Cosmic,Vortex:,The,Fiery,Eye,Of,The,Galaxy

Dark matter has puzzled scientists for decades, stirring endless debate about what constitutes the huge chunk of mass in the universe that is not directly visible. 



While numerous theories have been proposed, researchers have yet to confirm a definitive explanation for this elusive substance.



Advanced instrumentation has now sparked renewed attempts to uncover possible signals from dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-dark-matter-does-not-exist-and-the-universe-is-27-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">matter</a> in the near infrared spectrum. 



After reviewing recently collected data, scientists are discussing results that appear to set new standards on how long certain dark matter particles can last.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-dark-matter-the-basics">Understanding dark matter - the basics</h2>



Dark matter is the mysterious, invisible glue that holds the universe together. Most scientists believe it’s there because of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-big-bang-theory-attempts-to-explain-origin-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull on galaxies</a>, but they can’t see or touch it. 



Unlike regular matter, dark matter doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it impossible to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-now-searching-for-dark-matter-inside-old-earth-rocks-minerals-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">detect directly</a>. 



Instead, astronomers study how galaxies move and rotate - without dark matter’s extra gravity, they should be flying apart. 



The crazy part? Dark matter makes up about 85% of the universe’s total mass, yet we have no idea what it actually is.



Scientists are on a mission to crack the dark matter mystery, using massive underground detectors and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-might-be-driving-force-behind-black-hole-mergers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">powerful telescopes</a>. 



Some theories suggest it’s made of undiscovered particles, while others think it could be linked to hidden dimensions. 



Whatever it is, most scientists believe that dark matter plays a huge role in shaping the cosmos, influencing everything from galaxy formation and black holes, to the structure of the universe itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-signals-in-infrared-light">Dark matter signals in infrared light</h2>



Associate Professor <a href="https://inspirehep.net/authors/1421892" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wen Yin</a> from <a href="https://www.tmu.ac.jp/english/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tokyo Metropolitan University</a> has worked with a team on a fresh approach that searched for faint signals produced by <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.0546" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">axionlike particles</a>.



They relied on the fact that certain theoretical models predict these particles will emit narrow bands of light when they decay.



“The identity of dark matter has been a mystery in astronomy, cosmology, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-formation-may-have-occurred-before-the-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particle theory</a> for about a century,” wrote Yin and co-authors from Tokyo Metropolitan University in a new study. 



They used an infrared spectrograph, known as <a href="http://lihweb.kyoto-su.ac.jp/WINERED/overview_winered.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WINERED</a>, which picks up subtle features in light that might reveal how dark matter decays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-infrared-tools-to-detect-dark-matter-decay">Using infrared tools to detect dark matter decay</h2>



Instruments like WINERED, the <a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, and other devices help scientists inspect complicated <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/electromagnetic-signal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electromagnetic signals</a> in the cosmos to see if anything stands out. 



Researchers are particularly keen on the near infrared band because some dark matter models point to that range as a possible hotspot.



Investigating this spectral window is tricky because noise from <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-zodiacal-light-or-false-dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zodiacal light</a> and atmospheric interference can obscure important features. 



A new data analysis technique, which separates narrow decay signals from broad background emissions, reduces this confusion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-hidden-galaxies">Mapping hidden galaxies</h2>



The <a href="https://www.lco.cl/magellan-telescopes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Magellan Clay Telescope</a> in Chile measures about 21 feet (6.4 meters) across, and has the ability to capture even the faint glow from distant <a href="https://esahubble.org/wordbank/dwarf-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dwarf galaxies</a>.



By pointing this telescope at galaxies named Leo V and Tucana II, Yin’s team managed to gather significant infrared data in just four hours.



Their measurements pointed to no noticeable bursts at certain frequencies, which suggests that axionlike particle decay was not observed. 



The absence of any distinct signal implies that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a>, if they exist, might survive for more than 1025 seconds, which is many times the age of our cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-something-unexpected">Signs of something unexpected</h2>



Although the data so far show no conclusive dark matter decay, there were slight hints of unexplained patterns that deserve further investigation. 



Such anomalies might indicate that more sensitive instruments or longer observation windows could finally pin down a genuine dark matter signature.



Several groups worldwide are refining spectrometers to explore these curious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-big-bang-theory-attempts-to-explain-origin-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signals</a> at higher resolution. 



Continued monitoring of galaxies with low background interference could clarify whether these faint clues are actual traces of dark matter or just simple flukes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-detecting-dark-matter-signals">Challenges in detecting dark matter signals</h2>



Examinations of <a href="https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/cosmic-horizons-book/cosmic-microwave-background-radiation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">background radiation</a> remain complicated because the universe is filled with scattered light from multiple sources. 



Researchers must also untangle contamination from Earth’s own atmosphere, which intensifies when the sun heats the air.



Despite these obstacles, improved calibration methods and collaborative efforts between astronomers and particle physicists continue to enhance the search for hidden cosmic matter. 



No single test has delivered a decisive answer, yet confidence is growing that bigger discoveries lie ahead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-these-findings-matter">Why these findings matter</h2>



If axionlike particles do show up, they might solve a puzzle that has preoccupied scientists since the 1930s. 



Decades ago, measurements of galaxy rotation speeds revealed invisible mass exerting gravitational influence, which prompted the name “dark matter” for this puzzling substance.



Pinpointing whether these elusive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a> exist could also unlock new physics beyond the current understanding, and pave the way for novel insights about the structure of the cosmos.



Scientists remain motivated to analyze more data from advanced spectrographs as the chase continues for clues about what really makes up the bulk of our universe.



The study is published in <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.051004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.



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Dark matter, if it exists, has a strictly limited lifetime, new study says

Dark matter has puzzled scientists for decades, stirring endless debate about what constitutes the huge chunk of mass in the universe that is not directly visible. While numerous theories have been proposed, researchers have yet to confirm a definitive explanation for this elusive substance. Advanced instrumentation has now sparked renewed attempts to uncover possible signals from dark matter in the near infrared spectrum. After reviewing recently collected data, scientists are discussing results that appear to set new standards on how long certain dark matter particles can last....

Silly,Baby

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and wrong, or do they figure it out after seeing how others behave? This question has stirred up lively debates in academic circles for years.



Some early experiments hinted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-music-affects-a-babys-heartbeat-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> can prefer helpful individuals over harmful ones, long before they can speak. Recent <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288">findings</a> now cast doubt on the idea that morality is hardwired from birth. 



<a href="https://psych.ubc.ca/profile/kiley-hamlin/">Dr. Kiley Hamlin</a> at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> has been leading important inquiries in this field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moral-instincts-in-babies">Moral instincts in babies</h2>



<a href="https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moral psychology</a> explores how people come to recognize acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Many have wondered if these sensitivities are in place from the start or shaped by social interaction.



<a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Locke</a> proposed that the human mind begins as a <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615-h/10615-h.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tabula rasa</a>, meaning a blank slate, with all knowledge stemming from experience. 



This perspective suggests that children develop moral judgments only after observing the actions of those around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-replication-challenge">The replication challenge</h2>



In science, <a href="https://www.understandinghealthresearch.org/useful-information/replicability-26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">replicability</a> means being able to repeat a study and get consistent outcomes. Experts recently joined forces to re-assess whether infants truly favor characters who <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.13581" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help over those who hinder</a>.



They used video stimuli instead of live puppet shows and tested a large sample. Results indicated that infants did not show a consistent preference for pro-social figures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-explanations">Possible explanations</h2>



One possibility is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-hear-far-more-speech-at-home-than-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> need more time in the world before they form strong impressions about right and wrong. Others suspect small changes in the method can influence an infant’s attention and choices.



“Some people will jump to the interpretation that [the results show] the original finding was incorrect...we shouldn’t be so quick to jump to conclusions,” posted <a href="https://ccsre.stanford.edu/people/michael-c-frank" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Frank</a>, founder of the <a href="https://manybabies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ManyBabies</a> consortium. 



Researchers note that subtle differences in presentation might explain the mixed outcomes.



Classic theories from <a href="https://archive.org/details/moraljudgmentofc0000piag" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jean Piaget</a> suggest children’s moral judgments evolve in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stages</a>, moving from a focus on consequences to an understanding of intentions. 



If moral reasoning develops over time, it may be less obvious in infants who are still exploring their surroundings.



Lawrence Kohlberg’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofmora0001kohl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">six-stage sequence</a> also implies that advanced moral thinking requires cognitive growth. Babies, by contrast, could be years away from processing moral conflicts at that level.



Some point out that in many cultures, parents quickly step in to shape moral behavior, teaching children to recognize good and bad acts. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Why_Do_Men_Barbecue.html?id=Fpq_xqLBe4kC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early environment</a> may thus play a bigger role than expected.



Others highlight that investigating infant behavior is tricky. A slight alteration in setting might change how babies react in ways that do not necessarily map onto their moral understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-babies-morals">Future research on babies morals</h2>



Researchers continue to refine designs that capture genuine responses from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-gut-health-shapes-the-brain-development-of-her-baby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. Eye tracking, heart rate measures, and brain imaging could offer clearer insights without relying solely on manual choices.



Some wonder if there is an innate core to morality. Paul Bloom’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/justbabiesorigin0000bloo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> argues that young children may display compassion or empathy when someone is hurt.



Another perspective is that moral awareness takes shape through simple interactions, like seeing a parent console someone who is upset. Repeated exposure to caring acts might steer children toward a preference for kindness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-studies-on-baby-morals-differ">Why studies on baby morals differ</h2>



Discrepancies between studies can reflect the complexity of human development. Babies are not miniature adults, and their responses can hinge on momentary factors like mood or alertness.



Large-scale collaborations offer a powerful way to handle variability across labs. This approach increases confidence in the findings by recruiting diverse samples of children from different backgrounds.



Yet, even large efforts cannot offer the final word on infant morality. Researchers remain eager to keep testing new methods and refine our understanding of how these little humans begin to judge right and wrong.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-parents">Implications for parents</h2>



Some experts propose that parents observe their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-immune-systems-have-hidden-and-surprising-strength/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child</a>’s spontaneous reactions to kindness or aggression. This can guide gentle interventions and conversations that frame empathy as a cherished value.



Simple acts, like praising a toddler for sharing, may spark early moral awareness. Subtle encouragement could pave the way for deeper ethical reasoning later in childhood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-questions">Ongoing questions</h2>



Many psychologists wonder if moral responses differ in babies raised in close-knit communities versus more individualistic settings. 



Broader cross-cultural studies could reveal whether certain behaviors are consistent across societies or shaped by local customs.



Debates about morality in infancy are far from settled. Each fresh result invites new theories, and the field thrives on reevaluating what it truly means to be human.



New data-collection methods, including real-time parent diaries, may refine how researchers track changes in infant reactions across many months. Capturing these everyday moments could lead to a fuller picture of early moral inclinations.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Developmental Science</a>.



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Are babies born with morals, or is morality a learned behavior? Scientists think they know

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and...

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy as steel yet as airy as foam. They harnessed the power of artificial intelligence (AI) and a high-precision 3D printer to fine-tune its shape, aiming for maximum strength without adding weight to the material.



According to the engineers, their invention could have major implications for manufacturing items that require both strength and lightness, particularly vehicles aiming to improve fuel efficiency.



Professor Tobin Filleter from the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a> helped lead this effort, bringing years of expertise in the mechanical behavior of materials. 



He and his team worked alongside collaborators who explored ways to build micro-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-wonder-material-changing-the-world-is-officially-declared-safe-for-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> with precisely arranged features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-the-right-shape">Searching for the right shape</h2>



The researchers started by testing possible shapes through computer simulations, and attempting to distribute applied stresses evenly. 



This meant reducing weak points, which often cause sudden collapses in conventional lightweight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a>.



"It didn't just replicate successful geometries from the training data; it learned from what changes to the shapes worked and what didn't, enabling it to predict entirely new lattice geometries," said Peter Serles, an engineering researcher at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>.



The planning phase fed a machine learning algorithm that learned how each shape withstood pressure. But, it did more than just rehash old ideas.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-ai-for-better-material-designs">Using AI for better material designs</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposing-the-hidden-climate-costs-of-everyday-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traditional</a> materials often force a compromise between strength and toughness. Many ceramic-like substances can bear large loads but shatter easily. The team wanted something that balanced both.



They relied on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-01147-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nano-architected designs</a> to reach that sweet spot. By incorporating carefully engineered patterns at the microscopic scale, these <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1252291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> can achieve higher load capacities than bulk materials of the same density.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-advantage-of-3d-printing">Taking advantage of 3D printing</h2>



Once the algorithm suggested the best <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-process-converts-microplastics-into-valuable-graphene-wonder-material/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>, the researchers used a specialized 3D printer that works with polymers at incredibly fine scales.



Next, they baked these printed lattices to leave behind carbon. The result is a <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201701850" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanolattice</a> that resists high stress without crumbling.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1s.webp" alt="Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto" class="wp-image-1959457"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto</figcaption></figure>



Advanced machines allow delicate features to be printed in a fraction of an inch, which opens doors for more complex geometries. That means scientists can now make shapes they once only imagined in simulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-material-for-aerospace-efficiency">AI material for aerospace efficiency</h2>



"We hope that these new material designs will eventually lead to ultra-light weight components in aerospace applications, such as planes, helicopters and spacecraft, that can reduce fuel demands during flight while maintaining safety and performance," said Filleter.



If a craft needs less fuel, emissions decrease, along with operating costs.



One researcher explained that swapping titanium parts for this lighter alternative might yield yearly fuel savings of around 21 gallons for every 2.2 pounds (80 liters for every 10 kilograms) of material replaced. That adds up over multiple flights and repeated journeys across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-beyond-aerospace">Expanding beyond aerospace</h2>



While the most obvious applications are in aviation and space travel, other industries could also benefit from these ultra-light, ultra-strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-system-captures-carbon-dioxide-directly-from-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials</a>.



The automotive sector, for instance, constantly seeks ways to improve fuel efficiency and battery range in electric vehicles. Lighter chassis and structural components could make a meaningful impact on performance.



Medical technology is another promising area. Researchers are exploring how these nano-architected materials might lead to stronger yet lightweight prosthetics, implants, and medical devices. 



Reducing material weight while maintaining strength could make wearable medical gear more comfortable and effective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-up-and-moving-forward">Scaling up and moving forward</h2>



The next challenge is to produce larger pieces without losing the benefits seen in the lab. Figuring out how to manufacture greater volumes of this carbon-based structure at a reasonable cost is high on the agenda.



Engineers also plan to experiment with variations that maintain stiffness while shaving off more weight. 



Each new design is another opportunity for the algorithm to refine its predictive skills, potentially raising strength limits even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-designed-material-and-the-future">AI-designed material and the future</h2>



These new insights are part of an ongoing effort to rethink how materials <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perform</a>. Weight reduction is a key goal for many industries, from auto manufacturing to wind turbine construction, and this work offers a powerful tool to meet those needs.



Bringing AI into the materials world shows that old boundaries can sometimes be pushed aside. Once scaled up, these next-generation structures might show up in unexpected places, providing safety without the usual weight penalty.



The study was published in the online journal <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202410651" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Materials</a>.



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New AI-designed material is light as foam, tough as steel

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy...

Archaeologists in eastern Kazakhstan have identified a puzzling structure that has sparked curiosity across global research circles. The newly unearthed site, dating back 3,800 years, features a six-sided outline that researchers call a pyramid.



Experts suggest that the monument stands around 10 feet (3 meters) high, leading some to believe it served a special purpose in its day. It shows a geometric design that has never before been documented in this region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-an-ancient-identity">Tracing an ancient identity</h2>



Archaeologists from the <a href="https://www.enu.kz/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University</a>, led by <a href="https://www.enu.kz/en/news/497" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ulan Umitkaliyev</a>, began exploring the <a href="https://arkeonews.net/tag/kyrykungir-complex-monument/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyrykungir</a> site near Toktamys village in 2014. Their fieldwork exposed a labyrinth that appeared to guide visitors toward a central grave.



“The steppe pyramid is built with great precision; it is hexagonal. There are thirteen meters [43 feet] and eight rows of stones between each face,” said Umitkaliyev in an official statement shared across academic outlets.



Geometry held deep meaning for many Bronze Age societies across Asia. Builders often combined artistry and astronomy when planning large communal structures.



Certain groups in this area constructed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-eclipse-may-have-changed-the-architecture-of-ancient-egypt-forever/">funerary monuments</a> with earthen mounds to signal respect for influential members. Some experts think these layers of soil might have also helped preserve delicate objects buried below.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-layers-of-culture-and-craftsmanship">Layers of culture and craftsmanship</h2>



Researchers came across horse remains and elaborate ceramics, indicating that residents honored animals in their customs. A set of gold earrings was also recovered from the site, suggesting that metalwork had reached a high level of artistry here.



Experts link the site to the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1563011011000122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andronovo</a> communities, who thrived in parts of Central Asia from about 2000 to 900 BCE. They were known for domesticating horses and constructing stone structures that showed advanced skills.



One large outer wall of this hexagon was formed with megalithic stones, while the interior had multiple circles. No one is entirely sure if the entire space once had a roof or if it was left open to the elements.



It was reported that each of the six sides measures around 42 feet (13 meters) in length. The structure had an earthen covering at some point, though its current state shows plenty of exposure.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crucial-rare-earth-elements-discovered-coal-mines-united-states/">Items discovered</a> inside reflect the daily routines of a pastoral culture that relied on herding for survival. Bronze tools and ornaments suggest that trade networks provided essential metals and creative ideas.



Archaeological analysis indicates that animals were key symbols of community wealth in this region. Horse bones near the stone complexes reveal how these creatures supported transport and possibly ceremonial rites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-a-wider-bronze-age-network">Evidence of a wider Bronze Age network</h2>



Older monuments in this district reflect a cultural tapestry shaped by trade routes. Some experts believe these paths supported the spread of languages and belief systems along the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444360790.ch36" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">steppe</a> corridors.



Ancient travelers carried more than precious goods when they crossed these open grasslands. They moved ideas, craftsmanship skills, and diverse customs that shaped societies along this path.



Historical records show that domesticated horses changed mobility in these regions. Scholars argue that equine culture let communities establish contact across great distances, sparking developments in weaving, pottery, and metal smelting.



Those influences likely seeped into the design of the six-sided pyramid. Some shapes and wall markings might connect to broader rituals that flourished across multiple settlements.



Sociologists who study cross-cultural interactions see similarities in how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-technology-is-a-modern-solution-for-clean-energy/">Bronze Age</a> societies valued communal gathering spaces. Meeting points often included altars or sanctuaries where leaders made pivotal decisions.



Excavations from Afghanistan to the Caspian Sea show parallel patterns in burial practices. Graves frequently included personal ornaments, tools, and remnants of feasting that marked the deceased’s social standing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspectives-on-pyramids">New perspectives on pyramids</h2>



Investigations at this site continue to attract interest among historians, who look at ways that Bronze Age societies expressed status. Specialists also wonder if these stone ruins hold clues about alliances that linked distant clans.



Some point out that Bronze Age sites across Central Asia have often stayed in the background of global debates. They plan to compare architectural layouts from Kyrykungir with other monumental complexes in hopes of finding patterns.



Many remain fascinated by the puzzle of a hexagonal platform, which seems to have been the resting place of a privileged individual. Researchers hope to analyze further objects that may reveal how people combined <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-real-impact-of-burning-magic-herbs-in-spiritual-rituals/">spiritual beliefs</a> with decorative customs.



The study is detailed in the online publication, <a href="https://arkeonews.net/archaeologists-have-discovered-a-large-sized-4000-year-old-steppe-pyramid-of-the-bronze-age-in-kazakhstan/">Arkeonews</a>.



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3,800-year-old hexagonal pyramid discovered, possibly a royal tomb

Archaeologists in eastern Kazakhstan have identified a puzzling structure that...

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted in cartoons during your childhood - thriving habitats teeming with fish, anemones, and other marine life. In reality, many of these reefs are now facing severe environmental stress and declining health. However, innovative solutions offer hope for their recovery. 



One such advancement is the Underwater Zooplankton Enhancement Light Array (UZELA), a programmable, autonomous submersible light system developed by researchers to support coral reef ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-to-boost-coral-reefs">Artificial light to boost coral reefs</h2>



UZELA is designed to attract zooplankton - microscopic aquatic organisms that serve as a crucial food source for corals - by emitting specific wavelengths of light. 



By enhancing local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> availability, this technology has the potential to bolster coral nutrition and resilience in the face of environmental challenges.



After a rigorous six-month testing period on two species of coral native to Hawaii, researchers found that UZELA significantly increased local zooplankton density and boosted the feeding rates of both healthy and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bleached-coral-reefs-recover-quickly-in-the-absence-of-human-influences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleached coral</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reefs-on-the-brink-of-collapse">Reefs on the brink of collapse</h2>



Providing corals with greater amounts of food makes them stronger and more likely to be resilient against certain environmental threats, such as heat stress and ocean acidification.



"This result is particularly striking, especially as rising ocean temperatures are pushing entire coral reefs to the brink of collapse," said Andrea Grottoli, lead author of the study and a professor of earth sciences at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>.



“Coral reefs house one-third of all marine species, yet occupy less than 1% of the ocean,” she added. “They are disproportionately responsible for ocean health, and we’re at risk of losing them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-tool-for-coral-reef-restoration">Valuable tool for coral reef restoration </h2>



Millions of people rely on coral reefs, as they support fishing industries and protect coastal communities from threats such as erosion and floods. 



However, at the current rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, projections indicate that these vital coral reefs could face complete devastation by 2050, endangering the delicate ecosystems they sustain.



Although UZELA is only a short-term solution, Grottoli believes the artificial light system could be a valuable tool for coral restoration efforts.



“Think of it as a band-aid for about a couple decades,” Grottoli said. “It can protect some corals in some places, sometimes.”



The team also discovered that UZELA, which operates for six months on a single battery, optimizes coral feeding time by functioning for just one hour after sunset each day. 



While artificial lights have the potential to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disrupt marine life</a>, researchers emphasize that UZELA does not harm the environment or interfere with the movement of other zooplankton in the area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-benefits-for-coral-reefs">Artificial light benefits for coral reefs</h2>



“If you imagine zooplankton in a column floating above coral, instead of being naturally dispersed, UZELA is just pulling them down, but it’s not taking away from the coral beside it,” explained Grottoli. 



“We show that if you put the coral close to the light, they benefit from that concentrated zooplankton, and feeding rates go up 10- to 50-fold.”



This increase in feeding meets approximately 18-68% of a coral's metabolic demand, meaning that increased zooplankton intake significantly supports coral survivorship and persistence.



“The real intent of this project is to inject new technology and energy into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sounds-the-melodic-key-to-coral-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral restoration</a> success,” Grottoli added. “It’s something that can be deployed strategically for high-value reefs or projects that have already had significant investment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-coral-restoration">The future of coral restoration</h2>



While the current generation of UZELA devices is handmade, the team is collaborating with an Ohio-based engineering company to make the technology more manufacturable. 



Enhanced versions of the device are expected to be available within the next one to three years.



“We are not mitigating climate change fast enough to save coral, and UZELA is not going to instantly save coral reefs,” Grottoli noted. “But it is an exciting solution that will buy us time as we work toward a more sustainable environment.”



The research was supported by the <a href="https://www.uhfoundation.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawai’i Foundation</a>, the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="https://www.darpa.mil" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DARPA</a>).



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lom3.10669" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Methods</a>.



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How artificial light can boost coral reef recovery

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted...

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique and fragile wildlife. Among them is the Gilbert’s potoroo - a small, nocturnal marsupial that once seemed lost to history.



For over a century, scientists believed it had vanished, another victim of habitat destruction and introduced predators. That belief changed in 1994 when researchers made an astonishing discovery that would launch a decades-long conservation effort.



A new study has explored the journey of this critically endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/otters-have-the-ability-to-restore-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> from its rediscovery to ongoing recovery initiatives.



Led by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (<a href="https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DBCA</a>), in partnership with university researchers and <a href="https://www.potoroo.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group</a>, the study provides insight into the challenges and successes of saving Australia’s rarest marsupial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-thought-gilbert-s-potoroo-was-extinct">Scientists thought Gilbert’s potoroo was extinct</h2>



Before its rediscovery, the Gilbert’s potoroo was known only from a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserved specimens</a> that were collected in the 19th century. Scientists assumed the species had disappeared, like so many others that cannot withstand the pressures of land clearing and introduced predators.



That changed in 1994 when Dr. Elizabeth Sinclair, then a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, made a remarkable find. 



While conducting research at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, she identified a population of Gilbert’s potoroos surviving in a small area of coastal heathland. The discovery astonished the scientific community and reignited hope that this marsupial could be saved.



Dr. Tony Friend, the study’s lead author, recalled the momentous nature of the find. "When we surveyed the rediscovered population, we found that only about 40 individuals remained in a small area of heathland on Mount Gardner."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-diet-of-the-gilbert-s-potoroo">Unique diet of the Gilbert’s potoroo</h2>



Once scientists confirmed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-failing-the-worlds-most-threatened-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>’ existence, they had to learn how to protect it. They quickly discovered that the potoroo relies almost entirely on underground fungi for food, which is a diet unlike that of any other marsupial in Australia.



This dependency on a single food source made habitat conservation an urgent priority. Without a healthy ecosystem that supported the growth of these fungi, the species could not survive.



Predation by foxes and feral cats posed another significant threat. With such a small population, even a single predator could have devastating effects. Conservationists began working on strategies to keep the potoroo safe while ensuring its habitat remained intact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-insurance-populations">Creating insurance populations</h2>



Recognizing the risk of keeping the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marsupials-are-key-to-healthy-ecosystems-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">population</a> in one location, scientists took action. Between 2005 and 2014, they established two "insurance populations" in separate locations to safeguard the species against disasters. 



One group was placed on Bald Island off Cheynes Beach, a predator-free sanctuary that provided a safe environment for the potoroo to breed. The second group was introduced into a specially designed enclosure in <a href="https://exploreparks.dbca.wa.gov.au/park/waychinicup-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Waychinicup National Park</a>, which also offered protection from predators.



These efforts proved crucial in 2015 when disaster struck the potoroo population at Two Peoples Bay. A catastrophic bushfire swept through the reserve, wiping out much of the original habitat.



Without the insurance populations, the species might have disappeared entirely. Scientists are now using individuals from these protected groups to reintroduce the potoroo back into its natural range.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-genetic-diversity">Importance of genetic diversity</h2>



A major challenge in conservation is maintaining genetic diversity, especially for species with extremely small populations. Dr. Sinclair, a co-author of the study, highlighted the importance of understanding the species’ genetic structure.



"Understanding the genetic makeup of the remaining Gilbert's potoroo populations is crucial for maintaining their long-term viability," she said.



By studying the genetics of the surviving potoroos, scientists can make informed decisions about breeding and relocation efforts. This knowledge helps prevent inbreeding and ensures the species remains resilient in the face of the current environmental changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-climate-and-habitat-challenges">Addressing climate and habitat challenges</h2>



Beyond genetics, other long-term challenges remain. Habitat destruction, climate change, and shifting environmental conditions continue to threaten the potoroo’s future. Effective fire management is now a top priority, as uncontrolled wildfires pose a major risk to the remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>.



Predator control also remains essential. Foxes and feral cats, introduced to Australia by European settlers, are responsible for the decline of many native species, including the potoroo. 



Conservationists are working on strategies to manage these threats while ensuring the potoroo’s habitat remains suitable for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement-in-conservation">Community involvement in conservation</h2>



The fight to save the Gilbert’s potoroo extends beyond scientists and government agencies. Community involvement has played a vital role in the species’ survival. 



The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group has been instrumental in raising awareness and securing funding for conservation efforts. Local volunteers contribute by monitoring populations, assisting with habitat restoration, and advocating for continued protection.



Public education also plays a significant role in conservation success. By teaching people about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing native species, conservation groups hope to inspire long-term commitment to protecting Australia’s unique wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fight-to-save-gilbert-s-potoroo">Fight to save Gilbert’s potoroo </h2>



Despite the challenges, there is still hope for the Gilbert’s potoroo. The insurance populations have provided a crucial lifeline, and scientists continue to work on strategies to ensure the species’ long-term survival. 



Research into habitat restoration and climate resilience offers new possibilities for strengthening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-just-0-7-of-land-can-save-many-unique-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts.



Dr. Friend remains optimistic about the future. "The regenerating habitat at Two Peoples Bay remains a valuable resource for future recovery efforts," he said.



The road ahead will not be easy, but the dedication of researchers, conservationists, and the wider community has given the potoroo a fighting chance. If efforts continue, this remarkable marsupial may yet avoid extinction and thrive once more in the wild.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/PC/PC24103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pacific Conservation Biology</a>.



Image Credit: University of Western Australia



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World's rarest marsupial is fighting for survival - again

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique...

Last month set a new record for the hottest January ever documented, surprising climate experts who had expected that a developing La Niña would finally start easing a prolonged bout of unusual heat.



According to the <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a>, January 2025 was 1.75°C warmer than in pre-industrial times, continuing a notable series of high-temperature records spanning 2023 and 2024. 



Human-generated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> have largely driven this persistent warming trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-weaker-la-nina-than-anticipated">A weaker La Niña than anticipated</h2>



Most climate scientists anticipated that the exceptional heat wave would lose momentum once an El Niño event - peaking in January 2024 - gave way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Niña</a>, which typically brings a temporary cooling effect.&nbsp;



Yet temperatures have remained at, or near, record-breaking levels, prompting discussion about additional factors that may be elevating global warmth beyond forecasts.



Researchers caution that even slight increments in global temperature magnify both the intensity and frequency of extreme weather phenomena such as heatwaves, severe rainfall, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-jump-in-january-heat">Concerning jump in January heat</h2>



January exceeded the previous monthly record (set in January 2024) by 0.09°C, a margin that Copernicus climate scientist Julien Nicolas described as “sizeable” in the context of global temperature shifts.&nbsp;



“This is what makes it a bit of a surprise...you're not seeing this cooling effect, or temporary brake at least, on the global temperature that we were expecting to see,” said Nicolas.



Stefan Rahmstorf from the <a href="https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/university-of-potsdam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Potsdam</a> pointed out that this is the first time in recorded data that a La Niña phase has yielded temperatures higher than those during the preceding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.&nbsp;



“This is of serious concern - over the past sixty years, all twenty five La Niña January's have been cooler than surrounding years,” said Rahmstorf.



This year’s La Niña is predicted to be mild, and Copernicus reported evidence that surface temperatures in parts of the equatorial Pacific may be slowing or stalling the expected move toward cooler conditions. Nicolas noted that the phenomenon could vanish entirely by March.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surpassing-the-paris-agreement-goal">Surpassing the Paris Agreement goal</h2>



Last month, Copernicus announced that the average global temperature for 2023 and 2024 had, for the first time, surpassed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;



Though this does not confirm a permanent breach of the long-term Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C, it does reveal that the threshold is being tested.



Overall, scientists do not anticipate 2025 to eclipse 2023 and 2024’s record-breaking heat; they predict it will probably rank as the third-warmest year.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, Copernicus plans to carefully track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-broke-records-for-450-straight-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> in 2025 to learn more about the planet’s evolving climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-oceans-in-climate-change">The role of oceans in climate change</h2>



Oceans function as a crucial moderator of Earth’s climate and a major carbon sink. Cooler sea waters are able to capture more heat from the air, thereby contributing to reduced atmospheric temperatures.&nbsp;



Cooler oceans also hold on to around 90 percent of the extra heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels.



“This heat is bound to resurface periodically,” Nicolas said. “I think that's also one of the questions - is this what has been happening over the past couple of years?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-heat-in-january">Astonishing heat in January</h2>



Sea surface temperatures have reached notably high levels throughout 2023 and 2024; in January alone, they were the second warmest ever recorded. “That is the thing that is a little puzzling - why they remain so warm,” Nicolas added.



University College London climate researcher Bill McGuire described it as “astonishing and frankly terrifying” that January remained near record highs even after La Niña conditions emerged.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, Joel Hirschi from the UK’s <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Center</a> advised restraint when interpreting only one month’s data, remarking that peaks had also been noted after past El Niño phases, even with La Niña underway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explanations-for-record-heat-nbsp">Explanations for record heat&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists generally concur that the long-term rise in global temperatures is primarily caused by burning fossil fuels, though natural climate cycles can influence yearly temperature variations.&nbsp;



Still, experts say that El Niño alone cannot explain what has transpired in the atmosphere and oceans, meaning other explanations are being explored.



One possibility is that the move toward cleaner shipping fuels that began in 2020 has accelerated warming by curtailing sulfur-based emissions that help form sunlight-reflecting clouds.&nbsp;



Another study, published in December, questioned whether fewer low-altitude clouds might be letting more heat reach Earth’s surface.



“These are avenues that must be taken seriously, and remain open,” said Robert Vautard, a top researcher with the UN’s <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hottest-earth-in-125-000-years">Hottest Earth in 125,000 years</h2>



Copernicus harnesses billions of measurements from satellites, ships, planes, and weather stations to form its climate estimates.&nbsp;



Though the agency’s own records trace back to 1940, other climate data sources - like ice cores, tree rings, and coral skeletons - enable scientists to extrapolate findings from a much deeper past.



Based on that broader array of evidence, researchers believe that the current period could well be the hottest Earth has experienced for at least 125,000 years.



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'Astonishing' global temperatures in January 2025 surprised scientists

Last month set a new record for the hottest January...

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide ice and other carbon-bearing molecules on Uranus’s moon Ariel likely originated from internal chemical processes - possibly even from a subsurface ocean.



Now, new research provides insight into how these materials may have reached, or may still be reaching, the moon’s surface.&nbsp;



Led by <a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APL</a> planetary geologist Chloe Beddingfield, the research points to medial grooves - trenches that cut through Ariel’s massive canyons - as the likely pathways for this movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-ariel-s-interior-nbsp">Mysteries of Ariel’s interior&nbsp;</h2>



The findings indicate that these medial grooves function similarly to spreading centers on Earth, where new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceanic crust</a> forms as internal material rises to the surface.



“If we're right, these medial grooves are probably the best candidates for sourcing those carbon oxide deposits and uncovering more details about the moon's interior,” Beddingfield said. “No other surface features show evidence of facilitating the movement of materials from inside Ariel, making this finding particularly exciting.”



Ariel’s grooves are among the youngest known features on its surface. Scientists have long debated whether they formed through fissures caused by tectonic forces or through volcanic activity.&nbsp;



The team analyzed images captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 - the only spacecraft to have flown past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> and its moons - and concluded that these features more closely resemble spreading centers rather than volcanic conduits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spreading-center-theory">The spreading center theory</h2>



One key piece of evidence comes from the way the canyon walls on either side of the medial grooves align. When the central canyon floors are digitally removed, the walls fit together like puzzle pieces, suggesting they were once joined before being pulled apart.&nbsp;



Additionally, the canyon floors feature regularly spaced ridges that resemble excavation tracks - patterns consistent with successive depositions of material, a hallmark of spreading centers.



Beddingfield explained that spreading centers arise from convection cells beneath the crust. As heat from Ariel’s interior pushes material upward, the surface cracks open, spreading apart as new material emerges and gradually cools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-influence-of-tidal-forces-nbsp">The influence of tidal forces&nbsp;</h2>



Ariel, along with several other Uranian moons, has undergone multiple periods of geological activity, likely due to tidal forces.&nbsp;



These forces arise from orbital resonances - precise ratios in the orbital periods of moons that generate repeated gravitational interactions. The interactions create cycles of internal heating, potentially melting parts of the icy interior and then refreezing them over time.



“It’s a fascinating situation - how this cycle affects these moons, their evolution, and their characteristics,” Beddingfield said.



Some scientists believe that these resonances could have helped maintain subsurface oceans beneath Ariel and its smaller neighboring moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/miranda-uranus-moon-may-have-hidden-ocean-possibly-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miranda</a>.&nbsp;



A recent 2024 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad77d7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, co-authored by APL’s Tom Nordheim, proposed that such tidal forces might have created an ocean within Miranda’s interior - one that could still exist today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ariel-s-internal-structure">Ariel’s internal structure</h2>



Ariel’s medial grooves could provide important clues about the moon’s internal structure, particularly regarding the presence of an ocean.&nbsp;



Nordheim noted that carbon-bearing compounds do not last long on planetary surfaces due to space weathering, suggesting that these materials must have been deposited relatively recently.



“These new results suggest a possible mechanism for emplacing fresh material and short-lived compounds, including carbon monoxide and perhaps ammonia-bearing species on the surface,” Nordheim said.



However, Beddingfield cautioned against making direct connections between Ariel’s possible ocean and the medial grooves.



“The size of Ariel’s possible ocean and its depth beneath the surface can only be estimated, but it may be too isolated to interact with spreading centers,” she explained.&nbsp;



“There’s just a lot we don’t know. And while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-carbon-ices-discovered-objects-beyond-neptune-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon oxide ices</a> are present on Ariel’s surface, it’s still unclear whether they’re associated with the grooves because Voyager 2 didn’t have instruments that could map the distribution of ices.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-exploration-of-uranus">Future exploration of Uranus</h2>



Study co-author Richard Cartwright emphasized that further exploration is necessary to confirm the role of these medial grooves in transporting material from Ariel’s interior.



“We need an orbiter that can make close passes of Ariel, map its medial grooves in detail, and analyze their spectral signatures for components like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide,” said Cartwright.&nbsp;



“If carbon-bearing molecules are concentrated along these grooves, then it would strongly support the idea that they’re windows into Ariel’s interior.”



With Uranus gaining attention as a priority for future space exploration, Ariel and its enigmatic grooves may soon receive closer scrutiny. These investigations could unlock critical insights into the moon’s geological past - and potentially even into ongoing internal activity today.&nbsp;



The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad9d3f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory



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Uranus's moon, Ariel, may have a hidden ocean under its frozen crust

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide...

Researchers in Sweden have reported control over a new kind of magnetism with the potential to boost electronic performance. Their work shows that this new class of magnetism, called altermagnetism, can increase memory device operation speeds by up to a thousand times. 



Scientists say it stands apart from the two widely known forms of magnetic order and may open doors to faster, more efficient technologies.



Scientists from the University of Nottingham's <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Physics and Astronomy</a> have confirmed this third category in microscopic devices, and their findings have been published in Nature. Professor Peter Wadley from the same institution led the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-altermagnetism-the-basics">Understanding altermagnetism - the basics</h2>



Materials that exhibit altermagnetism contain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-magnetic-fields-leave-marks-on-nuclear-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic building blocks</a> that point antiparallel to one another, yet their crystal structure is rotated slightly relative to these neighboring units. 



"Altermagnets consist of magnetic moments that point antiparallel to their neighbors," Professor Wadley explains.



"However, each part of the crystal hosting these tiny moments is rotated with respect to its adjacent block. This is like <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/antiferromagnetism#:~:text=Antiferromagnetism%20refers%20to%20the%20phenomenon,variation%20in%20susceptibility%20with%20temperature." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antiferromagnetism</a> with a twist. But this subtle difference has huge ramifications."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-magnetic-properties">Bridging magnetic properties</h2>



Altermagnets combine the favorable properties of ferromagnets and antiferromagnets in one material. 



Conventional magnets, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, rely on aligned spins to deliver the familiar push-and-pull force of everyday magnets. 



In contrast, typical antiferromagnets cancel these forces, producing effects that are less noticeable from a distance. 



This new type links those features in a configuration that appears inactive from afar yet exhibits unique characteristics on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscopic scale</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altermagnetism-and-synchrotrons">Altermagnetism and synchrotrons</h2>



A specialized synchrotron experiment at the <a href="https://www.maxiv.lu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAX IV</a> international facility in Sweden helped confirm these properties. The facility produces X-rays by accelerating electrons to near-light speeds. 



An ultra-thin wafer of manganese telluride was bathed in X-rays of different polarizations to reveal patterns reflecting previously unobserved magnetic activity. 



"Our experimental work has provided a bridge between theoretical concepts and real-life realization, which hopefully illuminates a path to developing altermagnetic materials for practical applications," explained Senior Research Fellow Oliver Amin, who led the experiment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-nanoscale-magnetic-patterns">Capturing nanoscale magnetic patterns</h2>



The synchrotron facility - a circular structure sometimes described as a giant metal doughnut - can generate high-intensity X-rays. 



Scientists used a specialized microscope to detect electrons emitted from the material's surface under X-ray illumination. 



This process created images of magnetism with nanoscale resolution. The direct view of altermagnetic features revealed a distinctive twist in the arrangement of magnetic moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-memory-technology">Revolutionizing memory technology</h2>



Industry experts note that magnetic materials represent a large and important part of current memory technology. 



Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-memory-crystal-data-storage-will-preserve-information-for-billions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-storage systems</a> rely on ferromagnets, which constitute an enormous global business and are also a significant source of energy consumption. 



Swapping conventional materials for altermagnets could significantly reduce reliance on heavy elements while cutting carbon emissions. 



The researchers believe this approach might allow speeds up to a thousand times faster than those of some existing microelectronic components.



Ph.D. student Alfred Dal Din has participated in experiments to explore how altermagnets can be applied in modern technology. 



"To be among the first to observe the effects and properties of this promising new class of magnetic materials during my Ph.D. has been an immensely rewarding and challenging privilege," Din enthused.



The group hopes that these findings will encourage broader investigations into how altermagnets operate under different conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altermagnetism-and-large-scale-fields">Altermagnetism and large-scale fields</h2>



Engineers are already considering how to harness these special effects. Many existing designs rely on ferromagnets for long-term data storage because they offer a strong, consistent magnetic signal. 



Materials with a hidden magnetism that emerges on the nanoscale could be used in faster electronic switching or more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-device-uses-crystal-layers-to-generate-entangled-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compact memory</a> devices. 



Altermagnetism allows for the creation of structures that cancel large-scale fields while retaining a usable internal order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-economic-benefits">Environmental and economic benefits</h2>



This discovery may have implications for a wide range of products. In microelectronics, every extra bit of speed helps reduce lag and energy usage. 



Altermagnets show promise as a new platform for addressing the twin challenges of efficiency and performance. 



Because these materials can be grown in thin films, it becomes easier to integrate them into existing device architectures. 



They do not require the same rare resources used by many strong ferromagnets - a factor that could help lower costs and lessen the overall environmental impact of tech manufacturing.



The next phase of this work involves refining the methods used to control altermagnetism. Some experts note that many discoveries in magnetism take years to become standard in electronics. 



Whether altermagnets soon make their way into everyday devices or not, the findings highlight the importance of exploring new paths in physics to address modern challenges.



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Image -- Mapping an altermagnetic vortex pair in MnTe. The six colors, with arrows overlayed, show the direction of the altermagnetic ordering within the material. The size of the region shown is 1μm2. Credit: Oliver Amin, University of Nottingham



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08234-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Third form of magnetism, recently confirmed, could transform electronics

Researchers in Sweden have reported control over a new kind...

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just a sweet delight. Packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and fiber, guava can be enjoyed fresh, as juice, or in leaf-based brews.



Also known as Psidium guajava, guava is recognized for its potential to support digestion and strengthen the immune system, among other health benefits. 



In a recent <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, Dr. Toluwani Tella from the <a href="https://ukzn.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a> evaluated the effects of guava on diabetic rats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-taste-of-nature-s-fiber">A taste of nature's fiber</h2>



This fruit offers a generous amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-enough-fiber-prevents-cancer-in-a-surprising-way/">dietary fiber</a> that helps keep the gut in check. Many people enjoy it with the peel, which may encourage healthy bowel movements by providing extra roughage.



Experts suggest its fiber can reduce uncomfortable twinges linked to occasional heartburn. Guava adds a soothing element to meals without forcing strict dietary overhauls.



Those dealing with mild constipation may find it to be a gentle ally, since extra fiber adds bulk to waste. This naturally supports smoother digestion and helps avoid harsher interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raising-the-body-s-defenses">Raising the body's defenses</h2>



Vitamin C sets guava apart from many fruits, offering immune support that helps keep the body on alert. This <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/148286a0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micronutrient</a> bolsters normal defense mechanisms against everyday pressures.



When included in daily meals, guava is like a handy shield. It meets people’s need for a quick, nutritious choice whenever the weather shifts or stress levels rise.



Some individuals brew guava leaf tea for relief from sudden diarrhea. The astringent effects may tighten intestinal tissues and calm unruly digestion.



The fruit's potential to limit certain microbes aligns with research that examined the spasmolytic effect on rat uterine tissues. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-on-track-with-weight-goals">Staying on track with weight goals</h2>



One guava often checks in at fewer than 60 calories, fitting easily into balanced diets. The natural <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/pectin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pectin</a> content may help curb extra snacking by promoting fullness and satisfaction.



Some people rely on it as a light dessert, while others slice it for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/larger-snack-sizes-lead-to-quicker-eating-and-bigger-bites/">quick snacks</a>. This approach can reduce cravings for heavier sweets without stripping away enjoyment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guava-and-skin-care">Guava and skin care</h2>



Pink or red varieties contain lycopene, often recognized for its capacity to help protect skin cells from internal stress. By moderating reactions caused by excess sun exposure, lycopene can support a calm complexion.



This benefit becomes stronger when combined with vitamin C, which boosts collagen production. Considering that collagen contributes to smoother texture, these nutrients might keep skin looking fresh over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-blood-pressure-and-cholesterol">Healthy blood pressure and cholesterol </h2>



Some <a href="http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/17%20(01)%202010/(10)%20IFRJ-2010-89-96%20Norazmir.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> link guava's polyphenols with more relaxed blood vessels and better sodium balance. One investigation on pink guava puree pointed to anti-hypertensive results in rats.



Potassium in this fruit encourages the body to flush out extra sodium. This balance may help the cardiovascular system maintain a calmer outlook under everyday pressures.



Guava’s soluble fiber helps manage cholesterol levels. LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels should be below 100 mg/dL, while HDL ("good") cholesterol levels should be at least 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women. One analysis in rats showed improved lipid profiles when red guava was part of their diet.&nbsp;



High-fiber intake may block some cholesterol from being fully absorbed. This allows the body to flush it out more easily through normal waste processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-benefits-for-blood-sugar">Natural benefits for blood sugar</h2>



Individuals aiming for balanced glucose sometimes add guava leaves or fruit to their routine. 



In controlled studies led by Dr. Tella, diabetic rats responded positively to guava leaf extract - hinting at potential support for muscle glycogen storage.



The researchers also found that triterpenes and certain phenolics could influence enzyme activities linked to glucose use. This points to another avenue for those seeking plant-based approaches to daily wellness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-ways-to-enjoy-guava">Simple ways to enjoy guava</h2>



Many people like the fruit raw, but others prefer smoothies, homemade infusions, or satisfying desserts. The leaves can be simmered in about 17 fl oz of water to create a tea that some drink for calming support.&nbsp;



A quick juice involves blending two fresh fruits with a spoonful of mint and water. Adding a few ice cubes can bring out an even sweeter side.



Another easy option is to slice it into a salad or spoon it over yogurt. That pop of color and flavor can liven up the table without extra hassle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-servings-of-guava">Daily servings of guava</h2>



Nutritionists commonly recommend two or three portions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-avocado-every-day-diet-quality-can-add-years-to-life-but-this-fruit-has-enemies/">fruit a day</a>. Guava easily fits that range, with each portion hovering around six to eight ounces.



People who crave variety like mixing different guava types. Red, yellow, and white styles each carry their own subtle differences in taste and nutrients.



This mix-and-match routine makes healthy eating feel less rigid. It lets individuals experiment with pleasant flavors and colorful meals.



A balanced diet lays the groundwork, and guava alone cannot do all the heavy lifting. Regular physical activity works in tandem with sensible eating plans for longer-term well-being.



It may also be wise to get professional advice when exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/">dietary changes</a>. Ultimately, for those who want a user-friendly fruit, guava brings flavor, fiber, and a unique nutrient lineup.



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Guava is an underappreciated fruit with numerous health benefits

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just...

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized industries, transforming how people work, learn, and create. From automating mundane tasks to producing text and images at remarkable speed, AI has reshaped many aspects of daily life. However, as AI systems become more advanced, concerns about their impact on human creativity have intensified.



With the rise of generative AI tools like ChatGPT and DALL-E, many fear that technology could replace fundamental human abilities. Can AI truly be creative, or is it simply mimicking human ingenuity? 



Researchers at the University of South Australia (<a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UniSA</a>) have explored this complex relationship, shedding light on how AI interacts with human creativity. The findings highlight an essential truth: AI may assist in creative endeavors, but it still relies on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infants-show-creativity-skills-even-before-they-can-talk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human input</a> to function effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-s-creative-capabilities">AI’s creative capabilities</h2>



AI was designed to enhance efficiency and problem-solving, not to replace human intelligence. Generative AI, which creates text, images, and even music, has gained attention for its ability to produce outputs that appear original and innovative. 



But does this mean AI is truly creative? UniSA researchers examined this question and found that AI does not possess independent creativity. Instead, it functions as an advanced tool that follows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-power-of-imagination-in-climate-change-adaptation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> instructions.



The study, published in the Creativity Research Journal, confirms that AI lacks original thought and depends entirely on human prompts to generate meaningful content.



This insight has significant implications for the future of work, education, and job security. While AI can assist in creative fields, it does not replace the need for human imagination and decision-making. 



The findings reassure those who fear AI might outcompete human workers, but they also present challenges for educators and business leaders who must adapt to this evolving technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-generative-ai">Rise of generative AI</h2>



The widespread use of AI in workplaces and classrooms has created both opportunities and challenges. AI-powered tools like ChatGPT (which generates text) and DALL-E. (which creates images) are transforming how people approach tasks that once required extensive human effort.



Recently, these tools have been joined by DeepSeek, a Chinese-developed AI system that competes with Western counterparts.



These technologies offer convenience and speed, enabling professionals to generate content in seconds. However, their rise has sparked debates about whether AI is a threat to traditional creative skills. 



Educators worry about students relying too heavily on AI-generated content, while businesses struggle to integrate AI without diminishing human input.



Professor David Cropley, a leading researcher at UniSA, emphasizes that understanding AI’s role is crucial for successful adoption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-as-a-partner">AI as a partner</h2>



"The future of work suggests that machines - AI, automation, and robots - will take over routine, algorithmic, predictable tasks, freeing up people to focus on unpredictable, non-algorithmic, and creative work," said Professor Cropley.



"However, if AI is capable of creativity, then this premise breaks down, and the future of work for humans is far less certain."



His research explores how AI and humans interact, emphasizing that AI is not a replacement for human creativity but a tool that enhances it.



"It's easy to understand through an example: if I prompt an AI art program like DALL-E 2 to 'produce an oil painting in the style of da Vinci's Mona Lisa, showing a young woman scrolling through her mobile phone and looking bored,' it will create a picture, and does a good job of satisfying that prompt," said Professor Cropley.



"But this does not mean that the AI is creative. Yes, the resulting picture is novel and effective, but it's not because AI had any special ability, but because I produced a creative prompt. The only thing the AI really did was save me the trouble of learning how to paint."



This example highlights AI’s dependence on human guidance. While the technology can generate impressive results, it does not originate creative ideas on its own. Instead, it follows instructions and processes data based on patterns learned from human-generated content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-adoption-in-the-workplace">AI adoption in the workplace</h2>



AI usage is rapidly increasing across industries, with many professionals incorporating it into their daily tasks. 



In Australia, nearly 40% of employees now use generative AI at work, and one in five has doubled their usage over the past year. Despite this growing reliance, only 20% of employees believe their organizations are fully utilizing AI’s potential.



This suggests a gap between AI’s capabilities and how it is being applied in real-world settings. While AI can handle repetitive tasks <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-boosts-creativity-but-reduces-variety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efficiently</a>, businesses must determine how to integrate it without diminishing human roles. The challenge lies in balancing automation with the need for human-driven decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-human-skills">Enhancing human skills</h2>



Dr. Rebecca Marrone, a researcher at UniSA, argues that more studies are needed to explore how AI can enhance rather than replace human skills.



"A few years back there were wild claims that AI was truly creative and could rival the best human skills. But we're starting to see a more moderate and reasoned point of view," said Dr. Marrone.



She acknowledges AI’s strengths but also points out its limitations. While AI excels at processing large amounts of data quickly, it does not have independent thought or emotions. This distinction is crucial in fields that require innovation, intuition, and complex problem-solving.



"AI's strengths lie in speeding up information-gathering and evaluating ideas based on predefined criteria. It swiftly handles routine and data-intensive tasks, and this lets people engage more deeply with creative processes," noted Dr. Marrone.



"There's no doubt that generative AI is very impressive, but whatever you generate - and the key word here is 'you'- it's dependent on what you tell the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> to deliver."



"AI does not operate independently; it's literally prompted by a person, and we need to remember that."



Her statement reinforces the idea that AI should be seen as a tool, not a replacement for human expertise. While it can enhance productivity and efficiency, it still requires human guidance to produce meaningful and valuable outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-ai-and-creativity">Moving forward with AI and creativity</h2>



The debate over AI and creativity will continue as technology advances. Businesses, educators, and individuals must adopt a balanced approach that recognizes both AI’s strengths and its limitations.



Instead of fearing AI’s impact on human creativity, people should focus on using it as a complement to their skills.



As AI continues to evolve, collaboration between technology and human ingenuity will shape the future. Understanding how to integrate AI responsibly will determine whether it becomes a valuable asset or a disruptive force. 



The key lies in maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creativity-improves-life-satisfaction-and-overall-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human creativity</a> at the center of innovation, using AI as a tool to enhance rather than replace human potential.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10400419.2024.2378264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Creativity Research Journal</a>. 



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AI does not replace human creativity, but enhances it

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized industries, transforming how people work, learn,...

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities replace natural landscapes with concrete, making heat waves more intense. Wildlife struggles to find habitats, leading to biodiversity loss. 



In response, architects and ecologists explore solutions to make cities more livable. Green walls have emerged as a promising option.



These plant-covered facades do more than make buildings look better. They help cool urban areas and provide essential habitats for birds, insects, and other organisms.



A recent study led by Utrecht University ecologist Katharina Hecht provides scientific evidence of these benefits. The research compares green walls with bare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinas-great-green-wall-has-reached-a-new-milestone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walls</a> and natural cliffs, shedding light on their ecological value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-green-walls">Insights into green walls</h2>



The study, published in the journal Building and Environment, highlights the impact of green walls on urban cooling and biodiversity.



Hecht and her team worked with researchers from Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore-based company bioSEA. Together, they examined 20 green walls in Singapore’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environment</a>.



"Green walls can be much more than just a decorative trend," said Hecht. Many construction companies and policymakers promote them, but solid scientific evidence has been lacking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-effects-in-cities">Cooling effects in cities</h2>



One of the study’s key findings is the ability of these walls to reduce temperatures. The researchers measured a cooling effect of up to 0.6–0.7 degrees Celsius between the front and back sides of these walls.



"This might sound like a small difference. But in the context of urban heat, even small reductions can lower energy costs and make buildings more comfortable to live and work in," said Hecht.



With increasing numbers of green walls, this cooling effect could help combat the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban</a> heat island phenomenon.



Urban heat islands occur when cities absorb and retain heat, making them significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. Green walls provide shade, reduce heat absorption, and improve thermal comfort in dense urban settings.



They also contribute to climate resilience by lowering reliance on air conditioning, reducing energy consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-urban-biodiversity-with-green-walls">Supporting urban biodiversity with green walls</h2>



Beyond cooling, green walls also enhance urban biodiversity. The researchers found that plant-covered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-purposefully-move-alter-growth-direction-to-help-their-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">facades</a> hosted over 100 animal species, including insects, spiders, and birds. This is a stark contrast to non-vegetated walls, which support only a handful of species.



The study also compared green walls to natural cliffs to assess their effectiveness in replicating natural habitats. Natural cliffs, unsurprisingly, supported slightly more biodiversity. However, green walls still provided valuable shelter for many species.



"This shows that we can learn from nature’s design strategies to enhance man-made green walls," said Hecht. "They provide valuable habitats in places that would otherwise be inhospitable for many species."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-surrounding-greenery">Role of surrounding greenery</h2>



Hecht noted that plant-covered walls alone cannot maximize their ecological potential. The surrounding environment plays a crucial role in their effectiveness.



"What I found really interesting to confirm in our study is how important trees and other vegetation are," she said.



"The crowns of nearby trees and patches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenery</a> serve as stepping stones. They allow bees, bugs, and even small birds to hop from tree to tree, and eventually reach the green walls."



Without a network of trees and vegetation, green walls may struggle to attract diverse species. Isolated green walls offer limited benefits compared to those integrated into larger green corridors. Urban planners and architects must consider the broader ecological landscape when designing green spaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-the-tropics">Applications beyond the tropics</h2>



Although the study focused on Singapore’s tropical climate, Hecht believes the findings apply to temperate regions as well. She noted that the principles of green wall design remain consistent across different climates.



"The principles would be similar," said Hecht. "Although we would need to tailor the plant species and specific designs to the local biodiversity and weather conditions."



In temperate regions, green walls may naturally be colonized by mosses, perennials, and local climbers. These plants could influence the types of species that thrive. Architects and ecologists must adapt their designs to match local climate conditions while preserving the ecological benefits of green walls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-research-on-green-walls">Expanding research on green walls</h2>



The study highlights the need for more research on green walls, particularly in temperate regions. 



Earlier studies in the Netherlands, conducted by students from Utrecht University, have shown promising results. However, Hecht emphasizes that more empirical data is necessary to confirm the long-term benefits of green walls in different climates.



She is already leading a follow-up project under Utrecht University’s "Pathways to Sustainability" program. Her team is developing a digital system to collect and compare data on green walls from different locations. 



By analyzing data from multiple climates, the researchers aim to refine plant-covered wall designs and maximize their ecological potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-greener-future">Building a greener future</h2>



The foundation of this research was laid by Leanne Haan, a master's student at Utrecht University. She conducted the initial fieldwork in Singapore, spending eight months collecting data.



Her work included trekking through urban parks to gather information that helped launch the research project.



Haan’s efforts not only provided critical data but also established strong collaboration between Utrecht University and Singapore-based researchers. The success of this study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research in creating sustainable urban solutions.



As cities continue to grow, integrating green walls into urban planning could help mitigate climate change, reduce heat, and support biodiversity. With more research and innovation, these living facades could become a standard feature in the cities of the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132324011508?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Building and Environment</a>.



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Green walls cool cities and create urban habitats

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities...

Honey bees play a vital role in pollination, supporting food production and maintaining biodiversity. However, their populations have been declining due to multiple threats, including habitat loss, pesticides, and climate change. Among these dangers, one menace stands out - Varroa destructor mites.



These parasites latch onto honey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-nutrition-is-key-to-honey-bee-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> larvae, weakening entire colonies and leading to their collapse. Beekeepers have long battled these mites using various treatments, but a new study reveals that improper timing of these treatments could be causing more harm than good.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> found that many beekeepers are not following recommended treatment schedules. As a result, their hives suffer higher losses than necessary.



The findings suggest that improving adherence to treatment guidelines could make a significant difference in bee survival rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varroa-mites-are-killing-bees">Varroa mites are killing bees</h2>



The study analyzed data from 4,339 beekeepers across 37 counties in England and Wales. Using information from the National Bee Unit’s <a href="https://www.nationalbeeunit.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BeeBase</a>, the researchers examined 18,700 colonies between 2016 and 2020.



By tracking Varroa mite treatments, they found that the type of treatment used was important, but its timing played an even greater role in determining colony survival. Delayed or premature applications led to a higher rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-poses-a-challenge-to-the-survival-of-honey-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hive</a> losses, regardless of the treatment method.



"The main finding here was that a major cause of honeybee mortality could, in theory, be quite easy to reduce," said Dr. Thomas O'Shea-Wheller, lead author of the study from the University of Exeter.



The research challenges the assumption that the main threats to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honey bees</a> come from new diseases or environmental changes. Instead, it points to an overlooked but controllable factor - adherence to treatment schedules.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-the-reproductive-cycle">Breaking the reproductive cycle</h2>



Mite populations increase rapidly throughout the beekeeping season, growing in an exponential pattern. This makes it essential for beekeepers to apply treatments at the correct moments to break the reproductive cycle of the mites.



"Although beekeepers are frequently treating for Varroa, a considerable proportion are missing key time points and thus experiencing higher losses than expected," said Dr. O'Shea-Wheller.



A common mistake among beekeepers is applying treatment too early or too late in the season. If treatment occurs too soon, it may not fully eliminate the mites, allowing them to rebound before the season ends. 



If applied too late, the mites will have already caused significant damage to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-honey-bee-day-protecting-our-vital-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colony</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untimely-treatment-leads-to-more-bee-deaths">Untimely treatment leads to more bee deaths</h2>



Varroa mites weaken honey bees by feeding on their bodily fluids, which reduces their ability to fight infections and diseases. As the mite population grows unchecked, the hive becomes more vulnerable to collapse.



"If you miss these, and apply a treatment too early or too late, then it will fail to properly suppress the mite population and growth will continue unchecked," said Dr. O'Shea-Wheller. 



"Missing the recommended treatment window is, I think, the largest cause of poor prognostic outcomes and associated colony mortality."



This mistiming does not just impact individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-farming-and-flower-strips-improve-honey-bee-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hives</a>. The spread of Varroa mites from poorly treated colonies can affect neighboring hives, creating a wider problem for beekeeping communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-threat-of-resistance">Growing threat of resistance</h2>



Beyond colony losses, inconsistent treatment schedules also contribute to another serious issue - the rise of resistant Varroa mites. Similar to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mites that survive mistimed or improperly applied treatments become more resistant to future applications.



"Varroa has been the primary cause of honey bee mortality for some years, and it seems that we're in a sort of arms race as the mites become increasingly resistant to acaricides," said Dr. O'Shea-Wheller. 



"Like with antibiotics, it's important to use Varroa treatments precisely as directed, because mistiming, overdosing, or underdosing can all increase the chances of the mites developing resistance."



This resistance forces beekeepers to rely on stronger or alternative treatments, which may not always be effective. If resistance continues to spread, managing Varroa mites will become even more challenging in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-simple-yet-effective-solution">A simple yet effective solution</h2>



The research suggests that improving adherence to treatment guidelines could significantly reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-build-symmetrical-nests-not-for-beauty-but-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colony</a> losses. 



Unlike other threats to honey bees, such as climate change or habitat destruction, this is a problem that can be addressed immediately.



By ensuring that treatments are applied at the right time, beekeepers can not only protect their own hives but also help slow the spread of resistant mites. This change requires greater awareness, education, and commitment from beekeepers to follow best practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-bees-with-timely-varroa-treatment">Protecting bees with timely Varroa treatment</h2>



Honey bee populations face a range of threats, but the study highlights one key factor that can be controlled right away. Proper timing of Varroa mite treatments is a simple yet powerful step toward reducing colony losses.



With continued research and better adherence to treatment schedules, beekeepers can play a crucial role in safeguarding these vital pollinators. The future of honey bees depends on proactive solutions, and ensuring timely Varroa treatment is a crucial part of that effort.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/entomologia/detail/prepub/106352/A_large_scale_study_of_Varroa_destructor_treatment?af=crossref" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Entomologia Generalis</a>.



Image Credit: Fera Science



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Major cause of honeybee mortality can be easily reduced

Honey bees play a vital role in pollination, supporting food...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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