Circadian rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and repeat roughly every 24 hours. 



These rhythms, influenced by environmental cues like light and darkness, play a crucial role in various bodily functions ranging from sleep regulation to hormone release.



When these rhythms fall out of sync - due to factors such as artificial lighting, irregular schedules, or travel across time zones - people can experience disruptions in sleep, mood, and overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lights-reset-circadian-rhythms">Lights reset circadian rhythms</h2>



New research has revealed that the vibrant blue and orange hues seen at sunrise and sunset may hold the key to resetting these rhythms. 



By mimicking these natural light cycles, scientists at the University of Washington in Seattle have developed a novel LED light that emits alternating wavelengths of blue and orange. 



The LED device, designed to realign circadian rhythms, has been proven to significantly advance melatonin production. This could offer a promising solution for those suffering from sleep disorders and other health issues linked to circadian misalignment. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-circadian-health">Improving circadian health</h2>



Published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms, the research represents a breakthrough in how humans can influence circadian rhythms. 



The findings hold significant promise for improving circadian health. Study co-author Jay Neitz is a professor of ophthalmology in the UW School of Medicine. 



“Our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercising-shift-internal-clock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal clock</a> tells us how our body's supposed to act during different times of day, but the clock has to be set. If our brain is not synced to the time of day, then it's not going to work right," said Professor Neitz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-circadian-rhythms">Disrupted circadian rhythms </h2>



The study suggests new strategies to combat seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and other health issues linked to disrupted circadian rhythms, offering hope for improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a>, mood stabilization, and overall mental health.



Circadian rhythms are naturally reset daily by the 24-hour solar light-dark cycles, which help regulate our biological processes in alignment with the environment. 



Professor Neitz noted that the light used in the LED device has alternating blue and orange wavelengths which stimulate the circuit that our brains use to reset our internal clocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-melatonin">The role of melatonin </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melatonin-keeps-fruits-and-vegetables-fresh-as-well-as-helping-you-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melatonin</a>, the hormone responsible for sleep regulation and the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle, is produced when light signals from the eyes stimulate specific areas of the brain to begin the winding-down process for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sleep-patterns-affect-your-health-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>.



This hormone plays a critical role in helping the body adjust to darkness, promoting relaxation, and ensuring restful sleep.



People spending more time under artificial light, especially in the evening, often experience delayed melatonin production, which can disrupt their sleep patterns and overall well-being. 



Prolonged exposure to artificial lighting can also interfere with the body’s ability to properly align with natural day-night cycles, contributing to sleep disturbances and fatigue.



To address this issue, the research team conducted a study comparing different types of artificial lights to measure their impact on melatonin production and their effectiveness in resetting circadian rhythms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-revolutionary-approach-to-lighting">A revolutionary approach to lighting</h2>



Unlike other commercial products that emphasize blue light to trigger melanopsin, this new LED light emits alternating blue and orange wavelengths, which stimulate a different circuit in the retina. 



“The light we developed does not involve the melanopsin photopigment. It stimulates a blue-yellow opponent circuit that operates through cone photoreceptors in the retina," explained Professor Neitz.



In an experiment, participants were exposed to three different light devices. The alternating blue-orange LED led to the most significant shift in melatonin production, advancing it by 1 hour and 20 minutes, compared to just 40 minutes for the blue LED and 2.8 minutes for white light.



“Even though our light looks white to the naked eye, we think your brain recognizes the alternating blue and orange wavelengths as the colors in the sky,” said Professor Neitz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lighting-the-way-forward">Lighting the way forward</h2>



The LED device has now been successfully commercialized through the University of Washington. The product is distributed by TUO, a Chicago-based company. This marks an important step toward bringing this technology to the public.



By harnessing the natural color palette of sunrise and sunset, this innovative lighting solution offers a new approach to resetting circadian rhythms, potentially transforming how we address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-changes-are-directly-linked-to-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep disorders</a>, mood regulation, and overall health.



The technology holds the promise of improving well-being for those affected by modern lighting and lifestyle challenges, helping individuals reconnect with the rhythms of the natural world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07487304241262918" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Biological Rhythms</a>.



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Colors of sunset and sunrise reset our circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythms are the natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and repeat roughly every 24 hours. These rhythms, influenced by environmental cues like light and darkness, play a crucial role in various bodily functions ranging from sleep regulation to hormone release. When these rhythms fall out of sync - due to factors such as artificial lighting, irregular schedules, or travel across time zones - people can experience disruptions in sleep, mood, and overall well-being. Lights reset circadian rhythms New research has revealed that the vibrant...

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), an international team of astronomers focused on young stellar objects within the NGC 346 cluster. 



Situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/open-star-cluster-in-the-small-magellanic-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Small Magellanic Cloud</a>, this vibrant open cluster is recognized as the most luminous star-forming region in the nearby dwarf galaxy, located approximately 202,000 light-years from Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects: The early stages of stars</h2>



Young stellar objects (YSOs) represent early stages in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycle of stars</a>, encompassing phases from protostars to pre-main sequence (PMS) stars.



These objects typically reside within dense molecular clouds rich in gas and interstellar material, making them ideal subjects for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ullyses-will-explore-the-evolution-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>.



The research was led by Nolan Habel from NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. The team used JWST's advanced Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to delve deeper into the secrets of NGC 346. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A treasure trove of stellar data in NGC 346</h2>



The research uncovered a wealth of data, revealing 203,891 unique sources within the cluster using NIRCam and MIRI. Of these, 196 were confidently identified as YSOs and PMS stars, earmarked for more detailed spectroscopic analysis. 



Additionally, 833 objects displayed significant mid-infrared excess, hinting at their identity as young stellar objects, which are often found near areas dense with diffuse dust and gas.



"In this paper, we present JWST imaging data of NGC 346 from 1.15–25.0 µm and provide an overview of the populations in the region, particularly the young populations, as determined from photometric analysis," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detailed-spectral-analysis">Detailed spectral analysis</h2>



Further investigations involved spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on 77 sources, which pinpointed 23 objects as young stellar objects with high certainty. 



These YSOs exhibited a broad range of sizes and masses, with radii stretching from 0.14 to 82.32 solar radii and masses between 0.95 to 4.15 solar masses. Their bolometric temperatures also varied widely, ranging from 2,051 to 17,930 Kelvin.



The study highlighted one particularly notable young stellar object, designated CN202153, recognized as the least massive extragalactic YSO confirmed thus far. 



The team suggested that further near-infrared spectroscopic studies with JWST are essential to refine our understanding of these 23 specifically identified young stellar objects.



The research not only enriches our comprehension of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> in distant clusters but also underscores the invaluable role of advanced telescopes like the JWST in unraveling the complexities of the universe. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects&nbsp;</h2>



Young stellar objects form in dense regions of molecular clouds, where gravity pulls gas and dust together, leading to the accumulation of material that eventually becomes hot and dense enough to initiate nuclear fusion. 



The process begins with a protostar, which is the core that forms within a collapsing cloud of gas and dust, and is often obscured from view by the surrounding dense material.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Various stages </h3>



As a young stellar object continues to gather mass from its parent molecular cloud, it may go through various stages characterized by different amounts of accretion and outflow of material.&nbsp;



These stages include the deeply embedded Class 0 and Class I phases, which are mostly visible in infrared and radio wavelengths due to their thick dust envelopes. In later stages, such as Class II and Class III, the object becomes visible in optical wavelengths as it clears away its surrounding envelope.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Active accretion&nbsp;</h3>



Young stellar objects are often associated with phenomena such as Herbig-Haro objects, which are jets of gas ejected by the star that collide with the surrounding medium, creating visible shock waves. These are indicators of active accretion. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protoplanetary-disks">Protoplanetary disks </h3>



Another characteristic feature of YSOs is the presence of protoplanetary disks, rings of gas and dust that orbit the young star and can eventually form planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-young-stellar-objects">Studying young stellar objects </h2>



Observing YSOs can provide insights into the magnetic activity, stellar winds, and outflows that characterize the early lives of stars, which are much more active compared to their later stages.



Studying young stellar objects is crucial for understanding the processes that lead to star and planet formation and provides insights into the conditions of the early solar system.



The study is published as a preprint in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16242" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Young stellar objects: Observing the early lives of stars

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James...

A team of researchers led by <a href="https://www.ohsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon Health Science University</a> (OHSU) has found significant risks associated with the combined use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> and nicotine during pregnancy.&nbsp;



The research highlights a greater likelihood of poor outcomes for newborns when both substances are used together compared to using either independently throughout pregnancy.



“These findings suggest that co-occurring maternal use of cannabis and nicotine products in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of infant and neonatal death and maternal and neonatal morbidity compared with use of either substance alone,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Given the increasing prevalence of combined cannabis and nicotine use in pregnancy, these findings can help guide health care practitioners with preconception and prenatal counseling, especially regarding the benefits of cessation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combined-use-of-substances-during-pregnancy">Combined use of substances during pregnancy</h2>



What is particularly concerning, according to the researchers, is that half of individuals who use cannabis in pregnancy also use tobacco or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabidiol-could-help-cure-nicotine-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> products. 



“Numerous studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of prenatal tobacco exposure, primarily nicotine exposure, on perinatal outcomes, including prematurity, low birth weight, and stillbirth. Currently there is a paucity of epidemiological data regarding the effects of combined prenatal exposure to both cannabis and nicotine products.”



“Emerging evidence indicates that cannabis use exacerbates the negative impacts of nicotine product exposure, and dual abstinence may result in better outcomes following cessation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-use-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine use&nbsp;</h2>



Study senior author Jamie Lo is an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.&nbsp;



“With the growing legalization of cannabis around the country, there is often a perception that cannabis is safe in pregnancy,” said Professor Lo.



“Because we know that many people who use cannabis often use tobacco or nicotine products, we wanted to better understand the potential health implications on both the pregnant individual and the infant.”



“There is still a great deal of stigma around the use of substances during pregnancy,” she added. “With limited research to support official clinical recommendations, it can be a difficult topic for both patients and providers to navigate. Our hope is that this research supports more open and productive conversations that ultimately result in a healthier pregnancy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higher-rate-of-infant-mortality-nbsp">Higher rate of infant mortality&nbsp;</h2>



The research team analyzed data from over three million pregnant individuals, identifying significant increases in adverse outcomes such as small for gestational size, preterm delivery, and infant mortality when both cannabis and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-nicotine-tobacco-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> were used.&nbsp;



Most notable was the rate of infant death, which was found to be four times higher in users of both substances compared with non-users. Moreover, the rate was almost two times higher compared with users of just cannabis or nicotine alone.



These findings will likely have a significant impact in future counseling and educational efforts in prenatal care.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decreasing-the-pregnancy-risks-nbsp">Decreasing the pregnancy risks&nbsp;</h2>



“Our findings suggest that avoiding use of just one of these substances can decrease the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-is-no-safe-level-of-caffeine-for-pregnant-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy risks</a> we see when both substances are used together, which is a critical piece of information providers can highlight when counseling patients,” said lead author Adam Crosland, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-adverse-outcomes-nbsp">Mitigating adverse outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



The research also incorporated insights from other experts at OHSU, including Eliot Spindel and Cindy McEvoy, who are investigating methods to mitigate adverse outcomes among children born to parents who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-who-smoke-just-one-cigarette-a-day-are-likely-addicted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a>.&nbsp;



One intervention highlighted is the supplementation of vitamin C to pregnant smokers, which has shown to significantly improve respiratory outcomes in offspring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-during-pregnancy-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine during pregnancy&nbsp;</h2>



Looking ahead, the researchers aim to delve deeper into the effects of dual substance use during pregnancy, examining variables such as potency, frequency, and timing, to better educate pregnant patients about the associated risks.&nbsp;



The team also plans to continue exploring viable prenatal interventions, like vitamin C supplementation, to aid individuals who struggle to quit smoking during pregnancy.



“These findings suggest that more effective public health measures and counseling prior to conception and during pregnancy are warranted to mitigate the potential for adverse offspring outcomes from combined prenatal cannabis and nicotine use,” wrote the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10151" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA</a>.



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Cannabis and nicotine use during pregnancy linked to infant mortality

A team of researchers led by Oregon Health Science University...

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in lunar exploration, with numerous missions planned to explore and establish a presence on our natural satellite. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new era</a> will require a unified system for keeping time in order to ensure seamless communication and navigation among the various missions operating on and around the Moon.



The discussion, which began at ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESTEC/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre_ESTEC2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESTEC</a> technology center in the Netherlands last November, is part of a broader effort to establish a common 'LunaNet' architecture for lunar communication and navigation services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-a-common-moon-time-reference-point">Importance of a common moon time reference point</h2>



“<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/lunanet-empowering-artemis-with-communications-and-navigation-interoperability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LunaNet</a> is a framework of mutually agreed-upon standards, protocols and interface requirements allowing future lunar missions to work together, conceptually similar to what we did on Earth for joint use of GPS and Galileo,” explains Javier Ventura-Traveset, ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/Moonlight_-_Navigation_and_Telecommunications_for_the_Moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight Navigation</a> Manager.



"Now, in the lunar context, we have the opportunity to agree on our interoperability approach from the very beginning, before the systems are actually implemented," he continued.



ESA navigation system engineer Pietro Giordano adds, "During this meeting at ESTEC, we agreed on the importance and urgency of defining a common lunar reference time, which is internationally accepted and towards which all lunar systems and users may refer to. A joint international effort is now being launched towards achieving this."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges of keeping time on the Moon</h2>



Currently, each new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission to the Moon</a> operates on its own timescale exported from Earth. Deep space antennas are used to keep onboard chronometers synchronized with terrestrial time while facilitating two-way communications. However, this approach will not be sustainable in the upcoming lunar environment.



The <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Gateway" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway station</a>, once complete, will be open to astronaut stays and resupplied through regular NASA Artemis launches. 



Meanwhile, numerous uncrewed missions will also be in place, with each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis mission</a> releasing numerous lunar CubeSats. ESA will also be deploying its Argonaut European Large Logistics Lander.



These missions will not only be operating simultaneously on or around the Moon but will also be interacting with each other, potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-will-build-a-surveillance-network-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relaying communications</a>, performing joint observations, or carrying out rendezvous operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moonlight-lunanet-and-lunar-timekeeping">Moonlight, LunaNet, and lunar timekeeping</h2>



ESA is developing the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Connectivity_and_Secure_Communications/Moonlight" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight program</a>, a lunar communications and navigation service that will allow missions to maintain links to and from Earth and guide them around the Moon and on its surface. 



Wael-El Daly, system engineer for Moonlight, explains, "Moonlight will need a shared common timescale in order to get missions linked up and to facilitate position fixes."



<a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> is also sponsoring an equivalent service called the Lunar Communications Relay and Navigation System (<a href="https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/LCRNS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCRNS</a>). To maximize interoperability, these two systems should employ the same timescale, along with the many other crewed and uncrewed missions they will support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-time-lessons-from-earth-s-gps-satellites">Lunar time lessons from Earth's GPS satellites</h2>



Interoperability of time and geodetic reference frames has been successfully achieved here on Earth for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. All of today's smartphones are able to make use of existing GNSS to compute a user position down to meter or even decimeter level.



"The experience of this success can be re-used for the technical long-term lunar systems to come, even though stable timekeeping on the Moon will throw up its own unique challenges – such as taking into account the fact that time passes at a different rate there due to the Moon's specific gravity and velocity effects," explaines Jörg Hahn, ESA's chief Galileo engineer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debate-on-setting-and-maintaining-moon-time">Debate on setting and maintaining moon time</h2>



Among the current topics under debate is whether a single organization should be responsible for setting and maintaining lunar time and whether lunar time should be set independently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> or kept synchronized with Earth.



The international team working on this subject will face considerable technical issues. For example, clocks on the Moon run faster than their terrestrial equivalents, gaining around 56 microseconds per day. Their exact rate depends on their position on the Moon, ticking differently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-want-to-put-fiber-optic-cables-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a> than from orbit.



"Of course, the agreed time system will also have to be practical for astronauts. This will be quite a challenge on a planetary surface where in the equatorial region each day is 29.5 days long, including freezing fortnight-long lunar nights, with the whole of Earth just a small blue circle in the dark sky," says Bernhard Hufenbach, a member of the Moonlight Management Team from ESA's Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration.



But having established a working time system for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon</a>, we can go on to do the same for other planetary destinations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-a-common-frame-of-reference">Need for a common frame of reference</h2>



To work together effectively, the international community will also need to agree on a common 'selenocentric reference frame', similar to the role played on Earth by the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/jsgt/jtrf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITRF</a>). 



This allows for the consistent measurement of precise distances between points across our planet and is an essential ingredient of today's GNSS systems.



"Throughout human history, exploration has actually been a key driver of improved timekeeping and geodetic reference models," Javier Ventura-Traveset adds.



"It is certainly an exciting time to do that now for the Moon, working towards defining an internationally agreed timescale and a common selenocentric reference, which will not only ensure interoperability between the different lunar navigation systems, but which will also foster a large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-designs-nuclear-fission-reactor-to-provide-electricity-on-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research opportunities</a> and applications in cislunar space," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-rewards-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges and rewards of keeping time on the moon</h2>



In summary, as we stand on the cusp of a new era in lunar exploration, the international space community must come together to establish a unified timekeeping system and a common selenocentric reference frame. 



These essential components will ensure seamless communication, navigation, and collaboration among the numerous missions set to operate on and around the Moon in the coming years. 



By working towards an internationally agreed-upon lunar timescale and a standardized reference frame, we will pave the way for successful lunar exploration while advancing a wealth of research opportunities and applications in cislunar space. 



The time has come to synchronize our efforts and create a robust foundation for the future of lunar exploration and discovery.



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Knowing what time it is on the Moon isn’t as easy as it may seem

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in...

Wave,Function,Series.,Artistic,Background,Made,Of,Colored,Sine,Vibrations,

A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of quantum physics, offering a glimpse into the behavior of the fundamental particles that makes up our world. 



This breakthrough, which defies previous assumptions, has the potential to revolutionize the design of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> and pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">room-temperature</a> superconductors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pulci-the-cat-meets-quantum-dynamics">Pulci the cat meets quantum dynamics</h2>



Berislav Buca, a researcher at the <a href="https://nbi.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Bohr Institute</a> of the University of Copenhagen, is the architect behind this mind-bending theory. Published in the prestigious journal Physical Review X, Buca's work delves into the nearly impossible using "exotic" mathematics. 



His muse, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/pulci-cat_buca_Niels-Bohr_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white cat named Pulci</a>, perhaps a cousin of Schrödinger's famous cat, adorns the illustrations of his research, with arrows through the cat's body symbolizing the quantum mechanical origin of its movements.



"Many physics disciplines are ultimately about explaining and predicting the world by understanding the laws of physics and calculating the behavior of the smallest particles. In principle, we would be able to answer any possible question about how all sorts of things behave if we were able to," says Buca.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Schrödinger's Cat: A thought experiment in quantum mechanics</h2>



For a moment, let's revisit the most famous cat in quantum physics and how it relates to Buca's work. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-break-internet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schrödinger's Cat</a> is a thought experiment proposed by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. 



It was designed to illustrate the paradoxical nature of quantum superposition, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.



The thought experiment involves a hypothetical cat, a flask of poison, a radioactive source, and a Geiger counter, all placed inside a sealed box. 



The radioactive source has a 50/50 chance of decaying within an hour, which would trigger the Geiger counter. If the Geiger counter detects the radioactive decay, it shatters the flask, releasing the poison and killing the cat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The paradox</h3>



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>, the radioactive source is in a superposition of decayed and non-decayed states until it is observed. Consequently, the cat is said to be simultaneously alive and dead until someone opens the box and observes its state. 



This contradicts our everyday understanding of reality, where an object can only be in one state at a time.



The Copenhagen Interpretation suggests that the cat is neither alive nor dead until it is observed, and the act of observation collapses the superposition into a definite state. 



The Many-Worlds Interpretation posits that the cat is both alive and dead, existing in parallel universes that split at the moment of observation. 



Objective Collapse Theories propose that the superposition collapses spontaneously due to some objective physical process, such as gravity, without the need for observation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Misconceptions and significance</h3>



Schrödinger's Cat is often misunderstood as a real experiment. However, it is purely a thought experiment and has never been conducted in reality. 



The experiment was not meant to suggest that cats can be both alive and dead, but rather to highlight the counterintuitive nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum superposition</a> when applied to everyday objects.



This thought experiment -- which, undoubtedly inspired Buca's to create his cat, Pulci -- has sparked ongoing debates about the nature of reality and the role of observation in quantum mechanics. 



It has also inspired various philosophical discussions about the relationship between the observer and the observed, as well as the nature of consciousness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-quantum-particles">Complexity of quantum particles</h2>



Turning our attention back to Buca, despite the potential to understand the behavior of everything in the universe from the microscopic laws governing particle dynamics, he emphasizes the need for caution. 



The interactions and movements of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum particles</a> in their systems are incredibly complex, with even the world's most powerful supercomputers only able to perform calculations on a dozen particles at a time.



"So in practice, it isn't possible. Not currently. However, my theory is a significant step in the right direction," explains Buca. 



"This is because it takes a kind of mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of the whole, without computing power being lost in the details for a broad class of systems with many quantum particles. That is, without the need to calculate all of the individual particles in a system," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guiding-the-hunt-for-quantum-particles">Guiding the hunt for quantum particles</h2>



Buca's theory has already made a name for itself by providing the first mathematical proof of the eigenstate-thermalization hypothesis -- a long-held assumption in theoretical physics that had yet to be explained mathematically. This hypothesis concerns the ability of mathematics to describe the motions of quantum systems as wholes.



The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of theoretical physics. The knowledge gained from Buca's theory could potentially lead to the discovery of quantum materials with unique properties that could transform our world. These materials are crucial for the development of stable quantum computers and room-temperature superconductors.



"We are looking for a material for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-computer-design-makes-them-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> that can withstand entropy -- a law of nature that causes complex systems -- e.g., materials -- to decay into less complex forms. Entropy destroys the coherence needed for quantum computers to be stable and keep working," Buca explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-map-for-researchers">Road map for researchers</h2>



Buca's theory provides a road map for researchers, guiding them across the vast landscape of possible materials by allowing for predictions of how these materials would behave under experimental conditions. 



This breakthrough gives researchers a way to target their search for quantum materials equipped with special properties.



"Until now, the hunt for these materials has been governed by chance. But my results can, for the first time, provide a guiding principle to navigate by when searching for unique properties in materials," says Buca.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accomplishing-the-impossible-with-quantum-particles">Accomplishing the impossible with quantum particles</h2>



In summary, Berislav Buca's pioneering theory in theoretical physics opens up a world of possibilities, offering a mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of quantum systems and guiding researchers in their search for quantum materials with extraordinary properties. 



As we stand on the brink of a new era in quantum computing and materials science, Buca's work provides a roadmap for navigating the complex landscape of quantum particles and their interactions. 



With the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from computing to superconductivity, this research brings us one step closer to unlocking the secrets of the universe and transforming our world through the power of quantum mechanics.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.031013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a>.



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Impossibility paradox: Calculating the incalculable in the quantum realm

A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of...

Researchers at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a> have recently found that green-rumped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-parrots-explain-dinosaurs-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrotlets</a> frequently engage in both infanticide and adoption to gain mating advantages and secure valuable nesting sites. 



The research, spanning nearly three decades, sheds light on the complex social behaviors of these small South American parrots, suggesting that their actions are driven by both competition and opportunity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-estate-and-love">Real estate and love</h2>



“In parrotlets, infanticide and adoption revolve around real estate and love,” said lead author Steven Beissinger, a professor of environmental science, policy, and management at UC Berkeley.&nbsp;



“Most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-baboons-will-kill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infanticide</a> attacks happened when a breeding pair was attacked by another pair that was trying to take over a coveted nest site. It also occurred when males wanted to breed with a widow who already had offspring - but we were surprised to find that these new males were just as likely to adopt the offspring as attack them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The study began in 1988 when Beissinger started observing a community of these parrotlets on a Venezuelan cattle ranch. Unlike their forest-dwelling kin, green-rumped parrotlets prefer nesting in open areas, which allowed for detailed observation.&nbsp;



To facilitate this, Beissinger installed artificial nesting sites made from large PVC pipes across the ranch and used color-banding to track individual birds and their familial relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-infanticide-among-parrots">Discovery of infanticide among parrots</h2>



The initial discovery of infanticide came unexpectedly. “We couldn’t tell if something had attacked them, or if they had died from disease, or something else,” Beissinger recounted. “But when we were watching some of the nests, all of a sudden in went a male who didn't belong - who wasn't a parent at that nest - and out he came with a little bit of blood on his beak.”



This observation prompted a closer examination of infanticide among the parrots, which revealed that it was a common strategy employed by birds trying to secure a prime nesting site. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrot-infanticide-and-population-density-nbsp">Parrot infanticide and population density&nbsp;</h2>



The study, which included data from more than 2,700 nests observed from 1988 to 2015, found that attacks often occurred during periods of high population density, which increased competition for nesting sites.



“At low population levels, it's all love and peace, right? But then when you get to high population densities, it's a bloodbath,” said senior author Karl Berg, an associate professor of biology at the <a href="https://www.utrgv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. 



“It's not that everybody's born a killer, but the urge to breed is very strong. When the resources provided by the environment aren't enough for all individuals to breed, they seek out alternative strategies. Unfortunately, that involves killing innocent little offspring.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-as-a-non-violent-strategy-nbsp">Adoption as a non-violent strategy&nbsp;</h2>



Interestingly, the study also found that new mates of widowed parrots were just as likely to adopt existing offspring as to commit infanticide. This finding suggests a complex calculation where adoption might also serve as a non-violent strategy for ensuring genetic continuity.



“Adoption may be a lot easier to accept than infanticide, but it's actually more difficult to understand because it challenges Darwin's ideas about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-selection-molding-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a>,” Berg explained. 



“It was very interesting to see that the reproductive fitness outcomes were about even between adoption and infanticide and suggests that they have an alternative strategy - adoption may be a non-violent means of getting genes into the next generation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-among-male-parrots-nbsp">Adoption among male parrots&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the study highlighted that males who adopted were able to start breeding at younger ages and secured bonds with widowed females, gaining both a new mate and a nest site.&nbsp;



“Stepfathers scored love - a new mate - and real estate - a nest site!” Beissinger concluded, emphasizing the multifaceted strategies these birds employ to thrive in their complex social and environmental landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-rumped-parrotlets">Green-rumped parrotlets</h2>



Green-rumped parrotlets are charming little birds, part of the parrot family, known scientifically as Forpus passerinus. They are the smallest members of the parrot family found in the Americas, measuring just about 5 inches in length. These birds are particularly noted for their vibrant green plumage, which helps them blend seamlessly into their natural habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



Native to northern South America, green-rumped parrotlets thrive in a variety of environments, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical forests</a> to savannahs. They exhibit a strong preference for areas with abundant fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, which constitute a major part of their diet, along with seeds and small insects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Socially, green-rumped parrotlets are fascinating creatures. They are generally seen in pairs or small flocks when not breeding. During the breeding season, they become more territorial and prefer solitude or the company of their mate. They nest in tree cavities where the female lays between four to six eggs, which she incubates for about 18 days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



What sets these birds apart in the parrot family is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-prefer-talking-live-video-calls-more-than-watching-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. Research has shown that green-rumped parrotlets have a complex system of calls and can even use specific calls to identify their family members, a trait once thought to be exclusive to much larger parrots.



Despite their resilience and adaptability, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to their populations. However, green-rumped parrotlets are not currently listed as endangered due to their widespread distribution and stable population numbers in the wild.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317305121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Infanticide or adoption? Why parrots kill each other's chicks

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have recently found...

Human,Body;,3d,Illustration

Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra of internal clocks. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-medicine-light-therapy-could-help-millions-of-heart-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clocks</a>, known as circadian rhythms, tell our muscles when to repair, our skin when to regenerate, and our metabolism when to power up or down. 



But what happens when these rhythms get out of sync? Recent studies suggest that's a recipe for premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> – and that good communication between your brain and muscles might be the key to slowing it all down.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suprachiasmatic-nucleus-scn">Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</h2>



Deep within your brain lies a small but crucial structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This region functions as your body's master clock, playing a pivotal role in regulating your brain and muscle circadian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-in-an-infant-gut-have-their-unique-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythms</a>. 



Think of it as a control center that's highly attuned to changes in light throughout the day. The SCN processes this light information and uses it to maintain a roughly 24-hour internal schedule that influences a wide range of bodily functions.



The SCN doesn't work in isolation. It communicates constantly with a network of 'mini clocks,' or peripheral clocks, embedded within various organs, your muscles, and even your skin. 



This intricate communication system involves the SCN sending out signals to coordinate the timing of essential processes throughout your body. 



By keeping these peripheral clocks in sync, the SCN ensures a harmonious rhythm of sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature regulation, and much more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-muscle-circadian-connection-to-aging">Brain-muscle circadian connection to aging</h2>



As we age, our internal timekeeping mechanisms can become less precise. Scientists believe that the signaling between our central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clock</a> and the peripheral clocks throughout our tissues may deteriorate over time. This disruption has far-reaching implications for our health.



Recent research emphasizes the vital communication network between your brain's central clock and the clocks embedded in your muscles and skin. If this communication falters, it can lead to a cascade of problems. 



Muscle tissue becomes susceptible to breakdown and wasting, leading to weakness and reduced function. At the same time, skin cells may struggle to maintain their regenerative cycles, hindering their ability to repair damage effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-disrupts-brain-muscle-circadian-communication">Aging disrupts brain-muscle circadian communication</h2>



To understand the effects of disrupted communication between the brain and muscles, scientists studied mice with a genetic modification that interfered with a critical muscle clock gene called Bmal1. 



In these mice, the absence of Bmal1 function led to symptoms of premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, including significant muscle deterioration and weakness. 



Remarkably, when researchers restored the Bmal1 gene function in both the brain and muscle tissues, the mice showed notable improvements in muscle health. The coordination between the brain and muscle clocks helped prevent further muscle deterioration and restored muscle strength.



This experiment underscores the critical interplay between the brain's central clock and the clocks within your muscles. Maintaining proper communication across this network seems to be a vital factor in preventing age-related muscle decline and preserving strength as you get older.



"It is fascinating to see how synchronization between the brain and peripheral circadian clocks plays a critical role in skin and muscle health, while peripheral clocks alone are autonomous in carrying out the most basic tissue functions,"&nbsp;says&nbsp;Aznar Benitah from the <a href="https://www.irbbarcelona.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Research in Biomedicine</a> Barcelona in Spain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-meal-timing">Importance of meal timing</h2>



Scientists uncovered that restricting eating times for mice to their active phase at night partially compensated for a disrupted central brain clock. This change in feeding pattern helped strengthen their muscle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-exercise-affects-the-body-at-different-times-of-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clocks</a> and boost their ability to function independently.



This discovery highlights the remarkable adaptability of our biological clocks. It suggests that even if the master clock in the brain becomes less precise, positive lifestyle changes can help. A consistent meal schedule could help optimize the internal rhythms within muscle tissue.



This opens the door to exploring how simple changes to our daily routines could support muscle health and potentially influence the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-towards-healthy-aging-through-brain-muscle-clocks">Path towards healthy aging through brain-muscle clocks</h2>



While there's still much to learn about the intricate dance between our brain and muscle circadian clocks, these landmark studies offer invaluable insights and a hopeful outlook on how we can optimize our health as we age. Here's a deeper look at the takeaways and how you can implement them:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-routine">Power of routine</h3>



A predictable daily rhythm supports your body's natural master clock. Aim for a consistent bedtime and wake-up time. This regulates the production of sleep-inducing hormones and keeps everything in sync. Scheduling meals at regular intervals reinforces a healthy pattern for peripheral clocks which aids in metabolism and other key functions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protect-your-sleep-sanctuary">Protect your sleep sanctuary</h3>



Darkness is crucial for optimal sleep and proper circadian clock function. Make sure your bedroom is as dark, cool, and quiet as possible. Invest in blackout curtains, use a sleep mask, and consider minimizing electronic devices in the bedroom. Avoid stimulating activities right before bed and instead incorporate a relaxing wind-down routine like reading or taking a warm bath.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-schedule-matters">Eating schedule matters</h3>



Your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a> clocks may benefit significantly from a set eating pattern. Time-restricted feeding, where you eat your meals during a specific window each day (usually 8-12 hours), gives your body a longer fasting period. This fasting window can promote processes like cellular repair and optimize circadian rhythms in various tissues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tune-in-to-body-s-cues">Tune in to body's cues</h3>



Chronic fatigue, weakness, and difficulty regaining muscle strength – even with exercise – may point to a disruption in your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal rhythms</a>. Don't hesitate to consult with your doctor if you notice a persistent lack of energy or a decline in physical function. They can help you determine if optimizing your circadian patterns could boost your well-being.



Remember, taking small, consistent steps to work with your body's natural rhythms can have a profound effect on your energy levels, muscle health, and overall vitality, potentially unlocking a path towards healthier aging.



The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8533" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(24)00140-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Stem Cell</a>.



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Syncing brain and muscle circadian rhythms slows aging

Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra...

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured our imagination. From legendary sea monsters to the star of Moby Dick, these massive creatures bring wonder and awe. But what would it be like to understand what they say to each other? A recent study, conducted by researchers at <a href="https://www.csail.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT CSAIL</a> and <a href="https://www.projectceti.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project CETI</a>, gives us exciting new insights into the complex world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whale</a> communication, and brings us one step closer to deciphering their "language."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-communication-in-sperm-whales">Secret communication in sperm whales</h2>



Sperm whales, the largest toothed whales on our planet, are known for their exceptional brains – the largest of any animal. Their complex social structures within families and cultural groups likely require sophisticated ways to stay connected and coordinate. To communicate, sperm whales use a series of clicks known as codas.



Recent research provides insights into just how sophisticated this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-project-aims-to-help-humans-talk-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> system may be:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phonetic-alphabet">Phonetic alphabet</h3>



Scientists have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-used-to-monitor-endangered-sperm-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a> possess a kind of "phonetic alphabet" embedded within their codas. This means they can manipulate the rhythm, tempo, and even add extra clicks (called 'ornamentation') to create variations within their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combinations">Combinations</h3>



The meaning of a sperm whale's coda doesn't just come from the individual clicks. The specific sequence of clicks and pauses is essential. Changing the order can alter the message being sent. This system grants the whales a vast vocabulary of sounds with different meanings.



"This is a step toward showing that other species have levels of communication complexity that have not been identified so far, deeply connected to behavior," said Daniela Rus, director of CSAIL.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-scientists-figure-out-sperm-whale-communication">How did scientists figure out sperm whale communication?</h2>



Understanding sperm whale communication presents a unique challenge. To uncover their conversations, researchers employed a combination of cutting-edge technology and advanced analysis:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bio-logging-tags">Bio-logging tags</h3>



These specialized tags attach to free-swimming whales, providing an unprecedented level of detail. They precisely record the clicks these whales make, along with their movement data. This provides scientists with the raw information needed to decipher their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-machine-learning-algorithms">Machine learning algorithms</h3>



The sheer volume and complexity of the recorded data require powerful analysis tools. Machine learning algorithms excel at finding patterns within massive datasets. These algorithms were crucial to identifying the subtle variations and combinations within sperm whale codas.



The data collected by the tags and analyzed with these algorithms revealed something remarkable: the patterns underlying sperm whale communication are far more complex and nuanced than previously imagined. This discovery indicates a surprisingly sophisticated communication system within these magnificent creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whales-that-changed-the-world">Whales that changed the world</h2>



Whale research, especially understanding their communication, played a crucial role in sparking the "Save the Whales" movement. This successful conservation effort was ignited by the work of biologist Roger Payne, who was the first to document the hauntingly beautiful songs of humpback whales. 



"Roger's research highlights the impact science can have on society. His finding that whales sing led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act and helped save several whale species from extinction," said David Gruber, founder of Project CETI.



This research isn't just about whales. It's about the fundamental question of how intelligent beings communicate. Imagine trying to understand an alien civilization with a completely different way of seeing and interacting with the world - that's the kind of challenge researchers faced in this project.



"One of the intriguing aspects of our research is that it parallels the hypothetical scenario of contacting alien species," said Pratyusha Sharma, a PhD student at MIT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-decoding-sperm-whale-communication">Future of decoding sperm whale communication</h2>



The potential to understand the messages and meanings within sperm whale communication is tantalizing, but we're still in the initial stages of this incredible scientific journey. This research has established a strong foundation for further exploration, opening up a range of exciting questions:



<ul>
<li>Understanding the meaning: Could those intricate changes in rhythm, tempo, and other click variations hold specific meanings? Could sequences of whale clicks function much like words within a sentence, with their arrangement changing the message?</li>



<li>The rules of whale communication: Is there an underlying "grammar" to these whale conversations? Do they follow a set of discoverable rules, or are their communications more instinctual and less structured?</li>



<li>Beyond the basics: As scientists learn more about the building blocks, they'll also want to observe whale communication in a broader context. Do whales modify their communication depending on social situations or the specific tasks they're undertaking?</li>
</ul>



Answering these questions won't just satisfy our curiosity about whales. This research deepens our understanding of how intelligent species communicate on Earth. It may even provide insights relevant to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and communication.



"Scientists are particularly interested in whether signal combinations vary according to the social or ecological context in which they are given, and the extent to which signal combinations follow discernible 'rules' that are recognized by listeners," said Professor Robert Seyfarth from the University of Pennsylvania.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Could we one day communicate something simple to a whale? Maybe something like the classic first message from humans to extraterrestrials – "We come in peace"? That's a long way off. But understanding animal communication is both fascinating and essential. 



Perhaps this research will help us appreciate the rich social lives of whales and the incredible diversity of communication on Earth, furthering conservation efforts along the way.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47221-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Sperm whales' communication "alphabet" decoded with AI algorithm

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured...

Scientists found a way to help immune cells attack cancer more effectively using CAR-T cell therapy. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/micro-nanoplastics-mnps-help-cancer-cells-spread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer cells</a> are notorious for their ability to evade the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reprogramming-the-immune-system-to-attack-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a>, a trait that makes them particularly challenging targets for treatment. 



These cells deploy a molecule known as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), effectively creating a "shield" that suppresses immune cells and complicates the development of effective cancer immunotherapies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-car-t-cell-therapy-and-cancer">CAR T-cell therapy and cancer</h2>



At the Wang Lab in the Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering at the <a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a>, led by Peter Yingxiao Wang, researchers are pioneering a groundbreaking method that cleverly uses a tumor's own defensive mechanism against it. 



The experts have developed a novel form of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T-cells</a> - crucial white blood cells in our immune response - are altered to detect and destroy cancer cells.



The innovative approach includes the creation of a unique molecule named "PDbody," specifically designed to target the PD-L1 protein that tumors use as a shield. This enables the CAR T-cells to recognize and attack the cancer cells, effectively breaching their defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-cancer-destruction">Targeted cancer destruction</h2>



The study at the Wang Lab, led by postdoctoral researcher Linshan Zhu and supported by Professor Longwei Liu, has made significant strides in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-research-ai-will-change-the-way-we-see-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer research</a>. 



Their latest publication showcases an engineered monobody that specifically binds to the PD-L1 molecule, a protective mechanism used by tumor cells. This strategic binding targets the cancer cells and disables their defenses, making them susceptible to an immune attack.



“Imagine the CAR is a real car. You have the engine and the gas. But you also have a brake. Essentially, the engine and gas push the CAR T to move forward and kill the tumor. But the PD-L1 works like the brake that stops it,” explained Peter Yingxiao Wang, the Chair of the department and leader of the research team.



By transforming PD-L1 from a brake into a target, the engineered CAR T-cells can aggressively attack and eliminate tumor cells. 



“This chimeric PDbody-CAR molecule can lead the CAR T we designed to start to attack, recognize, and clear the tumor. At the same time, it will block and prevent the tumor cell from stopping the CAR-T's attack. In that way, our CAR T will be more potent,” noted Wang, highlighting the enhanced effectiveness of this innovative approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precision-and-safety-of-car-t-in-cancer-treatment">Precision and safety of CAR-T in cancer treatment</h2>



The researchers focused on a highly invasive form of breast cancer that expresses PD-L1, but the molecule is also found in other cells, posing a potential risk of damage to healthy tissue. To tackle this, the team explored the unique microenvironment of tumors - specifically, their typically lower pH levels.



"We know that the pH is relatively low in the tumor microenvironment - it is a little acidic," noted one team member. "So, we wanted our PDbody to have a better binding ability in an acidic environment, which will help our PDbody distinguish the tumor cells from other surrounding cells."



To enhance the precision of the therapy further, the researchers employed an engineered genetic "gate" system called SynNotch, ensuring the PDbody CAR T-cells only target cancer cells expressing another protein, CD19. 



This reduces the risk of harming healthy cells. “In simple terms, the T-cells will only be activated at the tumor site because of this SynNotch gating system,” the researcher elaborated. "Not only is the pH more acidic, but also the tumor cell's surface will determine whether the T-cell will be activated, giving us two layers of control."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-inspiration-for-advanced-solutions">Evolutionary inspiration for advanced solutions</h2>



To perfect their engineered molecule, the team used a process inspired by natural selection, known as directed evolution. This involved creating a vast library of monobody variants and selecting the most effective one for targeting PD-L1.



"Using directed evolution, we screened a large number of different monobody mutations to select which one will bind to the PD-L1. The one selected has these features that can not only recognize the tumor PD-L1 but can block the brake mechanism that PD-L1 has and then guide the CAR T-cell to the tumor's surface to attack and kill the tumor cells," explained Wang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-progress-toward-clinical-application">Promising progress toward clinical application</h2>



With promising initial results in a mouse model, where the SynNotch gate system effectively guided the PDbody CAR T-cells to activate precisely at tumor sites, the research team is optimistic about the potential of this therapy. 



The experts will continue to refine the technique, aiming to enhance its precision and effectiveness before progressing to clinical trials. As they look to integrate these findings with other innovative treatments like focused ultrasound, the potential for a new generation of cancer therapies appears bright. 



"We now have all these genetic tools to manipulate, control, and program those immune cells to have so much power and function," said Wang. "We hope to create new ways to guide their function for particularly complicated solid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tumor</a> treatments."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c01597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Nano</a>.



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Turning cancer's defense against itself using novel CAR-T therapy

Scientists found a way to help immune cells attack cancer...

Recent concerns about significant declines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> populations have intensified the demand for comprehensive data on their status worldwide. 



Insects, despite their ubiquity and diversity, have remained a mystery in many ways, primarily due to the sheer difficulty of distinguishing between the myriad species. 



“So far, such data are only available for a few insect groups and for selected regions. To improve on the status quo, we need urgent assessments of all types of insects in all parts of the world,” explained Roel van Klink, a senior researcher at the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology to monitor insect populations </h2>



A series of technological innovations are significantly enhancing the ways researchers study and monitor insects. Various methods are employed to track and identify these creatures more effectively and efficiently. 



For example, inexpensive devices can now capture the unique sounds of many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-detect-insect-dna-in-air-samples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect species</a>, enabling scientists to identify them by their audio signatures. Additionally, lighting techniques are used to attract insects, which can then be photographed and identified from the images captured. 



More advanced methods include the use of radar and lasers to remotely detect and classify insects based on their size and wingbeats. 



Another innovative approach involves analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-help-monitor-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental DNA</a> samples extracted from media such as water or air, allowing researchers to identify insect species through their genetic sequences.



“These novel methods have enormous potential to close the vast data gaps we have for insects. They can provide us with new, more, and better data at lower costs, partly due to the semi- or fully autonomous nature of the data collection. Additionally, these new technologies typically avoid harming insects,” explained Professor Toke Thomas Høye of <a href="https://ecos.au.dk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aarhus University, Denmark</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-reliance-on-experts">Reducing reliance on experts</h2>



One of the most significant benefits of these new methods is their ability to reduce dependence on the limited number of experts who can distinguish between different insects. 



Traditionally, these specialists are overwhelmed by the volume of work, but now, they can delegate routine identification tasks to computers. This shift allows the experts to concentrate on more complex and critical scientific inquiries.



"Most importantly, the new methods reduce our dependence on experts, since the people who can tell insects apart are few and overburdened with work," stated Høye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-to-identify-insect-populations">Technology to identify insect populations </h2>



The challenge of understanding insect populations is enormous; an estimated 80% of insect species are still unidentified by science. 



Using traditional methods to characterize these species could span over a thousand years. However, there's a growing momentum in efforts to better identify and understand these populations. 



Tomas Roslin, professor of Insect Ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, is optimistic about the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-health-ai-can-identify-insects-based-on-their-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> and computer-based methods to accelerate research. 



“Now, computer-based methods and artificial intelligence can massively speed up the task of describing life on Earth. By teaching computers how to separate insects, we can make sense of billions of images, millions of sound recordings, and trillions of DNA sequences,” said Professor Roslin. 



This rapid progress of technology is vital for enhancing our understanding of the diverse insect populations around the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A unified approach to monitoring insect populations</h2>



The integration of these diverse technological advances offers unprecedented opportunities for comprehensive surveys of insect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-populations-are-headed-towards-widespread-chaos-in-our-continually-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>, as detailed in a special issue led by researchers like Dr. Silke Bauer from the Swiss Federal Research Institute. 



“Together, these technical advances will revolutionize our knowledge about insects. They make surveys of all types of insects feasible. While they have so far been developed in isolation from each other, our special issue marks the beginning of their integration. By combining them, we will gain unprecedented insights into insect populations across the world." 



Dr. Bauer also emphasized the importance of ensuring that these technologies and the data they produce are accessible globally, to promote both global insights and equality.



This wave of technological innovation has the potential to completely transform our understanding of the insect realm, offering new tools for scientists racing to preserve these vital components of ecological systems worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2023.0101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Technology offers new hope for declining insect populations

Recent concerns about significant declines in insect populations have intensified...

Picture a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eel-robot-moves-silently/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot</a>. You're probably imagining something metallic, with rigid joints and whirring motors. But what if robots could be soft and squishy? 



Soft robotics is a fascinating field where engineers take inspiration from nature. Instead of hard shells, these robots use flexible materials that can bend, stretch, and twist like origami, opening up possibilities for new ways robots can interact with the world.



However, controlling a floppy robot is no easy task. How do you steer something that can bend in any direction? Researchers at <a href="https://www.princeton.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton</a> and <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> have a brilliant solution, inspired by the ancient art of origami. 



"The concept of modular soft robots can provide insight into future soft robots that can grow, repair, and develop new functions," the team explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-new-soft-robot-like">What Is the new soft robot like?</h2>



"Caterbot", the innovative soft robot, breaks from traditional designs. Instead of a single, rigid body, it's constructed from a series of patterned cylinders stacked vertically. 



These cylinders are the secret to its adaptability – each one possesses the ability to collapse into a flat disk and then re-expand into its full cylindrical form. The pattern that allows this unique folding and expansion is called a Kresling pattern.



The Kresling pattern allows the robot to mimic the movements of its natural inspiration, the caterpillar. By carefully controlling which segments fold, bend, or expand, the Caterbot gains the ability to twist, turn, and navigate tight corners with remarkable precision. 



It can even change its shape to squeeze and wriggle its way through challenging obstacles, demonstrating an unprecedented level of flexibility in robotics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-steering-into-the-origami-soft-robot">Building steering into the origami soft robot</h2>



Steering a typical soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-will-soon-be-able-to-use-air-to-move-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot</a> often requires tacking on extra equipment, making it bulky. This added weight and complexity can hinder the very flexibility that makes soft robots attractive. The Princeton and NC State team found an elegant way to integrate the steering directly into the robot's structure.



They turned to specialized materials science. By combining two materials that expand and contract differently when heated, they created a system that mimics the action of biological muscle. These materials are cleverly layered along the folds of the robot's origami-like segments.



The researchers also incorporated a network of super-thin heating elements, much like minuscule wires, within the structure. Sending carefully controlled electrical currents through these heating elements allows the team to selectively heat specific areas of the robot's skin. 



This localized heating causes the expansion and contraction materials to react, resulting in precise bending and folding that enables the robot to steer in the desired direction.



"In this work, we achieved localized, sharp folding to actuate the origami pattern. This effective actuation method can be generally applied to origami structures for soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-creatures-of-the-past-inspire-the-future-of-soft-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotics</a>," explains Shuang Wu, a researcher at NC State.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-the-origami-soft-robot-do">What can the origami soft robot do?</h2>



This shape-shifting caterpillar-bot isn't just about wriggling through obstacles. It can move with precision - inching forward, reversing direction, and skillfully navigating even the most complex and twisted pathways. If a task requires moving an object, the Caterbot's adaptable design allows it to grasp and transport small items.



But here's where things get truly exciting – the robot's modular construction sets it apart. Each segment functions as an independent building block. 



These individual units can detach and seamlessly reattach into entirely new configurations, offering immense flexibility for adapting to different tasks and environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The modular design of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/household-robots-now-with-added-common-sense-and-ability-to-self-correct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot</a> opens up a world of possibilities. Picture a swarm of these tiny robots, each working in tandem. They could collaborate to access confined areas during search and rescue missions, navigating through collapsed structures or hazardous environments. 



The medical field also holds tremendous potential, envision flexible medical robots able to move with precision through delicate areas of the human body, revolutionizing less invasive procedures.



"We have created a bio-inspired plug-and-play soft modular origami robot... This is a very promising technology with potential translation to robots that can grow, heal, and adapt on demand," explains <a href="https://engineering.princeton.edu/faculty/glaucio-paulino" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glaucio Paulino</a>, a Princeton professor leading the research. 



This vision highlights the goal of creating robots that can expand their form, potentially repair themselves, and seamlessly adapt to the task at hand.



Although refining the Caterbot's speed and steering precision requires more work, the core concept demonstrates the remarkable power of origami. This ancient art form, traditionally executed with simple paper, is now influencing the forefront of robotic innovation. 



It's a thrilling example of how blending old and new can spark extraordinary breakthroughs, leaving us excited to imagine what incredible feats these flexible, adaptable robots might achieve in the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322625121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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New 'soft robot' can crawl and move like origami folds

Picture a robot. You're probably imagining something metallic, with rigid...

3d,Illustration,Bacteriophage,Infecting,Bacterium

The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming 168 billion gallons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-wastewater-is-a-hidden-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater</a> annually. This "produced water" is notoriously difficult and expensive to treat due to its chemical complexity. 



Sadly, traditional methods often fall short, leaving the industry grappling with the financial and environmental costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</h2>



Researchers have recently made a significant breakthrough in the quest for a more efficient and cost-effective treatment method. 



Their study, which brings to light the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-virus-discovered-in-the-deepest-part-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> -- viruses known for their ability to target and eliminate specific bacteria -- is paving the way for innovative solutions in water treatment.



Ramón Antonio Sánchez, a doctoral candidate at The University of Texas at El Paso (<a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UTEP</a>), spearheads this research. He explains that bacteriophages are uniquely adept at infecting and destroying single species of bacteria without harming others. 



This specificity is particularly useful in tackling the problematic bacteria found in produced water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fracking industry and wastewater challenges</h2>



Produced water from fracking contains bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which corrodes metal infrastructure, and Bacillus megaterium, known for decomposing hydrocarbons. 



These bacteria present serious challenges for the durability of fracking pipelines and the cleanliness of the water. 



By targeting these bacteria, bacteriophages offer a rapid and targeted approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-water-treatment-method-is-eco-friendly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water treatment</a>, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of oil and gas production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-access-and-effectiveness">Expanding access and effectiveness</h2>



Despite the significant potential of bacteriophages to revolutionize wastewater treatment, several challenges limit their current application. Firstly, these viruses are not widely available, restricting their immediate use in industrial settings. 



Moreover, the nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> is such that each type typically targets a specific strain of bacteria. This specificity, while beneficial for targeting harmful bacteria without disrupting beneficial ones, means that a wide variety of bacteriophages must be developed to address the different bacteria found in various environments.



To overcome these limitations, the research team is actively working to increase the diversity of bacteriophages that can be produced and used commercially. By broadening the range of bacteriophages, they aim to create a more flexible and adaptable treatment solution. 



This expansion would allow for the treatment of a broader array of bacterial contaminants, significantly enhancing the versatility and effectiveness of bacteriophage technology in cleaning up fracking wastewater and potentially other industrial applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-academic-research">Academic research</h2>



Sánchez's successful lab experiments with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eavesdropping-viruses-the-unseen-war-within-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> mark a significant breakthrough. He plans to extend these achievements to industry settings, aiming to replicate his results and expand the range of treatable microorganisms. 



UTEP's growing research reputation attracts talented researchers like Sánchez. His doctoral advisor, Ricardo Bernal, Ph.D., an associate professor at UTEP, commends this pioneering work for its potential to refine industrial practices and enhance environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fracking-wastewater-treatment-significance">Fracking wastewater treatment significance</h2>



In summary, the innovative application of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-develop-smart-food-packaging-show-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> for treating fracking wastewater underscores a critical breakthrough in industrial water treatment technology. 



This approach not only demonstrates the direct benefits of cleaner, more sustainable wastewater management in the oil and gas industry but also serves as a powerful example of how scientific research can address real-world challenges. 



By harnessing the natural targeting capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> to selectively eliminate harmful bacteria, this method offers a potentially transformative solution to one of the significant environmental issues posed by fracking operations.



Moreover, the success of this research could inspire similar strategies across other sectors that face wastewater management challenges, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and municipal water treatment. 



The broader implications of this study suggest that integrating biological technologies into industrial processes could pave the way for more environmentally friendly practices globally. 



Thus, the application of bacteriophages in water treatment not only addresses specific industrial needs but also contributes to the larger dialogue on sustainable development and environmental stewardship.



As this technology develops, it may offer a blueprint for other industries seeking sustainable solutions to environmental challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/6/797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water</a>.



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Bacteriophages could revolutionize fracking wastewater treatment

The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming...

The archaeological landscape is rarely static. Discoveries continuously shift our understanding of the past, forcing us to redraw the boundaries of what we thought was possible or likely. A recent find on ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woodworkings</a> at Kalambo Falls, Zambia, is a prime example – it introduces us to early hominin builders with unexpected skills, operating long before the rise of Homo sapiens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kalambo-falls">Kalambo falls</h2>



The unique conditions at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kalambo Falls</a> were instrumental in the extraordinary preservation of ancient woodworking artifacts. 



The site's lush vegetation, sustained by a reliable water source, provided the necessities of life, making it a consistently appealing location for various hominin species across vast stretches of time. This long-term occupation increased the likelihood of artifacts being left behind. 



Periodic flooding events deposited layers of sediment that protected these precious remnants from decay and the ravages of time. The layered deposits act as a natural time capsule. They enable scientists to create a chronological framework and associate artifacts with specific periods in prehistory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-woodworking">Ancient woodworking</h2>



Two interlocking logs, each exceeding a meter in length, form the foundation of this study. These wooden artifacts offer a multitude of clues about our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-lava-tubes-for-homes-middle-east-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ancestors</a>.



The wood used in the logs has been identified as bushwillow, a species common to the African savannah. This provides valuable information about the types of plants and resources that were accessible to hominins in the region.



The logs exhibit clear signs of modification, including notching, tapered ends, scraping, and potential evidence of burning. These features suggest someone deliberately manipulated the wood using techniques rarely observed in artifacts from this early time period.



The intentional notches on the logs indicate designers made them to assemble into a larger structure. This structure could have served as a platform, shelter, or another type of construction that archaeologists are still trying to identify.



The level of skill required to modify and assemble these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">logs</a> indicates that these early hominins possessed greater cognitive abilities and technological sophistication than previously believed. These findings challenge traditional perceptions of these<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> ancient humans</a> and their skillsets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precise-dating-of-ancient-woodworking">Precise dating of ancient woodworking</h2>



Determining the precise age of the wooden structure was essential to understanding its significance. To achieve this, scientists turned to the unique geological features of Kalambo Falls and employed a specialized dating technique called Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL).



IRSL targets specific minerals like feldspar, commonly found within sediment layers. These minerals contain a natural 'clock' affected by background radiation. 



Over time, the minerals accumulate energy due to the constant, low-level radiation present in the environment. However, exposure to sunlight resets this natural clock.



By measuring the amount of energy trapped within the feldspar crystals since they were last exposed to sunlight, scientists can determine how long the sediment layers (and the artifacts within them) have been buried.



IRSL analysis revealed a truly astonishing result: the wooden structure at Kalambo Falls was constructed approximately 476,000 years ago. This places the structure's creation firmly within the Middle Pleistocene, a fascinating epoch of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early human evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-were-the-builders">Who were the builders?</h2>



The age of the structure, determined at approximately 476,000 years old, has profound implications. This places its construction well before the emergence of our own species, Homo sapiens. 



The fact that hominins built a structure during this earlier period forces us to reevaluate our understanding of their capabilities.



Researchers theorize that the impressive skill and knowledge required for this kind of woodworking must have been possessed by a different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-humans-almost-went-extinct-as-population-declined-to-1280-individuals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominin species</a>. This opens up a fascinating line of inquiry as scientists consider possible candidates. 



Species like Homo heidelbergensis, known to have existed during this era, become a likely possibility. However, an even older, yet-to-be-discovered hominin ancestor could also be responsible for this astonishing feat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-ancient-woodworking">Implications of ancient woodworking</h2>



The term "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-humans-used-tools-to-make-timber-for-woodworking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stone Age</a>" carries the connotation of simple tools and a focus on bare survival. However, the discovery of a complex wooden structure forces us to reconsider this definition. 



Moreover, sophisticated woodworking and construction indicate a level of technological advancement that extends beyond stone toolmaking, suggesting a much richer toolkit and broader knowledge base than previously assumed.



This structure was not merely a makeshift solution for immediate needs. The time, effort, and skill invested in its creation point to deliberate action and a desire to modify the environment for a specific purpose. 



It reflects a level of planning and forethought that transcends simple survival instincts, suggesting a more complex thought process and perhaps even long-term goals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-organization">Social organization</h2>



The coordination necessary to create such a structure hints at a developed form of social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/persian-plateau-fills-20000-year-gap-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organization and communication</a>. 



Hominins would likely need to work together, share knowledge, and possibly even have some form of leadership to execute this project. 



This finding emphasizes that human ingenuity, inventiveness, and collaborative skills have deep roots stretching back far further than we once believed.



"These people were doing something new, and large, from wood. They used their intelligence, imagination, and skills to create something they'd never seen before, something that had never previously existed,” noted Larry Barham, the lead archaeologist. 



Their work underscores the adaptability of our lineage and opens doors to further research about the dawn of human ingenuity.



This research was published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06557-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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476,000-year-old ancient woodworking discovery rewrites early human history

The archaeological landscape is rarely static. Discoveries continuously shift our...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...