behind these mesmerizing cloud holes is both terrestrial and thoroughly scientific.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cloud-holes-the-cavum-cloud-phenomenon">Cloud holes: The cavum cloud phenomenon</h2>



An impressive example of cavum clouds was observed over the Gulf of Mexico near Florida's west coast on January 30, 2024. 



Captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (<a href="https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MODIS</a>) aboard NASA's Terra satellite, this image provides a stunning view from above, showcasing the natural beauty and complexity of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-have-been-found-in-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud</a> formations.



The intrigue surrounding cavum clouds has been a topic of scientific discourse since the 1940s, with various hypotheses proposed over the decades. 



However, it wasn't until a comprehensive study conducted by scientists from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (<a href="https://www.ucar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCAR</a>) and their colleagues, including those from NASA’s Langley Research Center, that a definitive explanation was provided. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-spectacle">Science behind the spectacle</h2>



Published in 2010 and 2011, their research demonstrated that these cloud formations are caused by aircraft, dispelling more fantastical theories.



Altocumulus clouds are mid-level <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-clouds-may-be-affecting-the-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clouds</a> consisting of supercooled liquid water droplets. Supercooling occurs when water droplets remain liquid even at temperatures below water's typical freezing point, due to their purity and absence of particles like dust or pollen that would normally initiate ice formation. 



This phenomenon is relatively common in the Earth's atmosphere, particularly within altocumulus clouds, which cover approximately 8% of the Earth's surface at any given time and are mostly composed of droplets supercooled to around -15°C.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-airplanes-influence-cloud-formations">How airplanes influence cloud formations</h2>



The formation of cavum clouds is initiated when airplanes disrupt these delicate atmospheric conditions. As aircraft move through these clouds, the air around their wings and propellers undergoes adiabatic expansion, cooling the water droplets further, sometimes by more than 20°C. 



This cooling can prompt the supercooled droplets to freeze, starting a chain reaction where ice crystals form and grow, eventually becoming heavy enough to fall. 



This process leaves behind a void in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-co2-levels-stratus-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud layer</a>, with the falling ice crystals creating the wispy trails known as virga visible in the center of the cavum.



The UCAR-led research, utilizing aircraft flight data, satellite observations, and weather models, revealed the dynamics of how these cloud holes form and their duration. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-factors-that-cause-cloud-holes">Environmental factors that cause cloud holes</h2>



The study found that the shape and size of the cavum depend on the angle at which planes intersect the cloud layer -- sharp angles produce small, circular cavum, while shallow angles result in elongated "canal clouds" adorned with virga trails.



Factors such as the cloud layer's thickness, air temperature, and the degree of horizontal wind shear also play roles in creating these cloud holes. 



The researchers' analysis indicated that aircraft of various types, from large passenger jets to turboprops, are capable of creating cavum and canal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-shards-in-antarctic-clouds-heat-up-the-southern-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clouds</a>. 



With over a thousand flights arriving daily at airports like Miami International, the skies are ripe with opportunities for the formation of these fascinating cloud structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-nature-and-technology-collide">When nature and technology collide</h2>



In summary, the captivating spectacle of cavum clouds, once shrouded in mystery and speculation, now stands as a testament to the fascinating interplay between natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-pollen-may-help-clouds-form-impacting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric conditions</a> and human aviation activities. 



Through the diligent efforts of scientists and researchers, we've unraveled the secrets behind these ethereal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-clouds-influence-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud formations</a>, revealing the intricate processes that give rise to their beauty. 



This exploration not only demystifies the phenomenon but also enriches our appreciation for the delicate balance between our technological endeavors and the natural world, inviting us to look up and marvel at the unexpected artistry unfolding in the sky above.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-modis">More about MODIS</h2>



NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/gallery/modis-moderate-resolution-imaging-spectroradiometer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MODIS</a>, stands as a pivotal instrument in the realm of Earth observation. Mounted aboard two of NASA's satellites, Terra and Aqua, MODIS provides an unparalleled vantage point for monitoring our planet's atmosphere, oceans, and land. 



Since its first launch in 1999 on Terra and subsequently on Aqua in 2002, MODIS has been capturing the Earth's dynamic beauty and the subtle interplays within its ecosystems, offering invaluable data to scientists and researchers around the globe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-modis">Science behind MODIS</h3>



MODIS operates with a precision that allows it to capture data in 36 spectral bands, ranging from visible to thermal infrared wavelengths. This wide spectrum enables the detection of various indicators, such as chlorophyll levels in oceans, atmospheric water vapor, and land cover changes. 



By providing comprehensive coverage of the Earth's surface every one to two days, MODIS plays a crucial role in tracking environmental changes over time, aiding in the understanding of global dynamics and environmental processes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributions-to-science-and-humanity">Contributions to science and humanity</h3>



The impact of MODIS extends far beyond mere observation. Its data has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of climate change, detecting and monitoring wildfires, assessing the health of agricultural lands, and tracking the spread of harmful algal blooms. 



Furthermore, MODIS's ability to observe phytoplankton in the ocean contributes to our understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle, crucial for assessing the health of marine ecosystems. 



Its versatility and breadth of vision make MODIS an essential tool for environmental management and disaster response, providing actionable insights to policymakers and emergency responders alike.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legacy-of-modis">The legacy of MODIS</h3>



As we continue to face environmental challenges, the importance of instruments like MODIS cannot be overstated. Through its lens, we gain a broader perspective of our planet's beauty and intricacies while gathering the critical data needed to protect and preserve our home.



The legacy of MODIS, therefore, lies not just in the data it has collected over the years, but in its contribution to fostering a deeper connection and understanding between humanity and the Earth we inhabit. 



NASA’s MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the&nbsp;<a href="http://terra.nasa.gov/">Terra</a>&nbsp;(originally known as EOS AM-1) and&nbsp;<a href="http://aqua.nasa.gov/">Aqua</a>&nbsp;(originally known as EOS PM-1) satellites.



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NASA captures mysterious holes in cloud formations that resemble UFOs

Cavum clouds, often referred to as hole-punch or fallstreak holes,...

Arctic,Summer

A new study led by the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> alerts us to the possibility of experiencing virtually ice-free summers in the Arctic within just a few years. 



The research indicates that the Arctic may witness its first day without significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/less-ice-and-more-sunlight-may-drastically-alter-the-arctic-ocean/">ice</a> much sooner than past models, which estimated ice-free periods of a month or longer, had predicted. 



This shift could happen over a decade earlier than previously thought, and this pattern holds true across all potential future emissions scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-free-months-in-the-arctic-nbsp">Ice-free months in the Arctic&nbsp;</h2>



By the 2050s, it's expected that the Arctic will endure a whole month each September, the time of lowest sea ice, without its characteristic floating ice.&nbsp;



By the century's close, depending on the trajectory of global emissions, the region could see several months each year without ice, with a high-emission scenario possibly leading to a consistently ice-free state even during some winter months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drastic-reduction-in-sea-ice">Drastic reduction in sea ice</h2>



However, "ice-free" in scientific terms doesn't imply a complete absence of ice. The term is used when sea ice extent falls below one million square kilometers -- a drastic reduction from the seasonal minimum coverage of the 1980s, which was less than 20% of its former extent. Recently, September sea ice levels have hovered around 3.3 million square kilometers.



Leading the study, Alexandra Jahn, an associate professor at CU Boulder, delved into sea ice projections and utilized climate models to evaluate future daily changes in Arctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">sea ice</a> coverage. The findings suggest the Arctic could experience days with less than one square kilometer of sea ice much earlier than indicated by monthly averages - up to 18 years sooner in some projections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-the-arctic-s-ice-free-days">Predicting the Arctic's ice-free days</h2>



Jahn emphasizes the importance of predicting these first ice-free days, which will be evident in daily satellite data, to understand the changes occurring in the Arctic. She projects that, under every emissions scenario, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-ocean-was-filled-with-freshwater-at-least-twice-in-history/">Arctic Ocean</a> might face its first ice-free day between the late 2020s and the 2030s, likely in late August or early September.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-shrinking-sea-ice">Consequences of shrinking sea ice</h2>



The decline in sea ice, largely driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, not only accelerates the Arctic's warming by reducing the reflective snow and ice cover but also threatens Arctic wildlife dependent on sea ice, like seals and polar bears.&nbsp;



The potential invasion of non-native fish species into the warming Arctic waters and their impact on local ecosystems is a growing concern too. Furthermore, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/">coastal communities</a> face increased risks from larger ocean waves and coastal erosion as sea ice recedes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fate-of-the-arctic-depends-on-emissions">Fate of the Arctic depends on emissions</h2>



Jahn points out that while an ice-free Arctic seems inevitable, the frequency of such conditions will depend on future emission levels. An intermediate emissions pathway, which mirrors our current course, might limit ice-free periods to late summer and early fall.&nbsp;



However, the highest emissions scenario could result in the Arctic being ice-free for as long as nine months by the end of the century, marking a significant transformation of the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aggressive-climate-action-is-needed">Aggressive climate action is needed</h2>



Despite these daunting projections, there's a silver lining: Arctic sea ice has the capacity to recover quickly with atmospheric cooling.&nbsp;



“Unlike the ice sheet in Greenland that took thousands of years to build, even if we melt all the Arctic sea ice, if we can then figure out how to take CO2 back out of the atmosphere in the future to reverse warming, sea ice will come back within a decade,” Jahn said. 



This resilience highlights the critical need for aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ipcc-climate-action-urgently-needed-to-end-human-suffering/">climate action</a> to mitigate and potentially reverse these changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-and-conservation-efforts">Future implications and conservation efforts</h2>



In summary, the University of Colorado Boulder's recent study forecasts the alarming possibility of experiencing ice-free summers in the Arctic within the next few years, marking a significant acceleration in the loss of sea ice compared to previous projections. 



Highlighting the dire implications of this trend across all future emission scenarios, the research underscores the crucial role of greenhouse gas emissions in exacerbating sea ice melt and the subsequent wide-ranging effects on Arctic wildlife, local communities, and global ecosystems. 



Despite the grim outlook, the study offers a glimmer of hope, noting the resilience of Arctic sea ice and its potential for recovery if effective measures to reduce atmospheric CO2 are implemented. 



This pivotal research advances our understanding of climate dynamics in the Arctic and emphasizes the urgent need for sustained environmental stewardship to mitigate the impacts of climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natrevearthenviron/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews: Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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The Arctic will be ice-free in only a few more years, much sooner than once thought

A new study led by the University of Colorado Boulder...

Procrastination, often seen as a universal tendency to postpone tasks, gains a new perspective through recent studies conducted by psychologists at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>. 



These studies delve into the concept of "valence weighting bias," a psychological term that explains how individuals make decisions based on their internal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/positivity-and-emotional-awareness-can-add-years-to-your-life/">positive</a> or negative attitudes. Specifically, this bias influences whether people approach or delay tasks perceived as unpleasant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamics-of-procrastination">The dynamics of procrastination </h2>



Russell Fazio, a professor of psychology and senior author of the study, along with Javier Granados Samayoa, a former graduate student at the university, embarked on research to understand the dynamics between negativity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/look-at-stress-as-a-challenge-rather-than-a-threat/">positivity</a>, and task delay. 



The findings suggest that individuals with a tendency to focus on negative aspects are more likely to procrastinate. However, there's a silver lining: the research indicates it's possible to recalibrate this negative bias towards a more neutral outlook, thereby reducing procrastination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valence-weighting-bias-and-procrastination">Valence weighting bias and procrastination</h2>



The researchers conducted three studies to explore the relationship between valence weighting bias and procrastination. The first study assessed participants' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/">habits</a> concerning filing federal tax returns, a universally daunting task. They found that individuals with a stronger negative weighting bias were more likely to delay filing their taxes.



Granados Samayoa explained: "Our findings indicate that individuals who generally adopt a more negative outlook tend to postpone tasks unnecessarily." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-control-and-motivation">Self-control and motivation </h2>



The tendency to procrastinate was further examined in a second study involving 147 college students. This study not only looked at valence weighting bias but also considered the students' self-control and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-influences-our-motivation-to-exercise/">motivation</a>. 



The results revealed that students with a negative bias and lower motivation or emotional energy for self-control were more inclined to delay participating in research programs, essential for accumulating course credits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-balanced-perspective">A balanced perspective</h2>



The third study aimed to establish a causal link between valence weighting bias and task completion. By manipulating the valence weighting bias among a group of self-identified procrastinators, the researchers observed a notable shift. 



Students exposed to a balanced perspective of positive and negative signals engaged in tasks more promptly compared to a control group stuck in their negative biases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realistic-self-assessment">Realistic self-assessment</h2>



Interestingly, the research also highlights that a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewriting-negative-memories-by-activating-positive-ones/">negative</a> weighting bias isn't solely detrimental. It can foster a more realistic self-assessment in situations like evaluating one's preparedness for an exam. 



"A balanced approach, rather than swaying to extremes, tends to be more beneficial. However, the impact of a specific bias varies by context," said Fazio.



Supported by the John Templeton Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, this study not only sheds light on the mechanics of procrastination but also offers hope for those struggling with it. 



By understanding and adjusting our valence weighting biases, we might find ourselves not only facing tasks more promptly but also approaching them with a more balanced and realistic mindset.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923004270?via%3Dihub">Personality and Individual Differences</a>.



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Understanding procrastination: Negativity and task delay

Procrastination, often seen as a universal tendency to postpone tasks,...

Researchers from <a href="https://www.monash.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monash University</a> have unveiled startling data concerning the global impact of short-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-air-pollution-levels-have-dropped-but-not-for-everyone/">air pollution</a>. The study has revealed that a shocking number of premature deaths can be attributed to short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5).&nbsp;



The researchers found that breathing in PM2.5 for even a few hours, and up to a few days, results in more than a million premature deaths worldwide every year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-the-focus-to-short-term-pollution">Shifting the focus to short-term pollution</h2>



The study, led by Professor Yuming Guo, underscores the lethal consequences of brief episodes of high air pollution.



This revelation shifts the focus from the long-term effects of persistent air pollution, which have been extensively studied, to the equally deadly but less understood short-term spikes in PM2.5 levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-term-pollution-exposure">Short-term pollution exposure</h2>



The experts analyzed mortality and PM2.5 pollution levels across more than 13,000 cities and towns globally over two decades, up until 2019. 



The results highlight the urgent need for addressing air pollution not just as a chronic urban challenge but as an acute threat that can arise suddenly and with devastating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oil-and-gas-production-linked-to-77-billion-in-annual-health-care-costs/">health impacts</a>. 



The researchers found that over 50% of the deaths attributable to short-term PM2.5 exposure occur in Eastern Asia, presenting a significant public health challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-greatest-mortality-burden-nbsp">The greatest mortality burden&nbsp;</h2>



Asia, as the study indicates, bears the brunt of the mortality burden, with approximately 65.2% of global deaths due to short-term PM2.5 exposure. Africa follows with 17.0%, Europe with 12.1%, the Americas with 5.6%, and Oceania with a minimal 0.1%.&nbsp;



These statistics underscore a disproportionate impact on Asia and Africa, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-interventions-needed-in-urban-areas">Public health interventions needed in urban areas</h2>



The experts also determined that more than one fifth (22.74%) of the short-term exposure-related deaths occurred in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-nature-affect-human-health-in-urban-areas/">urban areas</a>. This underscores the lethal synergy of high population densities and air pollution spikes.&nbsp;



Cities and towns, often scenes of dramatic pollution episodes due to landscape fires, dust storms, or industrial emissions, emerge as critical areas for public health interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-related-air-pollution">Fire-related air pollution</h2>



The team also pinpointed the specific challenges that are faced by different regions. For example, while most areas in Australia experienced a slight decrease in the number of deaths attributable to short-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fine-particle-pollution-may-cause-children-to-develop-asthma/">PM2.5 exposure</a>, the fraction of deaths attributable to such exposure has actually increased.



This is potentially due to the rising frequency and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfire events</a>, like those experienced during the "Black Summer" of 2019-20.



Professor Guo said these megafires were estimated to have led to 429 smoke-related premature deaths and 3,230 hospital admissions as a result of acute and persistent exposure to extremely high levels of bushfire-related air pollution. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



To mitigate the acute health damages of high PM2.5 concentrations, there is a need for targeted interventions. These could include air-pollution warning systems, community evacuation plans, and public health initiatives designed to minimize exposure during pollution spikes.&nbsp;



Such strategies not only acknowledge the immediate dangers posed by high pollution levels but also represent a critical step toward safeguarding public health in the face of environmental challenges.



“Understanding the mortality burden associated with short-term exposure toPM2.5 in such areas is crucial for mitigating the negative effects of air pollution on the urban population," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00003-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>.&nbsp;



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Short-term pollution claims more than one million lives per year

Researchers from Monash University have unveiled startling data concerning the...

China is building a vast network of cameras on the moon to monitor its upcoming research station. This system is inspired by China's massive surveillance network, Skynet.



The project represents a major advancement in space exploration, with the potential to alter the dynamics of global space competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-lunar-base">What is a lunar base?</h2>



A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-plans-to-inhabit-a-space-station-on-the-moon-by-2030/">lunar base</a> is a planned facility that would allow people to live and work on the Moon for extended periods. It would be similar to a research station on Earth.&nbsp;



The main purpose of a lunar base is to provide a safe and sustainable environment for astronauts to conduct research. This is challenging because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">Moon</a> has no air, water, or protection from harmful radiation and extreme temperatures.



A lunar base design would require several key features. Residents would have dedicated living quarters for rest, sustenance, and leisure. Scientific research would be facilitated by on-site laboratories equipped to analyze lunar materials and environmental conditions.&nbsp;



The base would be self-sufficient in power generation, potentially utilizing solar panels, and employ closed-loop systems to manage air and water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-s-largest-video-surveillance-network-nbsp">World's largest video surveillance network&nbsp;</h2>



With over 600 million cameras distributed across China, Skynet stands as the world’s largest video surveillance network. These cameras cover most of the country, including cities, public spaces, and important facilities. The main goals are to improve public safety, assist law enforcement, and strengthen national security.



Skynet uses powerful technology like facial recognition to identify people and activities that could be a threat. This allows the system to quickly find wanted individuals, track suspicious behavior, and even predict potential crimes by analyzing the vast amount of data it collects.&nbsp;



The name "Skynet" reflects the system's broad reach and its aim for near-constant monitoring. Chinese researchers are now planning a similar system on the Moon to safeguard its lunar facilities and personnel.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightweight-cameras-for-moon-surveillance-nbsp">Lightweight cameras for moon surveillance&nbsp;</h2>



China’s ambitious project is led by the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/lunar-exploration" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Centre</a>, a prominent organization under the umbrella of the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Their goal is to install a sophisticated network of small, high-tech cameras.



These lunar cameras are remarkably lightweight, tipping the scales at a mere 100 grams each, roughly the weight of a small apple. They are specifically designed to endure the harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/">lunar environment</a>. These cameras boast the capability to switch between regular visible light and infrared imaging, allowing them to maintain Moon surveillance under various lighting conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-china-s-lunar-base">China's lunar base</h2>



China's lunar base will be over six kilometers wide, which is roughly the size of 1,000 soccer fields. It will be much more than a temporary shelter; it will be a fully equipped facility designed for people to live and work on the Moon for extended periods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-command-center">Command center</h3>



The base will have a central command center, similar to a brain, that will be responsible for overseeing the entire operation to ensure everything functions smoothly.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-systems">Communication systems</h3>



To keep the base functioning, there will be special systems for providing power and maintaining communication with Earth. These systems are essential because they will guarantee a steady supply of energy and allow the base to stay connected to our planet at all times.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots">Robots</h3>



Recognizing the challenges and risks of working on the Moon, China plans to use robots for many tasks that would be too dangerous or difficult for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-takes-a-greater-toll-on-astronauts-brains-than-previously-thought/">astronauts</a>. These robots could be used for various purposes, such as exploring difficult terrain or conducting scientific experiments.



This comprehensive setup signifies China's unwavering commitment not only to reach the moon but also to establish a long-term, sustainable presence there.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-concerns-about-skynet-nbsp">Ethical concerns about Skynet&nbsp;</h2>



China's Skynet has sparked a complex debate about public safety versus individual privacy. While the government and supporters believe it's essential for maintaining order, safety, and solving crimes, critics worry about its broader impact on human rights and privacy.



One main concern is that Skynet could be used for mass surveillance. With facial recognition and monitoring capabilities, it raises privacy issues. Critics fear it could be misused to track dissidents, limit free speech, and restrict freedoms. This could discourage people from protesting or expressing criticism for fear of being watched and punished.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skynet-surveillance-on-the-moon-nbsp">Skynet surveillance on the Moon&nbsp;</h2>



China's plans to extend a surveillance network to the Moon raise more ethical concerns, especially regarding the governance of space and individual rights there. 



This pushes the conversation into new territory, prompting questions about applying Earth's laws and ethics in space, protecting individual rights in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-space-radiation-affect-plants/">space environments</a>, and how international cooperation can ensure space remains peaceful and inclusive for exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-countries-are-racing-to-the-moon">Countries are racing to the moon</h2>



Countries around the world, especially China and the United States, are in a competition to build bases on the Moon's south pole. The United States is concerned that China's technology and secure base could give them a major advantage in space.&nbsp;



This is not just a concern about who has the best technology, but also about how countries will use space in the future and whether they will follow the rules that have been set up.



As both China and the United States move forward with their plans for the Moon, it is becoming increasingly important to have discussions about the ethical, legal, and cooperative aspects of space exploration. These discussions are necessary to create a framework that promotes transparency, cooperation, and the peaceful use of resources in space.



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China will build a surveillance network on the Moon

China is building a vast network of cameras on the...

3d,Render,Of,Quantum,Processor

The advent of quantum computing heralds a transformative era, not least in the realm of copyright law. A recent study spearheaded by Dr. James Griffin of the <a href="https://law.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter Law School</a> unveils the profound implications this technological leap will have on the legal landscape. 



It's clear that the increased computational speed and capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> will challenge and redefine our current understanding and enforcement of copyright.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradox-of-quantum-computing-and-copyright-infringement">Paradox of quantum computing and copyright infringement</h2>



Quantum computing, with its unparalleled processing power, promises to enhance the tracking and tracing of legal ownership across various forms of intellectual property, including art, music, culture, and literature. 



This capability, however, is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it could lead to a surge in copyright infringements as the creation and distribution of content become more accessible. 



On the other, it empowers legal professionals to more efficiently identify and address these infringements, even as it presents potential methods to circumvent existing enforcement technologies.



Dr. Griffin explains, "Quantum computers will possess the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computational prowess</a> necessary to assess whether content re-uses may constitute copyright infringement, navigating legal boundaries in unprecedented ways. This could normalize copyright violations, yet simultaneously bolster law enforcement efforts, potentially favoring certain types of content over others." 



Specifically, content embedded with quantum watermarks is expected to enjoy greater protection compared to traditional forms, thanks to the rapid production capabilities afforded by quantum computing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-art-in-the-age-of-quantum-computing">Art in the age of quantum computing</h2>



The study also predicts a shift in artistic creation and consumption. Quantum-enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functioning-quantum-internet-makes-giant-stride-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computing power</a> is set to revolutionize how existing artworks are adapted and utilized, particularly in AI-generated art, by reusing elements like scenes, characters, music, and scripts from films. 



"We anticipate an increase in the enforcement of copyright laws, driven by more sophisticated technological protection measures, including watermarks and filtering mechanisms, to detect and contain infringements," Dr. Griffin adds.



Moreover, the specificity and computational demands of quantum computing make it ideally suited for managing copyright information. These systems can conduct more detailed analyses of potential infringements, applying protections across a broad spectrum of software and user actions.



A quantum paradox emerges from this development, according to Dr. Griffin. While quantum computing may facilitate more infringements, it also promotes the evolution of technical devices designed to thwart copyright violations. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-content-ownership-and-distribution">Implications for content ownership and distribution</h2>



Content creation is leaning towards more secure methods, incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">advanced encryption</a> to protect intellectual property effectively.



However, the significant costs associated with large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-can-help-decode-the-mysteries-of-aging-and-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing may shift the dynamics of content ownership and distribution. 



Dr. Griffin notes, "As quantum computing becomes more prevalent, we may see a trend towards more content being streamed rather than owned, stored remotely to emphasize the breach of contractual terms as a severe violation, akin to physical theft or fraud."



This era of quantum computing also poses unique challenges to the concept of copyright originality. The capability to produce vast numbers of minor works, including dynamic, AI-driven storylines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-computer-design-makes-them-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computer</a> games, complicates traditional tests of originality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-copyright-law-in-the-quantum-computing-era">Future of copyright law in the quantum computing era</h2>



In summary, the advent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-mechanics-uncovers-hidden-patterns-in-the-stock-market/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing presents a revolutionary shift in the landscape of copyright law, compelling us to rethink our approaches to intellectual property protection and enforcement. 



By enhancing the capacity for tracking, tracing, and securing content, quantum technology promises to both challenge and empower creators, legal professionals, and rights holders. 



As we stand on the brink of this new era, it becomes imperative for the legal community to adapt and innovate, ensuring that copyright laws evolve in tandem with these technological advancements to safeguard creative expression and intellectual property rights in the digital age.



The full study was published by the <a href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/135319" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>.



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Quantum computing will drastically alter the field of copyright law

The advent of quantum computing heralds a transformative era, not...

Imagine buying something online, only to discover it's completely different from what you ordered. That's exactly what's happening with online drugs. According to a new study by <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/content/rmit/au/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RMIT University</a> in Australia, over one third of illegal drugs bought on the dark web are contaminated.



This revelation highlights the dangers of buying drugs online and the urgent need for more drug checking services in Australia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buying-illegal-drugs-online">Buying illegal drugs online</h2>



Researchers in Australia investigated the online drug market by analyzing 103 samples purchased from anonymous platforms or cryptomarkets.&nbsp;



These marketplaces, operating on the dark web, offer a seemingly easy and discreet way to obtain various drugs. The platforms have grown in popularity, attracting users from all walks of life including individuals seeking recreational drugs, people struggling with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-addiction-may-qualify-as-substance-use-disorder/">addiction</a>, and even those who are just curiously tempted by online anonymity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deceptive-drug-descriptions">Deceptive drug descriptions</h2>



The study revealed that while 65% of the drugs matched their online descriptions, this seemingly positive finding can be misleading. It might suggest a level of trustworthiness among some vendors, but a deeper look uncovers a concerning reality.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-adulteration-nbsp">Drug adulteration&nbsp;</h3>



Overall, 14% of the samples contained additional substances not mentioned online. This practice of adding unknown substances, called adulteration, can lead to dangerous and even lethal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americans-have-a-shocking-dependency-on-prescription-drugs/">drug interactions</a>, as consumers unknowingly ingest a mix of unknown chemicals.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-substitution-nbsp">Drug substitution&nbsp;</h3>



Even more concerning was the finding that 21% of the drugs did not contain the advertised substances at all. This complete substitution poses serious health risks, as consumers have no idea what they're actually ingesting.



“Cryptomarkets allow anonymous buyers to review purchases, which theoretically means vendors who sell inferior products are more likely to receive bad reviews, thereby rewarding vendors selling superior products," said Dr Monica Barratt.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"But despite this perception of accountability and quality, our findings show prohibited drugs purchased from cryptomarkets are still not safe from adulteration and substitution."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highest-adulteration-in-cocaine">Highest adulteration in cocaine</h2>



Cocaine users faced a particularly high risk of receiving adulterated products. Unlike drugs such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mdma-makes-people-cooperative/">MDMA</a>, methamphetamine, and heroin, which were less often contaminated, cocaine samples frequently contained other substances, diluting their purity and increasing the danger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-psychoactive-substances-nbsp">Novel psychoactive substances&nbsp;</h2>



Novel psychoactive substances (NPS), also known as designer drugs or legal highs, are a group of new drugs designed to mimic the effects of illegal drugs like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infectious-pathogen-has-spread-to-90-percent-of-cannabis-farms-in-california/">cannabis</a>, cocaine, and LSD. They are sometimes synthetic versions of existing drugs, aiming to either avoid existing drug laws or provide stronger or different effects.



The recent study found various types of NPS in the tested drugs. These new drugs can be significantly stronger than the ones they imitate, potentially leading to heightened heart rate, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-pollution-has-an-immediate-impact-on-blood-pressure/">blood pressure</a>, and, in extreme cases, fatal overdose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-social-media-apps">Using social media apps</h2>



A survey from 2023 shows fewer people are buying drugs on the dark web, preferring messaging and social media apps instead. These apps are easier to use but lack the security and buyer protection found on darknet markets.



Australian authorities focus on shutting down darknet markets to deter drug sales. However, this approach might not be effective because sellers quickly move to other markets, minimizing the impact of individual takedowns.&nbsp;



“These days, vendors have accounts across many markets, in case one goes down, their clients can find them on other markets. This mitigates against the disruption of a takedown,” noted Dr. Barratt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drugs-on-the-dark-web">Drugs on the dark web</h2>



As people find new ways to get illegal drugs, it's crucial to set up more services that check the contents of these drugs. Currently, there is only one such service called CanTEST in Australia, with two other states planning to launch similar programs.



Illegal drug marketplaces seem safe and anonymous, but they can be dangerous. There are hidden risks that buyers might not realize. Also, while anonymity protects buyers, it also protects bad sellers, making it impossible to hold anyone responsible if something goes wrong.



The study highlights that people often underestimate the risks associated with drugs on the dark web. Stronger safety measures are needed - both online and in the real world - to protect people from the hidden dangers of these markets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13825" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drug and Alcohol Review</a>.



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Drugs on the dark web often contain unidentified ingredients

Imagine buying something online, only to discover it's completely different...

We've all heard the warnings: staring at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddler-screen-time-linked-to-atypical-sensory-behaviors/">screens</a> before bed disrupts sleep, thanks to the artificial blue light they emit. But is the truth really that simple?&nbsp;



A recent report by the <a href="https://www.icnirp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection</a> (ICNIRP) suggests that the story might be more complex than we think.



"Our modern society allows for increasing exposure to light in the evening, significantly more than humans have been exposed to for the past approximately 300,000 years of evolution," noted the experts.&nbsp;



"In the past couple of decades, the use of mobile devices, e.g., smartphones, laptops, and tablets has increased exponentially, potentially resulting in a significant amount of light entering our pupils after daylight hours."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-short-wavelength-light">Health impacts of short wavelength light</h2>



Blue light is a type of visible light detectable by the human eye. It packs more energy, compared to other visible light. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-sunlight-enhances-libido/">Sunlight</a> is the main source of blue light, but it is also emitted by many artificial sources including the screens of televisions, computers, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-blue-light-from-smartphones-may-accelerate-aging/">smartphones</a>, and tablets. This artificial blue light is known as short wavelength light.



The scientists investigated existing studies to understand the impact of short wavelength light on people, both in the short term and long term. They were particularly interested in how SWL might influence our sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicting-evidence-on-blue-light-and-sleep">Conflicting evidence on blue light and sleep</h2>



Surprisingly, the studies have produced mixed results. Some studies found significant negative impacts, while others found little to no effect.&nbsp;



The experts suggest that this inconsistency might be due to differences in how the studies were conducted, such as the intensity, duration, and timing of blue light exposure, as well as the characteristics of the people involved in the studies.&nbsp;



“The majority of studies that have assessed circadian disruption due to exposure to light have been conducted in shift workers,” the ICNIRP panel reports. “In these studies, shift workers’ exposure to light during biological night has been taken for granted without direct measurements of their light exposure.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-blue-light-and-alertness">Artificial blue light and alertness</h2>



There is also inconclusive evidence on how short wavelength light affects alertness. While some studies suggest that it can make people less sleepy, the evidence is not yet clear.&nbsp;



Moreover, the effects might also depend on when people are exposed to it. In some cases, exposure to artificial blue light during the day has been linked to feeling more alert. However, the effects of nighttime exposure on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/">sleep quality</a> and alertness are still unclear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-consensus-on-health-nbsp">Lack of consensus on health&nbsp;</h2>



Sleep helps our bodies function properly, including our immune system, memory, and emotions. With the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-levels-on-distant-planets-reveal-presence-of-alien-technology/">technology</a>, there is concern that the blue light emitted from screens and lights can disrupt sleep.&nbsp;



However, the ICNIRP team did not find clear agreement among scientists about the long-term health effects of short wavelength light. Some studies suggest there are potential risks, but others find minimal impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-high-quality-research">Call for high-quality research</h2>



The expert panel is still unsure whether artificial blue light has negative health consequences. They acknowledge the public's interest in this topic and emphasize the need for more research.



According to their recommendations, existing studies should be reviewed more thoroughly to gain a better understanding of SWL's effects. Additionally, they call for well-designed studies to specifically investigate the long-term consequences of repeated exposure to artificial blue light.&nbsp;



"It has generally been assumed that exposure to SWL at night will cause alertness and affect sleep quality," wrote the researchers. "However, due to limited data and conflicting results regarding effects on alertness, sleepiness, and sleep it is not possible to reach a conclusion about effects on these outcomes."&nbsp;



"This is the case for both nighttime and daytime exposure. Thus, more high-quality experimental studies are needed to answer the question of whether SWL exposure at night affects alertness and sleep more than exposure at other times of the day."



The full statement from ICNIRP is published&nbsp; in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001790">Health Physics</a>.



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Long-term effects of artificial blue light remain unknown

We've all heard the warnings: staring at screens before bed...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...