Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked on top of each other, like a layered cake, with each layer representing a plate. In reality, those internal zones are complex and often full of surprises.



Seismologists have relied on specific types of earthquake waves to learn about Earth's subsurface, but now a different technique is painting a far more detailed picture.



This fresh perspective has led scientists to wonder if there is hidden material in places once believed to be empty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-mantle-the-basics">Understanding Earth's mantle - the basics</h2>



Earth’s mantle is the thick layer of rock that lies between the planet's crust and its core. It stretches about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) deep, making up around 84% of Earth's total volume. 



The mantle is primarily composed of silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium, and it's mostly solid, but it behaves like a thick, slow-flowing fluid over long periods of time. 



This flow is what drives the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causing earthquakes</a>, volcanic eruptions, and the shifting of continents. 



Heat from the Earth’s core causes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-is-slowing-down-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convection currents</a> in the mantle, where hot material rises, cools near the crust, and then sinks back down, creating a continuous cycle. This process plays a key role in shaping the planet's surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-plates-in-earth-s-mantle">Tectonic plates in Earth's mantle</h2>



The discovery stems from the use of a high-resolution method called <a href="https://library.seg.org/doi/10.1190/1.9781560803027.entry6">full-waveform inversion</a>. Scientists use this approach to interpret every type of <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-floor/layers-earth/compare-contrast-connect-seismic-waves-and-determining-earth-s-structure#">seismic wave</a> produced by earthquakes, rather than focusing on only one kind.



Because of that, they can build a more precise model of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-crust-is-dripping-under-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s internal structures</a>.&nbsp;



After applying this method to the lower mantle, researchers saw pockets that appear to be leftover plate fragments in areas with no known history of subduction. 



Following their analysis, they were startled by just how common these hidden anomalies seemed to be.



This work was led by a team that includes doctoral student <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/people/person-detail.Mjc3OTM4.TGlzdC82NjksNTE5NzQ3MzU0.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Schouten</a> from the <a href="https://www.geology.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Institute of ETH Zurich</a>, who collaborated with experts from the <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>.



Their combined efforts brought fresh insights that challenge assumptions about where old tectonic plate remnants might reside in Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-seismic-signals">Interpreting seismic signals</h2>



To understand how researchers got here, it helps to remember how seismic waves work. When an earthquake strikes, it sends waves radiating outward in all directions.



These waves bounce, bend, and shift as they travel through the planet. In much the same way that doctors use medical imaging techniques, geophysicists measure the time these waves take to reach various seismic stations around the globe.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/earth_lower-mantle_rock-zones_mysterious-sunken-worlds_credit-ETHZ_1s.webp" alt="Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich" class="wp-image-1956322"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Using a new model, researchers uncover zones in the Earth's lower mantle where seismic waves travel slower (red) or faster (blue). The large blue zone in the western Pacific (right above the center of the image) was previously unknown. Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich</figcaption></figure>



The velocity of those signals reveals details about rock density and stiffness. In previous years, scientists relied heavily on <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/108/5A/2894/546740/Generalized-Seismic-Phase-Detection-with-Deep?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particular seismic phases</a>. 



But by examining all available wave data instead, new shapes and densities were identified from Earth's lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-earth-s-mantle-important">Why is Earth's mantle important?</h2>



Over hundreds of millions of years, plates have formed, shifted, and sunk back into Earth’s interior. This <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JB073i006p01959">cycling</a> plays a role in controlling phenomena like volcano formation, earthquakes, and the slow drift of continents.&nbsp;



Researchers have long known that slabs of subducted plates cluster under regions where one tectonic plate slides under another. 



So it came as a surprise when the new images revealed large slabs below oceans and continental interiors that lack a clear history of plate collisions.



That signals a possible complication in our understanding of how plates evolve and where they end up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-plate-under-the-pacific-ocean">Mysterious plate under the Pacific Ocean</h2>



One of the biggest surprises was in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sunken-oceans-discovered-between-earth-core-and-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zone</a> under the western Pacific. According to current plate tectonic timelines, there is no reason for old plate fragments to be there.&nbsp;



“Apparently, such zones in the Earth's mantle are much more widespread than previously thought,” said <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2">Schouten</a>.



No geologic data points to historical subduction nearby. This indicates that the anomalies might not be chunks of plates at all, or at least not in the way scientists originally imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-it-be-something-else">Could it be something else?</h2>



Scientists now face questions about the origin and nature of these structures.



Some say they may be ancient, silica-rich pockets left over from the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-mantle-shapes-surface-topography/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle</a>. Others suggest they might be iron-rich accumulations that have drifted over billions of years.&nbsp;



Schouten explained that the new model reveals anomalies throughout the Earth's interior, but the exact materials or plate fragments responsible for these patterns remain unclear. 



This uncertainty suggests a more diverse range of compositions in the Earth's mantle than previously understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-for-deeper-understanding">Next steps for deeper understanding</h2>



Full-waveform inversion is a promising tool for these investigations, but it offers only a view of how fast or slowly waves move through the material. 



Researchers say they need further refinement to tease out chemical and thermal differences. 



Some are turning to additional datasets, including electromagnetic signals and data from mineral physics experiments. 



Combining those methods might highlight whether these mantle “blobs” are from primordial origins, from recycled ocean crust, or from something else entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-plate-tectonics">Implications for plate tectonics</h2>



If scientists confirm that more zones like these exist in Earth’s depths, they may have to adjust many theories about how heat moves through the planet. 



Such hidden zones might alter patterns of convection and the formation of mantle plumes.&nbsp;



The story of plate tectonics could also see updates, with new chapters on how plate fragments wander and transform in ways not previously documented. These discoveries remind us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-volcanic-hotspots-are-all-connected-to-earths-interior-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geoscience</a>, like any science, is never settled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-continues">The search continues</h2>



In the future, improved supercomputers may crunch even larger datasets to produce clearer images of Earth's lower mantle and its plate structures. That could resolve debates about the true nature of these mysterious anomalies.&nbsp;



By integrating various approaches - seismic, chemical, and computational - Earth scientists will keep uncovering pieces of our planet’s hidden complexity.



As Schouten’s team demonstrated, sometimes seeing the entire picture means looking beyond what we think we already know.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77399-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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'Sunken worlds' discovered under the Pacific ocean in Earth's mantle

Many people imagine Earth’s interior mantle as separate layers stacked on top of each other, like a layered cake, with each layer representing a plate. In reality, those internal zones are complex and often full of surprises. Seismologists have relied on specific types of earthquake waves to learn about Earth's subsurface, but now a different technique is painting a far more detailed picture. This fresh perspective has led scientists to wonder if there is hidden material in places once believed to be empty. Understanding Earth's mantle -...

Severe childhood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> can drastically reduce life expectancy, cutting it nearly in half. A recent global study has provided detailed insights into how the age of onset, severity, and duration of childhood obesity affect long-term health and life expectancy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impact-of-childhood-obesity">Long-term impact of childhood obesity</h2>



New research presented at the European Congress on Obesity (ECO) in Venice, Italy, has quantified the impact of different aspects of childhood obesity on long-term health for the first time. 



The study, conducted by <a href="https://www.stradoo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stradoo GmbH</a>, a life sciences consultancy in Munich, Germany, was supported by Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. The project was led by Dr. Urs Wiedemann and his colleagues from universities and hospitals across Europe and the United States.



The experts found that the earlier a child develops obesity, the more severe the long-term effects. For instance, a child living with severe obesity at age four, who does not lose weight, has a life expectancy of just 39 years - about half the average life expectancy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-findings-in-detail">The findings in detail</h2>



“While it’s widely accepted that childhood obesity increases the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/steep-rise-in-cardiovascular-disease-expected-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a> and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), and that it can reduce life expectancy, evidence on the size of the impact has been patchy," said Dr. Wiedemann.



"A better understanding of the precise magnitude of the long-term consequences and the factors that drive them could help inform prevention policies and approaches to treatment, as well as improve health and lengthen life.”



The researchers created an early onset obesity model. This model estimates the effect of childhood obesity on cardiovascular disease and related conditions like T2D, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a>. 



Four key variables were included: age of obesity onset, obesity duration, irreversible risk accumulation (a measure of irreversible health effects even after weight loss), and severity of obesity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-factors">Critical factors</h2>



The severity of childhood obesity was measured using BMI Z-scores, which indicate how much an individual’s BMI deviates from the norm for their age and sex. 



For example, a four-year-old boy with a BMI Z-score of 3.5, indicating severe obesity, has a life expectancy of just 39 years if he does not <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-exercise-may-be-the-best-way-to-lose-weight-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lose weight</a>.



Data for the model came from 50 existing clinical studies on obesity and related comorbidities, involving over 10 million participants worldwide. Approximately 2.7 million of these individuals were between two and 29 years of age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-risks-of-severe-childhood-obesity">The risks of severe childhood obesity</h2>



The model shows that earlier onset and more severe childhood obesity elevate the likelihood of developing related health issues later in life. 



For example, a child with a BMI Z-score of 3.5 at age four has a 27% likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes by age 25 and a 45% chance by age 35. In contrast, a child with a BMI Z-score of 2 at age four has a 6.5% chance of developing type 2 diabetes by age 25 and 22% by age 35.



Higher BMI Z-scores at an early age also lead to a lower life expectancy. For instance, a BMI Z-score of 2 at age four without subsequent weight reduction reduces life expectancy from about 80 years to 65 years. The life expectancy drops further to 50 years for a BMI Z-score of 2.5 and 39 years for a BMI Z-score of 3.5.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-early-weight-loss">Implications for early weight loss</h2>



Comparisons with other studies and expert opinions confirmed the model’s accuracy. Furthermore, the model also demonstrated the positive impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-health-benefits-of-weight-loss-persist-for-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight loss</a> on life expectancy and long-term health.



For example, a child with severe early onset obesity (BMI Z-score of 4 at age four) has a life expectancy of 37 years and a 55% risk of developing T2D by age 35. If the child loses weight, reducing the BMI Z-score to 2 by age six, life expectancy increases to 64 years, and the risk of T2D drops to 29 percent.



“The early onset obesity model shows that weight reduction has a striking effect on life expectancy and comorbidity risk, especially when weight is lost early in life,” said Dr. Wiedemann.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-childhood-obesity">Addressing childhood obesity</h2>



The model has some limitations. It does not account for the causes of obesity, genetic risk factors, ethnic or sex differences, or the interactions between different co-morbidities.



“The impact of childhood obesity on life expectancy is profound. It is clear that childhood obesity should be considered a life-threatening disease. It is vital that treatment isn’t put off until the development of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or other ‘warning signs’ but starts early. Early diagnosis should and can improve quality and length of life,” concluded Dr. Wiedemann.



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Severe childhood obesity can cut life expectancy in half

Severe childhood obesity can drastically reduce life expectancy, cutting it...

Beautiful,Young,Woman,With,Small,Angel,And,Demon,On,Her

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live without an inner voice? For most people, the concept of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-compassion-physical-mental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inner monologue</a> is a fundamental aspect of their everyday experience. 



However, recent research has revealed that not everyone shares this internal dialogue. In fact, some individuals navigate life without the constant presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creative-people-make-the-most-of-their-idle-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">verbal thoughts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-anendophasia">Discovery of anendophasia</h2>



Postdoc and linguist Johanne Nedergård from the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>, along with her colleague Gary Lupyan from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, have shed light on this fascinating phenomenon, which they have termed "anendophasia." 



Their study, titled "Not everybody has an inner voice: Behavioural consequences of anendophasia," was recently published in the scientific journal Psychological Science.



According to Nedergård, people with anendophasia describe their experience as time-consuming and challenging, as they must actively translate their thoughts into words. 



"Some say that they think in pictures and then translate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aphantasia-research-results-people-who-cant-visualize-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pictures into words</a> when they need to say something," Nedergård explained. 



"Others describe their brain as a well-functioning computer that just does not process thoughts verbally, and that the connection to loudspeaker and microphone is different from other people's. And those who say that there is something verbal going on inside their heads will typically describe it as words without sound," she continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-life-without-an-inner-voice">Navigating life without an inner voice</h2>



Nedergård and Lupyan conducted a series of experiments to investigate whether the absence of an inner voice affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intelligent-minds-take-longer-to-solve-difficult-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">problem-solving abilities</a>, particularly in verbal memory tasks. 



In one experiment, participants were asked to remember words in a specific order, with the words being similar either phonetically or in spelling, such as "bought," "caught," "taut," and "wart."



"It is a task that will be difficult for everyone, but our hypothesis was that it might be even more difficult if you did not have an inner voice because you have to repeat the words to yourself inside your head in order to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgetting-things-is-a-natural-part-of-the-memory-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remember them</a>," Nedergård explains. 



"And this hypothesis turned out to be true: The participants without an inner voice were significantly worse at remembering the words. The same applied to an assignment in which the participants had to determine whether a pair of pictures contained words that rhyme, e.g. pictures of a sock and a clock. Here, too, it is crucial to be able to repeat the words in order to compare their sounds and thus determine whether they rhyme," she noted.



However, in two other experiments testing the role of the inner voice in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task switching</a> and distinguishing between similar figures, the researchers found no significant differences between the two groups, despite previous studies indicating that language and the inner voice play a role in these types of tasks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-life-with-anendophasia">Adapting to life with anendophasia</h2>



Nedergård suggests that individuals without an inner voice may have developed alternative strategies to compensate for the absence of verbal thoughts. 



"Maybe people who don't have an inner voice have just learned to use other strategies. For example, some said that they tapped with their index finger when performing one type of task and with their middle finger when it was another type of task," she notes.



While the differences in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-recall-details/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">verbal memory</a> identified in the study may not be noticeable in everyday conversations, the implications of anendophasia in certain areas, such as therapy, remain uncertain. 



Nedergård points out that in cognitive behavioral therapy, for example, identifying and changing adverse thought patterns is crucial, and having an inner voice may play a significant role in this process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncovering-the-quiet-inner-world-of-anendophasia">Uncovering the quiet inner world of anendophasia</h2>



As research into anendophasia is still in its early stages, many questions remain unanswered. Nedergård expresses her desire to continue investigating whether other language areas are affected by the absence of an inner voice. 



"The experiments in which we found differences between the groups were about sound and being able to hear the words for themselves. I would like to study whether it is because they just do not experience the sound aspect of language, or whether they do not think at all in a linguistic format like most other people," she concludes.



In summary, the discovery of anendophasia challenges our understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-waves-move-in-opposite-ways-to-make-memories-and-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human mind</a> and highlights the diversity of inner experiences. 



As researchers continue to explore this fascinating phenomenon, we may uncover valuable insights into the complex relationship between language, thought, and behavior. 



By focusing on the silent minority, Johanne Nedergård and her colleagues have opened the door to a new area of research that promises to deepen our understanding of the human experience and the remarkable adaptability of the mind.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976241243004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Science</a>.



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Your 'inner voice' is an important companion that many people do not have

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to...

A recent study led by <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> has confirmed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> and butterfly populations are declining in major regions of North America due to ongoing environmental changes. Moreover, as the authors noted, there are significant gaps in pollinator diversity research that hinder conservation efforts.



Recent studies have shown alarming declines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator</a> populations, causing concern among scientists and policymakers about the potential negative impacts on ecosystems and agriculture.&nbsp;



Factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species are linked to these declines, but the research has often focused on well-studied species in easily accessible regions.&nbsp;



Now, the scientists compiled data on four major families of bees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> to create species distribution models, allowing them to assess changes over time and space across North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-pollinator-diversity-in-north-america-nbsp">Tracking pollinator diversity in North America&nbsp;</h2>



The highest species richness was found along North America’s West Coast, particularly in California and the Rocky Mountains. However, the models showed a decline in species richness over the past century in western North America, while there were disproportionate increases in eastern North America.&nbsp;



The researchers also analyzed similar data for a broader sample of potential pollinator species, including both invertebrate and vertebrate species of conservation concern, finding similar trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-human-activities">Climate change and human activities</h2>



Comparisons with climate data indicate that these population changes are at least partly due to the impacts of recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lighter-colored-and-smaller-winged-tropical-butterflies-are-at-greater-climate-change-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, such as prolonged drought and habitat degradation. Regions experiencing population declines have also been heavily impacted by human land use.&nbsp;



The researchers noted that the apparent increases in the eastern U.S. may partly reflect increased detections in these populous areas, given the rise in citizen science and data collection efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-population-changes-in-bees-and-butterflies">Widespread population changes in bees and butterflies</h2>



Overall, the study detected broad trends of population changes in bees and butterflies, as well as other potential pollinators. These results help identify regions of declining populations where conservation efforts can be prioritized.&nbsp;



The research also highlighted gaps in existing knowledge of pollinators, including poorly sampled regions and less studied species, suggesting that improved monitoring methods and enhanced citizen science efforts could address these limitations.



“Existing records of North American pollinators suggest that diversity has broadly declined in the western US and southern Mexico in recent decades. Losses are consistent with changes in climate and suggest a need for increased monitoring to inform conservation and mitigation actions,” the authors concluded. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Pollinator diversity is a crucial aspect of Earth's ecosystems, encompassing a wide variety of organisms that play a key role in the reproduction of flowering plants by transferring pollen from one flower to another.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-pollinators-nbsp">Types of pollinators&nbsp;</h3>



This group includes not just the well-known bees and butterflies but also moths, beetles, birds, bats, and even some small mammals.&nbsp;



Each type of pollinator is adapted to specific types of flowers, with variations in body size, shape, and feeding mechanisms allowing them to access pollen and nectar.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Significance of pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h3>



The diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> ensures the pollination of a broad range of plant species, supporting natural ecosystems as well as human agriculture. Different plants bloom at different times and have various shapes and colors to attract their ideal pollinators.&nbsp;



For example, hummingbirds are attracted to bright red, tubular flowers because their long beaks and tongues are suited to accessing nectar from these types of flowers. Bats, on the other hand, are essential for the pollination of night-blooming plants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-population-decline">Pollinator population decline</h3>



However, pollinator populations worldwide are facing threats from habitat destruction, pesticide use, climate change, and diseases.&nbsp;



This decline not only affects the pollinators themselves but also poses a risk to biodiversity, agricultural systems, and human food supplies, underscoring the importance of conservation efforts to maintain and enhance pollinator diversity.&nbsp;



By protecting natural habitats and implementing pollinator-friendly practices, we can help ensure the survival of pollinators and the continuation of their vital role in the world's ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289742" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Study reveals an alarming decline in pollinator diversity

A recent study led by Northern Arizona University has confirmed that...

Galactic,Catastrophe,-,Andromeda,Galaxy,Collide,With,Milky,Way,Galaxy

The mystery surrounding the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic fields has long perplexed astronomers and astrophysicists alike. 



This fundamental question has been at the forefront of astronomical research, driving the development of world-class radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometer Array (<a href="https://www.icrar.org/our-research/ska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SKA</a>). 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-cosmic-magnetic-fields">Enigma of cosmic magnetic fields</h2>



Determining the large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-reveal-the-origin-of-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field structures</a> within the Milky Way has proven to be a formidable challenge for scientists worldwide.



In a study published in The Astrophysical Journal, Dr. XU Jun and Prof. HAN Jinlin from the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://english.nao.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAOC</a>) have made a remarkable discovery. 



Their research has revealed the presence of immense magnetic toroids within the halo of the Milky Way. These structures play a crucial role in the propagation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a> and provide essential constraints on the physical processes occurring in the interstellar medium, shedding light on the origin of cosmic magnetic fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-magnetic-toroids">Understanding "magnetic toroids"</h2>



In this study, the term "magnetic toroids" describes the structure of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> found in the Milky Way's halo. 



These magnetic fields have a toroidal configuration, meaning that they form closed loops around the galaxy, with the field lines running in opposite directions above and below the galactic plane.



The discovery of these colossal magnetic toroids is significant because they play a crucial role in the propagation of cosmic rays and provide essential information about the physical processes occurring in the interstellar medium. 



The presence of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-magnetic-fields-leave-marks-on-nuclear-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic structures</a> also sheds light on the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic fields, which has been a long-standing mystery in the field of astronomy and astrophysics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifetime-devotion-to-the-milky-way-s-magnetic-fields">Lifetime devotion to the Milky Way's magnetic fields</h2>



Prof. HAN, a renowned expert in this research area, has been at the forefront of determining the magnetic field structures along the spiral arms of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galactic disk</a>. 



Through a long-term project involving the measurement of pulsar polarization and Faraday effects, he has made significant contributions to our understanding of the Milky Way's magnetic fields.



In 1997, Prof. HAN made a striking observation. He discovered an anti-symmetry in the Faraday effects of cosmic radio sources across the sky, relative to the coordinates of the Milky Way. 



This finding indicated that the magnetic fields in the halo of our galaxy possess a toroidal field structure, with reversed magnetic field directions above and below the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-chimney-venting-found-heart-milky-way-galaxy-sagittarius-a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galactic plane</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-determining-toroid-size-and-strength">Determining toroid size and strength</h2>



Despite this discovery, determining the size and strength of these magnetic toroids has remained a daunting task for astronomers. 



There was a suspicion that the observed anti-symmetry in the sky distribution of Faraday effects could be attributed solely to the interstellar medium in the vicinity of the Sun. 



This hypothesis was supported by the fact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-mystery-solved-the-puzzling-behavior-of-a-pulsar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a> and nearby radio-emission objects exhibited Faraday effects consistent with the anti-symmetry pattern.



The key to resolving this uncertainty lay in determining whether the magnetic fields in the vast Galactic halo possessed a toroidal structure beyond the Sun's immediate vicinity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-approach-pays-off">Innovative approach pays off</h2>



In this study, Prof. HAN proposed an innovative approach to tackle this challenge. He suggested that the Faraday rotation caused by the interstellar medium near <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Sun</a> could be quantified by measuring a substantial number of pulsars, some of which were recently obtained by the Five-hundred Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (<a href="http://fast.bao.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAST</a>). 



By subtracting this contribution from the measurements of background cosmic sources, the true nature of the Galactic halo's magnetic fields could be revealed.



Dr. XU diligently collected all available Faraday rotation measurement data spanning the past three decades. Through meticulous data analysis, the scientists made a remarkable discovery. 



They found that the anti-symmetry of Faraday rotation measurements caused by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galactic halo's medium</a> extends across the entire sky, from the center to the anti-center of the Milky Way. 



This finding implies that the toroidal magnetic fields exhibiting this odd symmetry are truly colossal in size, spanning a radius range from 6,000 to 50,000 light-years from the center of our galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-understanding-of-the-milky-way-and-magnetic-fields">New understanding of the Milky Way and magnetic fields</h2>



In summary, the study conducted by Dr. XU Jun and Prof. HAN Jinlin marks a significant milestone in our understanding of the Milky Way's physics. 



Their discovery of the immense magnetic toroids within the Galactic halo provides crucial insights into the propagation of cosmic rays and the physical processes occurring in the interstellar medium.



This research serves as a landmark in the ongoing quest to unravel the mysteries of cosmic magnetic fields. It opens new avenues for further exploration and promises to deepen our comprehension of the universe we inhabit.



As astronomers continue to probe the depths of space with increasingly sophisticated instruments, studies like this one remind us of the awe-inspiring complexity and grandeur of the cosmos. 



The secrets of the Milky Way, once shrouded in mystery, are gradually being unveiled, thanks to the tireless efforts of dedicated scientists like these.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3a61" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Milky Way galaxy is surrounded by massive magnetic fields

The mystery surrounding the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic...

A recent study conducted at the <a href="https://forestgeo.si.edu/research-programs/affiliated-programs/biological-dynamics-forest-fragments-project-bdffp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project</a> near Manaus, Brazil, has uncovered new insights into how terrestrial insectivores, a group of birds in the Amazon rainforest, are responding to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-and-the-looming-threat-of-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-challenges-for-amazon-birds">Increasing challenges for Amazon birds</h2>



The experts found that birds in the Amazon face increasing challenges due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.



“While the vibrant and often observed species such as parrots and tanagers continue to capture our attention, the less conspicuous terrestrial insectivores, true denizens of the deep Amazon, face a higher risk due to their heightened sensitivity to environmental changes,” noted study author Vitek Jirinec, an expert in conservation biology at the <a href="https://www.iercecology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integral Ecology Research Center</a>. 



“These birds are crucial indicators of forest health, and understanding their responses to climate variables is essential for conservation efforts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collecting-detailed-data-on-amazon-birds">Collecting detailed data on Amazon birds</h2>



Using innovative bio-logging technology, the researchers gathered detailed data on the birds’ behavior and physiological responses.&nbsp;



These small devices, attached to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-vanishing-in-the-amazon-represent-a-global-shift-in-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, provided continuous monitoring without disrupting their activities. The experts gained unprecedented insights into these Amazon birds, particularly noting their use of thermoregulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermoregulation-strategies-of-amazon-birds">Thermoregulation strategies of Amazon birds</h2>



Key findings include the birds' sophisticated use of behavioral and physiological thermoregulation strategies. They begin warming hours before dawn, reaching peak warming rates near sunrise.&nbsp;



Conversely, during midday heat, they moderate warming to stay cooler. The study also highlights the importance of water in avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-self-regulated-their-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermoregulation</a>, with behaviors like bathing peaking around sunset to prepare for the night. 



However, excessive cooling from tropical rain poses challenges, with some species better equipped to handle it than others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-of-amazon-wildlife-nbsp">Adaptations of Amazon wildlife&nbsp;</h2>



As climate change continues to affect global biodiversity, understanding the adaptations of the Amazon’s unique wildlife is crucial for conservation.&nbsp;



The thermoregulation strategies of birds in the Amazon provide a coping mechanism under fluctuating temperatures but underscore their preference for a stable environment - stability increasingly threatened by climate change.



“Understanding the capacity for thermoregulation is critical for predicting organismal vulnerability to climate change, especially in lowland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-reveals-vulnerable-tropical-forests-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical rainforests</a>, where warming conditions combine with high humidity and limited elevational or latitudinal refugia,” noted Jirinec.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-terrestrial-insectivores-in-the-amazon">Terrestrial insectivores in the Amazon</h2>



Terrestrial insectivores in the Amazon rainforest comprise a diverse group of birds that primarily feed on insects found on or near the ground. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazonian-birds-are-changing-shape-in-response-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance, as they help control insect populations and contribute to the recycling of nutrients. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-adaptations-nbsp">Physical adaptations&nbsp;</h3>



Species like antbirds, ground cuckoos, and some woodcreepers are examples of terrestrial insectivores. These birds typically have strong, agile bodies adapted for quick movements, allowing them to snatch insects from the forest floor or from vegetation.



They also use their keen sense of hearing and sight to detect prey. Once they locate an insect, they might snatch it up in a quick movement or dig it out of the debris with their well-adapted beaks.&nbsp;



Terrestrial insectivores have plumage which tends to be more muted, often in shades of brown and green. This helps them blend into their primarily forest floor environment.&nbsp;



The forest's dense undergrowth and the need for quick movements shape the physical characteristics of terrestrial insectivores, including short wings and strong legs, which are perfect for short bursts of speed rather than long flights.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-roles">Ecological roles</h3>



Their role extends beyond simply eating insects; they are part of a more complex food web, serving as prey for larger predators and contributing to the nutrient cycle within their habitat. As a result, their presence and health are good indicators of the overall health of the rainforest ecosystem.&nbsp;



The feeding strategies and behaviors of terrestrial insectivores can vary. Some might forage in mixed-species flocks, taking advantage of the disturbance other species create to flush out insects, while others might be more solitary hunters.



Overall, these birds are vital to the rainforest ecosystem, but they face threats from habitat destruction and fragmentation, which can reduce their food sources and nesting sites. Protecting the Amazon is essential for the survival of these unique bird species.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.10554" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oikos</a>.



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Amazon birds use sophisticated thermoregulation strategies 

A recent study conducted at the Biological Dynamics of Forest...

Astronomers using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have made an exciting discovery about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic structure</a> at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy. 



They've identified what appears to be a cosmic "chimney" that serves as an exhaust vent for hot gas. This chimney, extending about 26,000 light-years from Earth, starts at the galaxy's center and is oriented perpendicular to the spiral disk of the Milky Way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venting-from-sagittarius-a">Venting from Sagittarius A*</h2>



The idea that eruptions from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-supermassive-black-hole-found-in-the-shadows-of-the-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black hole</a> known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-orbiting-sagittarius-a-appear-rejuvenated-after-stellar-collisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sagittarius A*</a>, or Sgr A* for short, might be driving this phenomenon is not new.



Indeed, these eruptions could be creating both the chimney and its associated vent. 



The chimney itself was previously detected using X-ray data from <a href="https://chandra.si.edu/about/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chandra</a> and <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton_overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">XMM-Newton</a>, a mission by the European Space Agency with NASA contributions. 



It was further explored recently with the MeerKAT radio telescope, which illustrated the role of magnetic fields in shaping this structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-milky-way-galaxy-exhaust">Closer look at Milky Way galaxy exhaust</h2>



Recent observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/supermassive-black-hole_galactic-chimney-venting_chandra_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several X-ray ridges</a> running roughly perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. These ridges are thought to be the walls of a cylindrical tunnel that channels the hot galactic gas upward. 



Approximately 700 light-years from the galaxy's center, near the top of this chimney, is the newly discovered vent.



"We suspected that magnetic fields are acting as the walls of the chimney and that hot gas is traveling up through them, like smoke," explained Scott Mackey of the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a>, the lead author of the study. "Now we've discovered an exhaust vent near the top of the chimney."



The brightness of the vent's walls in X-rays is caused by shock waves generated when the rising hot gas collides with cooler gas. This collision is akin to the sonic booms produced by supersonic planes. 



The left side of the vent is notably brighter, suggesting that gas there is striking the tunnel wall more directly and with greater force.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-the-venting-process">Origins of the venting process</h2>



The study's authors propose that the hot gas likely originates from a series of events that start with material falling into Sgr A* and culminate with eruptions that drive the gas upwards through the chimney and out the vent. However, the frequency of these events remains unclear.



Previous research has shown that dramatic X-ray flares occur every few hundred years near the central black hole, and these could be crucial in propelling the hot gas through the vent. 



Additionally, it's estimated that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-black-holes-are-very-messy-eaters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> captures and consumes a star every 20,000 years or so, leading to explosive releases of energy.



"We're not sure if this energy and heat are stoked by a large amount of material being dumped onto Sgr A* at once, like a bunch of logs being dumped on a fire, or if it might come from multiple small loads being fed into the black hole similar to kindling being regularly tossed in," commented Mark Morris of the University of California, Los Angeles (<a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-milky-way-galaxy-structures">Linking Milky Way galaxy structures</h2>



This research not only sheds light on the chimney and vent but also provides insights into larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/exploring-the-cosmic-phenomenon-of-mcg-01-24-014/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic phenomena</a>. 



The particles and energy observed in the vent hint at the origins of two massive structures around the galaxy's center: the Fermi Bubbles and the eROSITA Bubbles. 



Both detected in high-energy radiation, these structures extend thousands of light-years from the galaxy's center and align with the chimney and a second X-ray chimney pointing in the opposite direction.



"The origin of the Fermi Bubbles and the eROSITA bubbles are some of the biggest mysteries faced by studies of the high energy radiation from our galaxy," said Gabriele Ponti of the <a href="http://www.inaf.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Italian National Institute of Astrophysics</a> in Merate. "We've discovered a small structure that might play a large role in the creation of these gigantic bubbles."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sagittarius-a">More about Sagittarius A*</h2>



Sagittarius A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A-star") is a supermassive black hole that resides at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way.



Sagittarius A* possesses a mass equivalent to about 4 million suns, all packed into a region smaller than the orbit of Mercury. 



Despite its enormous mass, it is invisible to the naked eye because it does not emit any light. However, scientists have detected its presence through the powerful gravitational influence it exerts on nearby stars and gas clouds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Observations</h3>



Astronomers have studied Sagittarius A* using various techniques, including radio telescopes and infrared observations. These studies have revealed that stars orbit around the black hole at incredible speeds, providing compelling evidence for its existence. 



In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration captured the first-ever image of a black hole's event horizon, although this was not Sagittarius A* but rather the black hole at the center of the galaxy M87.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance">Importance</h3>



The study of Sagittarius A* helps scientists better understand the nature of black holes and their role in the formation and evolution of galaxies. It also provides insights into the extreme physics that occurs in the vicinity of these cosmic giants, where the laws of general relativity are put to the ultimate test.



In summary, this important research enhances our understanding of the complex dynamics at the center of the Milky Way and highlights the intricate interplay of forces that shape our galaxy.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad3248" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Cosmic 'chimney' found in the heart of our Milky Way galaxy

Astronomers using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have made an exciting...

Nature's scents are a less explored aspect of our environment that could offer significant health benefits, complementing the well-known visual experiences of nature that ease stress, uplift emotions, and promote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-time-in-nature-improves-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical health</a>. 



Gregory Bratman and his team emphasize the importance of understanding how these natural aromas impact our health. Their recent study outlines potential research directions that could deepen our knowledge of olfactory influences on our well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sophisticated-olfactory-system-at-work">A sophisticated olfactory system at work</h2>



Our sense of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smells-in-nature-help-us-feel-less-more-relaxed-and-cheerful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smell</a> functions as a sophisticated chemical detection system. The human nose contains hundreds of olfactory receptors, which are capable of distinguishing over a trillion different scents. 



These receptors transmit signals directly to the nervous system, affecting our emotions and behaviors both consciously and subconsciously.



Additionally, the natural environment is abundant in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants. These VOCs, capable of persisting in the air for extended periods, perform various roles for plants, including repelling predators and attracting pollinators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-scent-and-well-being">The science of scent and well-being</h2>



"We are immersed in a world of odorants, and we have a sophisticated olfactory system that processes them, with resulting impacts on our emotions and behavior,” said Bratman. Yet, research on how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unlocking-memories-with-scents-may-help-treat-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scents</a> affect us lags behind visual studies. 



Bratman and his colleagues propose a comprehensive framework to explore how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smells-in-nature-help-us-feel-less-more-relaxed-and-cheerful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a>'s scents influence human health.



The research team, comprising experts from fields such as psychology, ecology, and public health, aims to expand our understanding of these interactions. 



The experts have investigated how certain scents might trigger a "subthreshold" response, influencing us without our conscious awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-personal-responses-to-nature-s-scents">Cultural and personal responses to nature's scents</h2>



The impact of nature's scents extends beyond mere biological reactions; it is profoundly connected with personal and cultural contexts. 



Asifa Majid from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, in collaboration with other researchers, has delved into how cultural backgrounds and personal experiences influence our perceptions of scents. 



For instance, certain aromas might universally evoke pleasure, while others resonate with personal memories or vary widely in their reception across different cultures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activity-alters-olfactory-landscapes">Human activity alters olfactory landscapes</h2>



The experts also examined how human activities alter the olfactory landscape. They found that pollution and habitat destruction can modify or obliterate natural scents, potentially robbing us of their benefits. 



Jonathan Williams’ research highlights how natural VOCs react and mix in the atmosphere, emphasizing the need to better understand these processes to mitigate the negative impacts of human activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deeper-understanding-of-olfactory-benefits">A deeper understanding of olfactory benefits</h2>



The research underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from various fields to explore the benefits we derive from nature’s aromas. 



From the calming practice of Shinrin-yoku, or "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-forest-bathing-fresh-breath-for-teen-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest bathing</a>," to neuroscience and atmospheric chemistry, each discipline contributes to a holistic understanding of how we are affected by nature’s scents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-scents-and-sustainability">Nature's scents and sustainability</h2>



"We live within the chemical contexts that nature creates," said Bratman. By deepening our understanding of these olfactory effects, we can make more informed decisions about our environmental impacts and enhance efforts to protect and sustainably interact with the natural world. 



The ongoing research aims not just to enlighten but to empower, guiding future environmental and public health strategies to harness the hidden power of nature's scents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about nature's scents&nbsp;</h2>



Nature’s scents are as varied and complex as the landscapes from which they emerge. From the petrichor that rises with the first rain on dry soil to the sweet aroma of blooming flowers in a meadow, each scent tells a story of its origin. 



In dense forests, the air carries a mix of moss, damp foliage, and wood from ancient trees, creating a deeply earthy and grounding fragrance.&nbsp;



Coastal scenes are marked by the crisp, salty smell of the sea, intertwined with hints of seaweed and sand. High up in the mountains, the cool air may carry a sharp, clean scent, often tinged with pine or mountain flowers. 



Each of these natural aromas has a way of invigorating the senses, often evoking a sense of peace and connection to the Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn3028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Nature’s scents linked to improved health and well-being

Nature's scents are a less explored aspect of our environment...

New research on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-whale-shark-day-protecting-the-gentle-giants-of-the-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale</a> sharks reveals that heavily trafficked shipping lanes intersect with critical feeding grounds of this endangered species, posing significant risks.



The researchers identified areas where these species are most vulnerable to collisions with large shipping vessels. The team mapped whale shark aggregations and overlaid them with shipping traffic data.



Lead author Dr. Freya Womersley from the <a href="https://www.mareco.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Research and Conservation Foundation</a> (MARECO) and the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> emphasized the severity of the threat to these marine giants.



"The almost ubiquitous overlap of at least some large shipping vessel traffic with whale shark aggregations underlines the magnitude of the threat the shipping industry poses," said Dr. Womersley. 



"Our findings highlight the need for targeted measures within these areas to reduce the risk of collision and improve the conservation status of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-whale-sharks-starvation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered whale sharks</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Whale sharks and the growing threat of shipping lanes</h2>



The global merchant fleet has doubled in size over the past 16 years, with over 100,000 ships now transporting goods worldwide. This number is expected to grow by as much as 1,200 percent over the next 27 years. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ship strikes</a>, collisions between vessels and marine wildlife, are a leading cause of death for large marine animals, affecting over 75 species and posing population-level threats.



Whale sharks spend nearly half of their time in surface waters, often in coastal areas frequented by shipping vessels. 



Dr. Gonzalo Araujo, director at MARECO, noted the difficulty in quantifying collision-related threats due to the nature of these species. 



"Collisions with large ships are likely to be fatal for whale sharks, but evidence is scarce because whale sharks are slightly negatively buoyant, so their bodies sink. To inform conservation efforts, it’s important to quantify collision-related threats even when direct evidence is lacking," said Dr. Araujo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-high-risk-shipping-sites">Identifying high-risk shipping sites </h2>



Whale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-whale-shark-behavior-is-crucial-for-their-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a>, primarily solitary creatures, gather at specific sites around the world known as constellations to feed. Protecting these high-density areas is crucial. 



The researchers leveraged insights from over 75 experts worldwide to map these constellations. The team identified 107 areas across 26 countries with frequent whale shark sightings, based on over 13,000 individual observations. 



Using data on large ship positions from Global Fishing Watch, the experts pinpointed regions where collisions are most likely. The most dangerous areas include the coast of mainland Ecuador, Isla Mujeres and La Paz in Mexico, Ewing Bank in the Gulf of Mexico, Kota Kinabalu and Redang Island in Malaysia, Pintuyan in the Philippines, Musandam in Oman, and regions around the Seychelles and Taiwan. 



The researchers identified 39 sites where high shipping activity overlaps with peak whale shark occurrences. 



"Many of these sites had more than one vessel per square kilometer in core habitats. For example, the constellation in Isla Mujeres in Mexico has an average of 56 ships passing through the core habitat monthly. These sites require urgent action to reduce the threats posed by shipping," said Dr. Chris Rohner, principal scientist at MMF.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-collision-risks-for-whale-sharks">Mitigating collision risks for whale sharks</h2>



The research team explored mitigation strategies, including simulating vessel movements within the whale shark constellation at Ewing Bank in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Reducing vessel speeds by 75% led to a minor increase in transit time - about 5% - but significantly lowered the risk of collisions.



"One of the benefits of speed reductions is that they can be temporarily introduced during whale shark peak seasons. These speed limits can also be applied to smaller vessels, which are less deadly but can still damage the sharks," explained Dr. Womersley.



Rerouting ships around core habitats had an even smaller impact, with only a 0.5 percent increase in total transit time (about 2.4 hours per vessel) and a 1.1 percent increase in total distance traveled. 



"Rerouting is the most direct way to reduce the risk of collision, and our results suggest that this will often be more cost-effective than speed reduction, mainly because whale shark core sites are small. Movements of as little as 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) away from a core whale shark habitat could mean fast transiting ships avoid the site entirely," noted Dr. Araujo.



Amy Fraenkel, executive secretary of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), emphasized the importance of these efforts. 



"CMS plays a pivotal role in securing the long-term survival of the whale shark – a globally endangered species. Ensuring the safety of this highly migratory species from vessel collisions within its migratory range, particularly at aggregation sites, is a key goal under CMS," said Fraenkel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969724029231?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>.



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Whale sharks face deadly threats in shipping lanes

New research on whale sharks reveals that heavily trafficked shipping...

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the forest" or the "tree of life," captures the fascination of many with its imposing presence and unique features. 



Despite its cultural and ecological significance, the evolutionary origins of the baobab tree have remained largely enigmatic, wrapped in a veil of mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-madagascar-as-the-cradle-of-baobabs">Madagascar as the cradle of baobabs</h2>



A new study led by the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, based at the <a href="http://english.wbg.cas.cn/">Wuhan Botanical Garden</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has shed light on these magnificent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-highlights-the-value-of-old-large-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. 



The comprehensive study, which utilized advanced genomic and ecological analyses, pinpoints Madagascar as the ancestral home of the baobab from which all existing species have dispersed.



The research was based on high-quality genomic data from all eight currently existing baobab species. The findings suggest that the baobabs first appeared in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/madagascar-extinctions-linked-to-human-expansion-1000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Madagascar</a> and subsequently spread across Africa and Australia. 



The study reveals how various factors like environmental changes, animal pollinators, and fluctuations in local sea levels have tailored each species to thrive in its specific environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-genomes">Insights from the genomes</h2>



The genetic clues indicate that all baobabs likely share a common origin in Madagascar. Intriguingly, six out of the eight known species are exclusively found on this island, hinting at a deep-rooted history intertwined with the geological and ecological dynamics of Madagascar. 



"What we see about baobabs in Madagascar today was greatly influenced by both interspecific competition and the geological history of the island, especially changes in local sea levels," said Dr. WAN Junnan, the lead researcher of the study.



Understanding how these environmental factors influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malagasy baobab</a> provides insights that could help predict how baobabs in other regions might respond to similar challenges. 



Historical data on global mean sea levels (GMSL) over the past 10 million years suggest that baobab trees were more likely to spread and expand during periods of lower sea levels. 



This pattern could be disrupted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-coastal-salt-marshes-are-keeping-pace-with-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> associated with ongoing climate change, potentially impacting the future expansion and survival of baobab populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-for-baobab-trees">Conservation challenges for baobab trees</h2>



The unique ecological niches that baobabs inhabit, combined with their limited opportunities for expansion, present a complex conservation challenge. 



The loss of habitat for the trees and their crucial pollinators, such as fruit bats and hawkmoths, further threatens these iconic species. As a result, researchers are calling for a reevaluation of the conservation status of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baobab</a> species.



There are ongoing proposals to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to update the classification of certain baobabs from endangered to critically endangered. This status would better reflect the severe declines some populations have faced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about baobab trees</h2>



Baobab <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-off/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are among the most iconic and resilient flora native to the arid regions of Madagascar, Africa, and Australia. Known for their enormous trunk girth, baobabs store large quantities of water to endure harsh drought conditions. 



These trees are often called "upside down trees" due to the root-like appearance of their gnarled branches. Baobabs can live for thousands of years, which makes them historical landmarks in their respective landscapes.



Their fruit, known as baobab fruit, is rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients, making it a valuable food source in arid regions. The fruit has a velvety shell and is about the size of a coconut, containing a dry, nutritious pulp that tastes somewhat like a blend of grapefruit, pear, and vanilla.



The baobab also plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a habitat and food source for various birds and animals, including some endangered species. In addition to its ecological roles, the baobab tree has significant cultural importance and appears in many local myths and legends as a symbol of life and resilience.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07447-4">Nature</a>.



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Mysterious origin of baobab trees has finally been revealed

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the...

A new study led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> has discovered that Eurasian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jays-with-greater-intelligence-have-more-self-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jays</a> can recall incidental details of past events. According to the experts, these findings suggest that the birds have a form of episodic memory akin to humans.



Humans possess the ability of “mental time travel,” reimagining past experiences and recalling seemingly unimportant details. For a long time, this episodic memory has been considered unique to humans.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-episodic-memory-in-non-human-animals-nbsp">Episodic memory in non-human animals&nbsp;</h2>



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-connects-old-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Episodic memory</a> describes the conscious reimagining of our memories and is often considered to be a uniquely human ability. As these phenomenological components are embedded within its definition, major issues arise when investigating the presence of episodic memory in non-human animals,” the authors wrote.



“Importantly, however, when we as humans recall a specific experience, we may remember details from that experience that were inconsequential to our needs, thoughts, or desires at that time,” they added.&nbsp;



“This ‘incidental’ information is nevertheless encoded automatically as part of the memory and is subsequently recalled within a holistic representation of the event. The incidental encoding and unexpected question paradigm represents this characteristic feature of human episodic memory and can be employed to investigate memory recall in non-human animals.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-episodic-like-memory-in-eurasian-jays">Episodic-like memory in Eurasian jays</h2>



In their study, the researchers aimed to test for episodic-like memory in Eurasian jays, known for their skill in remembering the locations of stored food. The experiment involved seven jays, which watched as food was placed under one of four identical cups. They were then rewarded for selecting the correct cup based on its position.&nbsp;



After training, the birds faced an unexpected memory test: they watched food being placed under one of the cups, now each with unique visual characteristics.&nbsp;



After a 10-minute separation, during which the cups were relocated and rearranged, the jays still identified the baited cup correctly 70% of the time, despite the visual changes and time delay.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eurasian-jays-recall-details-of-previous-experiences">Eurasian jays recall details of previous experiences</h2>



These findings suggest that although the visual differences between the cups were irrelevant during training, the jays noticed and recalled these details during the test. This capability mirrors episodic memory in humans, where incidental details are recorded and accessed later.&nbsp;



The researchers propose that this type of memory might help jays locate food stores. However, future studies are needed to explore whether jays can perform similar memory tasks in non-food-related scenarios.



“As the jays were able to remember details that held no specific value or relevance at the time that the memory was created, this suggests that they are able to record, recall, and access incidental information within a remembered event,” noted the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“This is an ability that characterizes the type of human memory through which we mentally 'relive' past events (or episodes), known as 'episodic' memory.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-eurasian-jays">More about Eurasian jays</h2>



Eurasian jays are medium-sized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/body-sizes-and-shapes-of-birds-are-shrinking-as-the-earth-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> belonging to the crow family, Corvidae. They are native to the broad range of Europe and western Asia. 



Eurasian jays are highly intelligent and exhibit complex behaviors, including the ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiger-beetles-mimic-toxic-moths-to-deceive-predatory-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mimic</a> the calls of other birds and even human-made sounds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-nbsp">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



These birds are known for their striking plumage, which features a mix of pinkish-brown feathers, a white throat, and distinctive blue patches on their wings. Their head is adorned with a black mustache-like stripe and a black crown.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



These jays are omnivorous, feeding on a varied <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plantations-limit-native-birds-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> that includes acorns, seeds, fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They are particularly noted for their role in oak tree propagation, as they collect and bury acorns to eat later, often forgetting some, which then germinate into new trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>



Eurasian jays are typically solitary or found in pairs, though they can gather in larger groups during the winter. They have a wide range of vocalizations and are known for their loud, raucous calls. Their nests are built high in trees and are constructed from twigs, roots, and other plant materials, lined with softer items like moss and feathers.



These birds are also notable for their problem-solving skills and the ability to plan for the future. Despite their wide distribution and varied habitats, they tend to avoid areas of dense urban development, preferring woodland environments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Eurasian jays possess the ability of ‘mental time travel’

A new study led by the University of Cambridge has...

The universe is vast,&nbsp;filled with countless stars and planets,&nbsp;many of which remain hidden from our view.&nbsp;But thanks to dedicated astronomers and advanced telescopes,&nbsp;we're slowly uncovering the secrets of our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;One such project,&nbsp;SPECULOOS (Search for Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars),&nbsp;has just announced a thrilling discovery:&nbsp;an Earth-sized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-detects-signs-of-life-on-exoplanet-k2-18b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a> orbiting a nearby "ultracool dwarf" star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speculoos-3b-the-earth-sized-exoplanet">SPECULOOS-3b: The Earth-sized exoplanet</h2>



This newfound world, named SPECULOOS-3b, is about the same size as our Earth but orbits a star vastly different from our Sun. SPECULOOS-3 is a star classified as an ultracool dwarf - meaning it's smaller, cooler, and dimmer than our own star. In fact, it's about the size of Jupiter and twice as cold as our Sun.



What makes SPECULOOS-3b even more fascinating is its incredibly tight orbit. It zips around its star in just 17 hours, a year that's shorter than a day on Earth. 



Because of this proximity, one side of the planet is always facing the star, locked in a perpetual day, while the other side remains in eternal darkness. This phenomenon, known as tidal locking, results in extreme temperature differences between the two sides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speculoos-project">SPECULOOS project</h2>



The SPECULOOS project, led by astronomer Michaël Gillon from the <a href="https://www.uliege.be" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a>, focuses on hunting for planets around ultracool dwarf stars. These stars are faint and scattered across the sky, making their planets difficult to find. Patience and specialized telescopes are essential for this search.



SPECULOOS employs a network of robotic telescopes strategically placed around the world. These telescopes continuously monitor ultracool dwarf stars. 



By observing tiny dips in a star's brightness, astronomers can detect the presence of a planet passing in front of it. This method, known as the transit method, allows scientists to identify and study distant exoplanets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-sized-exoplanet-lacks-atmosphere">Earth-sized exoplanet lacks atmosphere</h2>



While SPECULOOS-3b's size is similar to Earth, the similarities end there. The planet orbits extremely close to its star, which results in it being bombarded with intense radiation. SPECULOOS-3b receives sixteen times more energy per second than Earth does from the Sun. This immense amount of radiation creates a harsh environment on the planet's surface.



The intense radiation likely makes it impossible for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-could-reside-in-dyson-spheres-across-1000-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a> to hold onto an atmosphere. “In such an environment, the presence of an atmosphere around the planet is highly unlikely," said study co-author Julien de Wit, associate professor of planetary sciences at MIT.



Any atmosphere that SPECULOOS-3b might have had would have been stripped away by the star's relentless energy. Without an atmosphere, the planet cannot retain heat or support conditions necessary for life as we know it. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-of-speculoos-3b">Temperature of SPECULOOS-3b</h2>



This lack of atmosphere also exposes the planet's surface directly to the star's radiation, leading to extreme temperature fluctuations. On one side of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-glory-lights-effect-seen-exoplanet-wasp-76b-baffling-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>, which is always facing the star due to tidal locking, temperatures are scorching. Meanwhile, the other side, perpetually in darkness, experiences frigid conditions.



“If there’s no atmosphere, there would be no blue sky or clouds - it would just be dark, like on the surface of the moon,” noted <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> research scientist Benjamin Rackham. “And the ‘sun’ would be a big, purplish-red, spotted, and flaring star that would look about 18 times as big as the sun looks to us in the sky.”



“We think that the planet is nearly as hot as Venus, so not habitable,” said Rackham. “It’s not hot enough to have a lava surface. It should be solid rock. But depending on how bright that rock is, it could be recently resurfaced due to plate tectonics or volcanic activity, or it could be a planet that’s been eroded by space weathering and has a much darker surface. Going forward, we should be able to distinguish between some interesting scenarios for the surface of the planet.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-the-unique-exoplanet">Advantages of the unique exoplanet</h2>



This lack of atmosphere might seem like a disappointment,&nbsp;but it actually presents a unique opportunity.&nbsp;Without an atmosphere to obscure our view,&nbsp;scientists believe that we may be able to study the planet's surface in unprecedented detail.



This unique environment on SPECULOOS-3b offers scientists a rare opportunity to study a planet's surface without atmospheric interference. 



“SPECULOOS-3b is the first planet for which we can consider moving toward constraining surface properties of planets beyond the solar system,” said de Wit. “With this world, we could basically start doing exoplanetary geology. How cool is that?” 



"The fact that this planet has no atmosphere could be a plus in several respects. For example, it could enable us to learn a great deal about ultra-cool dwarf stars, which in turn will make possible more in-depth studies of their potentially habitable planets."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-earth-sized-exoplanet">Future research on Earth-sized exoplanet</h2>



The upcoming launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) is set to revolutionize our understanding of exoplanets.&nbsp;This powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-telescopes-can-directly-detect-signs-of-alien-life-in-exoplanet-atmospheres/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telescope</a> will be able to analyze the light from distant worlds,&nbsp;revealing details about their atmospheres and surfaces.



Researchers are particularly excited about the potential of JWST to study SPECULOOS-3b. "With the JWST, we could even study the mineralogy of the planet's surface!" said Elsa Ducrot, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/?lang=fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Observatory</a>.



The discovery of SPECULOOS-3b is a testament to the ingenuity and dedication of astronomers around the world.&nbsp;By developing specialized telescopes and innovative techniques,&nbsp;they are opening our eyes to the incredible diversity of planets that exist beyond our solar system.



As the SPECULOOS project continues to scan the skies,&nbsp;and the James Webb Space Telescope begins its mission,&nbsp;we can look forward to even more exciting discoveries in the years to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02271-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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Earth-sized exoplanet discovered is only 55-light years away

The universe is vast,&nbsp;filled with countless stars and planets,&nbsp;many of...

Recent findings unveiled at the <a href="https://easo.org/congress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Congress on Obesity</a> in Venice challenge long-held views on sugar intake and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood obesity</a>. The study highlights a nuanced approach to understanding how different sugar sources impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-health-is-increasingly-affected-by-climate-and-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children's health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-sources-and-childhood-obesity">Sugar sources and childhood obesity</h2>



The research suggests that the type of sugar consumed during early childhood may be more significant than the total amount ingested when assessing obesity risks later in life. Interestingly, the study found that total sugar intake at a young age did not correlate with the child's weight by ages 10 or 11. 



Children who consumed more natural sugars from sources like fruits and unsweetened dairy products exhibited a lower likelihood of becoming overweight or obese. 



In contrast, those with higher sugar intake from processed snacks and sweetened beverages were more likely to have increased weights and higher obesity risk by ages 10 or 11.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-choices-for-a-healthier-future">Healthier choices for a healthier future</h2>



Children consuming a higher proportion of their sugar from natural sources such as unsweetened liquid dairy products, like milk and buttermilk, exhibited a lower likelihood of becoming overweight or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/50-percent-kids-obese-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obese</a>.



This beneficial relationship was also observed in those who consumed more sugar from whole fruits.



Conversely, a high sugar intake from processed snacks, including cakes, confectionery, and sweetened dairy drinks like chocolate milk, was linked to higher weight and an increased risk of obesity.



The research was led by Junyang Zou from the <a href="https://www.rug.nl/research/epidemiology/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Groningen's Department of Epidemiology</a>. Zou emphasized the difference between intrinsic sugars - those naturally occurring in foods - and added sugars. 



"While high consumption of sugary foods is considered a risk factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-risk-childhood-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood overweight</a> and obesity, it’s crucial for children to consume less sugar-rich foods and more fruit and unsweetened dairy products," said Zou.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-s-impact-in-childhood">Sugar's impact in childhood</h2>



To explore these associations further, Zou and her team utilized data from the GEKCO Drenthe study, involving a cohort of children born in the northern Netherlands. 



The study used parental reports from food intake questionnaires to analyze the children's sugar consumption across various food groups and its subsequent impact on their body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk.



Despite an average daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-toddlers-eat-too-much-added-sugar-and-it-could-harm-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar</a> intake of 112 grams, constituting about a third of the daily caloric intake, the study found no direct link between the amount of sugar consumed at age three and the child’s weight at ages 10 or 11. 



However, sources of sugar did matter. Higher sugar intake from sugary snacks was associated with an increased BMI Z-score at age 10 or 11, whereas higher intake from whole fruits and unsweetened dairy products was linked to lower BMI Z-scores and reduced weight gain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-recommendations-to-combat-obesity">Dietary recommendations to combat obesity</h2>



The findings advocate for a shift in dietary recommendations for children. Encouraging the intake of fruit and milk over sweetened milk, yogurt drinks, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-snacks-rewire-the-brain-to-prefer-unhealthy-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugary snacks</a> could significantly influence a child's risk of developing obesity. 



The study calls for more focused research into how different sugars impact health, hinting at potential reasons such as the slower release of sugars from whole fruits compared to sugary snacks and the metabolic differences between sucrose, fructose, and lactose.



The research underscores the importance of not just the quantity but the source of sugar in children’s diets, pointing towards a healthier path for preventing obesity in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-eating-healthy-sugar-in-childhood">Benefits of eating healthy sugar in childhood</h2>



Consuming healthy sugars in childhood is essential for promoting overall health and development. Natural sugars found in whole fruits, vegetables, and unsweetened dairy products come with a package of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber, providing significant health benefits beyond mere energy. 



For instance, fruits deliver essential vitamins like C and A, while dairy products supply crucial nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D. The fiber in whole fruits helps slow the absorption of sugar into the bloodstream, preventing blood sugar spikes and crashes, and promoting sustained energy levels and better appetite control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-rich-foods-with-natural-sugars">Nutrient-rich foods with natural sugars</h2>



Foods containing natural sugars are also more filling due to their fiber content, which helps children feel full longer and reduces the likelihood of overeating, aiding in maintaining a healthy weight. These nutrient-rich foods support healthy growth and development, with calcium and protein in dairy products playing a critical role in building strong bones and muscles. 



Encouraging consumption of natural sugars in childhood can help lower their intake of added sugars found in processed foods, thereby reducing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.



Introducing children to a variety of natural, whole foods helps establish healthy eating patterns that can last a lifetime. Enjoying fruits, vegetables, and unsweetened dairy improves overall diet quality. 



Moreover, consuming nutrient-rich foods with natural sugars supports brain health and cognitive function, as antioxidants and vitamins in fruits and vegetables are linked to improved mood and mental well-being.



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Natural sugar sources are key to preventing childhood obesity

Recent findings unveiled at the European Congress on Obesity in...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...