Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked on top of each other, like a layered cake, with each layer representing a plate. In reality, those internal zones are complex and often full of surprises.



Seismologists have relied on specific types of earthquake waves to learn about Earth's subsurface, but now a different technique is painting a far more detailed picture.



This fresh perspective has led scientists to wonder if there is hidden material in places once believed to be empty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-mantle-the-basics">Understanding Earth's mantle - the basics</h2>



Earth’s mantle is the thick layer of rock that lies between the planet's crust and its core. It stretches about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) deep, making up around 84% of Earth's total volume. 



The mantle is primarily composed of silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium, and it's mostly solid, but it behaves like a thick, slow-flowing fluid over long periods of time. 



This flow is what drives the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causing earthquakes</a>, volcanic eruptions, and the shifting of continents. 



Heat from the Earth’s core causes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-is-slowing-down-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convection currents</a> in the mantle, where hot material rises, cools near the crust, and then sinks back down, creating a continuous cycle. This process plays a key role in shaping the planet's surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-plates-in-earth-s-mantle">Tectonic plates in Earth's mantle</h2>



The discovery stems from the use of a high-resolution method called <a href="https://library.seg.org/doi/10.1190/1.9781560803027.entry6">full-waveform inversion</a>. Scientists use this approach to interpret every type of <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-floor/layers-earth/compare-contrast-connect-seismic-waves-and-determining-earth-s-structure#">seismic wave</a> produced by earthquakes, rather than focusing on only one kind.



Because of that, they can build a more precise model of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-crust-is-dripping-under-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s internal structures</a>.&nbsp;



After applying this method to the lower mantle, researchers saw pockets that appear to be leftover plate fragments in areas with no known history of subduction. 



Following their analysis, they were startled by just how common these hidden anomalies seemed to be.



This work was led by a team that includes doctoral student <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/people/person-detail.Mjc3OTM4.TGlzdC82NjksNTE5NzQ3MzU0.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Schouten</a> from the <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Institute of ETH Zurich</a>, who collaborated with experts from the <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>.



Their combined efforts brought fresh insights that challenge assumptions about where old tectonic plate remnants might reside in Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-seismic-signals">Interpreting seismic signals</h2>



To understand how researchers got here, it helps to remember how seismic waves work. When an earthquake strikes, it sends waves radiating outward in all directions.



These waves bounce, bend, and shift as they travel through the planet. In much the same way that doctors use medical imaging techniques, geophysicists measure the time these waves take to reach various seismic stations around the globe.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/earth_lower-mantle_rock-zones_mysterious-sunken-worlds_credit-ETHZ_1s.webp" alt="Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich" class="wp-image-1956322"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich</figcaption></figure>



The velocity of those signals reveals details about rock density and stiffness. In previous years, scientists relied heavily on <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/108/5A/2894/546740/Generalized-Seismic-Phase-Detection-with-Deep?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particular seismic phases</a>. 



But by examining all available wave data instead, new shapes and densities were identified from Earth's lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-earth-s-mantle-important">Why is Earth's mantle important?</h2>



Over hundreds of millions of years, plates have formed, shifted, and sunk back into Earth’s interior. This <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB073i006p01959">cycling</a> plays a role in controlling phenomena like volcano formation, earthquakes, and the slow drift of continents.&nbsp;



Researchers have long known that slabs of subducted plates cluster under regions where one tectonic plate slides under another. 



So it came as a surprise when the new images revealed large slabs below oceans and continental interiors that lack a clear history of plate collisions.



That signals a possible complication in our understanding of how plates evolve and where they end up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-plate-under-the-pacific-ocean">Mysterious plate under the Pacific Ocean</h2>



One of the biggest surprises was in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sunken-oceans-discovered-between-earth-core-and-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zone</a> under the western Pacific. According to current plate tectonic timelines, there is no reason for old plate fragments to be there.&nbsp;



“Apparently, such zones in the Earth's mantle are much more widespread than previously thought,” said <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2">Schouten</a>.



No geologic data points to historical subduction nearby. This indicates that the anomalies might not be chunks of plates at all, or at least not in the way scientists originally imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-it-be-something-else">Could it be something else?</h2>



Scientists now face questions about the origin and nature of these structures.



Some say they may be ancient, silica-rich pockets left over from the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-mantle-shapes-surface-topography/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>. Others suggest they might be iron-rich accumulations that have drifted over billions of years.&nbsp;



Schouten explained that the new model reveals anomalies throughout the Earth's interior, but the exact materials or plate fragments responsible for these patterns remain unclear. 



This uncertainty suggests a more diverse range of compositions in the Earth's mantle than previously understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-for-deeper-understanding">Next steps for deeper understanding</h2>



Full-waveform inversion is a promising tool for these investigations, but it offers only a view of how fast or slowly waves move through the material. 



Researchers say they need further refinement to tease out chemical and thermal differences. 



Some are turning to additional datasets, including electromagnetic signals and data from mineral physics experiments. 



Combining those methods might highlight whether these mantle “blobs” are from primordial origins, from recycled ocean crust, or from something else entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-plate-tectonics">Implications for plate tectonics</h2>



If scientists confirm that more zones like these exist in Earth’s depths, they may have to adjust many theories about how heat moves through the planet. 



Such hidden zones might alter patterns of convection and the formation of mantle plumes.&nbsp;



The story of plate tectonics could also see updates, with new chapters on how plate fragments wander and transform in ways not previously documented. These discoveries remind us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-volcanic-hotspots-are-all-connected-to-earths-interior-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geoscience</a>, like any science, is never settled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-continues">The search continues</h2>



In the future, improved supercomputers may crunch even larger datasets to produce clearer images of Earth's lower mantle and its plate structures. That could resolve debates about the true nature of these mysterious anomalies.&nbsp;



By integrating various approaches - seismic, chemical, and computational - Earth scientists will keep uncovering pieces of our planet’s hidden complexity.



As Schouten’s team demonstrated, sometimes seeing the entire picture means looking beyond what we think we already know.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Sunken worlds' discovered under the Pacific ocean in Earth's mantle

Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked on top of each other, like a layered cake, with each layer representing a plate. In reality, those internal zones are complex and often full of surprises. Seismologists have relied on specific types of earthquake waves to learn about Earth's subsurface, but now a different technique is painting a far more detailed picture. This fresh perspective has led scientists to wonder if there is hidden material in places once believed to be empty. Understanding Earth's mantle -...

The bubbling,&nbsp;steaming hot springs of <a href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone National Park</a> are not only a tourist attraction but also a scientific treasure trove.&nbsp;In a remarkable discovery,&nbsp;scientists have unearthed "giant" viruses dating back an astonishing 1.5 billion years in these geothermal cauldrons.&nbsp;These ancient microbes could hold the key to understanding the very origins of life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-a-virus-giant">What makes a virus "giant"?</h2>



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-virus-discovered-in-the-deepest-part-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> are not the typical ones we encounter. The term "giant" refers to their exceptionally large genomes compared to more common viruses. Despite their name, they do not pose any risk to humans. 



Instead, these giant viruses provide valuable insights into a period when single-cell organisms were starting to emerge on Earth. They help scientists understand the conditions and processes that influenced the early development of life. 



By studying ancient viruses, researchers can gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history and the environmental factors that shaped the origins of life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-s-hot-springs">Yellowstone's hot springs</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-tourism-generates-over-1-megaton-carbon-annually/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone</a>'s hot springs are like living fossils,&nbsp;remnants of a time when Earth was a much harsher place.&nbsp;The extreme conditions of these environments – scorching temperatures,&nbsp;high pressures,&nbsp;and toxic elements like arsenic – have allowed these ancient viruses to persist for eons.



Initially,&nbsp;researchers believed that these viruses couldn't be that old.&nbsp;Hot springs are relatively ephemeral geological features,&nbsp;coming and going over time.&nbsp;The prevailing theory was that viruses would have to re-evolve in each new hot spring that formed.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;the new findings have turned this assumption on its head.



"The connections between the viruses and [the hot springs] are ancient," explained Dr. Sumit Bhattacharya, a researcher at <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers University</a>. This suggests that these giant viruses have been thriving in Yellowstone's hot springs for at least as long as cellular organisms have existed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-viruses-in-yellowstone">Giant viruses in Yellowstone</h2>



The viruses found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-lake-maintains-ice-cover-despite-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone</a> are quite diverse.&nbsp;Some consist of bacteria,&nbsp;while others belong to archaea,&nbsp;single-celled organisms that thrive in extreme environments.&nbsp;Still others are made up of eukaryotes,&nbsp;the same type of cells found in plants,&nbsp;animals,&nbsp;and fungi.



This diversity is a testament to the interconnectedness of life. "This work supports the concept that viruses are present wherever cellular life exists, that viruses have existed at least as long as cellular life," noted Dr. Bhattacharya.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-adaptation-in-yellowstone">Virus adaptation in Yellowstone</h2>



So,&nbsp;how have these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> managed to survive for so long in such extreme conditions?&nbsp;The answer lies in their remarkable ability to adapt.&nbsp;



Over billions of years,&nbsp;the bacteria and archaea in these hot springs have borrowed genes from each other to thrive in the heat and toxicity.&nbsp;This process of gene exchange has allowed the viruses to evolve and diversify,&nbsp;playing a crucial role in the long-term stability of the hot spring ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-to-genomes">Genes to genomes</h2>



The researchers analyzed DNA samples from Lemonade Creek,&nbsp;a hot spring in Yellowstone that reaches temperatures of around 111 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;They found sequences of archaea,&nbsp;algae,&nbsp;and bacteria that hosted a staggering 3,700 potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-new-virus-put-an-end-to-the-global-amphibian-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>,&nbsp;two-thirds of which were giant viruses.



Using computer analysis,&nbsp;the team narrowed down the number of officially identified viruses to 25 different types.&nbsp;They believe these viruses use red algae,&nbsp;which thrive in the hot springs,&nbsp;to reproduce.&nbsp;



This association likely began 1.5 billion years ago,&nbsp;when the viruses first evolved by borrowing genes from each other to adapt to the heat and toxins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-giant-viruses">Importance of giant viruses</h2>



These giant viruses may be ancient,&nbsp;but their discovery has significant implications for our understanding of the origins of life.&nbsp;By studying these microbes,&nbsp;scientists can learn more about how life evolved and adapted to extreme environments.



"Anywhere there's life, we expect viruses. They're not just a passenger. They are the major source of biological material on this planet. They have a huge role in moving genes around." explained Mark Young, an environmental virologist emeritus at <a href="https://www.montana.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-s-virus-legacy">Yellowstone's virus legacy</h2>



The discovery of giant viruses in Yellowstone's hot springs is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of life.&nbsp;



These ancient microbes have survived for billions of years,&nbsp;evolving and changing alongside the Earth itself.&nbsp;Their story is a reminder that life is not static but a dynamic process of adaptation and change.



The next time you gaze upon the bubbling pools of Yellowstone,&nbsp;remember that beneath the surface lies a hidden world of ancient viruses,&nbsp;a legacy of the earliest days of life on our planet.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Giant viruses found in Yellowstone's hot springs are 1.5 billion years old

The bubbling,&nbsp;steaming hot springs of Yellowstone National Park are not...

Moose, the majestic giants of North America, are facing a silent threat - a parasitic worm that could be playing a significant role in their decline. New research from Washington State University (<a href="https://wsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSU</a>) has shed light on the underestimated impact of&nbsp;Eleaophora schneideri, also known as the arterial worm, on these iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parasitic-worm-s-hidden-moose-invasion">Parasitic worm's hidden moose invasion </h2>



The researchers found that Eleaophora schneideri, a parasitic roundworm, infests the brains of moose in southeastern Idaho. The microscopic early life stage of the worm, called microfilariae, scatter throughout the brain, causing subtle but widespread damage.



"The microfilaria are just scattered throughout their brains, and even though the damage from each is miniscule, they're basically shot-gunning the whole brain," explained Kyle Taylor, a pathologist at WSU’s Washington Animal Disease Diagnostics Laboratory (<a href="https://waddl.vetmed.wsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WADDL</a>). 



"We hypothesize the cumulative effects of large numbers of microfilariae in the brain may be associated with increased morbidity or chance of mortality, with mortality more likely in cases with larger numbers of worms."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moose-brains-infected-by-parasitic-worms">Moose brains infected by parasitic worms</h2>



The research examined 61 recently deceased moose in Idaho. The researchers found no evidence of infection in northern Idaho moose or juveniles. However, a staggering 50% of adult moose in southeastern Idaho were infected. 



Of those infected, three had damage to the tips of their ears. This condition is directly attributed to E. schneideri infection. Additionally, four infected moose exhibited atypical behavior before their deaths.



This is the first time researchers have identified this level of parasitic infection in moose. This finding raises alarming questions about the overall health and survival of these populations. The high infection rate suggests a significant threat to moose in the affected regions. 



Researchers now face urgent challenges in understanding and mitigating this new risk to moose conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-silent-killer">A silent killer</h2>



The arterial worm spreads through tabanid flies like horse and deer flies. Mature worms can grow up to 4.5 inches long. They live in the carotid arteries of the head and neck. There, they mate and release microfilariae into the bloodstream.



Infection can cause elaeophorosis, which disrupts the moose's circulatory system. This can lead to blindness, atypical behavior, and damage to the ears and muzzle. In severe cases, it can even cause death. Other species like deer and elk can also be infected. However, they typically show minimal to no signs of infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographic-spread-of-parasitic-worms">Geographic spread of parasitic worms</h2>



The experts also found that E. schneideri is widespread in southeastern Idaho. This aligns with the parasite's prevalence in neighboring regions of Montana and Wyoming. The distribution of E. schneideri coincides with populations of mule deer, which are natural hosts of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-thing-of-nightmares-parasite-turns-ants-into-zombies-at-dawn-and-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parasite</a>.



The implications of this research are far-reaching. Moose populations have been declining for years across North America. Contributing factors include habitat loss, climate change, and predation. The discovery of this widespread parasitic worm infection adds another layer of complexity to the moose population. This finding underscores the need for further research and monitoring. 



Understanding the full impact of E. schneideri is crucial for effective moose conservation efforts. Scientists must now investigate how this parasite interacts with other factors affecting moose populations. This comprehensive approach will help develop strategies to protect and preserve these iconic animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The next steps for researchers include developing tests to determine if live moose are infected with the parasitic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-discovered-worms-that-kill-tarantulas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms</a>. This would allow for targeted interventions and management strategies to protect these vulnerable populations. 



"We really need to have an understanding of all the issues related to moose population decline, and this parasite appears to be a factor," noted Taylor.



The story of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moose-contribute-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moose</a> and the arterial parasitic worm starkly reminds us of the interconnectedness of ecosystems and nature's delicate balance. Parasites, often overlooked and underestimated, can profoundly impact wildlife populations. 



Additionally, we must acknowledge their role as we face conservation challenges in a changing world. Understanding parasites is crucial to protecting our planet's biodiversity. By studying these hidden threats, we can better protect and preserve diverse wildlife. 



The study is published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-23-00112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Wildlife Diseases</a>. 



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Declining moose populations linked to brain-eating parasitic worms

Moose, the majestic giants of North America, are facing a...

In 1916, a remarkable discovery was made during a road construction project on the island of Hitra in Norway. As workers were upgrading a road using gravel from the shore along Barmfjorden, they stumbled upon human bones amidst the sand and stones. These bones belonged to a man who had lived and died in Hitra approximately 4,000 years ago, at the very end of the Stone Age.



"We think that he drowned. When he died, the sea level was 12.5 meters higher than it is today, and the discovery site would have been at a depth of 4 meters," explains archaeologist Birgitte Skar from <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/museum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU University Museum</a>.



"Parts of the skeleton are well preserved, and must have been covered with shell sand on the seabed shortly after he died."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-to-hitra-man-s-identity">Clues to Hitra man's identity</h2>



Alongside the skeletal remains, a dagger and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hitra-man_stone-age_arm-guard_NTNU_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">an arm guard</a> were found. The arm guard, an oblong piece of bone with two holes, would have been attached to the wrist of the hand holding a bow, protecting it from the blow of the bow string when firing arrows. 



"These pieces of equipment may indicate he was a warrior," says Skar, although she notes that it is impossible to determine whether his drowning was the result of combat or an accident.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turbulent-stone-age-era">Turbulent Stone Age era</h2>



The Hitra man lived during a period of significant change in Norway. Up until that point, most people lived as hunter-gatherers, with agriculture only becoming fully established in Norway during the late Stone Age. 



"Elements of agriculture had been introduced in southern and eastern Norway earlier, but in central Norway, along the coast in the west and in northern Norway, agriculture was first established during this period," Skar explains.



The introduction of agriculture is believed to have been brought about by migrating people who arrived in Norway seeking more land, and were willing to use weapons to obtain it. 



"We must therefore expect that there were violent clashes between the people who already lived here and the newcomers," Skar adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-way-of-life">New way of life</h2>



These new settlers brought with them not only knowledge of animal husbandry and agriculture but also a different way of organizing society. 



"They lived in hierarchical societies, had a different understanding of the world, another religion, and a large network of contacts down in Europe. This knowledge led to major changes, politically, economically and socially," Skar explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research">Ongoing research</h2>



Much remains unknown about this dramatic era in Scandinavian history, and research is ongoing. The Hitra man is part of this research, along with many other skeletal discoveries. 



His DNA is currently being analyzed at the <a href="https://globe.ku.dk/research/lundbeck-foundation-geogenetics-centre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lundbeck Foundation Center for Geogenetics</a> at the University of Copenhagen, while isotope analysis conducted at NTNU University Museum provides insight into his diet and potential migration patterns.



"We already know that the vast majority of the food he ate came from the land. So even though he was found on Hitra -- in a place that was underwater at the time -- it wasn't primarily seafood he ate," Skar reveals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreating-the-past">Recreating the past</h2>



Using skeletal measurements, researchers have determined that the Hitra man was approximately 169 cm tall and around 25 years old at the time of his death, based on wear and tear on his teeth. 



His appearance has been recreated at NTNU University Museum using DNA analyses of other individuals from the same period with similar DNA to determine the color of his hair, skin, and eyes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hitra-man-s-legacy">Hitra man’s legacy</h2>



In summary, the discovery of the Hitra man and the ongoing research surrounding his life and death offer a fascinating glimpse into a pivotal moment in Norway's history. 



As scientists continue to analyze his DNA, study his skeletal remains, and piece together the clues left behind, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex social, political, and economic changes that shaped the region 4,000 years ago. 



The Hitra man's story serves as a reminder that even the most seemingly insignificant discoveries can hold the key to unlocking the mysteries of our past, connecting us to the lives and experiences of those who came before us, and enriching our understanding of the world we inhabit today.



The full study was published at <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/museum">NTNU University Museum</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Hitra man' lived 4,000 years ago during the late Stone Age

In 1916, a remarkable discovery was made during a road...

Ccsfacilities,Capture,Carbon,Dioxide,Emissions,From,Industrial,Processes,And,Power

Carbon capture technology, which involves directly capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to store it underground, might seem like a perfect solution for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-capture-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. However, despite its advancements, it still encounters many uncertainties. 



Oliver Geden, an IPCC member and expert in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-capture-technology-could-greatly-reduce-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide removal</a>, highlights the evolving nature of this field, particularly Direct Air Capture with Carbon Storage (DACCS). 



"The small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-removal-technologies-necessary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DACCS</a> ecosystem gets more diverse... but we're not exactly sure where this will lead to," Geden explains, reflecting the unclear future of this technology in the broader context of climate change mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Promise of DACCS strategic approach</h2>



Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) has emerged as a promising strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This innovative technology actively removes CO2 directly from the air, offering a potential solution to mitigate climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How DACCS works</h3>



DACCS systems employ specialized filters or chemicals to capture CO2 from the atmosphere. These systems actively draw in air, separate the CO2, and then store it securely underground or utilize it in various industrial processes. 



By directly targeting atmospheric CO2, DACCS offers a more focused approach compared to other carbon capture methods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Advantages of DACCS</h3>



DACCS presents several key advantages. Firstly, it can be implemented in a variety of locations, not just at the source of emissions. 



Secondly, DACCS has the potential to remove large quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere, making it a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. 



Additionally, the captured CO2 can be utilized in various applications, such as enhanced oil recovery or the production of low-carbon fuels and materials.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges and future prospects</h3>



Despite its promise, DACCS currently faces challenges related to cost and scalability. Researchers and companies are actively working to improve the efficiency and economic viability of DACCS systems. As technology advances and economies of scale are achieved, DACCS is expected to play an increasingly significant role in global carbon capture efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-capture-technology-in-climate-models">Carbon capture technology in climate models</h2>



The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a>) includes carbon capture and storage (CCS) in its portfolio of strategies to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels. However, it does not position this technology at the forefront of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate action models</a>. 



This suggests a cautious approach to relying heavily on this technology without understanding its broader impacts fully.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-investments-in-carbon-capture-technology">Big investments in carbon capture technology</h2>



High costs have not deterred major corporations from engaging with carbon capture technologies. 



Companies like Microsoft, Amazon, Airbus, and even Lego are investing heavily, paying around $1,000 per ton of CO2 captured and stored. 



These investments, often in the form of carbon credits, are part of their strategies to offset emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-of-carbon-capture-technology">Mechanics of carbon capture technology</h2>



The process involves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powder-capture-store-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capturing CO2</a> molecules from the air using large fans. These molecules are then absorbed by either a liquid or a solid filter. 



After the filter is saturated, it is heated to release pure CO2 -- this step is energy-intensive, requiring temperatures up to 120 degrees Celsius for solid filters and 900 degrees Celsius for liquid ones. 



This released CO2 is then compressed and injected into underground rock formations for long-term storage. The feasibility of scaling up this technology hinges significantly on the availability of renewable energy sources to minimize environmental impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-economic-challenges">Environmental and economic challenges</h2>



While the carbon capture technology's chemical components can be reused, the environmental impacts of their production on a large scale remain largely unexplored. 



Additionally, the costs associated with direct air capture technologies are currently high, ranging between $600 and $1,000 per ton of CO2 captured. 



These costs could potentially decrease to between $100 and $300 in the future, making the technology more economically viable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-operations-and-future-plans">Current operations and future plans</h2>



Currently, only a few commercial carbon capture facilities like Orca in Iceland are operational, with Orca capturing about 4,000 tons of CO2 annually. While this might seem significant, it pales in comparison to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global emissions</a>.



According to the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, about two billion tons of CO2 are eliminated each year primarily through natural processes like reforestation, compared to the 40 billion tons emitted worldwide.



Looking ahead, nearly 30 carbon capture projects are set to commence in various countries, aiming to store close to 10 million tons of CO2 by 2030. 



However, the expansion of projects with carbon capture technology is contingent on securing adequate funding, a challenge that has hindered many potential initiatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-verdict-on-carbon-capture-s-future">The verdict on carbon capture's future</h2>



Despite the challenges, the sector is seeing a surge in interest and development. Geden noted the significant growth in startups within the sector. However, he also cautioned that the recent acquisition of the pioneering firm Carbon Engineering by Oxy Petroleum for $1.1 billion might shift focus from storage to more profitable reuse applications by major oil companies.



In summary, while carbon capture technology holds potential, its success and impact depend on overcoming significant technical, environmental, and economic hurdles. The journey of integrating carbon capture into our broader climate strategy is just beginning, with many milestones yet to be achieved.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Carbon capture technology faces uncertainty despite heavy investment

Carbon capture technology, which involves directly capturing carbon dioxide (CO2)...

Pillbug,Sow,Bug,Isopoda,Oniscus,Wood,Louse

Woodlice, often much smaller than the typical seed-dispersing fauna, play some of the most critical roles in the ecosystem. 



This concept was recently highlighted by researchers from Kobe University, who unveiled that these tiny creatures can effectively <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/competition-nutrients-faster-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disperse seeds</a> after ingestion. 



Their studies set a new record for the smallest animals known to participate in this vital ecological process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intricacies-of-seed-dispersal">Intricacies of seed dispersal</h2>



Plants have evolved to produce fruits that attract animals, which consume and later deposit their seeds far from the original source. 



This dispersal strategy is crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plants-disperse-their-seeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant reproduction</a> and diversity. 



The seeds must be appealing and accessible to potential dispersers, durable enough to withstand the digestive process, and appropriately sized to pass through the animal. 



Surprisingly, research has primarily focused on mammals and birds, overlooking the potential roles of smaller invertebrates like woodlice in this process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-mysteries-of-the-silver-dragon-plant">Exploring the mysteries of the "silver dragon" plant</h2>



The focus of the <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a> team was a unique plant known as the "silver dragon," which thrives across East Asia. 



This non-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesizing</a> plant depends on fungi and produces tiny, resilient seeds within its fleshy fruits. 



The research aimed to explore unknown methods of seed dispersal due to the minimal information available on how the silver dragon plant's seeds are spread. 



Through automated nighttime photography and controlled feeding experiments, the team observed that camel crickets were the primary consumers of the fruit. 



Remarkably, these crickets not only consumed over half of the fruits but also had the highest seed viability post-digestion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woodlice-and-earwigs-unlikely-allies-in-seed-dispersal">Woodlice and earwigs: unlikely allies in seed dispersal</h2>



Unexpectedly, woodlice and earwigs also showed significant involvement in seed dispersal, with more than 30 percent of the ingested seeds surviving the process. 



This finding is particularly notable as it challenges the conventional view of these creatures solely as seed predators. 



Instead, it suggests a mutualistic relationship where these invertebrates help in seed dispersal, potentially increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a> and ecological resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-conservation-the-impact-of-tiny-seed-dispersers">Rethinking conservation: the impact of tiny seed dispersers</h2>



Kenji Suetsugu of Kobe University emphasizes the broader significance of these findings. 



"The identification of novel seed dispersal agents among small invertebrates prompts a reevaluation of conservation strategies. It underscores the necessity to preserve diverse habitats that support a wide range of species, including those previously overlooked as ecologically insignificant," he explains. 



The team is optimistic about uncovering similar dispersal mechanisms in other plant species, which could reveal a previously unrecognized ecological phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Woodlice and the call for inclusive conservation strategies</h2>



This research spotlights the vital roles that even the smallest creatures like woodlice play in our ecosystems and underscores the need for a broader perspective in conservation strategies. 



Recognizing the contributions of all species, regardless of their size, this study, published in the journal 'Plants, People, Planet,' challenges the scientific community and conservationists to rethink how we perceive and protect biodiversity. 



Through such innovative studies, we continue to uncover the complex and often surprising interactions that sustain life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-woodlice">More about woodlice</h2>



Also known as pill bugs or roly-polies, woodlice are small, gray, or brown creatures that scurry around in gardens, forests, and even homes. 



Despite their appearance, these creatures are not insects but rather crustaceans, more closely related to shrimp and crabs than to bugs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat and behavior</h3>



Woodlice thrive in damp, dark environments such as under rocks, logs, or leaf litter. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead plant material and recycling nutrients back into the soil. These creatures are nocturnal and often hide during the day to avoid predators and maintain moisture.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Unique defense mechanism</h3>



One fascinating feature of woodlice is their ability to roll up into a tight ball when threatened, hence the nickname "roly-poly." This defense mechanism protects their vulnerable underside and makes it difficult for predators to consume them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Benefits to gardens</h3>



In addition to plant seed dispersal, as discussed above, gardeners appreciate woodlice for their role in decomposition and soil aeration. As they feed on dead plant matter, they contribute to the formation of nutrient-rich soil that supports plant growth. Additionally, their burrowing activity helps to improve soil structure and drainage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Keeping woodlice in check</h3>



While woodlice are generally beneficial, an excessive population can occasionally damage young plants. To control their numbers, gardeners can reduce moisture levels in the garden, remove hiding places like debris, and maintain good soil drainage. However, in most cases, woodlice coexist peacefully with plants and contribute to a healthy garden ecosystem.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10519" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants People Planet</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tiny woodlice prove to be crucial players in plant seed dispersal

Woodlice, often much smaller than the typical seed-dispersing fauna, play...

An exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star in the constellation Cancer known as 55 Cancri e stands out as a fascinating celestial body. 



The exoplanet is classified as a super-Earth due to its size, which is nearly twice the diameter of our planet and slightly denser. It bridges the gap between Earth and Neptune in terms of size and composition. 



These features make it a prime candidate for in-depth astronomical studies, particularly to understand its atmospheric properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneering-discoveries-and-new-insights">Pioneering discoveries and new insights</h2>



Recently, new details about 55 Cancri e have emerged through collaborative efforts involving advanced space telescopes. A key figure in this research is Dr. Brice-Olivier Demory from the <a href="https://www.csh.unibe.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Space and Habitability</a> (CSH) and the <a href="https://nccr-planets.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCCR PlanetS</a>. 



"55 Cancri e is one of the most enigmatic exoplanets. Despite enormous amounts of observing time obtained with a dozen of ground and space facilities in the past decade, its very nature has remained elusive, until today, when parts of the puzzle could finally be put together thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)," noted Dr. Demory.



The JWST has demonstrated potential in studying hot, highly irradiated rocky planets and may soon provide insights into cooler, potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-worlds-new-strategy-to-identify-planets-that-may-host-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable worlds</a>. 



Renyu Hu of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) emphasized the telescope's impact. "JWST is really pushing the frontiers of exoplanet characterization to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-water-on-very-hot-exoplanet-named-gj-486-b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rocky exoplanets</a>. It is truly enabling a new type of science."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-cheops">The role of CHEOPS</h2>



Furthering our understanding, the CHEOPS space telescope, which was developed and built at the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/index_eng.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>, has been instrumental in answering several key questions about 55 Cancri e. 



Observations from both CHEOPS and JWST suggest that 55 Cancri e may host an atmosphere containing gases like carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-of-a-super-hot-super-earth-exoplanet">The climate of a super-hot super-Earth exoplanet</h2>



Despite its rocky composition, the exoplanet 55 Cancri e presents conditions far from those found on Earth. The planet's proximity to its star creates extreme surface temperatures likely leading to a molten magma ocean. 



"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-lava-worlds-magma-oceans-affect-the-evolution-of-hot-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a> is so hot that some of the molten rock should evaporate," noted Hu. This proximity also suggests that 55 Cancri e is tidally locked, maintaining a constant day side facing the star and a night side in perpetual darkness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-observational-techniques">Innovative observational techniques</h2>



The research team utilized the JWST’s NIRCam and MIRI to observe infrared light from 55 Cancri e, allowing them to deduce surface temperatures and atmospheric characteristics. 



By comparing the light emitted during the planet's secondary eclipse (when it is behind its star) with its normal state, the experts determined that the dayside temperature is cooler than expected if the planet had no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-weather-exoplanet-wasp-121-b-has-a-dynamic-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>. 



This temperature discrepancy suggests a volatile-rich atmosphere that distributes energy from the day to the night side, challenging previous assumptions about heat distribution solely by lava flows.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-exoplanet-development">A window into exoplanet development</h2>



The potential atmosphere around the exoplanet 55 Cancri e, as recently analyzed by scientists from Stanford University and Colorado State University, likely stems from the planet's bubbling magma ocean. Consequently, this suggests a secondary atmosphere continuously replenished by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-exoplanet-glows-with-red-hot-molten-lava/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic</a> activity. 



The research has provided a unique opportunity to study the interactions between planetary atmospheres, surfaces, and interiors. These insights are possibly applicable to the early stages of Earth, Venus, and Mars.



"Ultimately, we want to understand what conditions make it possible for a rocky planet to sustain a gas-rich atmosphere: the key ingredient for a habitable planet," said Hu. 



While 55 Cancri e is not habitable, it provides a valuable laboratory for studying extreme planetary environments and their atmospheres. These insights deepen our understanding of distant worlds and advance our quest to find life-sustaining conditions elsewhere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about 55 Cancri e&nbsp;</h2>



55 Cancri e is located about 40 light years away from Earth in the constellation Cancer. It's notable for being one of the first discovered exoplanets that orbits a main sequence star similar to our Sun. 



This planet is extremely close to its star, 55 Cancri, with an orbit so tight that a year there lasts just about 18 hours. This proximity leads to incredibly high surface temperatures, potentially reaching up to 2,700 degrees Celsius, making it unlikely to support life as we know it. Additionally, the planet could have an atmosphere denser than Earth's, possibly rich in hydrogen and helium.



There's also speculation, based on its density and the emissions observed, that 55 Cancri e could have a substantial amount of carbon in its composition. Some scientists hypothesize that a large part of this carbon might be in the form of diamond, leading to the nickname "diamond planet."&nbsp;



However, these are still subjects of ongoing research and debate in the scientific community. The planet presents a rich field of study that could help us understand more about planet formation and the characteristics of planets outside our solar system.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07432-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Diamond planet' 55 Cancri e has signs of an atmosphere

An exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star in the constellation Cancer...

Recent large-scale wildfires have sparked concern not only for immediate damage but also for the lasting effects on soil chemistry, which can influence water safety, air quality, and plant regeneration. 



Despite their significance, these changes often go unnoticed in recovery and risk management strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Deeper understanding of wildfire-induced soil reactions</h2>



Research coordinated by scientists from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a> reveals that our current methods of monitoring soil and ecosystem changes post-wildfire are inadequate.



Enhanced monitoring techniques could greatly improve how we manage scenarios after wildfires, including the treatment of drinking water, reforestation efforts, and safeguarding workers during clean-up processes involving potential toxins.



"In our study, we integrate organic with inorganic chemistry, unlike typical research that might focus on just one aspect," explains Claudia Avila, who led the study alongside Alandra Lopez. Both were postdoctoral scholars at the time, under the guidance of Professor Scott Fendorf from Stanford’s Doerr School of Sustainability.



“Understanding the molecular mechanisms in soil helps us decipher why water from fire-impacted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-pollutants-negatively-impact-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watersheds</a> might become more toxic, or why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-third-of-global-forest-loss-has-been-caused-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> struggle to regenerate," says Thomas Borch, a senior author of the study from Colorado State University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Challenging the role of black carbon </h2>



The experts noted that wildfires may contribute more to atmospheric carbon dioxide levels than previously thought. 



Moreover, the assumption that black carbon (the residue left from burned organic materials) can lock away <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-fires-have-released-a-billion-tons-of-carbon-dioxide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> for extended periods is being challenged. 



“Microbes might convert black carbon into carbon dioxide faster than we believed," says Professor Fendorf.



According to Borch, the lack of clarity about how much post-fire carbon turns into greenhouse gases is a gap in our climate understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-benefits-amidst-the-damage">Ecological benefits amidst the damage</h2>



Wildfires are not solely destructive; they can also enrich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burned-soil-provides-a-feast-for-fungi-and-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soils</a> with nitrogen and make organic carbon more soluble, laying the groundwork for new growth. 



The presence of certain chemicals is crucial, though. For example, compounds known as karrikins are necessary for seed germination and growth, yet they might not always be produced in sufficient quantities during fires.



However, the study also notes an increase in toxic substances like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils post-wildfire, which can hinder plant recovery. 



“These molecular-scale impacts might help us understand why reforestation is difficult in vast areas of the Rockies,” says Borch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alterations-to-inorganic-materials">Alterations to inorganic materials</h2>



Wildfires also modify the chemical nature of metals in the soil, turning them into forms that can easily migrate to air and water sources. 



“Our findings show high levels of hazardous chromium forms at sites with extreme, prolonged heat, persisting until heavy rainfall occurs,” explains Lopez.



Interestingly, in less intense fires, remnants of plant and animal tissues can help revert chromium back to its less harmful state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-better-wildfire-management">Towards better wildfire management</h2>



A more comprehensive approach to monitoring and modeling could pave the way for more effective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woodpecker-behavior-can-guide-post-fire-forest-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfire management</a>, protecting both human and natural resources. 



“Identifying areas at risk for hazardous chromium release could allow us to manage fire intensity through controlled burns, minimizing the risk of releasing toxins," says Avila.



“By fully understanding the complex interactions in fire-affected soils, we can better predict and manage the outcomes across various fire, landscape, and geological conditions," notes Fendorf.



Based on soil chemistry changes induced by wildfires, the scientists are uncovering critical insights that could enhance our approach to managing and recovering from these natural disasters. 



As research progresses, the hope is that these findings will lead to better strategies for mitigating the impact of wildfires on our environment and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about soil changes after wildfires</h2>



After a wildfire, soil undergoes several significant changes that can affect its structure, composition, and function within the ecosystem. 



Wildfires can increase soil temperatures dramatically, which leads to the combustion of organic matter. This reduction in organic matter affects the soil's fertility and its ability to retain moisture, leading to changes in the types of vegetation that can grow back.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Water-repellent layer</h3>



The heat from a fire can also cause soil particles to fuse, creating a water-repellent layer known as hydrophobicity. This layer can prevent water from penetrating the soil, increasing runoff and the risk of erosion. 



The lack of infiltration can further deplete soil moisture and reduce groundwater recharge, which is critical for vegetation and wildlife.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nutrient dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



The nutrient dynamics of the soil are also altered. While fires can initially increase the availability of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus due to the ash deposition, these nutrients can be quickly washed away by rain, leading to a nutrient-poor environment. Over time, this can affect plant regrowth and soil productivity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Soil microbes</h3>



Additionally, wildfires can change the microbial community within the soil. The intense heat can kill beneficial microbes that are essential for decomposing organic material and recycling nutrients. 



The disruption of these microbial communities can slow the recovery of the soil's natural fertility and structure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Soil recovery&nbsp;</h3>



Recovery and restoration of soil after wildfires depend heavily on the severity of the burn, the type of soil, the pre-fire vegetation, and subsequent weather conditions. 



In some cases, natural recovery can occur with the return of vegetation which helps stabilize the soil and restore its organic content. 



In other cases, human intervention might be necessary to rehabilitate the soil and prevent further degradation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00548-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildfires have lasting impacts on soil chemistry

Recent large-scale wildfires have sparked concern not only for immediate...

New findings reveal that worker rights, such as the ability to form trade unions and to bargain collectively, are among the least protected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-human-rights-report-card-60-of-countries-got-an-f/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human rights</a> globally. 



This revelation comes from the latest report by the CIRIGHTS Data Project, which hosts the largest human rights dataset worldwide. Since 1981, this project has provided an annual evaluation of countries based on their adherence to 25 internationally recognized human rights.



The recent report highlights a concerning trend: worker rights are consistently undermined. 



The data shows that countries like Canada, Sweden, New Zealand, Norway, and Portugal score high in terms of human rights protections overall. Conversely, nations such as Iran, Syria, North Korea, China, and Iraq have the lowest scores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-labor-rights">A closer look at labor rights</h2>



David Cingranelli, a professor at <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University, State University of New York</a>, who co-leads the project, emphasizes the significance of these findings. 



According to Cingranelli, foundational labor rights - which include the right to unionize, bargain collectively, and strike - are essential for the protection of other worker rights. However, these "gateway rights" are seeing a global decline.



Cingranelli's research points out a direct correlation between the protection of labor rights and the overall socio-economic fabric of a country. 



"It is unlikely that governments protect the rights to an adequate minimum wage, occupational health and safety, or reasonable limitations on work hours unless they allow workers to form independent trade unions and to bargain collectively," he states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-globalization-and-worker-rights">Economic globalization and worker rights</h2>



The erosion of labor rights is not isolated to economically struggling regions. In fact, even in wealthy, democratic countries where labor rights are more protected, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-economic-inequality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">economic inequality</a> has risen sharply. 



Cingranelli attributes this phenomenon to economic globalization, which intensifies competition among nations and often leads governments to prioritize corporate interests over those of workers.



Moreover, in the world's least developed countries, major agricultural, mining, and oil extraction industries exert considerable influence over worker policies. This pattern mirrors the early industrial stages in the United States, where worker rights were similarly marginalized.



"Corporate leaders typically prefer to distribute most of the profit from their activities to shareholders, not workers," says Cingranelli.



This adversarial stance between companies and workers over the terms and conditions of employment underscores the importance of government intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-government-in-labor-rights">The role of government in labor rights</h2>



Governments play a crucial role in ensuring that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-poses-extreme-risks-for-outdoor-workers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worker</a> concerns are heard and fairly addressed. Without adequate government policies, companies possess unchecked power to suppress unions and disregard worker rights, according to Cingranelli. 



He notes that stringent labor regulations in one country can drive companies to relocate, further complicating the global landscape of labor rights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-worker-rights-for-a-fair-future">Strengthening worker rights for a fair future</h2>



This comprehensive examination by the CIRIGHTS Data Project underscores a stark reality: worker rights are critically underprotected globally, threatening not just the welfare of workers but also the equitable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/38-trillion-dollars-per-year-economic-losses-expected-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">economic</a> progress of nations. 



The findings serve as a call to action for governments worldwide to strengthen labor regulations and ensure that the rights of workers are upheld amidst the challenges posed by economic globalization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about worker rights</h2>



Worker rights refer to the set of legal protections and entitlements that employees have within the workplace, which aim to ensure fair treatment, safety, and equitable compensation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fair pay</h3>



Fundamental worker rights typically include the right to fair pay, which means being compensated at least at a minimum wage and receiving pay for overtime work according to laws.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Safety</h3>



Safety standards are another critical area, requiring employers to provide a work environment free from hazards and to comply with occupational health and safety regulations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bargaining</h3>



Additionally, workers are often entitled to collective bargaining, allowing them to negotiate terms of employment, benefits, and working conditions through unions or other representative bodies.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Discrimination and privacy</h3>



Anti-discrimination laws protect workers from being unfairly treated or harassed on the basis of race, gender, age, religion, disability, or other protected characteristics. Rights to privacy and respect in the workplace are also vital, shielding personal information and dignity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enforcement&nbsp;</h3>



The enforcement of these rights is typically managed by government agencies and through the courts. Workers can usually seek redress for violations through legal or regulatory means, and in many places, there are specific governmental departments dedicated to overseeing labor law compliance.&nbsp;



Over time, these rights have been established to promote social and economic justice, improve living conditions, and protect workers from exploitation.



The study is published in the journal Human Rights Quarterly.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worker rights are among the least protected human rights

New findings reveal that worker rights, such as the ability...

Ever heard of plants <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-plants-gene-discovery-now-available-for-any-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glowing</a>? No, it's not a scene from a sci-fi movie. Plants have a hidden talent – they emit a faint, invisible light known as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF). It's like a secret language, whispering tales of their health and activity. 



NASA scientists are eavesdropping from space, using satellites like the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (<a href="https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCO-2</a>) to decode these luminous messages and predict flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flash-droughts">Flash droughts</h2>



Flash droughts, as their name suggests, strike with lightning speed. Unlike traditional droughts that develop over months, these stealthy adversaries can parch the land in mere weeks, leaving farmers and ecosystems scrambling. These sudden and intense droughts come without warning, rapidly drying out soil and vegetation.



Remember the devastating 2012 drought across the U.S.? That was a flash drought, causing widespread crop failure and resulting in a staggering $30 billion in agricultural losses. The rapid onset and severe impact of flash droughts make them particularly challenging to manage and predict.



Predicting these disasters has been a challenge, until now. Scientists have struggled to find reliable early warning signs for flash droughts, leaving farmers vulnerable to sudden and severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/computational-tools-may-improve-the-future-of-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water shortages</a>. However, recent advancements in technology and research have provided a breakthrough. 



By monitoring plant fluorescence and soil moisture from space, researchers can now detect early signs of flash droughts, offering valuable lead time for mitigation efforts. This innovation marks a significant step forward in our ability to combat this unpredictable threat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-glow-linked-to-flash-drought">Plant glow linked to flash drought</h2>



In a recent study, NASA researchers uncovered a surprising pattern. Before a flash drought strikes, plants go through a sudden and intense growth spurt. 



During this period, they absorb carbon dioxide at an accelerated rate, almost as if they are preparing for an impending shortage. 



This frantic feeding frenzy results in a significant increase in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-glow-co2-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar-induced fluorescence</a> (SIF) signal, which creates an unusual glow detectable by satellites from space.



This unexpected growth surge, however, is a double-edged sword. While the rapid growth indicates healthy and thriving plants, it also has a hidden cost. 



As plants vigorously absorb water to support their accelerated growth, they rapidly deplete the soil moisture. 



This depletion leaves the soil dry and vulnerable. When extreme heat strikes, the already diminished moisture levels plummet further, setting the stage for a flash drought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-plant-glow">Significance of plant glow</h2>



The rapid depletion of soil moisture due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>' growth spurt acts as a precursor to the flash drought. The plants' initial thriving phase, marked by the intense SIF signal, is followed by a sudden downturn as the drought takes hold. 



This pattern of initial growth followed by rapid drying highlights the complex and interconnected nature of flash droughts, making early detection and prediction crucial for mitigating their impacts.



"Plant fluorescence shows promise as a reliable early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-and-boreal-ecosystems-are-becoming-increasingly-unstable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warning indicator</a> of flash drought with enough lead time to take action," explains Nicholas Parazoo, NASA Earth Scientist.



This discovery is a game-changer.&nbsp;By monitoring the SIF signal,&nbsp;scientists can potentially predict flash droughts weeks or even months in advance,&nbsp;giving farmers and water managers a crucial head start in preparing for the dry spell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-sif-signal">Beyond SIF signal</h2>



The SIF signal is just one piece of the puzzle. To confirm their findings, the scientists turned to another NASA satellite, <a href="https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMAP</a> (Soil Moisture Active Passive). 



SMAP measures soil moisture from space, and its data perfectly matched the pattern revealed by the glowing plants. 



When the SIF signal was high, SMAP showed a corresponding decrease in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drying-without-dying-desert-moss-holds-the-key-to-drought-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil moisture</a> in the weeks leading up to a flash drought. This correlation held true across diverse landscapes, from forests to grasslands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-cycle-and-flash-droughts">Carbon cycle and flash droughts</h2>



The study also shed light on how flash droughts impact the carbon cycle. Plants are natural carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-cleverly-adapt-their-photosynthesis-to-changes-in-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. This process is crucial in reducing atmospheric carbon levels. 



However, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-use-their-roots-to-ration-water-during-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought stress</a> sets in, plants' ability to capture carbon diminishes. The stress from drought conditions hampers their photosynthetic activity, leading to a reduced intake of carbon dioxide.



The researchers anticipated a noticeable spike in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during flash droughts due to the decreased carbon uptake by stressed plants. Surprisingly, the study revealed a different outcome. 



They discovered a balance in the carbon cycle that they did not expect. The initial growth spurt of plants before the drought resulted in a higher than usual carbon uptake. 



This increased absorption of carbon dioxide before the drought effectively compensated for the subsequent decline in carbon uptake during the drought stress period.



As a result, the overall carbon balance remained stable despite the occurrence of the flash drought. This finding highlights the complex interactions within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/including-animals-carbon-cycle-models-boosts-ecosystem-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a> and suggests that plants' response to pre-drought conditions plays a significant role in mitigating the potential increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oco-2-s-legacy">OCO-2's legacy</h2>



The OCO-2 satellite,&nbsp;celebrating its 10th anniversary in space,&nbsp;has been instrumental in this research.&nbsp;Its three high-precision spectrometers can detect the faint glow of SIF and measure carbon dioxide levels with remarkable accuracy.



This wealth of data has allowed scientists to unravel the intricate connection between plants,&nbsp;water,&nbsp;and carbon,&nbsp;and to develop new tools for predicting and mitigating the impacts of flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lesser-flash-droughts-using-plants">Lesser flash droughts using plants</h2>



The implications of this research are far-reaching. With early warning systems based on plant fluorescence and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-alter-roots-soil-moisture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil moisture</a> data, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation, crop selection, and planting schedules. This could significantly reduce crop losses and ensure food security in the face of a changing climate.



"While early warning can’t eliminate the impacts of flash droughts, farmers and ranchers with advanced operations can better use water for irrigation to reduce crop impacts, avoid planting crops that are likely to fail, or plant a different type of crop to achieve the most ideal yield if they have weeks to months of lead time," notes Jordan Gerth, <a href="https://www.weather.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Weather Service</a> Scientist.



So,&nbsp;next time you gaze at a field of green,&nbsp;remember the secret glow hidden within those leaves.&nbsp;It's not just a sign of life, but a beacon of hope,&nbsp;guiding us towards a future where we can outsmart even the most elusive droughts.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Plants emit a faint 'glow' when flash droughts are imminent

Ever heard of plants glowing? No, it's not a scene from a...

The shift towards online exams has been significant, especially since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. This transition offers undeniable benefits such as saving time and increasing flexibility for both students and universities. 



Despite these advantages, the rise in online exams has led to increased concerns about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-parents-kids-academic-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">academic</a> integrity, prompting educators and institutions to explore new strategies to curb cheating.



Media psychologists&nbsp;at the <a href="https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/uoc-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cologne</a> have delved into the underlying causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-dishonest-perceived-incompetent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dishonesty</a> in these settings. Their research suggests that current preventative measures may not fully address the psychological and deeper-rooted issues that influence student behavior and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-dynamics-of-academic-dishonesty">Exploring the dynamics of academic dishonesty</h2>



Focused on 339 students from various German universities, the research aimed to unravel the complex reasons behind cheating in digital assessments.



The findings are insightful. They reveal that cheating is less likely when exams are relevant to students' future careers, emphasizing the significance of real-world applicability in making assessments meaningful. 



Furthermore, authenticity and detailed, constructive feedback in exams correlate with lower cheating rates, whereas exams that require rote memorization tend to encourage dishonesty.



In the second phase, the researchers explored students' perceptions of online examinations alongside their past and future cheating behaviors. 



A key discovery was that negative attitudes towards these exams, such as the belief that they impede learning, were linked to higher incidences of cheating. In contrast, viewing online exams as beneficial to teaching quality was associated with reduced intentions to cheat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-to-cheat-or-not-to-cheat-in-online-exams">To cheat or not to cheat in online exams</h2>



The study also explored personal motivations for and against cheating. The top reasons for cheating included the high stakes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-names-unfairly-impact-grades-due-to-alphabetical-bias/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grades</a>, perceived unfairness in exams, and the belief in low detection risks. 



Moral values like honesty and the fear of severe consequences, including expulsion, were significant deterrents against cheating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-online-exams-with-psychological-insights">Enhancing online exams with psychological insights</h2>



Dr. Marco Rüth, a corresponding author of the study, emphasized the importance of considering these psychological factors in educational design. 



“A stronger consideration of these factors when designing courses and exam formats can reduce cheating behavior and, in the long term, positively influence students’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smartphones-classroom-hindering-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning behavior</a> and their well-being,” he stated. 



This approach could not only decrease cheating rates but also enhance the overall acceptance of online exams in higher education.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charting-the-course-for-integrity-in-digital-learning">Charting the course for integrity in digital learning</h2>



As universities continue to adapt to an increasingly digital world, the findings from this study are invaluable. 



They highlight the need for a holistic approach to exam design - one that considers the psychological well-being of students just as much as the academic integrity of the exams themselves. 



By aligning exam content with professional relevance and providing supportive, detailed feedback, educators can foster a more honest and effective learning environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-why-students-cheat-online">A closer look at why students cheat online</h2>



Students cheat in online exams for a variety of reasons, often driven by the unique challenges and pressures of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-can-help-students-stay-focused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online learning</a> environment. 



One significant factor is the perception of opportunity; the remote nature of online exams can make some students feel there is less risk of getting caught. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Absence of instructors</h3>



Additionally, the lack of a physical presence of instructors and other students can diminish the sense of accountability and immediacy that typically discourages cheating in a traditional classroom setting.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pressure&nbsp;</h3>



Another reason is the pressure to achieve good grades, which can be intensified by the competitive job market and high expectations from family and society. This pressure can lead students to prioritize outcomes over the learning process.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Lack of preparation&nbsp;</h3>



Also, some students might struggle with the material and feel underprepared for the exam. In an online setting, without immediate access to help or clarification during the test, the temptation to cheat can be stronger.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ease of access&nbsp;</h3>



The ease of access to information and resources online can also contribute to cheating. Students can quickly search for answers on the internet, or even use more sophisticated methods like hiring others to take tests on their behalf. 



This accessibility makes it easier to justify cheating as a viable option under stress or time constraints.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcal.12994" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Computer Assisted Learning</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

What motivates students to cheat in online exams?

The shift towards online exams has been significant, especially since...

A recent study led by <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman University</a> has found that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bodybuilding-supplement-called-helps-prevent-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplement</a> companies may mislead customers with unproven health claims and undeclared ingredients. The researchers focused on herbal supplements purported to treat or prevent COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses. During the pandemic, the use of dietary supplements surged globally. 



“There was a big spike in purchase and use of these types of supplements during the pandemic,” said senior author Rosalee Hellberg, an associate professor of food science at Chapman. “Whenever there’s an increase in demand, there’s also an increased chance for fraud to occur.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ayurvedic-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Ayurvedic herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers collected 54 supplements containing Ayurvedic herbs, a type of alternative medicine from India, which were claimed to treat COVID-19.&nbsp;



These herbs included ashwagandha, cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, tulsi, vacha, amla, guduchi, and tribulus. The products were sourced from online and local retailers in Orange and Los Angeles counties, CA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-barcoding-nbsp">DNA barcoding&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers employed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-in-nutrition-science-dna-barcoding-reveals-dietary-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA barcoding</a> techniques to verify the plant species in the supplements. DNA barcoding uses a short DNA sequence to identify an organism's species. 



The researchers noted several concerning results, indicating the need for increased scrutiny of these products. In 60% of the products, the expected ingredient was not detected.&nbsp;



However, Hellberg noted that this might not necessarily indicate fraud, as the novel use of DNA barcoding may struggle to detect degraded DNA, meaning a negative result does not confirm the absence of the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ingredients-in-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Hidden ingredients in herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



Another limitation of DNA barcoding is that it does not quantify the detected species' ingredients. Additional research is required to verify the amount of each ingredient, Hellberg said.&nbsp;



“If the ingredients were present at a higher amount, that is where the concerns can arise,” explained Hellberg. “Also, any time you're detecting things that aren't on the label, that can indicate some quality control issues. That could also suggest that there are other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> going on or maybe things aren't being handled properly.”



The scientists also found 19 products with undeclared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species. Common fillers such as rice and other materials were identified, along with other unlisted Ayurvedic herbs. 



“So these could be used in a fraudulent manner,” said Hellberg. “Instead of having 100% of the declared species on the label, some manufacturers might mix in filler because it’s cheaper.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Undeclared species and ingredients in supplements pose risks to consumers, who could ingest substances causing allergic reactions and other health issues. However, the study did not determine the exact risk level, as it could not detect the amount of each ingredient.&nbsp;



This study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.3320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytochemical Analysis</a> - highlights the importance of increased regulation and scrutiny of dietary supplements to ensure consumer safety and prevent misleading health claims.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-herbal-supplements-nbsp">More about herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



Herbal supplements are products made from plants for their therapeutic or medicinal properties. They are commonly used to improve health, boost immune function, and prevent or alleviate various ailments.&nbsp;



Herbal supplements can be found in various forms, such as pills, powders, teas, extracts, or capsules.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>



The use of herbal supplements dates back thousands of years as part of traditional medicine practices across the world, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.&nbsp;



Commonly used herbs include echinacea, used to prevent colds; ginseng, used for energy and cognitive function; and St. John's wort, often used for depression.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-regulation-nbsp">Lack of regulation&nbsp;</h3>



While many find herbal supplements beneficial, their effectiveness can vary widely. In many countries, they are not strictly regulated like prescription drugs. This lack of regulation can lead to inconsistencies in potency and purity.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-side-effects">Side effects</h3>



Users should also be aware of potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Some of the general side effects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbal-supplements-are-not-always-safe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks</a> associated with herbal supplements include:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allergic-reactions">Allergic reactions</h4>



Some people may experience allergies to certain herbs, manifesting as rashes, hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gastrointestinal-issues">Gastrointestinal issues</h4>



Many herbal supplements can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or upset stomach.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-disturbances">Sleep disturbances</h4>



Supplements such as ginseng and ginkgo can cause insomnia or restlessness.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleeding-risks">Bleeding risks</h4>



Herbs like garlic, ginkgo, and ginseng have blood-thinning properties and can increase bleeding risk, particularly if taken with other blood thinners like warfarin.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-issues">Heart issues</h4>



Some herbs can interfere with heart medications and affect heart rhythms. For example, St. John's wort can interact with heart medications like digoxin.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liver-damage">Liver damage</h4>



Supplements such as kava and comfrey have been linked to liver damage.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-interactions">Drug interactions</h4>



Many herbs can interact with prescription medications, either decreasing or increasing their effects, which can be dangerous. For instance, St. John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills, antidepressants, and other medications.



It's crucial for individuals to discuss any herbal supplements they are considering with a healthcare provider to ensure they are appropriate and safe, especially if they have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Herbal supplements often contain hidden ingredients

A recent study led by Chapman University has found that...

Researchers at the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a> have solved a long-standing paleontological mystery. The team has recently discovered a fossil that bridges the gap between modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-burrowing-scorpions-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scorpions</a>, spiders, horseshoe crabs, and their Cambrian ancestors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-arthropod-lineage-nbsp">Mystery of the arthropod lineage&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpions, spiders, and horseshoe crabs belong to the arthropod lineage, which appeared nearly 540 million years ago. They are part of a subphylum called chelicerates, characterized by pincers known as chelicerae, used for biting, grasping prey, or injecting venom. Identifying the ancestors of this specific group has long puzzled paleontologists.



Early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-fossil-sheds-light-on-arthropod-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropod</a> fossils did not show enough similarities with modern species to be considered ancestors, and a lack of fossils from the key period between 505 and 430 million years ago compounded the mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-from-morocco-nbsp">Fossils from Morocco&nbsp;</h2>



Lorenzo Lustri, a PhD student at the University of Lausanne's Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, provided the missing piece of the puzzle.&nbsp;



Lustri and his supervisors studied a hundred fossils from the Fezouata Shale of Morocco, dating back 478 million years, and identified a fossil that links modern organisms to those of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cambrian-explosion-fossil-sponges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian period</a> (505 million years ago). 



Discovered in the early 2000s, fossils from the Fezouata Shale have undergone extensive analysis. However, the fossil illustrated in the recent study, Setapedites abundantis, had never been described before.&nbsp;



Measuring between 5 and 10 millimeters, this fossil allows scientists to trace the lineage of chelicerates from early arthropods to modern species like spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-anatomy-of-fossil-chelicerates">Analyzing the anatomy of fossil chelicerates</h2>



To achieve these results, the scientists used an X-ray scanner to reconstruct the anatomy of the fossils in detail and in 3D. They compared these findings with numerous fossil chelicerates from other sites and their more ancient relatives.&nbsp;



The significance of the Fezouata fossil was clarified through phylogenetic analyses, which mathematically reconstruct the family tree of different species based on the “coding” of all their anatomical traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-discovery-nbsp">Surprising discovery&nbsp;</h2>



“Initially, we only intended to describe and name this fossil. We had absolutely no idea that it would hold so many secrets,” said Lustri, who defended his PhD in March 2023. “It was therefore an exhilarating surprise to realize, after careful observations and analysis, that it also filled an important gap in the evolutionary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammalian-tree-of-life-traces-evolution-of-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree of life</a>.”



The fossil has yet to reveal all its secrets. Some anatomical features provide insights into the early evolution of chelicerates and may link this group to other debated fossil forms.



A temporary exhibition on the Fezouata biota will soon be held at the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-of-scorpions-and-spiders-nbsp">Fossils of scorpions and spiders&nbsp;</h2>



Fossils of scorpions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/riding-the-wind-joro-spiders-are-invading-the-u-s-at-an-alarming-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a> provide intriguing insights into the ancient history of these arachnids, tracing their existence back hundreds of millions of years. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scorpions-nbsp">Scorpions&nbsp;</h3>



Scorpions are among the oldest known terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>, with their earliest fossils dating back to the Silurian period, over 430 million years ago. These ancient scorpions were similar in form to modern ones, though some were aquatic or semi-aquatic, showing adaptations like gills.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



Spider fossils, while not as ancient as those of scorpions, are still quite old, with the oldest known spider fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period, around 300 million years ago. These early spiders already displayed key features such as spinnerets, which are used to produce silk.&nbsp;



The preservation of spiders in the fossil record is often linked to amber deposits, where fine details of their anatomy, including their silk-producing structures, can be exquisitely preserved.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-stability-nbsp">Evolutionary stability&nbsp;</h3>



Both scorpions and spiders have shown remarkable evolutionary stability. Their basic body plans and behaviors have changed little over millions of years, indicating a successful adaptation to their ecological niches.&nbsp;



The study of spider and scorpion fossils not only helps in understanding their evolution and distribution over time but also provides insights into the ancient environments they inhabited.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48013-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



Image Credit: UNIL



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Fossil reveals the first ancestors of scorpions and spiders

Researchers at the University of Lausanne have solved a long-standing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...